Definite Integral

This section becomes easier to move on to the concept once they have fully grasped
the idea of indefinite integrals and had opportunities to practice solving them. In some
ways, indefinite integrals can be seen as a way to introduce the theory with definite
integrals offering more scope for lecturers and students to apply this knowledge to
real world problems.
Many students grasp integration but make silly errors when completing the two part
calculation. Simple peer assessment could help students to think about setting each
step of their work minimizing these small but significant slips. This work could be made
more engaging by inviting students to mix and match integration problems
with graphical representations.
This section needs a lot of practice to get better understanding. Broadly, this section
makes the root of every scientific organization and studies.

DEFINITE INTEGRATION
2.1

GEOMETRICAL INTERPRETATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL

If f(x) > 0 for all x [a, b]; then ba f(x) is numerically equal to the area bounded by the
curve y = f(x), then x-axis and the straight lines x = a and x = b i.e. ba f(x)

In general ba f(x) dx represents to algebraic sum of the figures bounded by the curve
y = f(x), the x-axis and the straight line x = a and x = b. The areas above x-axis are
taken place plus sign and the areas below x-axis are taken with minus sign i.e,
i.e. ba f(x) dx area OLA area AQM area MRB + area BSCD
Note:
y = f(x)

ba f(x) dx, represents algebraic sum of areas means, that if area of function
is asked between a to b.
=> Area bounded = ba |f(x)|dx and not been represented by ba f(x) dx

e.g., If some one asks the area of y = x3 between -1 to 1.

Then y = x3 could be plotted as;

Area = 01 x3 dx + 10 x3 dx = 1/2
or, using above definition Area = 11 |x3| dx = 2 10 x3 dx
= 2 [x4 / 4]10 = 1/2
But if, we integrate x3 between -1 to 1.
=> 10 x3 dx = 0

which does not represent area.

Thus, students are adviced to make difference between area and definite
Integral.

FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS (NEWTON-LEIBNITZ FORMULA)

This theorem state that If f(x) is a continuous function on [a, b] and F(x) is any anti
derivative of f(x) on [a, b] i.e. F'(x) = f (x) (a, b), then O'ba f(x)dx = F(b) F(a)

The function F(x) is the integral of f(x) and a and b are the lower and the
upper limits of integration.

Illustration 1:
Evaluate 22 dx / 4 + x2 directly as well as by the substitution
x = 1 /t. Examine as to why the answer do not tally?

Solution:

l = 22 dx / 4 + x2

= [1/2 tan1 (x/2)]22 = 1/2 [tan1(1) tan1 (1)]

= 1/2 [/4 (/4)] = /4 => l = /4

On the other hand; if x = 1/t then,

l = 22 dx / 4 + x2 = 1/21/2 dt / t2 (4 + 1 / t2) = 1/21/2 dt/ 4t2 + 1

= [1/2 tan1 (2t)]1/21/2

= 1/2 tan1 (1/2 tan1 (1) = /8 /8 = /4

I = /4 when x = 1/t

In above two results l = -/4 is wrong. Since the integrand

1/4+x2 > 0 and therefore the definite integral of this function cannot be negative.

valid

Since x = 1/t is discontinuous at t = 0, the substitution is not

( I = /4).

Note: It is important the substitution must be continuous in

the interval of integration.

Illustration 2:
Let = 0 dx / x4 + 7x2 + 1 and = 0 x2 dx / x4 + 7x2 +
1 then show that =

 = 0 dx / x4 + 7x2 + 1

Solution:

put x = 1/t => dx = 1/t2 then

= 0 /t2 dt / 1/t4 + 7/t2 + 1 = 0 dtt2 / t4 + 7t2 + 1 = 0 t2dt / t4 +

7t2 + 1 =

PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRATION

1.
Change of variable of integration is immaterial so long as limits of integration
remain the same i.e. ba f(x)dx = ba f(t) dt
2.

ba f(x)dx = ba f(x)dx

3.

ba f(x)dx = ca f(x)dx + ba f(x)dx

Generally we break the limit first at the points where f(x) is discontinuous and second
at the points where definition of f(x) changes.
Illustration 3:
function.
Solution:

