Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Australias decision
makers from
Bill Schutt
14/5/2015
Climate Change
Dear Members & Senators,
I write to offer my opinion as to the urgency of the need to take action against Climate-Change and the
inevitable requirement for nuclear energy to serious address the matter. My particular challenge to the
Green Party is to show that your policies are based on science and not ideology, and listen to the large
number of scientific voices including James Hansen, who consider it unlikely that renewable energy is
sufficient to confront & resolve the crisis. Please consider the following.
It is my opinion that: 1.
Climate Change should be considered an
environmental emergency.
2.
All options need to be considered to
combat Global Warming, and
3.
The case that so-called Renewable Energy,
can by itself lead to a complete
decarbonisation is extremely weak, and
thus Nuclear Energy will be required, and
the sooner the better.
Reality Check: Germany's Defective Green
Energy Game Plan
My Concerns
1.
The radioactivity released into the environment by Fukushima, Chernobyl and other nuclear incidents is
extremely small compared with natural environmental radioactivity.
79
There is No Conspiracy
Helen Caldicott [249] believes in a mass cover-up The World Health Organization is now part of the
conspiracy and the cover-up. This is the biggest medical conspiracy & cover-up in the history of
medicine.[250]
Cindy Folkers says she has uncovered a deliberate conspiracy on the part of the government and
nuclear industry to intentionally poison the public with radioactive food with the goal of making
contaminated food acceptable.[254]
Arnie Gundersen states on his website
world governments continue to cover-up
the true magnitude of this disaster, and
the mainstream media ignores it.[255]
Christopher Busby claims the Japanese
government is deliberately spreading
radioactive material from Fukushima all
over Japan.[256] [257]
Caldicott Quotes
The World Health Organization is now part of the conspiracy
and the cover-up. This is the biggest medical conspiracy &
cover-up in the history of medicine.
The northern hemisphere (of Earth) will become
uninhabitable
Were talking about a disaster of unbound proportions from
Fukushima Daiichi 2.5 to 3 million deaths a possibility
50 years or more of highly contaminated water flowing into
Pacific from Fukushima
Radiation from Fukushima will kill Millions of People
More people died from Chernobyl than the black plague
If the present trends continue; the food we eat, the water
we drink will soon be contaminated enough with radioactive
pollutants to pose a health hazard far greater than any
plague humanity has ever experienced.
In the last 25 years, there have been a million deaths due to
the Chernobyl incident and the Fukushima melt down was 2-3
times stronger than Chernobyl.
It will be a global catastrophe of epic proportions,
contaminating the northern hemisphere, resulting in tens of
millions of deaths.
My recommendations
1.
2.
3.
4.
South Australia should actively consider a fuel-leasing scheme. Nuclear fuel for reactors can be
provided on the basis that the waste is returned to SA. This will ensure safe disposal & reduce
proliferation concerns.
The extreme claims of the anti-nukes are undoubtedly wildly exaggerations. In a country like
Nigeria for example, it is probably impossible for them to damage the environment as much with
nuclear waste as they have with petroleum products. Nonetheless, there is significant potential
for environmental harm. They will be building nuclear power plants & by far the best option is to
ensure that all waste is returned to a facility where the very best management can be
undertaken.
5.
Consideration needs to be given to the decarbonisation of electricity, and
the subsequent decarbonisation of transport. I would like to see a suite of nuclear reactors
commenced immediately to replace the lignite-burning monsters in the La Trobe Valley and elsewhere.
A second suite of reactors could then be built to make hydrogen to replace methane for industrial use.
These reactors could also be used for back-up electricity. That is, most of the time, the energy would
be used to manufacture H2 from H2O but could be diverted to generate electricity when needed. This
would enable the unpredictable and intermittent nature of wind
and solar to be accommodated to some extent.
I can imagine the Greens or FOE or PSR sitting around the table trying
to model decarbonisation without a contribution from nuclear energy.
The first attempts at modelling dont work And rather than admit that
the ideological certainty that renewable energy is a 100% sure thing is
absurd, it must be the model that is wrong.
The model is changed, tweaked and assumptions modified until the
model is twisted into to fitting the pre-ordained outcome. Large energy
efficiency dividends are necessary to make the model work.
There is no further efficiency dividend to accommodate electricity for
electric cars or H2 & other fuel generation.
My Conclusions
1.
Climate-Change is an emergency.
2.
3.
4.
natural radioactivity.
The cost of nuclear power and renewable energy remains higher than fossil-fuels. The long-term
costs are uncertain. There is virtually no support for the belief that nuclear energy is necessarily
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Appendices
Appendix A - I define the words used in nuclear physics.
Non-political.
What is the difference between a radioisotope &
a radionuclide, between a nucleus & a nucleon?
Appendix B - I discuss radioactivity, radiation, half-life
and measurement Non-political.
&
rays.
~6~
60
~7~
Appendix A - Definitions
An atom is the basic building block of ordinary matter. An atom is built of protons, neutrons and
electrons. The protons and neutrons are approximately the same weight and collectively they are called
nucleons. The protons and neutrons occupy the centre of the atom, and this is called the nucleus. It is
sometimes pictured like a solar system, with the nucleus in the centre, like the sun, and the electrons
orbiting around it like planets.[Figure 1] It is a very
inaccurate approximation, but is useful for simple
purposes.
The
nucleus
only
occupies
[1]
0.0000000000004% of the space of the atom[Figure 2]
but contains 99.94% of the mass. [2]
The nucleus
is sometimes
pictured like
a berry.[Figure 3]
Again, this an
inaccurate
model, but a
useful one.
Figure
Figure
1 1
The simplest
atomic nucleus consists of one proton without any neutrons.
Figure 2
Figure 3
C, 13C, 14C, 16O, 23Na, 39K, 40K, 90Sr, 127I, 129I, 131I, 208Pb, 235U
and 238U are 14 of the many nuclides in the environment.
A radionuclide is a nuclide which is radioactive, coloured red. It
is very common for radioisotope to be used when the correct
term ought to be radionuclide.
12
Figure 4
48
~7~
Nuclides
Isotopes are important in the discussion of the nuclear fuel cycle. Isotopes of Uranium all contain 92
protons but the number of neutrons varies from 125 to 150. Only three isotopes of Uranium exist to
any significant extent naturally. Uranium-238 & Uranium-235 are primordial isotopes. They exist on
Earth because they have very long half-lives & a substantial quantity remains from the formation of
the Earth. Uranium-234 only exists as a decay product of 238U. One other Uranium isotope is also
Figure 5
Neutrons
important in the discussion of nuclear energy. Uranium-233 is the main fissile nuclide in the
Thorium fuel cycle. Usually this
233
Isobars are nuclides of the same atomic mass, or total number of nucleons.
