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Table of Contents
License: Attribution Non-commercial Share Alike (by-nc-sa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
step 2: Multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/
http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/
Image Notes
1. A lot of leds!
step 2: Multiplexing
How to control 64 LEDs without using 64 individual wires? Multiplexing!
Running a wire to the anode of each led would obviously be impractical, and would look really bad.
One way to get around this, is to split the cube into 4 layers of 16x16 LEDs.
All the LEDs aligned in a vertical column share a common anode (+).
All the LEDs on a horizontal layer share a common cathode (-).
Now if i want to light up the LED in the upper left corner in the back (0,0,3), I just supply GND (-) to the upper layer, and VCC (+) to the column in the left corner.
If i only want to light up one led at a time, or only light up more than one layer at the same time.. this works fine.
However, if I also want to light up the bottom right corner in the front (3,3,0), I run into problems. When I supply GND to the lower layer and VCC to the front left column, I
also light up the upper right led in the front (3,3,3), and the lower left LED in the back (0,0,0). This ghosting effect is impossible to workaround without adding 64 individual
wires.
The way to work around it is to only light up one layer at a time, but do it so fast that the eye doesn't recognize that only one layer is lit at any time. This relies on a
phenomenon called Persistence of vision.
Each layer is a 4x4 (16) image.
If we flash 4 16 led images one at a time, really fast, we get a 4x4x4 3d image!
http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/
Image Notes
1. All the LEDs on this layer share cathodes (-)
2. All the LEDs in this column share anodes (+)
Image Notes
1. This wire supplies GND (-) to layer 1 of the cube.
2. This wire supplies GND (-) to layer 0 of the cube.
3. All the leds in a layer have their cathodes connected together
4. All the cathodes connected together
5. All the leds alligned directly above each other have their anodes connected
together
6. Each of the 16 vertical columns have a resistor to avoid frying the LEDS and the
microcontroller
7. This wire supplies VCC to all the leds in this corner...
Image Notes
1. You want 90 degree angles!
2. Acurate measurements
3. Draw up the grid
4. Punch holes so the drill doesnt travel sideways when you start drilling out the
holes
http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/
Image Notes
1. Nice and square
Image Notes
1. Holes punched out
Image Notes
1. LEDs fits nicely
Image Notes
1. The distance of 25mm between the center of each hole, enable the pins to just
barely overlap. just perfect for soldering.
http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/
Image Notes
1. Start by aligning and soldering the outer edges
2. anode
3. anode
4. anode
5. cathode
6. Bend the cathode leg (the short one) of the LED 90 degrees to one side.
Image Notes
1. cathode
2. anode
http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/
Image Notes
1. All the cathodes (minuses) have been soldered together.
2. Since we bent all the cathodes in the same direction, there will be one sticking
out to the side. just leave it for now.
3. The layer is pretty flimsy in this end, and would be bent out of shape if
removed from the template like this. See the next image..
Image Notes
1. Add a barcing to this side to make the layer more robust. Take a straight
piece of wire and solder it to all 4 cathodes.
Image Notes
1. The finished product
http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/
Image Notes
1. Start with the corners
2. Start in the corners
Image Notes
1. cathodes connected to layer
2. Anode
3. Same anode wire connects to the led directly above..
4. Again, be carefull with the soldering iron when soldering this close to the LED.
Be fast. If you make a mistake. Let the led cool down before applying heat again.
http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/
Image Notes
1. then solder the rest.
Image Notes
http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/
1. Pins 15 and 16 on the MAX232 are used for power. Pin 15: GND, pin 16: VCC.
2. This capacitor should be placed as close to the GND and VCC of IC2 as
possible. It's job is to stabilize power to that ic.
3. 5V voltage regulator
http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/
Image Notes
1. C0
2. C3
3. C4
4. C7
5. A7
6. A0
7. A3
8. A4
9. C1
10. C2
11. C5
12. C6
13. A1
14. A2
15. A5
16. A6
17. Port A
18. Port C
19. Front
20. Back
Image Notes
1. Transistor array for ground wires
2. Port D bit 7 controls layer 0
3. Layer 3
4. Layer 2
5. Layer 1
6. Layer 0
7. Yes this is a picture of another cube. I didn't have the original available when
writing this.