Evaluate 5/120 [tanx]dx, where [.] is the greatest integer

Let I = 5/120 [tanx] dx

Value of tan x at x = 5/12

Value of tan x at x = 0 is 0
Integers between 0 and 2 + 3 are 1, 2, 3
tan x = 1, tan x = 2, tan x = 3
=> x = tan-1 1, x = tan-1 2, x = tan-1 3

I = + tan10 [tanx] dx + tan1 2tan1 1 [tanx]dx + tan13tan1 2 [tanx] dx + 15/12tan

3[tanx]dx
= tan10 0 dx + tan1 2tan1 1 1 dx + tan1 3tan1 2 2 dx + 15/12tan1 3 3dx
= 0 + (tan1 2 tan1 1) + 2 (tan1 3 tan1 2) + 3 (5 /12 tan1 3)

= 5 / 4 /4 tan1 3 tan1 2

= = [tan1 (3 + 2 / 1 6) + ] = tan-1 (-1)

= /4
4.

a0 f(x)dx = a0 f(ax) dx.

Illustration 4:
then prove that
Solution:

If f, g, h be continuous function on [0, a] such that

a
0

f(a - x) = f(x), g(a - x) = - g(x) and 3h(x) - 4h(a - x) = 5,

f(x) g(x) h(x)dx = 0.
I=
= a0 f(x) g(x) h(ax) dx

7I = 3I + 4I
= a0 f(x) g(x) {3h(x)4h(ax)} dx
= 5a0 f(x) g(x) dx = 0, since f (a x) g (a x) = f (x) g (x)
=> I = 0
Illustration 5:

0 x sin 2 x sin ( / 2 cos x) dx

Solution:
(1)

Let I = 0 x sin 2x sin (/2 cosx) dx

= 0 ( x) sin 2 ( x) sin (/2 cos ( x)) dx = 0 ( x) (sin

2x) (sin 2x) sin ( /2 cosx) dx

= 0 ( x) sin 2x sin (/2 cos x) dx

(2)
Adding (1) & (2), we get
2I = 0 sin2 x sin (/2 cos x) dx
=> I = /20 2 sin x cos x sin (/2 cos x) dx

Put /2 cos x = z => /2 sin x dx = dz

= 0/2 z sin z sz = 8/.

5.

a0 f(x) dx = a/20 [f(x) + f(ax)] dx

Special cases: If f (x) = f (a x), then a0 f(x)dx = 2 1/20 f(x) dx.

If f (x) = f (a x), then a0 f(x) dx = 0.
6.

aa f(x) dx = a0 [f(x0 + f(x)]dx

Special case: aa f(x) dx = 2a0 f(x)dx, if f(x) is even, aa f(x) dx = 2, if f(x) is odd
Illustration 6:

Evaluate 44 x2 / (x2 + 16) (1+ex5) dx

Solution:

Let I = 44 f(x) / (1 + ex5) dx

(f(x) = x2 / x2 + 16)

2I = 44 f(x) / (1 + ex5) dx + 44 f(x) / (1 + ex5) dx

= dx
= 44 f(x) dx

I = 40 x2 / x2 + 16 dx
= 4 tan-11
Illustration 7:
is

Find the value of is 0 dx / 1 + 5cosx + 22 log (5 x / 5 + x) dx

Solution:

Let I = I1 + I2
Consider I1 = 0 dx / 1 + 5cosx
(1)
Now I1 = 0 dx / 1+ 5cos(x) = 0 dx / 1+ 5cosx = 0 5cosx dx /

5cosx + 1 (2)
Adding (1) and (2) , we get

2I1 = 0 dx / 1+ 5cosx + 0 5cosx dx / 5cosx + 1 = 0 1.dx =

I1 = /2
Consider I2 = 22 log (5x / 5+x) dx

Let g(x) = log (5x / 5+x)

Now g(-x) = log(5 (x) / 5+x) = log 5x/5+x = g(x)
g(x) is an odd function
22 g(x)dx = 0 => I2 = 0
I = I1 + I2 = /2 + 0 = /2
7.