40
S, 40Cl, 40Ar, 40K, 40Ca and 40Sc, are isobars with 40 nucleons and an atomic mass of 40.
Isotones are nuclides with the same number of neutrons.
12
Be, 13B, 14C, 15N, 16O, and 17F are isotones with 8 neutrons.
Nuclides may be primordial, cosmogenic, or anthropogenic. For a radionuclide to exist on the Earth,
which is about 4.5 billion years of age, it must either have a very long half-life, or must have been
created more recently by a mechanism which may be natural or artificial.
238
U is an example of a primordial nuclide. It has a half-life of 4.5 billion years. There was a quantity
of 238U on the Earth 4.5 billion years ago, and there is approximately half of that now. The four most
important primordial radionuclides are 238U, 235U, 232Th and 40K. The vast amount of heat built up inside
the Earths crust comes predominantly from the decay of these radionuclides and their daughters.
~8~
14
C Carbon 14
C is an example of a cosmogenic radionuclide. 14C has a halflife of 5730 years and no primordial 14C remains on Earth.
14
Nonetheless,
14
Figure 6
atmosphere from cosmic rays.
The third group, anthropogenic radionuclides is only detectable because of human activities. 90Sr, 99Tc,
I, 131I, 134Cs and 137Cs are examples of nuclides only detectable because of the human use of nuclear
129
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Pu is created from
239
238
238
U.
239
Pu is also
239
235
239
U fission.
U decays
with a half-life of 23.5 minutes to Np which itself then decays to Pu with a half-life of 2.4 days.
Nuclear reactors can utilise a mixture of 235U & 239Pu with some of the 239Pu begotten in situ.
A mixture of 239Pu with isotopes of Uranium are the principle behind the Megatons to Megawatts
program where weapons-grade 239Pu from dismantled Soviet weapons has been used for electricity
239
239
~9~
Appendix B - Radioactivity
Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity in 1896, and subsequently Rutherford and Villard identified
three components called alpha, beta and gamma rays.
rays were subsequently identified as 4He nuclei consisting of two protons and two neutrons. decay
occurs in heavy nuclei and it is the process by which these elements gradually diminish in the environment.
The atomic number is reduced by two and the atomic mass by four as the result of decay.
U 234Th + and 226Ra 222Rn + are examples of decay.
238
24
decay is one example of cluster decay. Very much more rarely, heavy significantly larger than 4He. 235U 211Pb +
Ne and 228Th 208Pb + 20O + are examples of cluster decay.
Figure 10
40
decay and double EC are also known to occur. 48Ca 48Ti + 2 is an example of double
Figure 11
Figure 5
238
decays.
Figure 12
Figure 13
- and
~ 10 ~
Electromagnetic Radiation
Figure 14
Figure 15
Measurement of Radioactivity
The simplest way to measure radioactivity is the becquerel named in honour of Henri Becquerel. Each
becquerel represents 1 decay per second. A megabecquerel is 1,000,000 decays per second and a
gigabecquerel is 1 billion decays per second. A billion becquerels sounds like a large amount of
radioactivity, but the amount of natural radioactivity is far greater than this.
Sometimes radioactivity is measured in Curies named after Marie and Pierre Curie. A curie is defined as the
quantity of radioactivity given off
by 1 gram of Radium in 1 second. 1
curie = 37 billion becquerels. Both
units measure the same thing
very differently. Its like
comparing micrometres to miles.
Figure 16
~ 11 ~
Figure 17
a nuclide to reach one 1000th or 1,000,000th of its present quantity. Fortunately, after 10 half-lives, the nuclide in
question has decayed to 1/1024th. This may be approximated to 1/1000. Thus it takes 10 half-lives for a nuclide to
reach 1/1000th, 20 half-lives to reach 1/1,000,000th and 30 half-lives to reach 1,000,000,000th.
But whatever the half-life, each nucleus will decay once.
Each radioactive nucleus decays once only. On a graph the area under the curve is exactly the same.
Therefore, a nuclide cannot be highly radioactive and remain so for a long time. It may either be highly
radioactive or remain for a long time.
Two isotopes of Iodine, 131I and 129I illustrate the matter. 131I has a half-life of 8 days and 129I has a
half-life of 15.7 million years. 131I is 700 million times more radioactive than 129I, and 129I persists for
700 million times longer than
129Xe and 131Xe remain.
131I.
Each and every atom decays once and once only and non-radioactive
The four nuclides graphed, 91Y, 125Sb, 129Iand 131I each decay once only and reaches stability with
129
131
126
126
91
Zr, 125Te,
126
Xe and
Xe. Some fission products decay twice, for example
Sn
Sb
Te. Fission fragments with >2
238
decays decay quickly and are not present in nuclear waste.
U decays 14 times before it becomes stable 206Pb.
Nonetheless, it remains a fact that a long-lived nuclide is long-lived because it decays very infrequently.
Figure 18
~ 12 ~
129
131
129
131
131
I. At x=0, 129I y=
0.000000091, whilst for I, when x=0, y=64. At x=6, I & I are similar at 0.000000091. For 129I, y has declined
to 0. 0000000909, or 0.1% only when x=2,700,000. Nevertheless, the area under the curve is exactly the same.
and
135Cs.
131
I decays 700
131
I is highly radioactive,
I.
129
I is not.
Figure 20
~ 13 ~
Figure 23
Left
Photos 1&2
Ramsar Iran
Right
Photos 3
Guarapari
Beach Brazil
~ 14 ~
Figure 25
Figure 24
Figure 27
Figure 26
~ 15 ~
~ 16 ~
Figure 29
20 msecs 0.12 secs 0.21 secs 2.73 secs 2.73 mins 2.73 mins
Figure 30
Each fragment size varies
in proton to neutron ratio
5.00E+00
4.00E+00
3.00E+00
2.00E+00
1.00E+00
0.427 secs 1.9 secs 32.3 secs 4.3 mins 29.1 years 2.67 days
0.00E+00
94Br
94Rb
94Sr
94Y
94Zr
~ 17 ~
94
Zr which is stable
Figure 32
Figure 33
~ 18 ~
Figure 35
Figure 36
Figure 37
~ 19 ~
Appendix H
Figure 40
Figure 41
Figure 42
~ 20 ~
U.
235
Photos 8-12
~ 21 ~
Figure 44
Photo 13
~ 22 ~
Photo 17 & 18
~ 23 ~
Appendix K
Strontium-90
Strontium-90 (90Sr) is a radionuclide
produced by nuclear fission. Strontium
is a Group II element immediately
below Calcium in the periodic table and
its chemical properties are similar. Some Strontium
deposits in bone and there exists the possibility that 90Sr
could incorporate into the mineral matrix of bone and lead
to leukaemia or bone cancer.
