Politecnico di Torino

Facolt`a di Ingegneria
Corso di Laurea in Ingegneria Matematica

Continuum Mechanics
03BOWNG

Professor:

Prof. Luigi Preziosi

Student:

Nathan Quadrio

A.Y. 2013/2014

Chapter 1 : Finite and Infinitesimal Deformations

Exercise 1.12
Given the deformation gradient


F=

xi
X l

1
2

2 2

2
2 2

(1)

apply the polar decomposition theorem.

First of all one may compute detF to check that is strictly greater than
zero according to the finite deformation hypothesis. Since detF = 1 > 0 we
know from the polar decomposition theorem that there exists two tensors
U and V, symmetrical and positive definite and one proper rotation R such
that
F = RU = VR
(2)
where U,V and R are univocally defined by the relations

U = FT F
V = FFT
R = FU1 = V1 F.
Knowing this facts, one could easily compute
!
2
0
1
V=
U=
0 1/2
2 2

R = FU

2
=
2

17
15

!
15
17

!
1 1
1

As expected the proper rotation matrix R is orthogonal since R RT = I.

The importance of this results lies in the fact that every deformation can be
decompose in a dilation along the eigenvectors at first, in rigid translation
then and in a rigid rotation in the end.

Chapter 2 : Streamlines and Pathlines

Exercise 2.4
Given the velocity field

x
1
2y
v(x, t) =
1+t
3z

X
(X, t) = 2Y (1 + t)
v
3Z(1 + t)2

deduce the streamlines and the pathlines associated to the system.

Pathlines are the trajectories that individual fluid particles follow, i.e.
the trajectories of every particle of C. Using the lagrangian velocity one can
determine them as
Z
t

(X, )d.
v

x(X, t) = X +
0

So, in this case, one has:

Rt
x = X + 0 Xds = X(1 + t)
Rt
y = Y + 0 2Y (1 + s)ds = Y (1 + t)2
Rt
z = Z + 0 3Z(1 + s)2 ds = Z(1 + t)3
In this way one obtains the equations of motion that describe particle trajectories. In figure 1 streamlines from time t = 0 to time t = 2 are reported.

25

30

25

15

20
z axis

z axis

20

10

15

10

5
8
6

0
10
4
2

y axis

1.5

2.5

3
2.5

0
1.5

5
10

y axis

x axis

(a) Trajectory of the material point

(X, Y, Z) = (1, 1, 1).

x axis

(b) Trajectory of the material points

(X, Y, Z) = (1, Y, 1), Y (1, 1).

Figure 1: Pathlines from time t = 0 to time t = 2.

Streamlines are a family of curves that are instantaneously tangent to
the velocity vector of the flow, i.e are the integral curves of the velocity field
in eulerian coordinates in a fixed time t = t0 . Let = (s) be a generic
streamline, one has:

= v((s), t0 )
s
2

Streamlines are tangent to the velocity field everywhere. Fixed t = t0 , let

= (x , y , z )T the curve passing through (x0 , y0 , z0 )T for s = 0, one has:

x
dx

ds = 1+t0

dy = 2y
ds
1+t0
dz
3z

ds
1+t0

(s = 0) = (x , y , z )
0 0 0
This it will be:

dx
1

x = 1+t0 ds

dy = 2 ds
y
1+t0
dz
3

z
1+t0 ds

(s = 0) = (x0 , y0 , z0 )

s + Cx
log x = 1+t

log = 2 s + C
y
y
1+t0
3

s
+
C
log

=
z
z

1+t0

(s = 0) = (x , y , z )
0 0 0

1
s

x = Kx e 1+t0

y = Ky e 1+t0
3
s

z = Kz e 1+t0

(s = 0) = (x , y , z )
0 0 0

And given the initial condition it will become:

1
s
1+t

x = x0 e 2 0
s
y = y0 e 1+t0

z = z0 e 1+t0
In a non-parametric form it will be for every t:
(
y 12
x
x0 = ( y0 )
z
z0

= ( yy0 ) 2

in figure 2 will be represented the velocity field and the streamlines in the yx
and yz plane respectively. One can see how streamline are always tangent
to the velocity field.

yz plane
1.5

0.5

0.5

z axis

x axis

xy plane
1.5

0.5

0.5

1.5
1.5

0.5

0
y axis

0.5

1.5
1.5

1.5

(a) Velocity field in the yx-plane at t = 1.

