Page 1 of 1 Chapter. 15.IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES Q.1. What do we get from cereals, pulses, fruits, and vegetables? Cereals such as wheat, rice, maize, milets and sorghum provide us carbonydrate for energy requremen Pulses hk ‘gram, pea, black gram, green gram, pigeon pea, lent, provide us with protein. Vegetables, spices and truls provul: ‘ange of vitamins and minerals in addition to small amounts of proteins, carbohydrates and fats Q2, Differentiate between Rabi crops and Kharif crops, oS baie 1 Kharif crops | Rabi crops | | Crops, which are grown in tay season, caled the | Crops which are growl hatin 1 | kaif season rabi season O | un November to Apel Eg-paddy soyabean pigeon pea maize coton green | ‘ram and biack gram 23, Mention the major groups of activities for improving erop yield ‘The major groups of actives fr improving crop viel clas ‘Crop variety improvement ‘© Crop production improvement + Crop protection management 5 QA, Define hybridization. Describe the dif i) Hybilzaton refers o crossing be essing may be + Intent - Betweo ct » + Inlerspecife - Btn Intergeneric - Bets ai practices? id provide the desired characteristic, This ie and abiotic resistance . in maturity duration + Wider adaptabiliy + Desirable agronomic characteristics Q.7. How do biotic and ablotic factors affect crop production? Crops production can go down due to biotic (diseases, insects and nematodes) and abit drought, ality, water ‘ogging, heat, cold and frost) stresses under different situations. Varieties resistant to these stresses can improve crop production (8. What are the desirable agronomical characteristics for crop improvement? Taliness and profuse branching are desirable characters for fodder crops. Owerfness is desired in cereals, so that les nutienis are consumed by these crops. hitps://docs.google.com/viewerPage 1 of 1 Q.9. Mention the cifferent levels of crop production practices, Crop production practices can be at diferent levels. They include: * No cast production * Low cost production * High cast production (Q.40.What are macro-nutrients? Why are they called so? Plants require nutients for growth. There are sitsen nuvenis wich are essential for plans. Air supplies carbon anv oxygen, hydrogen comes from water, and sol supplies the other thirteen nutrients to plants. Amongst these thirteen nutrients, six are required in large quantities and are therefore called macronutrients. The macronutrients are: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Sulphur Q.11. What are micronutrients? Why are they called so? . ants require nutrients for growth, There are sixteen nutrients which a & plies carbon anx ‘oxygen, hydrogen comes from water, and sol supplies the other thirtegfuients a lant thers these thirteen ‘uirients, seven nutrients are required in small quantities and are the micrdquinbis, ‘The micronutrients are: ‘ron , Manganese Boron Zinc Copper Molybdenum Ch Q.42, How do plants get nutrients? = Pants require nutrient for growth. Nutients are supplied to plant Ga) erat are sixteen nutrients \ihich are essential for plants. Air supplies carbon and yr 65 f {and soll supplies the othe thirteen nutionts to plant. im, Sulphur nutrients: mn, Manganese, Boron, Zino, Copper. jelybdenum, Chlorine Processes in plants including reproduction, growth and susceptibii be enriched by supplying these nutrients in the form of manure and ed on the kind of biological material used, manure can be classified as: Compost The process in which farm waste material Ike livestock excreta (cow dung etc), vegetable waste, Gimal refuse, domestic waste, sewage waste, straw, eradicated weeds etc. is decomposed in pits is known a ‘composting. The composts rch in organic matter and nutviens, © Vermi-compost Compost is also prepared by using earthworms to hasten the process of decomposition of plant and animal refuse. This is called verrmicompost. Green manure Prior o the sowing of the crop seeds, some plants lke sun hemp or guar are grown and then mulched by ploughir them into the sol. These green plants thus turn into green manure which’helps in enriching the soil in nitrogen and ‘hosphorus. fo) 22/06/2014 |46af48b025cabSa&url ymail&thi https://docs.google.com/viewer?attid=0.2&piPage 1 of 1 15. Compare the use of manure and fertilizers in maintaining soll fertility. Manure ‘Manure helps in enriching soi with nutrients and organio matter and increasing soil fertity, The bulk of organic matter in manure helps in improving the sol structure. Ths involve increasing the water holding capacity in sandy soils, in clayey soils, the large quantities of organic matter help in drainage and in avoiding water logging. Fertilizer Continuous use of ferlizers in an area can destroy sol fertility because the organic matter inthe sols not replenished ‘and micro-organisms in the sol are harmed by the feriizers used. Sometimes fertilizers get washed away due to excessive imigation and are not fully absorbed by the plants. This excess fertlizer then leads to water pollution. 48. What is organic farming? Organic farming is a farming system with minimal or no use of chemicals as feriizers, herbicidS pesticides etc. and with a maximum input of organic manures, recyced farm wastes, and bio-agents, with heathy capghheystems. 47. Whats irrigation? Describe the different sources of irrigation. Y The process of supolying water tothe crop fel i called irigaton, The sources of irigation inciude «Wells: There are two types of wells, namely dug wes ad tube wells. fY4 del wads COPected from water bearing strata, Tube wells can tap water ftom the deeper stat. leborate and extensive irigation 5) iain canal is divided ints b is system Dp receive water from one or heving futher distributer + Ganals Tiss usually ane rote reservoirs or from rivers. T feds. + River Lif Systems: n areas were canal fow is insuficien system is more rational, Waters directy drawn gm + Tanks: These are smal storage resencirs, wich 118, Name two fresh initiatives for increasing the Fresh intatives for increasing the water avatab management 119. What is mixed cropping? on the same field in a definite pattern. A few rows of one yabean + maize, This ensures maximum utilisation of the Eg-Xanthium, Parthenium, Gyperinus rotundus. They compete for food, spave and ight. Weeds take up nutients and reduce the growth of the crop. Therefore, of weeds from the cultivated fields during the early stages of crop growth is essential fora good harve https://docs.google.com/viewer?atti 22/06/2014Page 1 of 1 .23.How do the insect pests attack the plants? Generally insect pests attack the plants in three ways: (0) They cut the root, stem and laf {i) They suck the cell sap from various paris ofthe plant (i) They bore into stem and fruits. They thus affect the health ofthe crops and reduce yields oh ‘Briefly explain weed control methods, (i) Mectianical methods: Uprootng, hand hosing, buming, flooding, ploughing (il) Chemical methods: Spraying of chemicals lke herbicides or weedicide NO (il eventive methods: Proper seed bed preperation, timely sown ; Sees crop rotation yoy 2 weed plants, Eg:- Prickly pear cactus (Opuntia) is controled by cochine! aquatic weds are contratied by fish grass Ba @ , XS () Some other preventive measures are use and =e (fields are ploughed deer in summers to destroy weeds and pests) , 8 0.25 What factors may be responsible Ce s@ae) S05 are EN: rodents, fun mites and bacteria and aba ‘StBgge These factors cause degradation in quality, lss in weight F marketabilly ()Biological method: Use of insects or some organisms which.consume and How do storage grain Factors respopatfe for sic inapproptiate moighyé and, d before grains are stored fr future use. They include stict cleaning of the produce first in sunight and then in shade, and fumigation using chemicals that .27-Why siivild preventive measures and biological control methods be preferred for protecting crops? Preventive measures and biological control methods are preferred for protecting crops because they are safe methods and « not cause environmental olution. They not only prevent the stored faod materials from geting spoiled, infested by insects, bacteria and microorganisms but also prevent crops fam tes eflects of chemicals which are ded to contol he pests w 46af48b02ScabSa&u 22/06/2014 https://does.google.com/viewer?attid=0.4&picPage 1 of 1 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY 1 Define the following (0) Animal Husbandry: itis the scenic management of nimal livestock. Mt incudes vatous aspects suchas feeding, ‘weng and disease cotol {b) Mitch animals: Nik producing females are cated mich animals (daity anima’), {d) Lactation period: The period of mitk production after the birth of a calf Q.2. Name two different species of Indian cattle s Red Sindhi, Sahiwal. 