: System international unites : SI

.

: ) ( .... .

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 )(2 rad

: SI
/ .
-2 .
-1 / .
/
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/ .
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: ( rad ) :

) : (SI

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= 4 Sr

4 r2
r2

 m=v

/ .

1.32 cm ) ( 0.01 mm
) ( 0.02 mm ) ( 1.32 0.02
/
-2 .
-1 .
/
-4 .
-3 .
/
:

@ @@@@@@bn

 : K .

direct proportion

y x

= 80 Km / h .

@ @a@iaa@@ba

40
0.5

0.75 0.25

60 20

=V

@ @@@@@@bn

@ @a@iaa@@ba
6
inverse proportion

  
 

@ @@@@@@bn


 

X2

15

X2

7
3

16

73

7 3 = X2

X1 Y1 = X2 Y2

15

8 10

10

X2

Y2

X2

Y1

X1

@ @a@iaa@@ba

= 9

@ @@@@@@bn

    

   

-2 :

/
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:
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: ) ( N/m2
-1 : :
.a :
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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

10

@ @a@iaa@@ba

Lo

11

=
Vo

5 10-6 200 109

2000

= L

A = 0.05 cm2 = 0.0510-4 = 5 10-6

= . N/m2
: 4m 0.05 m2 500N . 200109 N/m2

) ( ) : (Y .

-3 : .

5 10-6 L

500 4

A . L

F . Lo

A . L

F . Lo

= y

= y

= y

20010

L / Lo

F/A

-2 : ) ( s ) ( F
.

/
/
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) : ( : strain .

@ @@@@@@bn

= 2 10-3 m = 2 mm

: .

: .

/ ) (

) (

.5 : .
.6 ) ( : . .

N/m3 :

1 Cm = 1 10-2 m

1000 10

= L

1 Cm2 = 1 10-4 m2

1 mm = 1 10-3 m

2000

1 mm2 = 1 10-6 m2

:
.1 :
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)( : .
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12

@ @a@iaa@@ba

13

    

 

@ @@@@@@bn

Fx = 8Fy

( 2Ry )

Fx

Rx

Lx = Ly

Ry2

Fy

Ry2

Fy

(Ry)2

Ly

Fy Ly

Ay Ly

Fy Ly

Rx=2Ry

Lx

Fx

(Rx)

Fx Ly

Ax Lx

Fx Lx

Lx = Ly

@ @a@iaa@@ba
14

(y) (= x)

yx

:
-2 .

-1 .

4F

15

K H H H H
N / m

-1 .
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2F

@ @@@@@@bn

1.5 10-6

F = 201061.510-6 = 30 N

20 10 =

A = 1.5 mm2 = 1.5 10-6 m2

11

Y=

2 10 =

11

2 10 =

11

2 10 =

160

)2 L

10 -6

160
7

22

16

F=m.g
= 8 10 = 80 N
R = 1mm
= 1 10-3 m

1 10 -3)2 L

(80) 2

A. L

F.L

@ @ba

@ @a@iaa@@ba

/

F=

F=

Y=

2 1011 1011

r2 1.210-2

F 120 10-2

A . L

F . LO

105

22

160

120

1.4 0.25 3.14 1.2 104

120 10-2

= 110 N

r2 = 0.25 10-6 m

= 0.5 10-3m


 r = 0.5 mm

LO = 120 cm
= 120 10-2m
L2 = 121.2 cm
L = 1.2 10-2 m

1.4 1010 0.25 10-6 3.14 1.2 10-2

11

160

10-6

1.4 1010 =

L=

L =

17

= 1.01 10-3 m

@ @@@@@@bn

/

A.

F.L

10

-10

4 2.5

1 10-7 1 10-3

( 0.4 10 ) 2.5

A.

(m.g) . L

Y =

L
0.05
0.4

= 0.125


    =

F1 = F2
F2 = 489N

= 10 1010 = 1011 N / m2

A = 1 10 Cm
= 1 10-3 10-4 m2
= 1 10-7 m2
L = 1 mm = 1 10-3 m
-3

@ @a@iaa@@ba
18

/

/

 

/

). (Pascal

= A

= g

= h

: ) (1N ) (1m ). (1Pa

N/m2

)   (

    

@ @@@@@@bn

19

ghA

A
ph = g h

= . . ph
.

F = ghA

N/m2@yi

) ( : .

= 1 g / cm3

* = 1000 Kg / m3

* .

= +

po :

20

@ @a@iaa@@ba

P= Ph + Po

 ) (

) (76 cm

@ @@@@@@bn

21

.. :

. F1 A1 :

/ .
/

/ .
/

22

@ @a@iaa@@ba

 : g
: hA

) ( =
FB = ghA
FB

@ @@@@@@bn

23

 .2 ss ss ss ss ss =
Wair = Vg

* .
* .
* ) ( .