10 f((ba) x + a) dx

Illustration 8:

Evaluate 2/31/3 e9(x2/3)2 dx

Solution:

l1 = 54 e(x+5)2 dx
= (54) 10 e((5+4) x4+5)2 dx

10 e(x1)2 dx
Again let I2 = 2/31/3 e9(x2/3)2 dx
I2 = (2/3 1/3) 10 e9[(2/3 1/2) x + 1/3 2/3]2 dx
= 1/3 10 e(x1)2 dx

where I = I1 + 3I2
l1 + 3(l1/3) = l1 l1
I=0

(i)

2/31/3 e9(x2/3)2 dx = 0
8.

If f (x) is a periodic function with period T, then

a+nTa f(x)dx = n T0 f(x) dx where n 1,
In particular,
(i) if a = 0, nT0 f(x) dx = n T0 f(x) dx where n I
(ii) If n = 1, a +Ta f(x)dx = T0 f(x)dx

Illustration 9:

Evaluate 100 |sinx|dx.

Solution:

Let I = 100 |sin x|dx

We know that |sinx| is a periodic function with period p
Hence I = 10 0 |sin x| dx

[applying prop. 8]

Illustration 10: If f(x) is a function satisfying f(x + a) + f(x) = 0 for all x R

and constant a such that c+bb f(x) dx is independent of b, then find the least
positive value of c.
Solution:

We have f(x + a) + f(x)

for all x R

(i)

=> f(x + a + a) + f(x + a) = 0 [Replacing x by x + a]

(ii)
=> f(x + 2a) + f(x+ a) = 0

.(iii)

Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get f(x + 2a) - f(x) = 0

for all

x R.
=> f(x + 2a) = f(x) for all x R
So, f(x) is periodic with period 2a
It is given that c+bb f(x)dx is independent of b.
The minimum value of c is equal to the period of f(x) i.e.,
2a.

2.2

DIFFERENTIATION UNDER THE INTEGRAL SIGN

Leibnitzs Rule
If g is continuous on [a, b] and f1 (x) and f2 (x) are differentiable functions whose values
lie in [a, b], then d/dx f2(x)f1(x) g(t)dt = g(f2(x))f2'(x) g(f1(x))f1'(x)
Illustration 11:
cos x

Solution:

If f(x) = cos x - x0 (xt) then show that f (x) + f (x) =

f' (x) = sin x (xf (x) + x0 f(t)dt) + xf(x)

= sin x x0 f(t)dt

Illustration 12

f" (x) = cos x f(x)

If a function f(x) is defined x R such that . Prove that

ax f(t)/t dx. Prove that a0 g(x) dx = a0 f(x)dx

Solution:

g(x) = ax f(t)/t dt
Diffrentiate w.r.t. x
g(x) = F(x)/x
F(x) = -x g(x)
a0 f(x)dx = a0 xg'(x) dx
= a0 f(x)dx = ag(a) + a0 g(x) dx = a0 g(x)dx,

[g(a) =

0]
Illustration 13

Determine a positive integer n 5, such that

10 ex (x1)n dx = 16 6e

Solution:

Let ln = 10 ex (x1)n dx
Integrating by parts,
In = In = [ex (x1)n]10 10 ex.n(x1)dx = (1)n+1 = nln1
Also, l1 = 10 ex.n(x1)n1 dx = [(x1)ex]10 10 exex.1dx
= (1)[ex]10 = 1(e1) = 2 e
From (i), I2 = ( -1)3 - 2I1 = -1 - 2(2 - e) = -5 + 2e

(i)

and I3 = (-1)4 - 3I2 = 1 - 3(-5 + 2e) = 16 - 6e Which is given .

n=3

DEFINITE INTEGRAL AS LIMIT OF A SUM

An alternative way of describing ba f(x)dx is that the definite integral ba f(x) dx is a
limiting case of the summation of an infinite series, provided f(x) is continuous on [a, b]
i.e., ba f(x)dx = limn-> h n1r=0 f(a+rh) where h = ba/n. The converse is also true i.e., if
we have an infinite series of the above form, it can be expressed as a definite integral.
Method to express the infinite series as definite integral:
(i)

Express the given series in the form 1/n f (r/n)

(ii)

Then the limit is its sum when n > , i.e. limn-> h 1/nf(r/n)

(iii)

Replace r/n by x and 1/nby dx and limn-> by the sign of .

