018 Jgee 022 Mehta Study Rajasthan

International Journal of Geology, Earth & Environmental Sciences ISSN: 2277-2081 (Online)
An Open Access, Online International Journal Available at http://www.cibtech.org/jgee.htm

2014 Vol. 4 (3) September-December, pp. 183-193/Mehta et al.
Research Article
STUDY ON HYDROGEOCHEMISTRY OF GROUNDWATER IN

SANGANER TEHSIL, JAIPUR DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN
*
A. Mehta1, T. Senapati1 and R. Duggal2

School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Poornima University, Jaipur, Rajasthan
2
Poornima Group of Institutions, Jaipur, Rajasthan
*Author of Correspondence
ABSTRACT
Groundwater is an important source for drinking water and its quality is a critical issue around the world.
Groundwater quality is affected by different natural as well as anthropogenic processes. As no significant
work appears to have been done in hydrogeochemistry of ground water in different villages of Sanganer
Tehsil, Jaipur, Rajasthan, prompted us to undertake a systematic study of the area. The study on
hydrochemical facies indicated that cations were dominated by sodium-potassium type; anions were
dominated by carbonate-bicarbonate and chloride type ones. Most of the groundwater samples were found
to be saline in nature with high SAR value. These indicators point out to sodium hazard in the soil, when
used for irrigation purpose. However, general hydrochemical parameters indicated that most of the
samples were within the maximum permissible limits for drinking water. Correlation matrix showed
relationships of varied types between different hydrochemical parameters. Parameters under study have
been found to be highly positive correlated (EC-TDS, TDS-Cl-, EC-Cl-, Cl--Na+, TDS-Na+), Positively
correlated (TDS-TH, EC-SO42-, EC-Na+) and negatively correlated (pH-TDS, pH-Salinity, pH-TH) with
each other.
Keywords: Groundwater, Hydrogeochemistry, Hydrochemical Facies, SAR Value
INTRODUCTION
Water has been regarded as the largest natural resource in the form of groundwater and surface water.
Groundwater makes up about 20% of the world's fresh water supply, which is about 0.61% of the entire
world's water, including oceans and permanent snow. Deterioration of groundwater quality due to
different geogenic and anthropogenic activities are of great concern (CGWB 2010). Groundwater quality
in an area is dependent on various physical, chemical and biological factors. Rajasthan state is considered
as arid and semi-arid region. Due to scarcity of surface water, majority of the people in Rajasthan, have to
depend upon ground water resources. In many areas, ground water is the only available source for
drinking water. In this context, rapid increase in human population coupled with expanding urbanization
and industrialization has led to a greater imbalance between water availability and water demand. At the
same time, good quality of water in adequate quantity should be available to sustain a healthy life.
According to Prasanna et al., (2011) quantitative study is not sufficient for the management of ground
water. Qualitative study of the groundwater is equally important component of groundwater management.
Different researchers studied the importance of hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater in
different aquifers to solve the issues related to groundwater management (Panigrahy et al., 1996; Atwia et
al., 1997; Ballukraya and Ravi, 1999; Ramappa and Suresh, 2000) while others have done extensive study
on groundwater across India including Rajasthan (Kulashersta et al., 2002; Gupta et al., 2004; Garg et al.,
2006; Jain et al., 2006; Kumar and Singh, 2010; Kaur and Singh, 2011; Saxena and Saxena, 2013). As
such, the objective of this study is to explore the hydrogeochemistry of the groundwater in different
villages of Sanganer Tehsil, Jaipur, Rajasthan and also to find suitability of ground water for irrigation
purpose.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Area: Sanganer Tehsil is attached with main Jaipur city. It lies between 2649 to 2651 N latitude
and 7546 to 7551 E longitude. It covers an area of 635.5 sq. km. The climate of the area under study is
Copyright 2014 | Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech)
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hot semiarid with extremes of temperature (15-45C) having average rainfall around 650 mm (26 inch.).
The location of study area is shown in the Map-1 given below:
Map 1: Study area map

Methodology
A total 40 samples were collected from different wells, tube-wells or hand-pumps from 40 villages
(Table-1) of Sanganer Tehsil during pre monsoon season between periods from June 05 to June 15, 2014.
All samples were labeled properly and according to the prerequisites for the sample analyses.
Temperature, pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids, salinity were measured on site using potable meter
(PCS Testr 35 Multi-parameter) while all other parameters were analyzed using distilled water and
according to the standard methods of APHA (2005). Locations from where samples have been taken are
shown in the Map-2 and the details of sample points are available in Table-1 with sampling sources.
Map 2: Topographic map of sampling points in Sanganer Tehsil

