Experiment 2

SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION

OF SUBSTANCES
I. OBJECTIVES
To know the types of separation based on the physical and chemical properties.

II. INTRODUCTION
Mixtures are not unique to chemistry; we use and consume them on a daily basis. The
beverages we drink each morning, the fuel we use in our automobiles, and the ground we
walk on are mixtures. Very few materials we encounter are pure. Any material made up of
two or more substances that are not chemically combined is a mixture.
The isolation of pure components of a mixture requires the separation of one
component from another. Chemists have developed techniques for doing this. These methods
take advantage of the differences in physical properties of the components. The techniques to
be demonstrated in this laboratory are the following:
1.

Sublimation. This involves heating a solid until it passes directly from the solid phase
into the gaseous phase. The reverse process, when the vapor goes back to the solid phase
without a liquid state in between, is called condensation or deposition. Some solids
which sublime are iodine, caffeine, and paradichlorobenzene (mothballs).

2.

Extraction. This uses a solvent to selectively dissolve one component of the solid
mixture. With this technique, a soluble solid can be separated from an insoluble solid.

3.

Decantation. This separates a liquid from an insoluble solid sediment by carefully

pouring the liquid from the solid without disturbing the solid (Figure 2.1).

4.

Filtration. This separates a solid from a liquid through the use of a porous material as a
filter. Paper, charcoal, or sand can serve as a filter. These materials allow the liquid to
pass through but not the solid (see Figure 2.2 in the Procedure section).

5.

Evaporation. This is the process of heating a mixture in order to drive off, in the form of
vapor, a volatile liquid, so as to make the remaining component dry.

Figure 2.1. Decantation

Figure 2.2. Separation scheme

III. EQUIPMENT & CHEMICALS

III.1.Equipment
1. Test tube
2. Filter paper
3. Vaporizer bowl
4. Mixer
5. Drop straw
6. Measurement glass 10 ml or 25 ml
7. Wash bottle
8. Bunsen
9. Funnel
10. Watch glass
11. Beaker glass
12. Scale
13. Ni-Cr wire
14. Clamp

III.2. Chemicals
1. KNO3

7. Cu(NO3)2

2. Na2SO4

8. NH4Cl

3. Sodium Cobalt Nitrite

9. BaCl2

4. Al(OH)3

10. Fe2O3

5. KOH 2 M

11. Dilute HCl

6. KCNS

12. Distillated water

 IV. PROCEDURES
IV.1. Separation of substance based on physical
properties

IV.1.1. Dissolution and Filtration

The purification or separation mixtures of solid substances and solid substances

based on the solubility difference in substance of a particular solvent.

1.

Make a mixture substance with salt and lime with the weight ratio isdetermined by the

2.
3.

assistant (%wt)
Weigh the mass of filter paper
Dissolute that mixture substance into warm water (200 cc), then write down the

4.
5.

temperature of water, and stir it until the substances dissolve completely.

Filter the substance that not soluble, then drying it and weigh it
Calculate the mass percent of the salt that can separated before.Give a comment from
your results of observation!

IV.2.2.Crystallization

The separation substance based on the solubility and temperature difference from

two or more of substances.

1. Add 10 ml of distillated water into test tube, then adding KNO3 2 M 3 ml into that test
tube with little CuNO3 (1 spatula). Heating that mixture until soluble, then cooling it and
filtering the crystal that form. Rinsing it with distillated wateruntil the color disappears.
2. Dissolve a little crystal into the distillated waterand testing ion K with ion specific test.
To another crystal, we do flame test.

IV.1.3. Sublimation

The separation of substances that have a high pressure on temperature basis below

the melting point.

1. Put a mixture of Na2SO4 and NH4Cl (2 grams each) into vaporizer bowl. Heating it slowly
until white steam appears. Put watch glass on bowl, and continuing the heating until there
are no white steam.
2. Collect the white substances that cling on watch glass, then add 10 ml of water. White
substances is divided into 2 parts :

a.

The part where NaCo(NO2)6 is added (sodium cobalt nitrite). Observed and write

b.

down that occurs!

The part where BaCl2 is added (Barium Chloride). Observed and write down that
occurs!

IV.2. Separation of substance based on chemical

properties

Separation based on amphoteric substance

1. Weigh Al(OH)3 and Fe2O3 (1 grams each)

2. Put the mixture substance into beaker glass 250 ml, adding 15 ml of water and 25 ml of
KOH 2 M, then heat up the solution and stir the solvent until Al(OH)3 soluble.
3. Cool the solution and filtering it. Dissolve the sediment into HCl dilute and test it with
KCNS. Observe what that happen!
4. Add dilute HCl with drop by drop wise into the filtrate. Observe what that happen!

V. POTENTIAL HAZARDS

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VI. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

1.
2.

Explain and write down the reaction of sublimation!

Determine the percipates that occurs in the above experiment!

VII. REPORT FORMAT

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