(iv)
The lower and the upper limit of integration are the limiting values of r/n for
the first and the last term of r respectively.
Some particular cases of the above are
(a)

limn-> nr=1 1/n f(r/n) or limn-> n1r=0 1/n f(r/n) = 10 f(x)dx

(b)

limn-> pnr=1 1/n f(r/n) = f(x)dx

where = limn-> r/n = 0

Illustration 14

(as r = 1) and = limn-> r/n = p

(as r = pn)

Show that
(A) limn-> (1/n+1 + 1/n+2 + 1/n+3 + ... + ... 1/n+n)= ln2.
(B) limn-> 1p + 2p + 3p + ... + / np+1 = 1/p+1 (p > 0)

Solution:

>

1/nnr=1 1 / 1+r/n

(A) Let I = limn-> (1/n+1 + 1/n+2 + 1/n+3 + ... + 1/n+n)

= limn-> (1 / n+1 + 1/n+2 + 1/n+3 + ... + 1/n+n)= limn-

Now = limn-> 1/n = 0 (as r = 1)

and = limn-> r/n = 1 (as r = n)
=> l 10 1/1+x dx = [In (1+x)]10 => I = ln2.
np+1 = nr=1

(B)
1p + 2p + 3p + ... + np /
1p/n.np = nr=1 1+n(r/n)p
Take f(x) = xp; Let h = 1/n so that as n > ; h > 0

limn-> nr=1 1/n f(0 + r/n)

= 10 f(x)dx = 10 xpdx
= 1/p+1

Section c AREA AS DEFINITE INTEGRAL

Let f (x) be a continuous function in (a, b). Then
the area bounded by the curve y = f (x),
x axis and lines x = a and x = b is given by the
formula
A = |ba f(x)dx|,
provided f (x) > 0 (or f(x) < 0) x (a , b)
It is sometimes convenient to use formula for area
with respect to y i.e. regarding x as a function of y.
The area between x = f(y), y axis and the lines
y = c and y = d is given by
A = dc f(y)dy

If we have two functions f(x) and g(x) such that

f(x) <g(x) x [a, b], then the area bounded by
the curves y = f(x), y = g(x) and lines x = a,
x = b (a < b) is given by
A = da [g(x)f(x)]dx

Working Rule for finding the Area :

(i)
If curve lies completely above the x axis, then the area is positive but when it
lies completely below x axis, then the area is negative, however we have the
convention to consider the magnitude only.

(ii)
If curve lies on both the sides of x axis
i.e. above the x axis as well as below the x axis,
then calculate both areas separately and add their
modulus to get the total area.
In general if curve y = f(x) crosses the x
axis n times when x varies from a to b, then the
area between y = f(x), x axis and lines x = a and x
= b is given by
A = |A1| + |A2| + ... + |A11|
(iii)
If the curve is symmetrical about x axis, or y axis, or both, then calculate the
area of one symmetrical part and multiply it by the number of symmetrical parts to get
the whole area.
Illustration 15
Find the area between the curves y = x2 + x 2 and y =
2
2x, for which |x + x 2| + | 2x | = |x2 + 3x 2| is
satisfied.

Solution:

y = x2 + x - 2 => y = 2x
|x2 + x - 2| + |2x| = |x2 + 3x -2|
(x2 + x - 2) and 2x have same

sign
Thus required area
ar (PQR) + ar (ECD)
= 01 [2x - (x2 + x - 2)] dx
+ 21 [2x - (x2 + x - 2)] dx
= [x2/2 x3/3 + 2x]01 + [x2/2
x3/3 + 2x]21
= 7/6 + [10/3 13/6] = 7/6 + 7/6 = 7/3
Illustration 16
Find out the area enclosed by circle |z| = 2, parabola y =
x2 + x + 1, the curve y = [sin2 x/4 + cos x/4] and x-axis (when [ . ] is the
greatest integer function).

