1.

1 Background to the study

Northern Region of Ghana is one of the poorest regions in the country. The Northern Region
contains the poorest extensive land, one where financial development has been hard to stimulate.
Normal destitution level in the Northern Region is 62 percent while the national rate is 18
percent (Ghana Population and Housing Census, 2010). There is still a wide difference of
national improvement between the North and the Southern piece of Ghana. The difficulties go
more profound than servile destitution. The circumstance there is not one of typical neediness but
rather a discriminatingly dubious presence. Low future, low education standard, high child
mortality rates and the high frequency of displacement particularly of the adolescent to different
parts of the nation, further dig in an endless loop of destitution in the Northern Region (Ceasar,
2002).
This circumstance is not inadvertent. The historical backdrop of a restrictive national
development design, which focused on the south to the drawback of the north, is specifically in
charge of the status, which was further exacerbated by lack of interest from governments since
independence (Ceasar, 2002). Northern Region was just profitable to the colonial powers as a
distribution center of shabby work. At the dawn of independence, the whole Northern Region
was referred to just as the Northern Territories and the north served as a subordinate from which
to tap modest work toward the south (Ceasar, 2002).
Until as of late, most Ghanaians thought of the Northern Region as a punishment to be posted to
work there. The Northern Region has been oppressed in the distribution of fundamental
prerequisites for advancement. Case in point the first optional school in the north was made in
1951 when others in the south were at that point 100 years of age (Wils, 2007). The

administration of the First Republic endeavored to incorporate the north by the arrangement of
free instruction and referring to there of a few commercial enterprises. These arrangements were
deserted by resulting governments, and now school fees keep numerous kids out of school,
adding to the unbalanced improvement. The unbalanced improvement of the nation has denied
the north of the chance of outfitting and misusing its rich human and material assets for the
headway of its kin and the country in general.
Tribal and ethnic clashes have also not helped matters. The Region has been transformed into the
most threatening area in the nation because of tribal disputes (numerous observers have referred
to social change and the tribal wars are at fault for the high occurrence of poverty in the north).
The spread of the tribal clashes undermines financial and social advancement of the area (Wils,
2007). Numerous natives of the north need capacities, including health care (numerous treatable
sicknesses kill a greater number of individuals in the north than whatever remains of the nation),
and access to essential infrastructure is lacking.
To manage the above difficulties, the government of Ghana is increasingly swinging to Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) as accomplices in meeting Northern Region advancement
needs. This extended role for NGOs has been joined by elevated desires of responsibility and
necessity for self evident confirmation that NGOs can essentially contribute to advancement. The
complimentary part that NGOs play in the social, political, financial and social advancement is
exceedingly refreshing. NGOs have been acknowledged as accomplices in financial
improvement. They prepare groups to take dynamic enthusiasm for the issues influencing them
to encourage improvement. According to Justa (2012) an NGO is an organization that is neither a
part of government nor ordinary revenue driven business. Typically set up by customary natives,
NGOs may be supported by governments, establishments, organizations, or private persons.

A non-government organization (NGO) is any non-benefit, intentional natives' gathering which is

composed on a nearby, national or global level (Anacleti 1993). Undertaking focused and driven
by individuals with a typical interest, NGOs perform a mixed bag of administration and helpful
capacities, convey native concerns to Governments. Some are composed around particular
issues, for example, human rights, environment or health. They give investigation and ability,
serve as early warning systems.
Many local NGOs can be found in Northern Region. They are into areas as; Agriculture, Health,
Education, Science and Technology, Research, women advancement, etc. The initiatives of these
local NGOs working in Northern Region have changed entire groups and have been recipient to
a considerable measure of the country occupants. Some local NGOs by the ideals of their
exercises have supplanted interminable wretchedness with a few grins to those neediness stricken
and very nearly overlooked gatherings of local inhabitants. Had it not been these social benefits
by local NGOs many women would have passed on during child birth; and for the various
boreholes in numerous provincial territories a great deal of rustic occupants would at present be
experiencing this preventable guinea worm malady. Also, because of some local NGOs a
considerable measure of people living in the Northern Region is presently enlightened about
their rights. However, not all these social benefits have stood the test of time, because of a lack
clear cut measure to sustain the benefits. This study examines factors associated with Sustaining
Local Non Governmental Organization (NGOs) social intervention benefits in the Northern
Region of Ghana.
1.2 Problem statement