0.5

0
y axis

0.5

1.5

(b) Velocity field in the yz-plane at t = 1.

Figure 2: Velocity field and streamlines at t = 1.

Chapter 6 : Elastic Energy

Exercise 6.5-3
Compute how much energy requires an neo-Hookean elastic solid for a simple
shear deformation like:

x = X + Y

y=Y

z=Z
Assuming that the solid in incompressible, one knows that the strain
energy density function for a neo-Hookean solid is given by

W = (trC 3),
2
where is the shear modulus (proper of the material) and and C is the left
Cauchy-Green deformation tensor.
As one has a simple shear deformation it is known that the deformation
gradient F is:

 i
1 0
x
F=
= 0 1 0
X l
0 0 1
So, one can easily compute the left Cauchy-Green deformation tensor as:

0
C = FT F = 1 + 2 0
0
0
1
and obtain
trC = 1 + 1 + 2 + 1 = 3 + 2
In the end, for a simple shear deformation one has:

W = (trC 3) = 2
2
2
4

Chapter 7 : Non-Newtonian Poiseuille motion

Exercise 7.13
Study the motion of a fluid in a cylinder for a non-newtonian power-law
fluid.

Figure 3: Stress and shear rate dependency.

In this exercise it will be considered a Poiseuille stationary motion in a
cylinder of non-newtonian power law fluid. That is a non-Newtonian fluid,
in which there is a power law between the stress-tensor T and the shear-rate
,
such as
Tzr = K()
n,
also known as Ostwald de Waele relationship, where K is the flow consistency
index and n is the flow behavior index. As one can see in Figure 3 1 different
values of n correspond to different behavior of the fluids. In fact, for n = 1
the fluid is newtonian, for n > 1 is dilatant and for n < 1 it is said to be
pseudoplastic or viscoplastic.

Figure 4: Cylindrical pipe.

A cylindrical pipe, where the radius of the pipe is R and the length is L,
will be considered (cfr. Figure 4). Some further hypothesis have been done
in order to provide a solution:
stationary motion, so
1

v
t

= 0;

Image taken from Appunti di Meccanica dei Continui

 p = p0 Gz so G =

p0 pL
L

p
L ;

v = vz (r)ez (vz it will be notice by only v).

The axial momentum equation gives

dp 1
+
(rTzr ) = 0
dz r r

p
(rTzr ) =
r
r
L
After the integration, one gets to
rTzr =

p r2
+A
L 2

If r = 0,
0=0+A

So one obtains
Tzr =

A=0

p
r
2L

Then the power law will be applied, so

K(

v n
p
) =
r
r
2L

After the integration, one gets to

 p  1 r n1 +1
n
+B
v=
1
2LK
n +1
Applying the boundary condition of no-slip, one obtains
v=

 p  1 R n1 +1 r n1 +1
n
1
2LK
n +1

Now, one can compute the flow

Z
=

2rv dr =
0

 p  1 R n1 +1 r n1 +1
n
=
2r
dr =
1
2LK
0
n +1
 p  1 Z R R n1 +1 r n1 +1
n
= 2
r
dr =
1
2LK
0
n +1
Z

Poiseuille velocity profiles

2

1.5

0.5

0.5

1.5

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

Figure 5: Velocity profiles for n < 1 (green), n = 1 (blue), and n > 1 (red).
1
 p  1 h R n1 +1 r2
ir=R
r n +3
n
= 2

=
2LK
2( n1 + 1) ( n1 + 3)( n1 + 1) r=0

= 2

1

 p  1  R n1 +3
R n +3
n

2LK
2( n1 + 1) ( n1 + 3)( n1 + 1)

Finally, after some simplifications, one has

=A

 p  1  n  1
n
R n +1
2LK
1 + 3n

where A represents the section area of the pipe.

Maxwell Fluids

Exercise 8.2
Determine the constitutive equation of two parallel Maxwell elements.

Problem: Non-Material Surfaces

Exercise 2.14
Demonstrate that the cylindric surface x2 + y 2 = R2 (1 + t)2 is not material
for the deformation

x = 1+t
y = Y (1 + t)

z=Z
and compute the progress and the propagation velocities.