Solution:

For x [-2, 2]
=> 1 < sin2 x/4 + cos x/4 < 2
[sin2 x/4 + cos x/4] = 1
Now we have to find out the area enclosed by the circle |z| =

2,
parabola (y - 3/4) = (x+1/2)2,
line y = 1and x-axis.
Required area is shaded area in the figure.
Hence required area = 3 1 + (3 1) + 01 (x2 + x + 1).dx
+2

4x dx

= (2/3 + 3 1/6) sq. units

Illustration 17:
Let f(x) = Max. {sinx, cos x, 1/2} then determine the
area of the region bounded by the curves y = f(x), x-axis, y-axis and x = 2.
Solution:

f(x) = Max {sin x, cos x, 1/2}

interval value of f(x)
for 0 < x < /4, cos x

for /4 < x < 5/6, sin x

for 5/6 < x < 5/3, 1/2
for 5/3 < x < 2
Hence required area

cos x

= /40 cosx dx + 5/6/4 sin x dx + 5/35/6 1/2.dx + 25/3 cosx dx

= (5/12 + 2 + 3) sq units.
Illustration 18:

Find area bounded by y = |4 x2|/4 and y = 7 - |x|

y = |4 x2|/4

Solution:

y = 7 |x|

(I)
(II)

Rewriting (I) and (II)

y = {4x2 / 4
2< x < 2
x24/4 x(, 2)
U (2, )
y = {7 x
x >0

7+x

x<0

Required area
(PQRSTUP) = 2 area
(PQRSP)
= 2 [area of
(OVRSO) area of (POQP)
area of
(QRVQ) ]
= 2 [1/2 (7 + 3)4 - 20 (4x2/4) dx 42 x24/4 dx]
= 2 18 + 2/3 16/3 + 4 + 2/3 2
= 32 sq unit.
Illustration 19:

Let f be a real valued function satisfying

f(x/y) and limx>0 f(1+x)/x = 3. Find the area bounded

by the curve y = f(x), the y axis and the line y = 3
Solution:
f(y)

Given = f(x/y) = f(x)

.... (1)
Putting x = y = 1, we get f(1) = 0
Now,

f(x) = limh>0 f(x+h) f(x) / h

= Limh>0 f(1+h/x)/h
= Limh>0 f(1+h/x) (h/x)x

(from(1))

=> f'(x) = 3/x

{since Limx>0 f(1+x0/x = 3}

=> f(x) = 3 ln x + c
Putting x = 1
=> c = 0
=> f(x) = 3 ln x = y (say)
Required area = 3 x dy = 3 ey/3 dy = 3[ey/3]3
= 3 (e 0) = 3e sq. units
Illustration 20: Let An be the area bounded by y = tann x, x =0, y = 0 and x
= p/4. Prove that for n 2.
(i) An+An-2 = 1/n1
(ii) 1/2(n+1) < An <
1/2(n1)
Solution:

x)dx =10 tn2

(i) Obviously An = ./40 tann xdx

An+An2 = /40 (tann xdx + tann
dt = 1/n1.
(ii) Obviously An+2< An< An-2

(from figure).

Thus 2 An = An + An < An + An-2 = 1/n1 (by part (i)

Thus An < 1/2(n1)

. . . . (1)

Also 2 An = An+ An > An + An+2 = 1/n+1, replacing n by n+2 in (i)

An > 1/2(n+1)

. . . . (2)

From (1) and (2), we get 1/2(n+1) < An < 1/(2n1).

1.