The concern about this possibility is considered to have
contributed to the 1963 agreement on an atmospheric
nuclear test ban.
Bone contains an inorganic mineral matrix, specifically
Hydroxyapatite, also called Hydroxylapatite. The
chemical formula is Ca++10(PO43-)6(OH-)2. Mixed in with the
inorganic mineral is the structural protein collagen.
Nevertheless, one of the fundamental aspects to all biological
cells, is the capacity to maintain and electrochemical gradient
across the cell membrane. Some ions are pumped out, and some
are pumped in. Specifically, Potassium & Magnesium are pumped
in, and Sodium & Calcium are pumped out.
The genetic material, or DNA, is inside the cell, within its own
membrane. The electrolytes immediately adjacent to the DNA
are the cations, K+ and Mg++, together with the anions Cl- and
HCO3-.
Outside of the cell, the cations Na+ and Ca++ are dominant.
Accepting that Sr++ cations can intermix with Ca++, then the
Strontium, like the Calcium will
Intracellular Extracellular
Cation
Ratio
Sodium
18mM
145mM
90% Outside
be 99.9% extracellular, or
Potassium
135mM
3mM
95% Inside
outside the cell.
Calcium+Stronti
100nM
1.2mM
99.9%
The image on the next page is
um
Outside
bone under the microscope 400x. The osteocytes, or bone cells, are the little black dots. The mineral
matrix has been stained pink. This is the hydroxyapatite. Ca++ & Sr++ deposit within the hydroxyapatite.
K+ and Mg++ are inside the cell, are in far more intimate contact with the DNA than any Ca++ or Sr++.
Radiopotassium or
40K
is anatomically far closer to the DNA than Calcium and Strontium, including any
90Sr.
The conclusion is that 40K is delivers far more and activity to the DNA than 90Sr.
How might become embedded in the hydroxyapatite matrix?
1.
Strontium may replace Calcium, ie the level of Strontium may increase from say 10 ppm to 100ppm.
Some of this increase will be 90Sr, or-
2. The Strontium may remain the same, say 10 ppm, but 90Sr replace the natural non-radioactive
Strontium isotopes, 84Sr, 86Sr, 87Sr and 88Sr.
~ 24 ~
Strontium-90 in bone
The release of
90Sr
into the environment by nuclear incidents can be measured & is potentially significant.
The release of Strontium at the same time is completely insignificant. The entire Strontium release from
Fukushima o the former, if the amount of Strontium in the environment increases, then the level of
Strontium is estimated at 200gm. Whilst this is a very significant quantity of radioactivity, it adds only
30 parts per billion billion, 30 parts in 10-18 to the total Strontium.
Any release of 90Sr is completely insignificant to the
Calcium:Strontium in the environment and it is impossible
for this to alter the Calcium:Strontium ratio in bone.
It is possible, however, for some 90Sr to replace 84Sr,
86Sr, 87Sr
and
88Sr
same extent as
Sr.
90
Notwithstanding the claim from some in the antinuclear movement that 90Sr has a long biological
half-life in the human body, the shorter the half-life,
the more quickly 90Sr will potentially displace any
84Sr, 86Sr, 87Sr and 88Sr and reach equilibrium with
the environment.
~ 25 ~
In this environment our bones take up both Calcium and Strontium into their matrix.
Now, some
90
.
In time, some
90
radio-strontium
difficult to see
------
Conclusion: The tiny amount of 90Sr from nuclear events to will not measurably change
-
the Calcium/Strontium ratio in either the environment or the human body. The extent
to which 90Sr can replace 84Sr, 86Sr, 87Sr and 88Sr is very small and highly unlikely to
lead to significant radioactivity in human bones. Furthermore, Strontium is an extracellular cation and far more distant from the DNA is the cell nucleus than
40
K.
~ 26 ~
5 billion
becquerels of radioactivity
is flowing into the Pacific
every day.
[41] [42] [43]
~ 27 ~
~ 28 ~
2500 km3
[73]
~ 29 ~
Nuclide
79Se
93Zr
99Tc
107Pd
126Sn
129I
135Cs
Total
Percent*
0.0447%
6.35%
6.11%
0.146%
0.0585%
0.511%
6.54%
Quantity
3.58 MT
508 MT
489 MT
11.7 MT
4.68 MT
4.09 MT
523 MT
Half-Life
295,000 y
1.53 million y
211,000 y
6.5 million y
100,000 y
15.7 million y
2.3 million y
Total R/activity
0.29 PBq
49 PBq
310 PBq
0.04 PBq
1.26 PBq**
0.04 PBq
23 PBq
384 PBq
135
~ 30 ~
I am more than willing to consider the possibility that renewable energy may be able to resolve the problem
of anthropogenic climate change; I have no problem with enthusiastic proponents who believe this strongly,
but I find it utterly absurd that they consider this is a 100% certainty, and the demand that no other
possibility be contemplated.
So, the Green Party,[80] Greenpeace,[81] [82]
FOE[83], ACF[84] and others have the core
ideology which is anti-nuclear. Every other
component of their belief system must be
formulated in such a manner the core ideology
is not challenged. The idea that renewable
energy might prove inadequate to address
climate-change cannot even be contemplated,
because it would conflict with core ideology.
Thus, any assessment of renewable energy by
such groups is undertaken with the absolute necessity that renewable energy must work, irrespective of
the facts.
When the doctrinaire anti-nukes undertake research into the cost of nuclear energy, they find it to be
very, very expensive. UCS, Greenpeace, PSR and NIRS* all say nuclear is too expensive. Not too
surprisingly, when the doctrinaire anti-wind-farm groups undertake research into the cost of wind
energy, they find it to be very, very expensive. Wind-watch, Global Wind Energy Impact, Wind Turbines
Syndrome and Wind Action all say wind is too expensive.
~ 31 ~
The Anti-Nukes assess Nuclear energy on cost, CO2 and other measures
It is not difficult to find independent assessments of the cost of nuclear energy, & it is my impression
that these reports run very much in the direction of nuclear costs being competitive.[85] [86] [87] [88]
[89] [90]
~ 32 ~
Nuclear fuel cycle cost estimation and sensitivity analysis of unit costs on the basis of an equilibrium model
2.
Sensitivity analysis and probabilistic assessment of seawater desalination costs fueled by nuclear and fossil fuel
3.
A multi-period mixed-integer linear optimisation of future electricity supply considering life cycle costs and environmental
impacts
4.
South Korean energy scenarios show how nuclear power can reduce future energy and environmental costs
5.