In recent times, there has been a proliferation of local NGOs in the northern region of Ghana
which is attributable to the development deficit in the region. It is scarcely possible to determine
the real number of NGOs, however reports gauge that they are more than 5000, running from
grassroots group based associations to local NGOs (IEA, 2013). Most are devoted to the
alleviation of poverty, through projects in health, education, income generation etc. However the
sustainability of these projects or benefits has not been verified. Regardless of the expanding
social interventions of NGOs, sustainability of their benefits is still not addressed (Nyamugasira
1998). It is contended that the responsibility for intercessions is ransacked by inadequate
inclusion of the local people in execution, monitoring and managing the benefits (Anacleti
1993). As a result, the social interventions breakdown, when the local NGO pulls out its support.
Ownership is exceptionally essential, on the grounds that it builds the shots of action
accomplishment, as well as enhancing the chance of project success when the local NGO
withdraws (Drazen 2002).
In a haste to reduce the plight of people living in Northern Ghana, most local NGOs concentrate
on securing funds to increase social interventions in the community. They forget that they have a
duty to sustain the existing social benefits and thus pay little attention on the sustainability of the
project. Prioritization of the financial aspect of local NGOs in neglect of ensuring the long term
success of the project has resulted in the non function ability of many of such social benefits
introduced. As Wils (2007) puts it NGOs are presented with a dilemma as to concentrate on the
existing social interventions or expand on the social intervention.

In addition, there is has been insufficient research on how benefits of local NGOs can be
sustained and thusly less lessons can be drawn from endeavors outfitted towards tending to the
issue. It is to a great extent recorded that local NGO social interventions focusing on the poor are
disconnected from the aggregate fabric of the group, less possessed and taken as outsider by
them (Nyamugasira 1998). It is critical hence to see how local NGOs and the community work
towards sustaining social benefits.

1.3 Research Question

The following research questions will be set for the study;
1. What are the key internal factors associated with Sustainability Local Non- Governmental
Organisation social intervention benefits in the Northern Region of Ghana?
2. What are the key external factors associated with Sustainability Local Non- Governmental
Organisation social intervention benefits in the Northern Region of Ghana?
3. What are the benefits that have been registered by Local NGOs at community level?
4. What are the strategies are employed by local NGOs and community groups to ensure benefits
are sustained?
5. What indicators are used by NGOs and beneficiaries to regard a particular benefit sustainable?
6. What challenges are encountered in ensuring benefit-sustainability at community level?

1.4 Objectives of the study

The main objective of the study is to examine factors associated with Sustaining Local Non
Governmental Organization (NGOs) social intervention benefits in the Northern Region of
Ghana
Specific objectives
The specific objectives of the study are;

1. To investigate key internal factors associated with Sustainability Local Non- Governmental
Organisation social intervention benefits in the Northern Region of Ghana
2. To investigate key external factors associated with Sustainability Local Non- Governmental
Organisation social intervention benefits in the Northern Region of Ghana
3. To find out benefits that has been registered by Local NGOs at community level
4. To examine strategies are employed by local NGOs and community groups to ensure benefits
are sustained
5. To identify and analyse indicators are used by NGOs and beneficiaries to regard a particular
benefit sustainable
6. To find out challenges/tensions encountered in ensuring benefit-sustainability at community
level
1.5 Delimitation of the Study
The study was confined to the Northern Region of Ghana to take into account top to bottom
examination. It was additionally conducted on three districts in the region. This was a result of
the researchers familiarity of the districts and furthermore because of monetary and logistical
requirements.