.3 sss sss sss sss = sss

.3 sss sss = sss sss sss


.4 =
.4 =

.2
=
Wair Wliquid = (pg) V

.1 =

) (
.1 =

) (mg ) (FB

24

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25

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 :
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27

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28

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29

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s s s s s s s
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.

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@ @a@iaa@@ba
30

/

/

31

A
V2
2

V2 = 4 m/s

A2=

A1V1 = A2V2

@ @@@@@@bn

/

/

/

/

  

P = g h = 1000 9.8 5 = 49 103 N/m2

@ @a@iaa@@ba
32

/

/

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33

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/

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/

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35

@ @ba

= 120 N

50

6000

= P

= 6000 = F1 50 F1

A1

A2

= 50

F2 = F1

A1

A2

h = 75 cm = 0.75 m
P = w h = 133280 0.75 = 99960

F = P A = 49000 ( 20 12 ) = 11760000 N

P = g h = 1000 9.8 5 = 49000 N/m

N \ m2

 I)# $* "  ( a

. $*   $K $) b

/3 50 . 6000 N
:

/2 75 cm
: ) 133280 N/m3 = ( w
w = 13600 9.8 = 133280 N/m3

b

a

: -#

: 4# 5 m78  B%) 12 m 7( ) 20 m 7) E 0F ) -&  >A !5 I)# /1

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)  6

@ @@@@@@bn

r 22

r 21

A2

A1

= 0.06 m3

r 22

9800

= 5

r2

r1

r 22

r 21

1.2

A2

A1

A1 V1 = A2 V2

V1

V2

r 21

= 0.0005 m3

= V

W air W liquid = g V
20 15 = 1000 9.8 V

10000

600

=V

) g W air = ( V
600 = V 1000 10

/6 1.2 m/s . 6 m/s .

:

/5 20 N . 15 N
:

/4 . 600 N . g = 10 m/s2
:

36

@ @a@iaa@@ba

37

/
) (1 )(m
(
) (2 )(cp

) = (c ) (m )(cp

C = mcp

* : T , Q .
* : T , Q .
= 4.2 joul
:
: C
joul /oc :

)Q = mcp T = mcp(T2-T1

:
) (3 ) (Cp
) (2 )(T2-T1
) (1 )(m
(
/ ) (Q
Joule / kg . oc :
: Cp
= ) (m ) (cp

   !  

   

@ @@@@@@bn

 C3

,
C3 = Q3/T3
C3 = Q/3

/ .

/
( :
) (1 .
) (2 .
) (3 .

38

@ @a@iaa@@ba

,
C2 = Q2/T2
,
C2 = Q2/9
,

Q = CT
Q1 = Q2 = Q3
C1 = Q1/T1
C1=Q/5

(3) T=3oc

(2) T=9oc

(1) T=5oc

39

/
(

: . s s .s s s s s s s s

) (m.cp. T) = (m.cp. T

s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s

.
=

@ @Thernal equilibrium

@ @@aa@a ma

@ @@@@@@bn

@ @a@iaa@@ba
40

41

@ @@@@@@bn

Co

Y = 2

) : ( Y

Y = 1/A A/T :

A

A
=
:
Y

L = LT

A = YAT
A = A2 - A1

= L/ LT
)1210-6 = L/10(30-5
L = 1210-6 250
L = 310-3 m

= 1/L L/T

)(L1 (L2) - = L

: 1/oc
: ) (10m ) (5oc ) . (30c )(1210-6 1/oc

o
T = 30-5 = 25 c

) (

: .
: , .
-1 : ) ( .
-2 : ) ( .
-3 : ) ( .
:
L
L

42

@ @a@iaa@@ba

43

V = VT

. s s s s s s s s
.
* .
* .

V = V2 - V1

A = A2 - A1 A2 = A1 + A
A2 = 0.5 + 0.00027
)A2 = 0.50027m2 (50

= 3 = 3 9 10-6 = 27. 10-6 1/oc

V = VT = 2710-6 . 500 (60-10) = 675 . 10-3 cm3
V = V2-V1
V2 = V1 + V = 500+0.675
)(60
V2 = 500.675 Cm3

: ) (500 cm3 ) (10 oc ) . (60 oc )(9*10-6 1/ oc

:

o =
C
B = 3

) : (

: V

: V

Y = 2 = 2 9 10-6 = 18 10-6

A = YAT A = 1810-6 0.5 (50-20) = 27 10-5 m2

: ) (0.5m2 ) (20 oc ) (50 oc ) . ( 9 10-6 1/oc

:

@ @@@@@@bn

 3
/ .
( .

v + 3

= T

:
) (1
) (2
) (3
) (4
) (5
) (6
:
) (1 .
) (2 .
) (3 .
s s .s s s s s s s s s
.
: v
: T .
v < T
= +

: .

