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Drawbacks: Rutherfords atomic model presented the following two main difficulties :
(i) According to Maxwells theory of electromagnetism an accelerated charge radiates energy as
electromagnetic waves. Since the electron moving around the nucleus is under constant acceleration
therefore, it should continuously lose energy. Due to this continuous loss of energy, the electrons
must fall into nucleus
Rutherford model failed to account for the stability of the atom.
(ii) During inward spiraling, the electrons angular frequency continuously increases. As a result,
electrons will radiate electromagnetic waves of all frequencies i.e. the spectrum will be continuous .
But Experiments show that an atom emits line spectra and each line corresponds to a particular
frequency/wavelength.
Rutherford model failed to explain the emission of line spectra.
IMPACT PARAMETER (b):The perpendicular distance of the initial velocity vector ( ) of the particle from the central line of the nucleus when the - particle is far away from the nucleus is called
impact parameter.
b
Ze 2 cot( / 2)
b cot( / 2)
1
4 0 mv 2
2
(i) If b is large, then will be small. The - particle suffer small deflection.
(ii) If b is small, then will be large. The - particle suffer more deflection.
b
+
Nucleus
(iii) If b=0 ( - particle directed towards the nucleus), then =1800. The - particle will retrace its
path.
m v2
4 0 r 0
2
Potential Energy at r0 is U
U Ek
r0
1
Z e2
4 0 1
m v2
2
Postulate 2: Only those stationary orbits are permissible in which angular momentum of electron is
an integral multiple of h/2 (h = planck's constant)
Thus, the angular momentum does not have continuous range of values i.e. it is quantised.
Postulate 3: The orbiting electron emits energy in the form of electromagnetic waves as it jumps from
outer stationary orbit to the inner orbit of lower energy. The energy radiated is equal to the
difference between the initial and final state.
If is the frequency of emitted radiation than
h = Ei - Ef
Bohr's Orbits (for Hydrogen and H2-like Atoms): Consider an electron of charge e and mass m
revolving around nucleus with speed v in a circular orbit of radius r.
(1) Radius of orbit : From first postulates of Bohr atom model, for an electron around a stationary
nucleus the electrostatics force of attraction provides the necessary centripetal force i.e.
( Ze )e mv 2
4 0 r 2
r
1
. (i)
nh
2
n h 0
n h
n
0.53
2
2
Z
4 k Z m e
mZ e
2
(iii)
nh
.(ii)
2 m r
L
r
rn
n
Z
m, e
(2) Speed of electron : From the above relations (ii) & (iii), speed of electron in nth orbit can be
calculated as
2 k Z e 2
Z e2
c Z
6 Z
m / sec
where (c = speed of light 3 108 m/s)
. 2.2 10
nh
2 0 n h 137 n
n
1 ( Ze )e
1 1 ( Ze )e
(3) Total energy : From eq (i)
.
mv 2 so kinetic energy K
4 0 r
2 4 0 r
vn
( Ze )(e)
4 0
r
1
Total energy (E) is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy i.e.
E K U
E
( Ze )(e) 1 1 ( Ze )e
4 0
r
2 4 0 r
1
1 1 Ze 2
2 4 0 rn
From eq (iii) rn
n 2 h 2 0
m z e2
m e4 z 2
. (iv)
2 2 2
8
h
0
Hence E
OR
En 13 .6
Z2
eV
n2
U
m e4
& R 2 3 = Rydberg's constant = 1.09 107 per m.
2
8 0 c h
8 2 h 2 n 2
8 2 h 2 . n 2
0
2
0
1
m Z 2 e4 1
1
1
2 1
13
.
6
Z
OR
n2 n2
8 02 h 2 n12 n22
1
2
E E2 E1
E h
hv
m Z 2 e4 1
1
2
2
2
8 0 h 2 n1
n2
E2
E2 E1 = h
E1
The frequency of the emitted radiations can be found from the following relation
v
m Z 2e4 1
1
2
2 3 2
8 0 h n1
n2
(c) Wave number/wavelength: If c be the velocity of light and its wavelength, then v = c/
v
me 4 1
1
2
2
2
8 0 h 3 n1
n2
or
1
1
1
1
=
2
2
2
2
8 0 h 3 c n1
n 2
n 2
n1
me 4
where R =
, R is known as Rydbergs constant and its value is 1.097 107 m 1 .
2 3
8 0 h c
Wave number is the number of waves in unit length. It is reciprocal of wavelength is given by
1
1
1
R 2 2
n 2
n1
1
me 4
2
This equation is the general expression for the wave number of radiation emitted by the electron
when it jumps from higher orbit n2 to lower orbit n1.
ELECTRON ENERGY LEVELS IN HYDROGEN ATOM -The orbit energy of an electron revolving in nth orbit
is given by E n
=
me 4
8 0 h 2 n 2
2
(9.11 10 31 ) (1.6 10 19 ) 4
21.7 10 19
=
joule
n2
8 (8.854 10 12 ) 2 (6.62 10 34 ) 2 n 2
13.6
21.7 10 19 1
2 eV = 2 eV (1)
19
1.6 10
n
n
E1 13.6 eV
when
n = 1 (K-shell)
E2 3.4 eV
Photon of
wavelength
n = 2 (L-shell)
E3 1.5 eV
n = 3 (M-shell)
E 0 eV
n = (Limiting case)
Spectrum
The lowest energy level (n = 1) corresponds to normal unexcited state of hydrogen. This state is also
called as ground state. In energy level diagram the lower energies (more negative) are at the bottom
while higher energies (less negative) are at the top. By such a consideration the various electron
jumps between allowed orbits will be vertical arrows between different energy levels. The energy of
radiated photon is greater when the length of arrow is greater.