1.6 Significance of the study

The study is significant in the following ways;
1. Sustainability of local NGO-benefits is key to mitigating miserable destitution in developing
countries; however endeavors to address this test stay useless. There-fore, reporting
methodologies utilized towards tending to this issue is fundamental to lay grounds whereupon
further reflection into the theme can be made.
2. Also literature supporting rural development has concentrated on NGO financial related
viewpoints: Insufficient examination has been done on how local NGO-benefits can be sustained

beyond the NGOs existence. This examination will consequently supplement the existing
literature about the subject, and plans to offer lessons to development performers pondering the
issue.
3. The study will provide lessons to existing LNGOs and rising ones on how they could
guarantee the sustainability of their social benefits. It will provide recommendations that when
implemented will ensure that their social intervention stand the test of time.

1.7 Organization of the Study

The study will be organized into five chapters as follows:
Chapter 1 discusses the background of the study and it projects the research problem, objectives
of the study, research questions, scope of the study and significance of the study.
Chapter 2 will provide a review of related literature on the study. The chapter will present
theoretical backing underpinning the study and empirical evidence of similar studies across the
world.
Chapter 3 will describe the methodology that will be used for the study. The methodology will
describe the data collection method, analysis techniques and statistics that will be used for the
study.
Chapter 4 will present the analyses of data collected in accordance with the objectives set for the
study.
Chapter 5 is the final chapter and it will focus on the summary of the study, research conclusions,
limitations of the research, and provide recommendations based on the findings of the study.

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Theoretical framework

Stakeholder Theory
Stakeholder Theory posits that the operations of an organization ought to be custom-made
towards the interest of various stakeholders, including vested parties connected to social, natural
and moral contemplations (Freeman et al., 2004). The stakeholder theory recommends that
"organizations and society are related and subsequently the organization fills a more extensive
social need than its obligations to stakeholders" (Kiel & Nicholson, 2003). Mitchell et al (1997)
sets that stakeholders can be recognized by ownership of the accompanying; (1) energy to impact
the organization, (2) the authenticity of relationship with the organization, and (3) the criticalness
of their claim in the organization.
Stakeholder Theory perceives that different groups have some manifestation of contact or
connection with the organization and are influenced by the organizations's choice making.
Freeman et al (2004) pointed out that the thought of worth creation and exchange is personally
joined with the thought of making quality for stakeholders. Leaders of the organizations
perspective of the stakeholders position in the organization impacts administrative conduct. Be
that as it may, Freeman et al (2004) was of the perspective that heads of organizations ought to
attempt to make however much esteem for stakeholders as could be expected by determining
existing clashes among them so that the stakeholders don't leave the organization to its destiny.

Carver and Oliver (2002) investigated stakeholders view on non financial performance. For
example a few stakeholders may look for advantages, "for example, the fulfillment of a specific
standard or providing a specific social benefit. This infers that stakeholders have 'non value
stakes' which obliges organizations to create and keep up all stakeholder connections, and not of
only one stakeholder. This proposes the requirement for reassessing execution assessment.
As indicated by Sundaram and Inkpen (2004), the object of stakeholder quality expansion
matters on the grounds that it prompts choices that upgrade results for all stakeholders. Backers
of the stakeholder theory contend that partner esteem boost will prompt seizure of worth from
non-stakeholders to stakeholders. Be that as it may, Freeman et al (2004) attention on two
fundamental inquiries: 'what is the reason for the association?' and 'what obligation does
administration have to the stakeholders of the organization? They set that both these inquiries are
interrelated and heads of organizations must create connections and propel their stakeholders.
The stakeholder theory is one of the preferred theories that will underpin the study, because the
sustainability of the social benefit initiatives of NGOs cannot be achieved without the
collaboration of all stakeholders that matter. Stakeholders must be involved right from the
implementation of the project so that they may see themselves as part owners of the benefit. This
will ensure that the stakeholders vest their energy in sustaining the project.