On the global economic potentials and marginal costs of non-renewable resources and the price of energy commodities
6.
Assessment of projected temperature impacts from climate change on the U.S. electric power sector using the Intergated
Planning Model
7.
A Bi-objective Evacuation Routing Engineering Model with Secondary Evacuation Expected Costs
8.
How much can nuclear power reduce climate mitigation cost? Critical parameters and sensitivity
9.
The case for a near-term commercial demonstration of the Integral Fast Reactor
10.
Small modular reactors and the future of nuclear power in the United States
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
I hope that the political will to address climate-change comes sooner rather than later. On
Decarbonisation Day, any combination of wind, solar & nuclear is entirely carbon free. All three have some
carbon cost at the moment because of inputs,
which realistically is slightly higher for solar
than for wind or nuclear.
The important thing is to get to
Decarbonisation Day soon. If we make a
positive decision to go nuclear, I believe we can
achieve it by 2040. Without nuclear, I am
sceptical as to whether it can be achieved by
the year 2100.
Appendix Q
Climate-Change-Denial, other denialist
convictions and the Anti-Nuclear movement
Patriotism might be the last refuge of a scoundrel, but The
Conspiracy is the last refuge of the closed-minded ideologue.*
Wikipedia states that denialism is exhibited by individuals choosing
to deny reality as a way to avoid dealing with an uncomfortable truth.
There are scores of denialist beliefs, with the denialist group
Whatever the particular hobby horse, denialists share a mindset, where the
favoured belief is somehow suppressed by the scientific and political elite.
Denialism
always requires a Conspiracy Theory. Powerful interests, which almost always include the US
government,
United Nations,[114] [115] [116] [117] other governments,[118] [119] [120] [122] and unnamed
industrialists are involved in a high-level conspiracy to suppress your chosen denialist certainty.
[110] [111] [112] [113]
Given the choice of: 1. I admit that I must be wrong because of the weight of opinions of the experts, or
2. The experts are wrong, and therefore MUST be part of a
conspiracy,
the human mind nearly always chooses 2 above.
Evidence
Evidence to the true
believer is assessed not on
the basis of scientific
understanding,
reproducibility or expert
opinion, but on the basis of
consistency with underlying
dogma. If it supports the
dogma, it must be right & if
it doesnt do so, it must be wrong. Therefore, the
vast body of evidence that Barack Obama was born in
Hawaii can be dismissed, as part of The Conspiracy,
whilst any minor anomaly in any document becomes proof that he was
not. Evidence is cherry-picked.
Any expert who accepts that vaccination has saved millions of lives is
part of The Conspiracy, whilst any high-profile true-believer is
deemed to be an expert irrespective of their qualifications. Former
Playboy Playmate Jenny McCarthy has been promoting the antivaccination scare campaign.[131] Jenny McCarthy is now officially a
fake expert. [132] [133] [137]
It is almost an acknowledgement that the public evidence does not support their
favourite belief. Nonetheless, there exists the impenetrable certainty of the
true-believer. The true-believer cannot possibly be wrong. The only other
explanation is The Conspiracy. The United Nations therefore must be part of
The Conspiracy, the US government is part of The Conspiracy, & the Australian
government is part of The Conspiracy. The Conspiracy is fundamental to any
denialist belief system because it is the only way to rationalise the large number
of experts who not only disagree, but draw a precisely opposite conclusion.[143]
Evidence must always be evaluated in with the understanding that the core
belief is unfalsifiable. So to the believer in Alien-Abductions will describe
this as cherry-picking, but the true-believer is merely assessing the
evidence within his or her own belief system. The True Believers considers
each anecdote to be significant evidence, whilst contrary data is
considered evidence that proves the existence of The Conspiracy.
I know Elvis lives & I therefore conclude that the Memphis Coroner is not
an expert while Bruce on flight 555 to Baltimore is an expert, confirmed
by the fact that the Memphis Coroner challenges my belief system (and I
cannot possibly be wrong) while Bruce who thinks he saw Elvis on flight 555 is an expert. An external
observer will describe Bruce as a Fake-Expert, without appropriate qualifications, & part of the ElvisLives-Yet movement.
~ 36 ~
Conspiracy
It is Alien-Abduction believers, not
the sceptics who have The
Conspiracy,[101] [102] the CherryPicked evidence,[143] [144] & the
Fake-Experts.[145] [146] [147] Similarly,
the Elvis-Lives-Yet believers also
have The Conspiracy.[148] [149] [153]
the Cherry-Picked evidence,[150] [151]
& the Fake-Experts.[152]
Climate-Change-Denial &
Nuclear Energy
On both these questions, there is
no middle ground. Just as Elvis is
either alive or dead,
Anthropogenic-Climate-Change
is/is not a problem, & nuclear
energy is/is not an option necessary
to address this problem.
The claims of the nuclear
proponents & nuclear opponents are
Core belief
Creationism
Holocaust Denial
Elvis Lives
Flat-Earthers
9/11 Truthers
Anti-vaccination
Alien Abduction
believers
Obama birthers
Climate-ChangeDenial
Anti-Nukes
not a question of degree. Opponents claim[154] that it is dirty and dangerous,[155] [156] [157] whilst proponents
claim that nuclear energy is the safest option available.[158] [159] There is conflict on the issue of cost, CO2
emissions, both efficiency & necessity as an answer to climate-change, & the speed at which the
technology can be introduced.
There is also disagreement on renewable energy with regard to cost, CO2 emissions, as an answer to
climate-change & the speed of a roll-out.
~ 37 ~
(Reconsideration of doctrine
cannot be considered.)
~ 38 ~
Appendix R - Climate
Change & Nuclear Power
1/25,000,000th of the
natural radioactivity in the Earths
crust. The belief is bizarre.
Fukushima is =
Final Summary
1. Climate Change should be considered an
environmental emergency. There is the
possibility of a catastrophic
environmental outcome.
