Anova

Arun Kumar, Ravindra Gokhale, and Nagarajan

Krishnamurthy
Quantitative Techniques-I, Term I, 2012
Indian Institute of Management Indore

Moto-Tech Manufacturing Company

Moto-tech produces wafers (thin slice of semiconductor
material) that is required for the fabrication of chips.

Moto-Tech Manufacturing Company

Moto-tech produces wafers (thin slice of semiconductor
material) that is required for the fabrication of chips.
Company wants to improve the quality of wafers
produced.

Moto-Tech Manufacturing Company

Moto-tech produces wafers (thin slice of semiconductor
material) that is required for the fabrication of chips.
Company wants to improve the quality of wafers
produced.
There are three potential factors that may affect the
quality of wafers; temperature, time, and supplier of the
raw material.

Moto-Tech Manufacturing Company

Moto-tech produces wafers (thin slice of semiconductor
material) that is required for the fabrication of chips.
Company wants to improve the quality of wafers
produced.
There are three potential factors that may affect the
quality of wafers; temperature, time, and supplier of the
raw material.
Engineers were, however, convinced that time does not
have any effect on the quality of wafers.

Moto-Tech Manufacturing Company

Moto-tech produces wafers (thin slice of semiconductor
material) that is required for the fabrication of chips.
Company wants to improve the quality of wafers
produced.
There are three potential factors that may affect the
quality of wafers; temperature, time, and supplier of the
raw material.
Engineers were, however, convinced that time does not
have any effect on the quality of wafers.
To test whether, supplier and temperature has any effect,
they collected data.

Engineering Question

What is the engineering question?

Engineering Question

What is the engineering question?

Average length of wafers for different temperature level is the

same or not.

Statistical Problem

Null Hypothesis
H0 : h = l = m

(1)

Alternative Hypothesis
HA : At least one is different from all the other s.

(2)

Shall We Do Three Different t-tests?

What will happen if we test for h = l , h = m , and

l = m separately?

Bonferroni Inequality
Let A1 denotes the event that hypothesis 1 is rejected
correctly and A2 denotes the event that hypothesis 2 is
rejected correctly. If we are conducting the tests at 5%
significance level then P(A1 ) = 0.95 and P(A2 ) = 0.95. We
can prove that P(A1 A2 ) 0.90.

Proof

How Anova Helps?

We want to ensure that P(A1 A2 ) 0.95. Anova ensures

that.

How Anova Helps?

We want to ensure that P(A1 A2 ) 0.95. Anova ensures

that.

Anova Output for the Moto-tech Data

ANOVA
Angstroms

Between Groups
Within Groups
Total

Sum of
Squares
.718
2151.076
2151.794

df
2
132
134

Mean Square
.359
16.296

F
.022

Sig.
.978

Calculating Sum of Squares

Sum of squares for within groups is also known as SSE (Sum
of squares for error)

SSE =

ni
n X
X

(yij yi. )2 ,

i=1 j=1

where n is the number of treatments and yi. is the mean

response for the i th treatment.

(3)

Calculating Sum of Squares

Sum of squares total is also known as SST (Sum of squares
total)

ni
n X
X
SST =
(yij y.. )2 ,

(4)

i=1 j=1

where n is the number of treatments and y.. is the mean of all

the responses for all the treatments.

Calculating Sum of Squares

Sum of squares for between group is also known as SSR (Sum

of squares for regression)

SSR = SST SSE

(5)

Degrees of Freedom

Degrees of Freedom for SSR is n-1, where n is the total

number of treatments.
P
Degrees of Freedom for SST is ni=1 ni 1, where ni is the
total number of responses for the treatment i.

Degrees of Freedom for SSE is dfSST dfSSR .

MSR (mean square for regression) and MSE (mean

square for error)

MSR = SSR .
dfSSR

MSE = SSE .
dfSSE

F-distribution

F-statistic=MSR/MSE follows an F-distribution with

numerator degrees of freedom dfSSR and denominator degrees
of freedom dfSSE .

Interpret the Results

ANOVA
Angstroms

Between Groups
Within Groups
Total

Sum of
Squares
.718
2151.076
2151.794

df
2
132
134

Mean Square
.359
16.296

F
.022

Sig.
.978

p-value

If F-statistic is F , numerator degrees of freedom is n 1, and

denominator degrees of freedom is m 1 then
p-value=P(F(n1,m1) > F ).

Conclusion

There is no difference in the mean length of wafers produced

at different temperatures.

Assumptions

Anova is very sensitive to violation of the following

assumptions.
Each Population is normally distributed.
Variances of the populations are the same.

How Do We Detect Violation of Assumptions?

Normal probability (quantile) plot (p-p plot, q-q plot) to

detect departure from normality.
F-test, Levenes test, Bartletts tests are used to test for
the equality of the variances.

Descriptive Measures for the Moto-tech Data

Descriptives
Angstroms

N
.00
1.00
2.00
Total

45
45
45
135

Mean
3010.0490
3010.2070
3010.2001
3010.1521

Std. Deviation
4.67569
1.84706
4.85946
4.00726

Std. Error
.69701
.27534
.72441
.34489

Descriptives
Angstroms

.00
1.00
2.00
Total

Minimum
3001.72
3006.75
3001.84
3001.72

Maximum
3019.43
3014.20
3019.76
3019.76

95% Confidence Interval for

Mean
Lower Bound
Upper Bound
3008.6443
3011.4538
3009.6521
3010.7619
3008.7402
3011.6601
3009.4699
3010.8342