Stewardship Theory
Stewardship Theory suggests that agents are trustworthy and good stewards of the resources
entrusted to them, which makes monitoring unnecessary (Davis, 1997). Donaldson and Davis
(1991) reports that organizational role-holders are conceived as being motivated by a need to
achieve, to gain intrinsic satisfaction through successfully performing inherently challenging

work, to exercise responsibility and authority, and thereby to gain recognition from peers and
bosses.
As stewards, they are likely to achieve owners objective. Davis (1997) asserted that stewards
derive a greater utility from satisfying organizational goals than through self-serving behavior.
Stewardship theory suggests that stewards should be given autonomy based on trust, which
minimizes the cost of monitoring and controlling behaviour of the stewards. Stewardship theory
considers that administrators decisions are also influenced by nonfinancial motives, such as
need for achievement and recognition, the intrinsic satisfaction of successful performance, plus
respect for authority and the work ethic hence that drives them to succeed. Davis (1997)
suggests that administrators identify with the organization and it leads to personalization of
success or failure of the organization. Organizations that depend on donor funding for example
NGOs will want to put to use judicious use of the funds so that they can access further funds in
future
Daily, Dalton, and Cannella, (2003) argue that organizations are also interested in protecting their
reputation as expert decision makers and therefore would not want to take bad decisions which
will affect their reputation. As a result, these organizations operate in a manner that maximizes
performance. Stewardship theory suggests that the effective control held by administrators
empowers them to maximize organizational performance.

Stewardship Theory is another Theory that is linked to this study because as stewards entrusted
with funds (NGOs), the expectation is that they will use the funds efficiently. They are expected
to initiate and sustain social benefit programmes introduced by them. The sustenance of such
projects will be the basis for securing additional funding for similar projects in future.

2.2 Factors that affect the sustainability of social benefit by LNGOs

Doppelt (2003) posit that since the mid-1980s, there had been gigantic improvement of "social
interventions by LNGOs around the world. In spite of the expanded exercises of these LNGOs,
their advancement towards sustainability had been moderate. In his pursuit to discover why so
few organizations had effectively received viable manageability measures, Doppelt (2003)
thought of seven key" sustainability mistakes". He was persuaded that any LNGO that would
observe these goofs would be making the first stride in making a sustainable endeavor. Doppelt
(2003) recorded the seven goofs as follows:
Mistake One: Patriarchal imagining that prompts a misguided feeling of security. As per Doppelt
(2003), LNGOs that battle to embrace a more manageable way perpetually utilize a patriarcal
ways to deal with administration. In this respects, workers do just what administration orders,
and the associations entirely akes after government command. To Doppelt (2003), this makes
renouncement of moral obligation.
Mistake Two: A "storehouse" way to deal with Environmental and Social- Monetary issues. In
most organization, diverse capacities, for example, ecological and work relations, are generally
appointed to separate units. Administrators see supportability up 'til now another extraordinary
program and don't see how it influences every single other unit, along these lines business as
usual is propagated.
Mistake Three: With no reasonable vision of supportability, LNGOs attempting to receive a
maintainable way usually need clarity about what they are endeavoring to accomplish. Without
an unmistakable vision, these associations regularly expect that being in consistence with the law
is the sole reason for their approaches. Anyway consistence is a back ward situated vision