2. All options need to be considered to
combat Global Warming, and
3. The case that so-called Renewable Energy, can by itself lead to a
complete decarbonisation is extremely weak, and thus Nuclear Energy
Bill Schutt
Numbered References
1. National Archives Damming the Franklin
www.naa.gov.au/collection/explore/cabinet/by-year/damming-the-franklin.aspx
2. Wikipedia - Radiophobia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiophobia
3. Observations on Chernobyl After 25 Years of Radiophobia
www.21stcenturysciencetech.com/Articles_2010/Summer_2010/Observations_Chernobyl.pdf
4. Radiophobia Greenpeace is uncompromising and ideologically rigid
nuclearradiophobia.blogspot.com.au/p/greenpeace.html
5. Greenpeace is an uncompromising and an ideologic, not realistic, organisation and are extremist.
nuclearradiophobia.blogspot.com.au/p/greenpeace.html
6. Greenjacked Unsolicited Sincere Promotion
actinideage.com/2014/08/18/greenjacked-unsolicited-sincere-promotion/
7. SMH - Green by name, flaky by nature
www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-opinion/green-by-name-flaky-by-nature-20101128-18cab.html
8. Australia's anti-nuclear movement: a short history
www.greenleft.org.au/node/16973
9. Greenies are holding up a clean energy future by opposing nuclear
www.abc.net.au/environment/articles/2015/03/18/4199992.htm
10. Greens Launch SA Anti-nuclear Campaign
www.markparnell.org.au/mr.php?mr=1017
11. Another Green Converts to Nuclear Mark Lynas Now Accused of Heresy
atomicinsights.com/another-green-converts-to-nuclear-mark-lynas-now-accused-of-heresy/
12. The Nuclear-Green Revolution
nucleargreen.blogspot.com.au/2007/12/utne-readers-romantic-anti-nuclear.html
13. Nuclear Energy the Key to a Low Carbon Future
www.scientific-alliance.org/energy-climate-change/nuclear-energy-key-low-carbon-future
14. How is Fukushimas Fallout Affecting Marine Life
www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/how-is-fukushimas-fallout-affecting-marine-life
15. Assessment of the impact on Australia from the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant accident
www.arpansa.gov.au/pubs/technicalreports/tr162.pdf
16. Wikipedia Ocean
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean
17. Radioactivity in Nature.
www.physics.isu.edu/radinf/natural.htm
18. Fukushima Radioactivity Detected off of West Coast
www.whoi.edu/news-release/Fukushima-detection
19. Continuing 137Cs release to the sea from the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant through 2012
www.biogeosciences-discuss.net/10/3577/2013/bgd-10-3577-2013.pdf
20. Ocean Radioactivity
www.wgbh.org/includes/playerPop.cfm?section=0&featureid=27253&rssid=4
21. Low Levels of Radiation Found in American Milk
www.nytimes.com/2011/03/31/us/31milk.html?_r=1
22. Radioactive Milk Only A Danger After 58,000 Glasses
www.npr.org/blogs/health/2011/03/22/134746912/radioactive-milk-only-a-danger-after-58-000-glasses
23. Russian submarine Kursk (K-141)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_submarine_Kursk_(K-141)
24. Wikipedia Actinides in the Environment
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinides_in_the_environment#Uranium_in_the_environment
25. A Journal Devoted to Non-Nuclear India
www.dianuke.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Anumukti_VOL-12_NO-4.pdf
26. Lessons from the 'Kursk' Catastrophe
insaf.net/pipermail/sacw_insaf.net/2000/000757.html
27. Fisherman fear Kursk radiation.
news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/892599.stm
28. Depleted Uranium
www.serendipity.li/nato/du.htm
29. Depleted uranium contamination still blights Iraq
www.cpa.org.au/guardian/2013/1607/12-depleted-uranium.html
31. Density of the Elements
www.periodictable.com/Properties/A/Density.al.html
32. Depleted Uranium: (Pseudo)Scientific Basis for Assessing Risk
www.helencaldicott.com/depleted.pdf
33. DU: Health & Public Health Issues Arising from the use of Depleted Uranium Munitions
action.psr.org/documents/du_report.pdf
34. How the World Health Organisation covered up Iraq's nuclear nightmare
www.theguardian.com/environment/earth-insight/2013/oct/13/world-health-organisation-iraq-war-depleted-uranium
35. Depleted Uranium and the Iraq Wars Legacy of Cancer
www.mintpressnews.com/depleted-uranium-iraq-wars-legacy-cancer/193338/
36. World Health Organisation - Depleted uranium: sources, exposure and health effects Executive summary
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37. Health Physics Society - Depleted Uranium
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38. Uranium Health Effects - A discussion of chemical and radiological health effects associated with exposure to uranium and its
compounds.
web.ead.anl.gov/uranium/guide/ucompound/health/index.cfm
39. World Health Organisation - The chemical toxicity of uranium
www.who.int/ionizing_radiation/pub_meet/en/Depluranium4.pdf
40. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - Uranium
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41. Fukushima News 8/26/14: 5 Billion Bq of Strontium-90 Flows to the Sea Every Single Day
www.youtube.com/watch?v=dpo-jj4-7EM
42. Beyond Nuclear
www.beyondnuclear.org/japan/2014/8/27/fukushima-still-releasing-8-billion-becquerels-per-day-into.html
43. Fukushima: The Ticking Nuclear Bomb. Over 800 Tons of Radioactive Material Pouring into Pacific Ocean
www.globalresearch.ca/fukushima-the-ticking-nuclear-bomb-over-800-tons-of-radioactive-material-pouring-into-pacificocean/5356276
44. Over 2 trillion becquerels of radioactive waste flowed from Fukushima plant into Pacific in just 10 months
www.naturalnews.com/046881_Fukushima_plant_radioactive_waste_Pacific_Ocean.html
45. Fukushima Radioactive Waste: Over 2 Trillion Becquerels Flowed Into Pacific Ocean in JUST 10 Months
strangesounds.org/2014/09/fukushima-radioactive-waste-2-trillion-becquerels-flowed-pacific-ocean-just-10-months.html