OBJECTIVE PROBLEMS

1:
(A)

(C)

200

(B)

100
(D)

400
Solution :

= 200 (cos x)0 = 200 (11) = 400

2:
function =

22 min (x[x], x [x])dx,

(A)

where [.] is the greatest integer

(B)

(D)

1
(C)
None of these.
Solution :

Let I = 22 min (x [x], x x [x])dx

= 2 22 min (x [x], x [x])dx (function is even)

= 1/4 + 1/4 + 1/4 + 1/4 = 1

Hence I = 1
3:
(B)

(where [.] denotes greatest integer function) =

(A)

2-2

(C)

22

2+2
(D)

Solution :

= (2 1) + 2 (3/2 2) = 2 1 + 3 2 2 = 2 + 2 2 2 = 2 2

Qp/20 sin 2 x in tan x dx =

4:

(A)

(B)

0
(C)
None of these.

(D)

Solution :
dx

I = /20 sin 2x ln (tan x)

(1)
I = /20 sin 2 (/2 x) ln tan (/2 x)dx

I = /20 sin 2x ln (cot x) dx

(2)
Adding (1) and (2)
2I = /20 sin 2x [ln (tan x) + ln (cot x)] dx = /20 sin 2x ln 1
dx = 0.
O21/2 1/x sin e/e x 1/x o/o dx =

5:
(B)
(D)

(A)

(C)

1
2

Solution :

Let I =
Put z = x - 1/x

Then I =
6:

is odd function

The value of /20 sin x / sin x + cos x is

(A)

p/2

(B)

p/3
(C)
Solution :

/4

(D)

Let I = /20 sin x / sin x + cos x dx

Here the lower limit is zero hence , we can replace x

by (a x) i.e. by p/2 x

7:

=
(A)
(C)

3/p log 2
3/p log 3

(B)

2/p log 2

(D)

3/p

Solution :
r/n = x, 1/n = dx

8:
The area bounded by the curve y = x (3 x)2 , the x
axis and the ordinates of the maximum and minimum points of the curve is
(A)

2 sq. units

(B)

(C)

4 sq. units

(D)

sq. units
sq. units
Solution :

y = x (3 x)2

After solving , we get x =1 and x = 3 are points of maximum

and minimum respectively.
Now the shaded region is the required region

9:
What is the area of a plane figure bounded by the
points of the lines max (x, y) = 1 and x2 + y2 = 1 ?
(B)

(A)
p/3 sq. units
(C)

p/2 sq. units

p/4 sq. units

(D)

p sq. units
Solution :

By definition the lines max, (x, y) = 1 means.

x = 1 and y < 1 or y = 1 and x < 1
Required area

10:
The area bounded by the curve y = (x 1) (x 2) (x 3) lying
between the ordinates x = 0 and x = 3 is

7/4 sq. units

(B)

(A)
4 sq. units
(C)
3 sq. units

11/ 4 sq. units

(D)

= 9 / 4 + 1/ 4 + 1/ 4 = 11/4 sq units.

Solved Examples of Definite Integral Part I

11: The area bounded by the curve y = x (3 x)2 , the x axis and the
ordinates of the maximum and minimum points of the curve is
(A)

2 sq. units

(B)

4 sq. units

(C)

3 sq. units

(D)

8 sq. units

Solution:
are
respectively.

y = x (3 x)2
After solving , we get x =1 and x = 3
points of maximum and
minimum
Now the shaded region is the

required region

12:

The area enclosed by the curve |x + 1| + |y + 1| = 2 is

(A)

3 sq. units

(B)

4 sq. units

(C)

5 sq. units

(D)

8 sq. units

Solution:
-1)

Shift the origin at the point (-1,

So |x + 1| + |y + 1| = 2
becomes |x| + | y | = 2
Hence required area is
= 4 1/2 2 2 = 8sq.

units
The area common to the curves y = x3 and y = x is

13:
(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

None of these

14:
The area of the region consisting of points (x, y) satisfying |
x y | < 2 and x2 + y2 > 2 is
(A)

8 2 sq. units

(B)

4 2 sq. units

(C)

1 2 sq. units

(D)

2 sq. units

Solution:

Shaded region is the required one.