44

@ @a@iaa@@ba

Lf

Q = m . Lf .

: .
: Lf .
J/kg
=

m

: .
*
= 1/273 1/oc

@ @@@@@@bn

45

@ @a@iaa@@ba
46

Lv

Q = mLv .

) : ( Lv .
KJ/kg
: .
: .
: .
=
:
m

@ @@@@@@bn

47

 (4

(2
(3

(3

(4

(2
(3

(1

(1

(2
(1
/
: .
: .

/ .

48

@ @a@iaa@@ba

/
/ .

:H
:K
:A
:L
:T

)(watt
watt / m. oc
m2

o
c

H = KA T / L

*
=

@ @@@@@@bn

49

 )(K
/ .
( .
: .

)(L

: .

/ .
-1
-2
-3 , , .
/
( ) (L1,L2 ) (K1,K2 s s ) . (T1,T2s s s s s s s s s s
.

50

@ @a@iaa@@ba

51

/
d

/1 :

 
   

/
( .
/
-1 : ) ( .
-2 )( : .
/
( .
/
-1 : .
-2 : .
*
/
-3 :
-2
( -1 :
/ :
-3
-2
-1
-4
-4
-3 +
-2
-1
(
-3
-2
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/

@ @@@@@@bn

@ @a@iaa@@ba
52

53

@ @@@@@@bn

 / .

(7

/ .

(6

/ .

(5

/ .

(4

/ .

(3

/ .

(2

/ .

/2 :
(1 0oC 250o C

/
d

54

@ @a@iaa@@ba

 :
2260 Kj / kg

@ @@@@@@bn

T1 = 25 oc

T2 = 20 oc

T2 = 40 + 25 = 65 oc

m = 160g = 0.16 kg
T1 = 100 oc
,

T2 25 =40

C = mcp = 0.1129 = 12.9 J/oc

b Q = cT
)516 = 12.9 (T2 - T1
T2 -T1 = 516 / 12.9

Cp = 129 J / kg. oc

am =100 g = 0.1 kg

Q1 = m L

Q1 = 0.16 -2260000 = -361600 J
) Q2 = mcp ( T2 - T1 20 oc
= 0.16 4200 (20-100) = 0.16 4200 (-80) = -53760 J
Q = Q1 + Q2
= -361600 - 53760 = - 415360 Joulp

@ @@@b
@ @

55

= T

) ) = ( Q ) + (Q ( Q

(mcpT) lost = (mcpT) gained

56

T2 = 80 oc

T1 = 10 oc

@ @a@iaa@@ba

T = 56.3 oc

6350 T = 35700

4200 T + 50 T + 2100 T = 336000 + 500 + 21000

50 T 500 + 2100 T - 21000 = 336000 - 4200 T

) 50 ( T 10 ) + 0.5 4200 ( T 10 ) = 4200 ( 80 T

) Q = mcp (T2-T) = 14200 ( 80 T

) Q = mcp(T-T1) = 0.5 4200 ( T - 10

) Q = C (T T1) = 50 ( T 10

m2 = 0.1 kg

@ @@@@@@bn

m3 = 1 kg

= 420 watt

0.15

10

= 6.3

m2 = 0.1 kg

A = 10m2
L = 15 cm = 0.15 m
K = 0.63watt / m. oc
T2 = 10oc
T1 = 20oc

57

)(20-10
0.15

m1 = 0.5 kg

H = 0.63 10

T
L

H = KA

:
387 = 25 50 m = 0.5 Kg

387 = -9675

58

@ @a@iaa@@ba

T1 = 75 oc
,
T2 = 25 oc
)Q = mcp( T2 - T1
= 0.5 387 (25 - 75) = - 9675 J

m = 200 g = 0.2 kg
T1 = 20 oc
,
T2 = 80
Q = mcp( T2 - T1 ) = 0.24200 (80 - 20) = 50400 J

-5

@ @@@@@@bn

Qt = 94492.5 J

Q2 = mlf = 0.5 335000 = -167500 J

Q1 = mcpT = 0.5 4200 ( 0 20 ) = - 42000 J

= 50 oc

63000
1260

= T2

m = 300 g = 0.3kg
T1 = 20 oc
Q = 37800J
) Q = mcp( T2 - T1
) 37800 = 0.3 4200 ( T2 20
) 37800 = 1260 ( T2 20
37800 = 1260 T2 25200
1260 T2 = 37800 + 25200

Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = -42000 + 167500 5232.5 = 167500 47232.5 = 120267.5 J

Q3 = mcp( T2 T1 ) = 0.5 2093 ( -5 - 0 ) = 0.5 2093 5 = - 5232.5 J

59

 '&$%  #

   "#

- (Mass) M
= G
= 6.6710-11Nm2/kg2

= a = 0.533
= r -
) (
= - 150106 km
D

+ M = 42r3 / Gp2
M
=1.99103 kg

=1.39106 km

<<]< < <D

2r
360

D- a

( ) (99.86% .
/
( )(1.55107k
/
: )(15107km
: .
( .
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:
( .
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( .
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: s s s s s s s s ,s s s
) ( .