46. 28 Signs That The West Coast Is Being Absolutely Fried With Nuclear Radiation From Fukushima
www.globalresearch.ca/28-signs-that-the-west-coast-is-being-absolutely-fried-with-nuclear-radiation-from-fukushima/5355280
47. All The Best, Scientifically Verified, Information on Fukushima Impacts
deepseanews.com/2014/01/all-the-best-scientifically-verified-information-on-fukushima-impacts/
48. 28 fallacies about the Fukushima nuclear disasters effect on the US West Coast
www.southernfriedscience.com/?p=15903
49. 40+ areas where extremely contaminated water flows directly into ocean at Fukushima 4 years out, Fukushima reactors
still spewing Fishermen alleging for a while that radioactive water spilling into Pacific
enenews.com/former-japan-official-40-areas-extremely-contaminated-water-flowing-directly-ocean-fukushima-plant-bloomberg4-years-fukushima-reactors-spewing-fishermen-alleging-radioactive-water-again-spilling-p
50. Thyroid Cancer in Young People Surge in Fukushima Since Nuclear Meltdown
ecowatch.com/2014/08/25/thyroid-cancer-fukushima/
51. The Thyroid Cancer Hotspot Devastating Fukushima's Child Survivors
www.youtube.com/watch?v=cu-JQetHRBY
52. Fukushima: The Ticking Nuclear Bomb. Over 800 Tons of Radioactive Material Pouring into Pacific Ocean
www.globalresearch.ca/fukushima-the-ticking-nuclear-bomb-over-800-tons-of-radioactive-material-pouring-into-pacificocean/5356276
53. Ministry: Rate of Fukushima thyroid abnormalities roughly normal
ajw.asahi.com/article/0311disaster/fukushima/AJ201303090076
54. Caldicott in Japan: Incredibly rare thyroid abnormalities found in 40% of Fukushima children Indicates a really high dose
of radiation, higher than at Chernobyl
enenews.com/thyroid-abnormalities-incredibly-rare-pediatrics-indicating-really-high-dose-radiation-higher-chernobyl
55. Fukushimas Children are Dying
www.globalresearch.ca/fukushimas-children-are-dying/5387242
56. Thyroid tests for Fukushima children find no effects from accident
ajw.asahi.com/article/0311disaster/fukushima/AJ201209120067
57. Highly Sophisticated Thyroid Ultrasound Examination used in the Fukushima Health Management Survey
www.fmu.ac.jp/radiationhealth/conference/presentation/day1/1109.pdf
58. The Fukushima Follies
www.fccj.or.jp/number-1-shimbun/item/301-the-fukushima-follies/301-the-fukushima-follies.html
59. Nuclide Analysis Results of Fish and Shellfish (The Ocean Area Within 20km Radius of Fukushima Daiichi NPS)
www.tepco.co.jp/en/nu/fukushima-np/f1/smp/2013/images/fish_130315-e.pdf
60. Record concentration of radioactive Cesium in fish near Fukushima nuclear station port
nuclear-news.net/2015/02/25/record-concentration-of-radioactive-cesium-in-fish-near-fukushima-nuclear-station-port/
61. Evaluation of radiation doses and associated risk from the Fukushima nuclear accident to marine biota and human consumers
of seafood
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3696798/pdf/pnas.201221834.pdf
62. Deformed fruits and vegetables discovered near Fukushima - is this for real?
www.naturalnews.com/041331_Fukushima_radioactive_contamination_fruit_mutations.html
63. Fukushima radiation, In Oregon Mutated Corn Near Portland, Oregon
www.youtube.com/watch?v=E0OB6MwA73Q
64. The worst vegetable mutation
fukushima-diary.com/2012/01/worst-vegetable-mutation/
65. Revenge of the mutant vegetables? Pictures of crops 'deformed by fall-out of Fukushima nuclear disaster' sweep Asia. . . but is
it all just a hoax?
www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2367436/Fukushima-mutant-vegetable-images-sweep-region-years-nuclear-disaster.html
66. Fukushima Mutant Vegetables' Debunked
urbanlegends.about.com/b/2013/07/23/fukushima-mutant-vegetables-debunked.htm
67. 'Mutant' vegetables wrongly attributed to Fukushima
www.japantoday.com/category/national/view/mutant-vegetables-wrongly-attributed-to-fukushima
68. Absolutely Every One 15 Out of 15 Bluefin Tuna Tested In California Waters Contaminated with Fukushima Radiation
www.washingtonsblog.com/2012/05/absolutely-every-one-of-the-15-bluefin-tuna-tested-in-california-waters-contaminatedwith-fukushima-radiation.html
www.911truth.org/
105. The Australian Vaccination-skeptics Network
avn.org.au
106. Alien Abduction Case Files
www.ufocasebook.com/alienabductions.html
107. 10 Facts That Suggest Obamas Birth Certificate Is Fake
mrconservative.com/2013/07/21971-10-facts-that-suggest-obamas-birth-certificate-is-fake/
108. Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_citizenship_conspiracy_theories
109. Conspiracy Theory
rationalwiki.org/wiki/Conspiracy_Theories
110. The 30 greatest conspiracy theories
www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/3483477/The-30-greatest-conspiracy-theories-part-1.html
111. 10 Widely Believed U.S. Government Conspiracy Theories
people.howstuffworks.com/10-u-s-government-conspiracy-theories.htm
112. Top 10 Conspiracy Theories
listverse.com/2007/08/21/top-10-conspiracy-theories/
113. UFO Cover-up Alien Nation or Conspiracy Theory
www.beyondweird.com/ufocoverup.html
114. Rationalwiki United Nations
rationalwiki.org/wiki/United_Nations
115. The United Nations Agenda: Fact, Fiction & Conspiracy Theories
www.unausa.org/news-publications/article/the-united-nations-agenda-fact-fiction-conspiracy-theories
116. 10 Unbelievably Insane UFO Conspiracy Theories
listverse.com/2014/08/03/10-unbelievably-insane-ufo-conspiracy-theories/
117. Rationalwiki List of Conspiracy Theories
rationalwiki.org/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories
118. Prime Minister Harold Holt Was Murdered
www.harold-holt.net/
119. Clive reveals sinister hand of foreign governments
www.crikey.com.au/2012/03/21/clive-palmer-conspiracy-theory-greens-and-ci/
120. SA MP cant rule out the existence of aliens in the Simpson Desert www.crikey.com.au/2008/11/14/sa-mp-cant-rule-out-theexistence-of-aliens-in-the-simpson-desert/