SPECTRAL SERIES OF HYDROGEN ATOM -Wavelength of different members of the series can be found
from the following relation.
v =
1
1
R 2 2
n2
n1
1
2 4
1
1
or
4
3R
or
4
121610 10 m = 1216
7
3 1.09710
(ii) Second member - In this case n1 = 1 and n2 = 3, it is called line of Lyman series,
hence
1 8R
1
R 2 2
or
3 9
1
1
9
8R
or
9
1026 10 10 m = 1026
7
8 1.097 10
1
1
or
1
R
or
1
912 10 10 m 912
1.097 107
3 36
2
1
or
36
5R
or
36
6563 10 10 m = 6563 .
7
5 1.097 10
(ii) Second member - In this case n1 = 2 and n2 = 4, it is called line of Balmer series hence
1 3R
1
or
R 2 2
4 16
2
1
16
3R
or
16
4861 10 10 m = 4861 .
7
3 1.097 10
4
2
1
or
4
= 3646 .
R
1
1
R 2 2 where n2 = 4, 5, 6, , .
n 2
3
1
For the first member, the wavelength is 18750 . This series lies in infra-red region.
(d) Brackett series - when an electron jumps from an outer orbit to the fourth orbit i.e., the
electronic jumps to N orbit give rise to Brackett series.
Here n1 = 4 and n2 = 5, 6, 7, , .
1
1
R 2 2 where n2 = 5, 6, 7, , .
n 2
4
1
n 2
5
1
S.No.
Series observed
Value of n1
Value of n2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Lyman series
Balmer series
Paschen series
Brackett series
Pfund series
1
2
3
4
5
2, 3, 4, ,
3, 4, 5, ,
4, 5, 6, ,
5, 6, 7, ,
6, 7, 8, ,
Position in the
spectrum
Ultraviolet
Visible
Infra-red
Infra-red
Infra-red
(iii) Gave mathematical explanation of hydrogen series: The hydrogen series found by various
scientists were based on empirical relations but had no mathematical explanation. However, these
relations were easily derived by applying Bohrs theory. Further, the size of hydrogen atom as
calculated from this theory agreed very closely with the experimental value.
2rn = n, n = 1, 2, 3...
--------(1)
-----------(2)
(i) It could only partially explain hydrogen atom. For example, this theory does not explain the fine
structure of spectral lines in the hydrogen atom.
(ii) It could not explain the difference in the intensities of emitted radiations.
(iii) It is silent about the wave properties of electrons.
(iv) It could not explain experimentally observed phenomena such as Zeeman effect, Stark effect etc.
(v) Bohrs model is applicable to simplest atoms like hydrogen with Z = 1. It fails for other elements.
(vi) Bohrs model does not explain why the orbits are circular while elliptical orbits are also possible.
Questions for Practice:
1. Explain the Rutherford Experiment. How will you determine the distance of closet approach by
alpha particle experiment. Prove it mathematically.
2. What is impact parameter Write its expression. How angle of scattering varies with impact
parameter.
3. What is the shortest wavelength present in the Paschen series of spectral lines?
4. A difference of 2.3 eV separates two energy levels in an atom. What is the frequency of
radiation emitted when the atom make a transition from the upper level to the lower level?
5. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. What are the kinetic and potential
energies of the electron in this state? (K=13.6eV,U=-27.2eV)
6. A hydrogen atom initially in the ground level absorbs a photon, which excites it to the n = 4
level. Determine the wavelength and frequency of photon.
7. (a)Using the Bohrs model calculate the speed of the electron in a hydrogen atom in the n = 1,
2, and 3 levels. (b) Calculate the orbital period in each of these levels.
8. The radius of the innermost electron orbit of a hydrogen atom is 5.31011 m. What are the
radii of the n = 2 and n =3 orbits?
9. A 12.5 eV electron beam is used to bombard gaseous hydrogen at room temperature. What
series of wavelengths will be emitted?
10. The total energy of an electron in the first excited state of the hydrogen atom is about 3.4 eV.
(a) What is the kinetic energy of the electron in this state?
(b) What is the potential energy of the electron in this state?
(c) Which of the answers above would change if the choice of the zero of potential energy
is changed?
11. In a Geiger-Marsden experiment, what is the distance of closest approach to the nucleus of a
7.7 MeV -particle before it comes momentarily to rest and reverses its direction?
12. Calculate the ratio of energies of photons produced due to transition of electron of hydrogen
atom from its
(i) Second permitted energy level to the first level and
(ii) Highest permitted energy level to the second permitted level.(3:1)
13. What is the longest wavelength photon that can ionize a hydrogen atom in its ground state?
Specify the type of radiation.
14. (a) The energy levels of an atom are as shown below. Which of them will result in the
transition of a photon of wavelength 275 nm?
(b) Which transition corresponds to emission of radiation of maximum wavelength?
15. The radius of the innermost orbit of a hydrogen atom is 5.3 x 10-11m. What is the radius of orbit
in the second excited state?(21.2 x 10-11m)
16. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV.
(a)What is the kinetic energy,Potential energy of an electron in the 2nd excited state?
(n=3)(K=1.51eV)(U=-3.02eV)
(b) IF the electron jumps to the ground state from the 2nd excited state, calculate wavelength
of the spectral line emitted. (1.023 x 10-7m)
17. In hydrogen atom, if the electron is replaced by a particle which is 200 times heavier but has
the same charge, how would it radius change?(1/200)