concentrated on what not to do. Anyway sustainability is a forward looking vision that
energizes individuals and evokes their full backing.
Mistake Four: Confusion over cause and impact. The predominant mental models held by most
Executives lead them to concentrate on the side effects and not on the genuine wellsprings of
sustainability challenge.
Mistake Five: Lack of information. Individuals require a huge sum of clear and effortlessly
comprehended data. Most LNGOs neglect to convey viably about the requirement for and the
reason, methodologies and expected results of their social benefits.
Mistake Six: Insufficient mechanisms for learning. At the point when workers are given
restricted chances to test new thoughts hardly any learning happens. LNGOs attempting to end
up sustainable seldom organization component that permit laborers to consistently test new
thoughts, extend their insight base and figure out how to succeed obstructions to change.
Mistake Seven: Failure to organize maintainability. A definitive achievement of a change activity
happens when maintainability based considering, viewpoints and practices are embedded in
ordinary working methodology, strategies and society.
Doppelt (2003) contended that it is possible to stay away from or deal with these botches by
changing a mentality towards accomplishing sustainability, presenting transition groups,
evolving objectives by making a perfect vision and supportability standards, restructuring the
guidelines of engagement by receiving new procedures, moving data streams by resolutely
imparting the need, vision and procedures for achieving manageability, adjusting input circles by
promising and remunerating learning and advancement, lastly adjusting frameworks and
structures to supportability.

In their studies, Thomas and Thomas (2000) assembled the variables affecting social benefit
sustainability under these categories, specifically, (1) organization, (2) strategies (3)
administration, (4) authority. As indicated by Thomas and Thomas (2000) organizational
considers that can impact their sustainability may include: institution building, developing
authoritative values and creating independence. In their perspective, these will require the
foundation of believable governance, proper lawful system, institutional morals, and
transparency of authoritative issues.
Thomas and Thomas (2000) gave the components of sustainability supportability to include:
creating need related strategies; creating techniques reasonable inside available assets;
participation of all partners in creating vision, mission and goals; creating polices harmonious
with national arrangements. They accept these are conceivable if the organization initiates
participatory examination of requirements, develop procedures through investment of
stakeholders, incorporate all direct and aberrant partners in choice making, elucidate its
approaches what's more, plans and create quantifiable meaning of key exercises.
Under administration, Thomas and Thomas (2000) prominent the components affecting
maintainability to incorporate securing responsibility, effective authoritative frameworks and
staff administration frameworks. These they can do by enhancing straightforwardness through
communications, illuminating parts and obligations and establishment appraisals, securing
consensual decision making and general checking, evading high staff turnover, organizing
vocation getting ready for staff and improving training in fitting abilities.

Authority variables which can impact maintainability incorporate the identity of the pioneer,
straightforwardness in interchanges, specialized abilities, inspiration of the initiative and
supervisory capacity (Thomas & Thomas, 2000).

METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design
As indicated by Aina (2004), research design gives a general system to the gathering of proper
data. It portrays how a study is led to boost control over elements that could meddle with the
sought result of a study (Cook & Campbell, 2009). A research design is consequently general
arrangement for acquiring responses to the exploration inquiries being examined (Polit & Beck,
2008). The motivation behind the study was to examine factors associated with Sustaining Local
Non Governmental Organization (NGOs) social intervention benefits in the Northern Region of
Ghana. It tries to request perspectives and conclusions on how social benefits by Local NGOs
can be sustained and along these lines the propriety of the utilization of cross sectional study.
Cross-sectional studies as per Creswell (2008) may utilize surveys or organized meeting for
information accumulation with the perspective to summing up from a specimen to a populace. It

is described by the choice of a specimen from extensive or little populaces to get exact fact. It
accommodates an extensive examination of individuals' demeanor towards particular issues.
Moreover both quantitative and qualitative systems will be requisitioned for the study. The
quantitative technique served to give a significant picture of occasions and clarified respondents
conduct on the premise of information that was accumulated. The qualitative technique served to
clarify certain wonder that couldn't have been communicated or measured numerically. The
decision of utilization of both quantitative and qualitative systems was to guarantee that a more
exhaustive exploration configuration was utilized in order to learn more expand discoveries. As
per Saunders (1997), it is ideal to consolidate both quantitative and qualitative routines in light of
the fact that each of the two strategies has its own particular shortcoming so joining them will
help compliment the test in the utilization of only one.
3.2 Population
Kumekpor (2002) portrays population as "the unit of investigation". He further depicts it as the
genuine observational units utilized for a study. The populace is the gathering of enthusiasm to
the analyst, the gathering to whom the researcher wants to sum up the consequence of the study.
A population is the bigger gathering to which one plans to apply the aftereffects of the study
(Wallen, and Frankel, 2000). The population is the complete totality of all subjects (Polit and
Beck, 2008). The study population included all persons living in the Northern Region which is
estimated at 2,479,461 (Ghana Statistical Service, 2014).
3.3 Sample size and sampling technique