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Study on Hydrochemical Facies
In this study different hydro-chemical parameters of the groundwater were represented by plotting on a
Piper tri-linear diagram (Figure 1). The Piper diagram includes two triangles to represent cations and
anions respectively and one diamond shaped area to represent combination of anions and cations. From
this plot the concept of hydrogeochemical facies can be formulated (Piper, 1944).
The study of hydrogeochemical facies can be used as a useful tool to determine the flow pattern, rockwater interaction and origin of chemical history of groundwater (Kumar and Kumar 2013). Piper diagram,
plotted from the available data is shown in Table-1. From the Piper diagram, it can be interpreted that
cation concentration of the groundwater samples of the selected area is predominated by sodiumpotassium type, whereas anion concentration is dominated by carbonate-bicarbonate type and chloride
type.
Salinity Hazard
The salinity hazard can be assumed from electrical conductivity result. Conductivity of water is
influenced by the presence of ions in water (Walton 1970). Highly saline water is unfit for drinking and
other purposes as well as for agriculture purpose. According to the salinity hazard classification (Table-2),
most of the samples are highly saline (57.5%) and 15% samples are extremely saline.
SAR: Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) is an important parameter of groundwater quality monitoring. SAR
value can be used for determination of suitability of irrigation water because it is responsible for sodium
hazard. SAR is defined as
SAR
Na
Ca 2 Mg 2
2
Where all concentrations were expressed in mg/l. In the present study, the range of SAR value of
groundwater in the studied area varied from 7.22 to 88.91 values. The average SAR value is supposed to
be 25.89. It has been found that 37.5% sampling sites showed very high SAR value while another 37.5%
showed high SAR value.
SAR value was found to be lower only in 7.5% sampling sites. Higher SAR value can cause sodium
hazard in the soil when it is used for irrigation purpose. If groundwater with high SAR value is used in
irrigation, then Ca++ ions of soil have a tendency to be replaced by Na+ ions, which in turn disturb the soil
structure (Tatawat and Chandel, 2008) and degrade the soil quality.
General Hydrochemistry of Groundwater
pH: The values of pH ranged from 7 to 9. Minimum pH (7.25) was observed in Govindpura village
(Sample No.-13) while Maximum pH (8.87) was observed in Laxmipura village (Sample No.-22) (Table1). All water samples were found to be within limits but were alkaline in nature. The pH showed negative
correlation with almost all investigated parameters (Table-3).
Electrical Conductivity (EC): Minimum (530 mhos/cm) and maximum (4850 mhos/cm) EC was found
in Pratapnagar (Sample No.-29) and Beelwa (Sample No.-7) villages respectively (Table-1 and Graph-1).
By analyzing the results, all water samples showed EC higher than permissible limit.
TDS (Total Dissolved Solids): EC signifies the amount of TDS in water. Findings of the present study
were in agreement with the results of the survey conducted by Jain et al. (2006). The total dissolved solids
in drinking water reveal saline behavior of water, which indicates the organic pollution level of water.
Minimum (298 mg/l) and maximum (1950 25 mg/l) concentration of TDS was observed from
Jaranwala (Sample No.-17) and Bamoriya (Sample No.-5) villages respectively (Table-1 and Graph-2).
According to W.H.O. (1984), TDS should be between 500-1500 mg/l. TDS was found to be within limit
in 72.50% villages, lower in 22.50% villages, whereas 5.00% villages showed TDS higher than
acceptable limit. It showed highly positive correlation with EC (Table-3).
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Table 1: Physico-chemical analysis of the Groundwater Samples of Sanganer Tehsil
Sample
Temp.
EC
TDS
Sampling Sites
Source
pH
No.
(C)
(mhos/cm)
(mg/l)
H
28.6
1913
7.32
682.80
1
Asawala
H
31.6
1180
8.60
652.80
2
Bagru
T
28.5
1330
8.70
558.92
3
Bagru Rawan
H
29.7
1652
7.92
655.60
4
Baksawala
W
30.4
3600
8.54
5
Bamoriya
1950.20
W
30.2
660
8.72
347.34
6
Bar ka Balaji
H
31
7.69
1418.70
7
Beelwa
4850
H
30.6
560
8.50
334.70
8
Bhankrota
T
29.6
1856
7.77
801.10
9
Bhatawala
H
30.2
3080
7.42
848.80
10
Dayalpura
H
29.4
750
8.60
483.88
11
Durgapura
T
28.7
630
8.20
362.90
12
Goner
T
30
1479
667.14
13
Govindpura
7.25
T
28.5
860
7.60
435.72
14
Hajiwala
H
29
550
8.50
315.02
15
Heerapura
H
1060
8.70
693.08
16
Jagannathpura
28.2
T
31.5
930
8.60
17
Jaranwala
298.28
H
29.2
2680
7.69
860.20
18
Khetapura
H
30.2
720
8.50
560
19
Khori
H
30.5
650
8.50
722.30
20
Kishorpura
H
1530
8.70
691.40
21
Lakhawas
33.8
31.4
2370
647.80
22
Laxmipura No. 1 W
8.87
H
28.6
987
7.52
721.36
23
Mahapura
T
29.6
1120
8.00
758
24
Mahel
H
29.5
1735
8.60
628.40
25
Manoharpura
H
28.8
1992
7.83
691.81
26
Mohanpura
H
30.1
690
8.00
400.90
27
Muhana
T
30.5
980
8.20
556.70
28
Nevta
H
29.8
7.60
565.80
29
Pratapnagar
530
Ramchandrapur
T
29.4
758
7.40
625.86
30
a
T
32.7
1619
7.30
1164.20
31
Ramsinghpura
H
29.8
1260
8.10
643.90
32
Sanganer
HCO3(mg/l)
126
268
278
126
390
183
360
207
138
68
166
305
368
198
215
220
186
110
122
225
130
75
348
368
386
79
391
379
400
CO32(mg/l)
28
24
20
32
18
24
24
24
40
26
24
0
20
0
24
18
24
0
24
22
11
0
24
0
0
20
0
0
18
TH
(mg/l)
290
250
130
250
300
175
630
150
280
190
225
125
280
86
100
157
72
170
200
165
96
170
280
370
128
140
200
145
255
203
184
426
205
16
0
560
350
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33
Seemliya
34
Shikarpura
35
Sirani
36
Sitapura
37
Sukhdeopura
38
Surajpura
39
Teelawas
40
Vatika
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std. Deviation
T
T
H
T
T
H
T
T
33.6
29
28.8
28.6
29
30.3
29.7
30.2
28.2
33.8
29.97
1.31153
1812
3040
720
1350
953
2180
1160
2210
530
4850
1499.65
940.22748
7.59
7.25
8.00
8.40
7.90
7.70
8.70
7.70
7.25
8.87
8.067
.50637
604.72
1354.91
426.86
519.24
591
656.59
633.08
1677.97
298.28
1950.2
705.249
353.13778
170
165
305
152
258
326
422
854
68
854
257.525
144.98948
Table 1: Physico-Chemical analysis of the Groundwater Samples of Sanganer Tehsil (continued..)