60

@ @a@iaa@@ba

< <<v]<]]<q

61

: (4500-5800)k
: . )(105k
: ) (106 k .

/
(

- .
)(
max = 500 nm
- = a/max T
- = 5800k T
= a = 2.910-3m.k

= P .
= M

@ @@@@@@bn

 :
*
*
*

) (1500k )11(
: .
: ) ( .
: ) (
: .
= p
p 2 R3
= R
P2/R2
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(

]< <D]<]E<]<f

* .
/
(
/
( .

62

@ @a@iaa@@ba

63

Pm = 3340 kg / m3

Mm
V
= m

Mm = 7.35 1022 kg

(4 ): (gm
gm = 1.62 m/s2
g = 9.8 m/s2
gm/g = 1/6
(5 )): (Vesc(m
) (
Vesc(m) = 2.38 km/s
(6 :
(7 :
= ) + (
= 3834404 km

(3 : m

(2 : Mm

1
81.3

(
/
/
( .
* ,
: .
: s ) (3.2-2.5s s s

: .
: )( 1/81 s s s s s s s s s s s s
.
:
(1 Dm=3476 km : Dm

@ @@@@@@bn

 -2

-3 ) (400 k (-100 k) ,

/
( ) (27.32
/
( )(5.2

: )( 5.2 27.32
: ) (29.53

(8
-1
:

64

@ @a@iaa@@ba

65

.
: .
: .
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: .
: .
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.
/
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:
(1 )(
(2
:
100km
:

@ @@@@@@bn

/1 :

66

 
   

@ @a@iaa@@ba

67

/4
/ ) ( )
( .
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/3 .
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(1 .
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 (4

(3

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.
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) (700 nm

('& ! "#$ 

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/7 .
/ 100km .

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(3

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(1 C

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68

@ @a@iaa@@ba

= f

69

:
= )(
E
=
f
= )(6.63 10-34 J.s
h

E = hf

photon energy = plank constant frequency of radiation

= )(3108 m/s
c
:
* ) (3108 m/s ) (365 )(1013 km
/
-2
-1
* ) (max plank s s s s s s s s s )s( s s s s s s s s
)( . )(
=

/ ) (

@ @@@@@@bn

@ @a@iaa@@ba
70

71

= E

: E lm/m2 lux
lux = lm/m2
* ) (E

: )(lm
: I )(cd
2
) : (lm ) (lm ). (cd
: .

= 4I

* .
* .
) : (I )(
: ). (I
) 4 = (

* . .

: Haugens principle
.

* ) (d << .

* : .
/
-1
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* ) (d s ) (d>>s s
.
* ) (d = .

@ @@@@@@bn

= E

: r
4r2
* .
/
-3 .
-2 .
-1 .
( :
:
(1 s s s s s r1=1ms s s
A1
(2 r2=2m s s s s s A2s s
A1 .
(3 r3=3ms s s s s s A3s s
A1 1/9 .
.

/
-2
-1

72

@ @a@iaa@@ba

r22
r12

4r12

4r22

4r22

4r12

E1
E2

E1
E2

= E2

= E1

73

@ @@@@@@bn

/1 :

74

 
   )*+

@ @a@iaa@@ba

75

@ @@@@@@bn

9 x2 = (1 x)2

9
=
(1-x)2

r1 = 1 x

r2 = x

I1
r12

E1 = E2

1
x2

I2
r22

3X = ( 1 X )

@ @a@iaa@@ba

4X = 1

76

/
c

/
a

E =

E = h.f
c
f =

hc
E=

I
r2

E=

12
1.44

4r2

I1
r12

I2
1.14

I2
r22

0.6 =

100
4 r2

= 3.315 10-19 J

100
16

r=

I = 0.6 14.74 1016 = 8.84 1016 cd

nm = 10-9 m

r2 =

r1 = = 0.75

I
(3.84108)2

4=

I2 = 14.52 cd

6.6310-343108
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VB = 6 104 volt

V2 =

9 109 6 10-3 10-6

0.9

B +- +0 

151