2.

Answer these questions:

a) Explain why fast fading is a problem for mobile communications.
b) How does IP deal with packets that do not fit into the maximum frame size supported
by the Network Access Layer ? Explain in no more than . page.
c) Explain how radio signals with frequencies between 2 MHz and 30 MHz can reach
receivers at a very long distance (thousands of km). (in no more than . page.)
d) Why do most ground-based satellite antennas have a parabolic shape ? Can you give
an example of a satellite radio link that uses a dipole antenna for the ground station?
Explain that choice.
a. For mobile communication, the mobile station or user is likely to be moving, and as a
result the path lengths of all the signals being received are changing. also many objects
around may also be moving. Automobiles and even people will cause reflections that will
have a significant effect on the received signal. Accordingly multipath fading has a major
bearing on mobile communications. Fast fading as one of the multipath fading is a
problem for mobile communication is because it occurs over a relatively short
distance.
b. fragmentate it to smaller size, add header then send it.
IP allows fragmentation dividing the datagram into pieces, each small enough to pass
over the single link that is being fragmented for, using the MTU parameter configured for
that interface. This fragmentation process takes place at the IP layer and marks packets it
fragments as such, so that the IP layer of the destination host knows it should reassemble
the packets into the original datagram
!
c.!Signal!with!frequencies between 2 MHz and 30 MHz travels along sky wave. With the
sky wave propagation, a signal from an earth based antenna is reflected from the ionized
layer back down to the earth, a sky wave signal can travel through a number of hops,
bouncing back and forth between ionosphere and earths surface thus can propagate
thousands of kilometers from the transmitter.
d.!Satellite!transmit!at!very!high!frequency,!the!optimal!frequency!range!for!satellite!
transmission! is! 1! to! 10GHz.! Parabolic! antenna! achieves! higher! antenna! gain! when!
frequency! increases(see! table! 5.2).! Then! apply! to! path! loss! model,! with! such! high!
frequency,! dipole antenna will have very small transmission range, while Parabolic!
antenna!can!achieve!large!transmission!range.!
Cross! dipole! or! turnstile! antenna! is! used! for! receiving! satellite! image! from! the!
137MHz! band.! This! is! an! example! for! dipole! antenna.! We! can! see! the! frequency! is!
low.!
The!choice!lies!in!which!frequency!band!are!they!communication!with.!For!normal!
satellite!communication,!I!will!choose!parabolic!antenna.!