Required Area = 4 1/2 2 2 .2 = 8 2 sq. unit

15:
xo [sint] dt where x and [2n, (4n+1)], n N and [.] denotes
the greatest integer function is equal to.
(A)

-n

(C)

-2n

(B)
(D)

-(n +1)
-2(n +1)

16:
If f() = 2 and o [f(x) + f"(x)] sin x dx = 5 then f(0) is equal to,
(it given that f(x) is continuous in [0, ])
5

(A)
(D)

7
1

(B)

(C)

=> f() + f(0) = 5 (given)

=> f(0) = 5 f() = 5 2 = 3
17:

Let f(x) is a continuous function for all real values of x and

satisfies
(D)

+ a then value of a is equal to

(A) 1/24
None of these

(B)

17/168

Diff. both sides of (i) w. r. t. x we get;

f(x) = 0 x2 f(x) + 2x15 + 2x5

(C)

1/7

18:
f(x) <lnx is

. Then complete set of values of x for which

(A)

(0, 1]

(B)

[1, )

(C)

(0, )

(D)

None of these

Solution:
Let g(x) = f(x) - ln(x). x R

=> g (x) = f (x) 1/x = ex 1 / x > 0 x R+

=> g'(x) is increasing for x R+
g(1) = f(1) - ln1 = 0 0 = 0
=> g(x) > 0 x > 1 and g(x) > 0

x (0, 1]

=> ln x > f(x) x (0, 1]

19:
x R+, is equal to

Solution:

, where [.] denotes the greatest integer function, and

(A)

1/In2 ([x] + 2[x]1)

(C)

1/In2 ([x] 2[x])

Let n < x < n + 1 where n I, I > 0

(B)
(D)

1/In2 ([x] + 2[x])

1/In2 ([x] + 2[x]+1)

20:

21:

Let I1 =

then

(A)

I1 > I2 > I3 > I4

(B)

I2 > I3 > I4 > I1

(C)

I3 > I4 > I1 > I2

(D)

I2 > I1 > I3 > I4

Area bounded by y = g(x), x-axis and the lines x = -2, x = 3, where

and f(x) = x2 - , is equal to

(A) 113/24 sq.units

(C) 117/24 sq.units

(B)

(D)

111/24 sq.units

121/24 sq,units

22:

Solution:

Area of the region which consists of all the points satisfying

the conditions |xy| + |x+y| < 8 and xy > 2, is equal to

(A)

4(7 ln8)sq. units

(B)

4(9 ln8)sq. units

(C)

2(7 ln8)sq. units

(D)

2(9 ln8)sq. units

The expression |xy| + |x+y| < 8, represents the interior region of the
square formed by the lines x = 4, y = 4 and xy > 2. represents the
region lying inside the hyperbola xy =2

Required area

= 4(73 In2) sq.units

= 4(7 In8) sq.units

23:

Solution:

Area bounded by the parabola (y - 2)2 = x 1, the tangent to it

at the point P (2, 3) and the x-axis is equal to

(A)

9 sq. units

(B)

6 sq. units

(C)

3 sq. units

(D)

None of these

(y - 2)2 = (x - 1) => 2(y - 2). = 1

=> dy/dx = 1/2(y2)

Thus equation of tangent at P(2, 3) is,

(y 3) = 1/2 (x2) i.e., x = 2y 4

Required area

= ((y2)3/3 y2 + 5y)30 = 9 sq. units

24:

Two lines draw through the point P(4, 0) divide the area
bounded by the curves y = 2 x/4 and x axis, between the linea x
= 2, and x = 4, in to three equal parts. Sum of the slopes of the
drawn lines is equal to

(A) 2 2/
(C) 2/

Solution:

(B)
(D)

2/
42/

Area bounded by y = 2 .sin x/4 and x-axis between the lines x = 2 and
x = 4,

Let the drawn lines are L1: y m1(x - 4) = 0 and L2: y m2(x - 4) = 0,
meeting the line x = 2 at the points A and B respectively Clearly A = (2, 2m1); B= (2, -2m2)

25:

If A =

is equal to

26.

(A)

1/+2 A

(C)

1/2 1/+2 A

The value of the integral

(A) 1

(C) /6
these

(B)

(D)

1/2 + 1/+2 A

1/2 + 1/+2 + A

is

(B) /12

(D) none of

Solution:

Using the property

f (a + b x) dx, the given integral

Hence (B) is the correct answer.