6 Q.4 Name two exotic or foreign breeds of cattis. ae OS @ S 1 It helps the farmers to enprove the > animal @RNLecH bes have high resistance power to diseases, have increased life span and I _ thee 1 pel hee Q.6.Which method je comadgly used Whi «€ ‘and why? 250 eros SEES end lee reg Wal is common metho forimproving cate breed beceuse 3 iierentfoad requirement of dairy animaisis of two types. They ar: Q.5.How do good animal husbandry practices be Good anima! husbandry practices benett fam (a) NBRlenance raguirement-he food whichis required to support the anima olive o healthy Me {b) Mik duce requicement the type of food required during the lactation period, rma eercutes (a) reughage vnc i age fibres and (6) concentaies which are low n fe end contain relative high lavels of proteins and other nutrents, Q8, Define Poultry farming. Poutry farming is undertaken to raise domestic iow for egg production and chicken meat, 22/06/2014: Page 1 of 1 lention the Clesirable traits in poultry that can be produced by cross breeding between Indian reeds and local breeds. ) Number and Quality of chicks i) Dwarf broiler parent or commercial chick production, iy summer adaptation capacity to tolerate high temperature |v) Low maintenance requirements {v) Reduction in the sizeof the egg taying bid . What management practices are common in dairy and poultry farming? YS Management practices common in dary and poultry farming are W {) Propet cleaning and hygienic conditions in housing and sheers {i Well ventilated and maintenance of temperature in shelters a SS (ii) Proper feeding management {iv Prevention and control of diseases and pests Qs “#1, Discuss the implications of the following RO 6 vin te indergetine © note aia wee cor of ae sori highly hen these {en Ok maeerinaie’ nutt is ubjenverter of low fibre food stuffinto highly nutritious ani The low fibre food stuff is snimal protein. Thus i fers and in their management? i) They are chicken used to produce eggs *) i ajar are Tod wi ais mira and | micronutrients ~ | i) They have high mortality. (iv) They require enough space and lighting to grow. © 6&pid-gmailé&thid=146af48b02ScabSaécurl=... 22/06/2014 https://docs.google.com/viewer?attPage 1 of 1 Q.13.How are fish obtained? Thete are two ways of obtaining fish. One is rom natural resources, whic scaled cepture fishing. The other way s by fish farming, which is called culture fishery (Q.14.What are the advantages of composite fish culture? 'n composite fish culture a combination of five or sc fish species is used in a single fish Selected so that they do not compete for food among them having diferent types of food habits available in all the parts of the pond is used, result, the food S Q15.How do you differentiate between capture fishing, mariculture and aquaculty 6 Capture fishing- Fish obtained by catching from natural resources fl TiverSOis fpture fishing. Mariculture-The practice of culture of finned fishes, Shell fishes as well as sd of Wh economic value in marin wateris called maricutture. ‘Aquaculture-Production of high economic value aquatic plant such as, aus, crabs, shrimbs, mussels, oysters by proper ulilization of available waters in the cbQntry/|include ‘and fresh water culture fisheries. © S (Q16.For increasing production, what is common i Cs and, ech For increasing production, common in pouty, Keey Sen the rearing and breeding of birds (fowl), fishes and honey bees is done Best imals are used in poultry, fisheries and bee keeping so that we adf igh Yield Nero tisedse re GOSS Q.17.What are the bepefits of Sule farminy? Cattle farming one 95 two purpOSeS-mil ae aigh labour fr agricukual work such as iin, iigation anc ies suitable for honey production? (i) They Stag some what less (ii)They stay in a given bee-hive fr long periods {W)They breed very well Q.19.What is pasturage and how is it related to honey production? The pasturage is the flower source available to the bees for nectar and polen colecton. The value or qualiy of honey depend upon the pasturage. In addition to adequate quantity of pasturage the kind of flowers available will determine the taste of the honey. @ .7&pid=gmail&thid=146af48bO2Scabsa&url=.... 22/06/2014 https://docs.google.com/viewer?atti