Sample size is the subset of the populace under study. As per Kumekpor (2002) sampling is a
procedure or system that permits an analyst to make surmising about a populace in view of the
way of the specimen.
A multi- stage inspecting methodology containing stratified sampling, and convenience sampling
will be utilized to choose the sample for the study. The researcher will utilize stratified inspecting
strategy as a part of selecting five districts in Northern Region. The Researcher will use
convenient sampling to choose respondents who had lived in the area for at least 2 years. It is
accepted that these respondents will be educated sources in the district and in this way will be fit
for giving the right responses to the inquiries. Fifty respondents from each of the five districts
will be chosen for the study conveying the sample size to 250.

3.4 Sources of data

The study will utilize both primary and secondary data. The primary data will be gathered from
the sample through the utilization of questionnaire and interview guide. The secondary data will
include diaries, articles and the internet.
3.5 Research Instrument
There are various techniques that are used in collecting data for research work. Some common
data collection methods are the questionnaire, interview and observation. Data collection
instruments allow systematic collection of data to ensure that they are reliable and can be
analyzed for study. The instrument for the data collection will be the use of questionnaire and
interview guide.

Both open-ended and closed-ended questions will be administered to the respondents. Close
ended questions will be used in situations where responses to a given questions is limited. In
cases where the responses to a question is unlimited and could not be adequately answered with
few words, or where the responses concerned qualitative and opinion related issues, open ended
questions will be used to capture the response.
In addition an interview guide will be developed to ask five (5) local NGOS in the Region how
they sustain social benefit projects. The aim of the interview will be to solicit qualitative data to
back the quantitative data that will be collected via the questionnaire

3.6 Questionnaire Administration

The questionnaire will be administered by the researcher and three research assistants. The
research assistants will be given training to equip them with data collection skills. On the field
care will be taken to prevent a participant from responding to a questionnaire more than once by
enquiring from the subject whether or not he or she has answered one already. Data collected
each day will be checked and cleaned before imputing into the SPSS software program.

3.7 Ethical Considerations

An introductory letter will be gotten and presented to respondents to guarantee them that the
study is implied for scholastic reason. They will be guaranteed of classifiedness of the data being

collected, right to withdraw from the study whenever. Anonymity will be guaranteed by not
asking for the names of respondents but instead the utilization of numbers (codes). The
respondents will be guaranteed of their assurance and the data gotten will not be presented to
others except for the researcher and the supervisor of the study.
3.8 Data Analysis
The addressed questionnaire will be edited and checked for irregularities. After that they will be
coded and broken down utilizing statistical package for service solutions (SPSS) version 20. This
will follow promptly by report writing. Data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics
(percentages, means, frequency etc) and multiple linear regression.

Table 1: Proposed data analysis of the objectives of the study

Objective
Statistics
To investigate key internal factors associated with Sustainability Multiple Linear
Local Non- Governmental Organisation social intervention benefits Regression
in the Northern Region of Ghana
To investigate key external factors associated with Sustainability
Local Non- Governmental Organisation social intervention benefits
in the Northern Region of Ghana
To find out benefits that has been registered by Local NGOs at
community level

Multiple Linear
Regression
Descriptive statistics
(percentages)

To examine strategies are employed by local NGOs and community Descriptive statistics
groups to ensure benefits are sustained
(percentages)
To identify and analyse indicators are used by NGOs and Descriptive Statistics
beneficiaries to regard a particular benefit sustainable
(Means and standard
deviation)

To find out challenges/tensions encountered in ensuring benefit- Descriptive statistics

sustainability at community level
(percentages)

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