Image Notes
1. Ground for level 3
2. Ground for level 2
3. Ground for level 1
4. Ground for level 0
Image Notes
1. Ground wire for level 1
2. All the cathodes on this layer are connected together
http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/
Image Notes
1. Ground for layer 0
2. Layer 1
3. Layer 2
4. Layer 3
File Downloads
4x4x4_ledcube-0.2.zip (14 KB)
[NOTE: When saving, if you see .tmp as the file ext, rename it to '4x4x4_ledcube-0.2.zip']
http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/
Image Notes
1. Success
2. Check if programmer and uC can communicate
Image Notes
1. Write firmware If you downloaded the file 4x4x4_ledcube.hex, it should be U flash:w:4x4x4_ledcube.hex
2. 9KB to spare! You have lot's of space to write new effects or store
animations.
Image Notes
1. Write lower fuse bits
http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/
Image Notes
1. Write higher fuse bits
Image Notes
1. USBTinyISP
2. 6pin cable
3. 10pin cable. This cable has one GND lead for each data lead, making it more
stable.
Image Notes
1. USBTinyISP connected to the cube
2. Green lights comes on when connected to the USB port
3. Red light comes on when programming
4. No need to connect to external power. The USBTinyISP supplies the cube
with 5V via the ISP cable.
Image Notes
1. When the cube boots up, it flashes the red and green status leds a couple of
times. If the leds doesn't do anything else than flasing it's status leds, you have
probably flashed it with the wrong firmware. I flashed an m32 with firmware for an
m16 once, and got this problem.
Image Notes
1. It works!
http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/
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http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/
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PopSci
Comments
50 comments Add Comment
ptorelli says:
febinjohn says:
chr ur make file is have some bugs that`s why i got error while compiling the file
makefile:1: *** missing separator. Stop.
its due to error in compression i think any way i made a make file by my own for 32 now everything fine i will post some pics very soon :)
febinjohn says:
I made the cube but not working only the status leds are blinking
i am using mega32 t i can use same fuse as 16 ???
in high only SUT0 is high and in low SPIEN ,BOOTSZ1 and BOOTSZ0 is high
please somebody :-(
chr says:
Hi,
I think you can use the same fuses, but you have to change the Makefile and recompile the software.
Change this line:
MCU = atmega16
To this:
MCU = atmega32
If you load the mega32 with firmware compiled for the mega16, it will work long enough for the status leds to blink, then reboot.
Remeber to post pictures and video when you get it working :)
febinjohn says:
am getting an error
makefile:1: *** missing separator. Stop.
when i type make :-(
or can u post firmware for 32????
thanhnam2k says:
Hi,
If I use ATMega16L, should I change the crystal 14.7456 MHz to 8Mhz or lower?
Is there any other change needed?
BTW, which should be the equivalent to the transistor BC338?
I'm looking for the replacement in 2Nxxxx series, is it possible?
Thanks in advance,
http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/
febinjohn says:
thanhnam2k says:
Afide says:
domdomgin says:
where do i have to put the hex file in which directory..i have usbtiny..it cannot locate the hex file to upload the firmware
andrejmdias says:
andersop says:
Hi,
I was wandering if it could be possible to get a hi-quality picture of that circuit-sketch?
and also; what is the voltage on the capacitors? Is 45V bad? 100v? hard to find 5v...
I'm almost ready to start building ;)
shaunak says:
bdc1513 says:
tesla.volt says:
Could I use 200 ohm resistors instead of 220 ohms for the LEDs
ricarz16 says:
=)...
it RUNS
zref21 says:
Great Instructable!
Some parts of the schematic had me confused for a while (Okay, maybe i went a little overkill for my 2nd electronics project ever...), but luckily google
provided some answers :)
And, although i had some setbacks during the construction (including one fried ISP programmer because i mounted that 10-pin connector the wrong way...
stupid me), my cube is now finished!
One thing still confuses me, though... you setup USART in your code (along with the MAX232 and all...) but you never make use of it.
