Professional Documents
Culture Documents
FIGURE 16.3 (a) Effect of the clearance, c, between punch and die on
the deformation zone in shearing. As the clearance increases, the
material tends to be pulled into the die rather than be sheared. In
practice, clearances usually range between 2 and 10% of the thickness
of the sheet. (b) Microhardness (HV) contours for a 6.4-mm (0.25-in.)
thi k AISI 1020 h
thick
hot-rolled
t ll d steel
t l in
i the
th sheared
h
d region.
i
S
Source:
Aft
After
H.P. Weaver and K.J. Weinmann.
FIGURE 16.11 Schematic illustrations (a) before and (b) after blanking
a common washer in a compound die. Note the separate movements of
the die (for blanking) and the punch (for punching the hole in the
washer). (c) Schematic illustration of making a washer in a progressive
die. (d) Forming of the top piece of an aerosol spray can in a
progressive
i di
die. N
Note
t th
thatt th
the partt iis attached
tt h d tto th
the strip
t i until
til the
th llastt
operation is completed.
FIGURE 16.13 (a) A cupping test (the Erichsen test) to determine the
formability
y of sheet metals. ((b)) Bulge-test
g
results on steel sheets of
various widths. The specimen farthest left is subjected to, basically,
simple tension. The specimen that is farthest right is subjected to equal
biaxial stretching. Source: Courtesy of Inland Steel Company.
FIGURE 16.15 The deformation of the grid pattern and the tearing of
sheet metal during forming. The major and minor axes of the circles are
used to determine the coordinates on the forming
forming-limit
limit diagram in Fig
Fig.
16.14b. Source: S.P. Keeler.
FIGURE 16.22
Examples
p
of various bending
g operations.
p
FIGURE 16.24 (a) Bead forming with a single die. (b) through (d)
Bead forming with two dies in a press brake
brake.
FIGURE 16.28 (a) The bulging of a tubular part with a flexible plug.
Water pitchers can be made by this method. (b) Production of fittings
for p
plumbing
g by
y expanding
p
g tubular blanks under internal p
pressure. The
bottom of the piece is then punched out to produce a T. Source: After
J.A. Schey. (c) Steps in manufacturing bellows.
FIGURE 16.50 (a) Schematic illustration of the magnetic-pulseforming process used to form a tube over a plug. (b) Aluminum tube
collapsed over a hexagonal plug by the magnetic pulse
pulse- forming
process.
FIGURE 16.17
FIGURE 16.61 Cost comparison for manufacturing a round sheetmetal container either by
y conventional spinning
p
g or by
y deep
p drawing.
g
Note that for small quantities, spinning is more economical.
Summary
Sh
Sheett metal
t l processes are versatile;
til used
d on
thin pieces
Material parameters:
Quality of original sheared edge, Stretching capability,
Resistance to thinning, Anisotrophy, Grain size, Yield
point elongation
Transmit forces:
Solid tools & dies, flexible membrane, Electrical,
Chemical Magnetic
Chemical,
Magnetic, Gaseous
Test methods
Forming Limit Diagrams
Design
D i considerations
id ti
ffor fformability
bilit