For simplicity this analysis will be done in two dimensions (x, y) since the
third will not influence the results. In Lagrangian coordinates the surface
can be written as:
X2
+ Y 2 R2 = 0
(1 + t)4

S(X, Y, t) =

Since there is time dependence one can deduce that the surface is not builtin with the material points so is not a material surface for the considered
deformation. One can see that in Figure 6, but in the latter an analytical

0.8

0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2

0.2
0
1

0
2
0.5

1
1
0

0.5
0

0.5

0.5
1

(a) t = 0.

2.5

1.5

0.5

0.5

1.5

2.5

(b) t = 0.5.

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2
1.5
1
0.5
2

0
1

0.5
0

1
1

1.5
2

(c) t = 1.

Figure 6: Time evolution of the deformed and the non-deformed surface.

proof will be given.
If a surface is material then the propagation speed is zero, i.e.
v N = 0.
To compute this propagation speed one can parametrize the surface S(x, y, t)
as:
(
x = R(1 + t) cos u
(u, t) =
y = R(1 + t) sin u

In lagrangian coordinates that will be

(
x = R(1 + t)2 cos u
(u, t) = 1 ((u, t)) =
y = R sin u
Now
v =

2X
= (2R(1 + t) cos u, 0) = (
, 0)
t
(1 + t)

while
Grad F
N=
|Grad F |

Then
v N =

2X
(1+t)4

1
q

2Y

(1+t)8

X
(1+t)4

+ 4Y 2

1
q

2X 2
q
(1 + t)5

4X 2

X2
(1+t)8

1
X2
(1+t)8

+Y2

6= 0
+Y2

In conclusion, since the propagation speed is not zero one can deduce that
the surface is not material for the deformation.
In a similar fashion one can compute the progress speed defined as
vn = v n.
Now
v =

x
y

= (R cos u, R sin u) = (
,
)
t
(1 + t) (1 + t)

while

f
n=
=
|f |

 
1
x
p
2
y
x + y2

Then
p
x2
y 2

1
(
+
)=
x2 + y 2
v n = v n = p
2
2
(1
+
t)
(1
+
t)
(1
+
t)
x +y

Other Exercises
Exercise 7.8 - Cylindric Couette Motion
Determine the stationary velocity profile of a fluid which flows between two
coaxial cylinders rotating about their own axis, as represented in Figure 7 2 .
2

Image taken from Appunti di Meccanica dei Continui

Figure 7: Cylindric Couette flux.

As represented in Figure 7, let the radius of the cylinders be Ri < Re

respectively. Inside the two cylinders there is an incompressible fluid of
viscosity and density . Both cylinders are rotating with velocity i
and e respectively. Assuming the motion stationary and in cylindrical
coordinates the velocity profile and the pressure will be computed. Remind
that in cylindrical coordinates velocity and pressure are expressed as
v(r, z) = u er + v e ,

P (r, z).

Considering the previous assumptions, one can write the continuity equation
in cylindrical coordinates:
1
=0
r (ru)
which, integrated with respect to r, gives:
A
r
Since a viscous fluid is assumed, one has u(Re ) = 0 which implies u = 0.
The momentum balance equations give

v2
P

 r = r 

1
2v
r
(rv)
+
=0
2
r r
z

P = 0
u=

From the first equation one can conclude that v is a function of only r, so
the middle equation can be integrated and it gives:
A
B
r+
2
r
Applying no-slip conditions on the two cylinders v(Ri ) = i Ri e v(Re ) =
e Re the values of the two constant are obtained:
v(r) =

A=2

e Re2 i Ri2
Re2 Ri2
10

B = (i e )

Re2 Ri2
Re2 Ri2

Knowing the velocity profile one can easily compute the pressure using the
first equation of the system above:
P (r) = P0 +

 A2
8

r2 + AB log r

B2 
2r2

In Figure 8 two example of velocity profiles are reported.

2

1.8

1.8

1.6

1.6

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.2

0.2

0
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

(a) Ri = 1, Re = 2, i = 1, e = 0.

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

(b) Ri = 1, Re = 2, i = 1, e = 1.

Figure 8: Velocity profiles.

11