I really want serial communication for my cube, so i wonder: Do you have a working USART implementation for this? Or could you point me to some other
tutorial/'ible using USART, so i can start from there?
http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/
chr says:
zref21 says:
cricketm24 says:
hobbyman says:
painting the leads to black might improve the quality of the produced graphics in the cube I guess.
cricketm24 says:
can anyone tell me how to program the chip and what software to use
samirsky says:
michalfiasky says:
Kartoffelpuffer says:
Awesome!!! Great 'ible!!!
I want to build one myself.
I've nearly got all parts, only the LED's are missing.
Which LED's did you use?
I'd especially like to know what angle of radiation your LED's have, and how strong they are!
Thx
http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/
frollard says:
andyzug says:
domdomgin says:
i finished the project but some leds dont light vertically for eg 1 / 11..please suggest..the leds are fine..
kahangkatumbal says:
maewert says:
emihackr97 says:
How did you make that, did you use a normal Arduino or an Arduino Mega??
maewert says:
emihackr97 says:
wow, could you post an 'ible on how to make it?? It would be great!
karyochi says:
capanuwa says:
i ,ve made the cube.it's grate.
friend can you give us 8x8x8 led cube schematic and the code?
please
please please?
you are a grate man
thanks for the 4x4x4 cube
http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/
yasoo716 says:
dude u are ultimate .....and hats off for your patients for explaining this............
FFNN says:
FFNN says:
Hardwyre says:
I can not find any 22pf capacitors, but I do have 33pf caps.. can I use those in place of the 22's?
Also, if anyone wants the schematics, I created some.
Schematic:
https://docs.google.com/leaf?id=0BzXyjatQnrrLNDlmZmNlYmMtY2MyNy00OWQ4LWIyNTItNzliYTJlMDFmYTMw&sort=name&layout=list&num=50
Board:
https://docs.google.com/leaf?id=0BzXyjatQnrrLYTJmZjVkZmUtOTg1Yy00NjkwLTliMTYtMTVjNTBmODFmMTQy&sort=name&layout=list&num=50
You'll also need the "con-dinkle" library for one of the connectors I used for the main power terminal.
A large zip file of libraries can be downloaded here (the con-dinkle library is under the 'connectors' sub folder):
https://github.com/niccodes/Eagle-Libraries
randyray says:
HI,
I can't seem to get to the schematic and board (assume it's Eagle).
Can you email me the files?
Thanks,
Randy Ray
vendor@randyray.com
chr says:
Hardwyre says:
chr says:
If you have the ability to disconnect the cube from the circuit without de-soldering it, you can also try the following:
3) Connect a single led between a column driver (anode) and a layer driver/transistor (cathode). This should blink randomly, depending on the effect
running at the moment.
4) Test each led in the cube.
Connect GND to layer 0 via a resistor. Take a wire with VCC and poke it at all the columns. Check that every led lights up OK. same for layer 1, rinse
and repeat.
We did this while soldering the 8x8x8 cube, for each layer, and actually found a couple of bad leds.
eBay isn't the best source of quality leds ;)
-chr
http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/
chr says:
Hi Hardywyre!
Love your PCB!
I think this looks like a transistor issue.
I have a couple of debugging suggestions:
1) Short one of the ground/cathode layers to GND. Does the layer light up?
2) Disconnect a ground/cathode layer and connect the wire to VCC via a led and resistor. Does this led blink at 1/4 duty cycle? You can look up and
down really fast, or take a camera while moving the picture to confirm.
Maybe you soldered in the transistors the wrong way? :p
-chr
Hardwyre says:
chr says:
Hardwyre says:
I FIGURED IT OUT!
It was the transistors!
I don't know what the deal was with them, but I swapped them out for 4401's (which coincidentally match up with the silk screen/ the emitter
and collector are reversed on these ones from the other ones I had) and now I'm getting the full animation. I'm thinking I'm going to swap out
my 220ohm resistors for some 150s and see how it looks because it's sort of dim at the moment.
I really appreciate the help.
As for the transistors I got we 2n3704-ND. I have no idea what the deal was with them :/
Actually it doesn't loo like 150ohm is going to make a whole lot of difference as compared to the 220ohm.
chr says:
Hardwyre says:
http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/
Hardwyre says:
http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/