27.

If I =

dx then

(A) 0

(C) /2

Hence (D) is the correct answer.

(B) 2

(D) 2 /2

28.

If I =

, then

(A) 0 < I < 1

(C) I < 2

(B) I > /2

(D) I > 2

Since x [0, /2] => 1 < 1 + sin3 x < 2

Solution:

Hence (C) is the correct answer.

If f (a + b x) = f (x) then ba x f (x) dx is equal to

29.

(A) ab/2 ba f(x) dx

(B) (a+b/2) ba f(x) d

(C) 0

Solution:

I = ba x f (x) dx = ba (a+b-x) f (a +b-x) dx

= (a + b) ba f(a +b x) - ba x f (a + b x) dx

(D) none of these

= ( a + b) ba f (x) dx - ba x f (x) d x

Hence I = (a+b/2) ba f(x) dx.

Hence (B) is the correct answer.

Solved Examples
30.
The value of 1000(x)dx ( where {x} is the fractional part of x)
is

Solution:

(A) 50

(B) 1

(C) 100

(D) none of these

Given integral = 1000 (x[x])dx

( by the def. of {x} )

Hence (D) is the correct answer.

31.

The value of 10 (|sin 2 p x| dx is equal to

(A) 0

(B) 2/

(C) 1/
Solution:

(D) 2

Since |sin 2 x | is periodic with period 1/2,

I = 10 |sin 2 x| dx= 2 10 sin 2 x dx
= 2 [cos2x/2]1/20 = 2/
Hence (B) is the correct answer.

32.

Let f : R > R, f(x) =

, where [.]
denotes greatest integer function, then 42 f(z)dx is equal to
(A) 5/2

(B) 3/2

(C) 5

(D) 3

Solution:
x [x] = {x}
x [x +1] ={x} 1
42 f(x)dx = 6.1/2
(1.1) = 3
Hence (D) is the
correct answer.

33.

Solution:

is equal to
(A) 0

(B) 2

(C) e

(D) none of these

I=
property aa f(x)dx = 0 (f (x) = f (x), odd function)
Hence I = 0
Hence (A) is the correct answer.

34.

The value of 1010 3x/3[x] dx is equal to (where [.] denotes greatest integer
function) :
(A) 20

(B) 40 / In3

(C) 20 / In 3

(D) none of these

Hence (B) is the correct answer.

35.

Solution:

Values of +1/21/2 cos x log 1+x/1x dx is :

(A) 1/2

(B) 1/2

(C) 0

(D) none of these

I = +1/21/2 cos x log 1+x/1x dx

f (x) = cos x ln 1+x/1x
f (- x) = cox (- x) ln 1+x/1x
= - cos (x) ln (1+x/1x) = f (x)
f (x) is an odd function
hence I = 0
Hence (C) is the correct answer.

36.

f (x) = min (tan x, cot x), 0 < x < , then /20 f(x)dx is equal to :
(A) ln2
(C) 2 ln 2

(B) ln 2
(D) none of these

Solution:

f (x) = min (tan x, cot x),

[0, /2]
f (x) = tan x, 0 < x < /4
= cot x, /4 < x < /4
Hence

2 ln 2 = ln 2.
Hence (A) is the correct answer.
37.

Solution:

The value of

is equal to :

(A) /2

(B) 2

(C)

(D) /p

I=
Hence (B) is the correct answer.

38.

Solution:

The value of

is equal to :

(A) 2 1/e

(B) 2 + 1/e

(C) e+1/e

(D) none of these

I=

= |xex|10 (1 - e-1) - (0 - 1) = 2 - e-1

Hence (A) is the correct answer.

39.

has the value is :

(A) 0

(B) 1/2

(C) 1

(D) 1/4

Hence (A) is the correct answer.

40.

is :
(A) 0

(B) 1

(C) /2

(D) /4

Hence (D) is the correct answer.

41.

Solution:

The value of

depends on :

(A) p

(B) q

(C) r

(D) p and q

I=

=q

(Since sin3x and sin5 x are odd functions)

Hence (B) is the correct answer.