121. The Toxicity of Depleted Uranium
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2819790/
122. Dead Aliens In The UK?
mysteriousuniverse.org/2013/09/dead-aliens-in-the-uk/
123. Radiological and Chemical Fact Sheets to Support Health Risk Analyses for Contaminated Areas
www.remm.nlm.gov/ANL_ContaminantFactSheets_All_070418.pdf
124. Report of the World Health Organization Depleted Uranium Mission to Kosovo
www.who.int/ionizing_radiation/pub_meet/en/Report_WHO_depleted_uranium_Eng.pdf
125. How Dangerous Is 400-6000 Pounds Of Plutonium Nano Particle Dust Liberated By Fukushima?
tonsofradioactive2.blogspot.com.au/2013/08/how-dangerous-is-400-6000-pounds-of.html
126. Nuclear Power is the Problem, Not a Solution - by Helen Caldicott www.helencaldicott.com/pdf/050415.pdf
127. Nuclear Power and Childrens Health
www.helencaldicott.com/childrenshealth_proc.pdf
128. Nuclear Power, Radiation, and Disease
www.helencaldicott.com/chapter3.pdf
129. Obituary: Bernard L. Cohen
www.utimes.pitt.edu/?p=20431
130. Plutonium
www.scientificlib.com/en/Chemistry/Elements/Plutonium.html
131. Jenny McCarthy, Vaccine Expert? A Quarter of Parents Trust Celebrities healthland.time.com/2011/04/26/jenny-mccarthyvaccine-expert-a-quarter-of-parents-trust-celebrities/
132. Are You Dealing With A Real Expert Or A Fake? 7 Ways To Tell www.forbes.com/sites/kathycaprino/2014/05/19/are-youdealing-with-a-real-expert-or-a-fake-7-ways-to-tell/2/
133. Dont Mistake Denialism for Debate Fake Experts
scienceblogs.com/denialism/2007/05/02/fake-experts/
134. The Myth of Plutonium Toxicity
www.fortfreedom.org/p22.htm
135. Toxicological Profile for Plutonium
www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp143.pdf
136. Plutonium - An overview
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Plutonium_Wikipedia_book.pdf
137. www.law.berkeley.edu/10110.htm
138. Measurements of daily urinary uranium excretion in German peacekeeping personnel and residents of the Kosovo
region to assess potential intakes of depleted uranium (DU)
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969707003701
139. Environmental and health consequences of depleted uranium use in the 1991 Gulf War
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041200300151X
140. Properties, use and health effects of depleted uranium (DU): a general overview
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265931X02000413
www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2013/sep/16/climate-change-contrarians-5-stages-denial
176. Green Nuclear Junk
decarbonisesa.com/2013/05/16/green-nuclear-junk/
177. Green Nuclear Junk
decarbonisesa.com/2013/05/16/green-nuclear-junk/
178. The Myth of the Myth of Baseload
decarbonisesa.com/2014/09/14/the-myth-of-the-myth-of-baseload/
179. Plimer and the merry band of fake experts
www.businessspectator.com.au/article/2013/2/17/policy-politics/plimer-and-merry-band-fake-experts
180. Understanding Climate Change Denial
www.ttorch.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Verheggen-Cook-Textbook_Ch_23-Understanding-Climate-Change-Denial.pdf
181. Climate Change Denial
www.ourbreathingplanet.com/climate-change-denial/
182. Rationalwiki Christopher Monckton
rationalwiki.org/wiki/Christopher_Monckton
183. Rationalwiki - Donald_Trump
rationalwiki.org/wiki/Donald_Trump
184. Rationalwiki Ian Plimer
rationalwiki.org/wiki/Ian_Plimer
185. Nuclear Energy Is Dirty, Unsafe & Uneconomic: Environmental Scientist
newmatilda.com/2015/02/21/nuclear-energy-dirty-unsafe-and-uneconomic-environmental-scientist?page=1
186. Nuclear Energy Is Dirty, Unsafe & Uneconomic: Environmental Scientist
newmatilda.com/2015/02/21/nuclear-energy-dirty-unsafe-and-uneconomic-environmental-scientist?page=1
187. Nuclear Energy Is Dirty, Unsafe & Uneconomic: Environmental Scientist
newmatilda.com/2015/02/21/nuclear-energy-dirty-unsafe-and-uneconomic-environmental-scientist?page=1
188. Nuclear Energy Is Dirty, Unsafe & Uneconomic: Environmental Scientist
newmatilda.com/2015/02/21/nuclear-energy-dirty-unsafe-and-uneconomic-environmental-scientist?page=1
189. George Monbiot debates Helen Caldicott, who says he is lying
atomicinsights.com/george-monbiot-debates-helen-caldicott-who-says-he-is-lying/
190. Jan Willem Storm van Leeuwen is an anti-nuclear crank sponsored by Greenpeace and the European Green Party.
rationalwiki.org/wiki/Jan_Willem_Storm_van_Leeuwen
191. Chernobyls Legacy: Health, Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts and Recommendations to the Governments of
Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine
www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/chernobyl.pdf
192. Environmental Consequences of the Chernobyl Accident and Their Remediation: Twenty Years of Experience
www-ns.iaea.org/downloads/rw/meetings/environ-consequences-report-wm-08.05.pdf
193. Health Effects of the Chernobyl Accident
www.who.int/ionizing_radiation/chernobyl/who_chernobyl_report_2006.pdf
194. Climate Change 2014 - Mitigation of Climate Change
www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg3/ipcc_wg3_ar5_full.pdf
195. Environmental Consequences of the Chernobyl Accident and their Remediation: Twenty Years of Experience
www-pub.iaea.org/mtcd/publications/pdf/pub1239_web.pdf
196. Health Effects of the Chernobyl Accident and Special Health Care Programmes
www.who.int/ionizing_radiation/chernobyl/WHO%20Report%20on%20Chernobyl%20Health%20Effects%20July%2006.pdf
197. Health Effects of the Chernobyl Accident and Special Health Care Programmes
www.who.int/ionizing_radiation/chernobyl/WHO%20Report%20on%20Chernobyl%20Health%20Effects%20July%2006.pdf
198. UNSCEAR 2001 REPORT - ANNEX - Hereditary effects of radiation
www.unscear.org/docs/chernobylherd.pdf
200. Table of Radioactive Isotopes
ie.lbl.gov/toi/nuclide.asp?iZA=10003
201. Table of Radioactive Isotopes
ie.lbl.gov/toi/nuclide.asp?iZA=110024
201. Rationalwiki Tea Party
rationalwiki.org/wiki/Tea_Party
202. Wikipedia Tea Party Movement
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_Party_movement
203. Teaparty.org
www.teaparty.org/
204. Contaminated seafood and government cover-up at Fukushima www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/Blogs/nuclearreaction/contaminated-seafood-and-government-cover-up-/blog/36285/
205. Fukushima Fallout - Nuclear business makes people pay and suffer
www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/publications/nuclear/2013/FukushimaFallout.pdf
206. Radiation & Health
www.foe.org.au/anti-nuclear/issues/nfc/radiation-health
207. Articles about Lucas Heights - accidents, emergency planning, insurance etc - Secret advice: avoid reactor health study
www.foe.org.au/anti-nuclear/issues/oz/lh/articles2
208. YELLOWCAKE FEVER - Exposing the Uranium Industrys Economic Myths
www.acfonline.org.au/sites/default/files/resources/ACF_Yellowcake_Fever.pdf
209. Australian Uranium Fuelled Fukushima
www.acfonline.org.au/sites/default/files/resources/habitat_April_2012.pdf
210. Nuclear Power - No Solution to Climate Change
www.acfonline.org.au/sites/default/files/resources/Nuclear_Power_No_Solution_to_Climate_Change.pdf
212.
Fukushima Exponentially More Dire than Chernobyl Deteriorating Plant Threatens Global Radiation?
www.globalresearch.ca/fukushima-exponentially-more-dire-than-chernobyl-deteriorating-plant-threatens-mass-extinctionaround-world/5420579
213.
Fukushima is Falling Apart are you ready for a Mass Extinction Event
www.infowars.com/fukushima-is-falling-apart-are-you-ready-for-a-mass-extinction-event/
214.
Nuclear Energy Is An Extinction Level Event
dublinsmick.wordpress.com/2012/12/29/nuclear-energy-is-an-extinction-level-event/
215.
The Road to Mass Extinction
dissidentvoice.org/2014/05/the-road-to-mass-extinction/
216.
IEA Energy Costs
www.iea.org/textbase/npsum/eleccostsum.pdf
217.
OECD Energy Costs
www.oecd.org/environment/country-reviews/2452793.pdf
218.
Toxic Assets - Nuclear Reactors in the 21st Century - Financing reactors & the Fukushima nuclear disaster
www.greenpeace.org/international/toxicassets/
219.
At What Cost: Why Maryland Cant Afford A New Reactor
www.nirs.org/factsheets/mdatwhatcostfactsheet.pdf
220.
Domestic Electricity Prices in the EU
www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/388228/qep_561.xls
221.
Half-yearly electricity and gas prices, first half of year, 201113 (EUR per kWh)
ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/File:Halfyearly_electricity_and_gas_prices,_first_half_of_year,_2011%E2%80%9313_(EUR_per_kWh)_YB14.png
222.
Strong Together Ontarios Nuclear advantage - Affordable, Stable Prices
www.ontarionuclear.com/affordable-stable-prices/
223.
Ontario Hydro Rate Increase
www.huffingtonpost.ca/2012/04/30/ontario-hydro-rate-increase_n_1465826.html
224.
Ontario Energy Board
www.ontarioenergyboard.ca/OEB/Consumers/Electricity/Electricity+Prices
225.
What It Would Really Take to Reverse Climate Change?
spectrum.ieee.org/energy/renewables/what-it-would-really-take-to-reverse-climate-change
226.
Why Google gave up on renewables (hint: because they dont know much about energy)
www.energypost.eu/google-gave-renewables-hint-dont-know-much-energy/
227.
Why Google gave up on renewables (hint, they dont understand energy)
reneweconomy.com.au/2014/why-google-gave-up-on-renewables-hint-they-dont-understand-energy-12048
228.
Why Solar Is Much More Costly Than Wind or Hydro
www.technologyreview.com/news/531841/why-solar-is-much-more-costly-than-wind-or-hydro/
229.
Great Dying" Lasted 200,000 Years. Wildfires, disappearing oxygen helped kill off 90 percent of all life on Earth.
news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/11/111121-great-dying-permian-mass-extinction-science/
230.
Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time
rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/275/1636/759.full
231.
Wikipedia - Background radiation
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_radiation
232.
Radiation Information Network's
Radioactivity in Nature
www.physics.isu.edu/radinf/natural.htm
233.
Fact Sheet - Flying and Health - Cosmic Radiation - Exposure for Casual Flyers and Aircrew
www.arpansa.gov.au/pubs/factsheets/FlyingandHealth.pdf
234.
Hot Spots: Earths 5 Most Naturally Radioactive Places
webecoist.momtastic.com/2013/01/22/hot-spots-earths-5-most-naturally-radioactive-places/
235.
Very High Background radiation Areas of Ramsar, Iran: Preliminary Biological Studies
ww.nuceng.ca/refer/radiation/Ramsar.pdf
236.
Nonlinear phenomena in biological findings of the residents of high background radiation areas of Ramsar
www.academia.edu/506974/Nonlinear_phenomena_in_biological_findings_of_the_residents_of_high_background_radiation_areas_of_Ramsar
237.
Inhabitants of Ramsar have lived for many generations in these high background areas
www.probeinternational.org/Ramsar.pdf
238.
The High Background Areas Radiation Area in Ramsar Iran
www.wmsym.org/archives/2002/proceedings/10/434.pdf
239.
Natural Radioactivity in Ramsar
cricket.biol.sc.edu/papers/natural/Ghiass-nejad%20et%20al%202002.pdf
240.
High natural background radiation areas - Guarapari, Brazil
www.taishitsu.or.jp/radiation/guarapari-e.html
241.
Wikipedia - Health Effects of Sunlight Exposure
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_effects_of_sunlight_exposure
242.
Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code
www.foodstandards.gov.au/code/proposals/Documents/P1025_CFS_Attach_A2_Schedules.pdf
243.
Evidence for beneficial low level radiation effects & radiation hormesis
www.iaea.org/inis/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/36/113/36113744.pdf
244.
Toxicology rethinks its central belief - Hormesis demands a reappraisal of the way risks are assessed
www.nature.com/nature/journal/v421/n6924/pdf/421691a.pdf
245.
Radiation Hormesis, or, Could All That Radiation Be Good for Us?
www.snm.org/docs/Radiation_Hormesis_JNMT_March_O3.pdf
246.
247.
Effects of Cobalt-60 Exposure on Health of Taiwan Residents Suggest New Approach Needed in Radiation Protection
ecolo.org/documents/documents_in_english/low-dose-Cobalt-taiw-06.pdf
248.
Natural nuclear fission reactor
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_nuclear_fission_reactor
249. Is Helen Caldicott's Nuclear Madness still relevant?
www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/is-helen-caldicotts-nuclear-madness-still-relevant/article2982278.ece
250. Interrogation of Helen Caldicotts Responses
www.monbiot.com/2011/04/04/interrogation-of-helen-caldicotts-responses/
251. Nuclear opponents have a moral duty to get their facts straight
www.theguardian.com/environment/georgemonbiot/2011/apr/13/anti-nuclear-lobby-interrogate-beliefs
252. WHO and why they should not be in bed with the IAEA Helen Caldicott Foundation
www.nuclearfreeplanet.org/blogs/who-and-why-they-should-not-be-in-bed-with-the-iaea.html
253. Nuclear and Radiation Safety Issues. Comments on Caldicott Letter - By Robert Holloway
www.ntanet.net/holloway.html
254. Conference Highlights - Fukushima Consequences
www.rense.com/general95/confhigh.html
255. Nuclear Power: Their Profits; Our Risks Arnie Gundersen
www.fairewinds.org/nuclear-power-profits-risks/
256. Christopher Busby's wild claims hurt green movement and Green party
www.theguardian.com/environment/georgemonbiot/2011/nov/22/christopher-busby-nuclear-green-party
257. Post-Fukushima 'anti-radiation' pills condemned by scientists
www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/nov/21/christopher-busby-radiation-pills-fukushima
258. Nuclear and CO2
www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/Blogs/makingwaves/nuclear-and-co2/blog/9899/
259. Renewable energy vs nuclear power
www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/publications/nuclear/2012/Fukushima/Fact%20Sheets/Renewable_Energy.pdf