Ca2+
Mg2+
ClSO42Na+
K+
Sample
Sampling Sites
No.
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
48
40.80
289
63
136
3
1
Asawala
72
16.80
184
24
156
2
2
Bagru
36.80
9.12
135
51
75
1
3
Bagru Rawan
44
33.60
264
56
138
3
4
Baksawala
88
19.20
91
5
5
Bamoriya
808
651
49.60
12.24
71
25
53
3
6
Bar ka Balaji
84
264.91
254
2
7
Beelwa
100.8
264
43.20
10.08
35
38
58
1
8
Bhankrota
40
43.20
314.9
92
178
4
9
Bhatawala
28
28.80
416
57
240
5
10
Dayalpura
67.20
13.68
99
0
70
2
11
Durgapura
36
8.40
35
0
93
2
12
Goner
40
43.20
164.94
30
145
2
13
Govindpura
25.2
5.52
79
55
128
1
14
Hajiwala
28.8
6.72
35
7
68
4
15
Heerapura
46
10.08
190
65
188
1
16
Jagannathpura
28
76
2
17
Jaranwala
20
5.28
30
20
16
0
15
20
0
22
18
0
40
15.4
11.21309
Na%
61.01843723
64.01944895
62.33595801
64.50137237
85.95387841
47.52206382
58.07622505
52.54720342
68.62745098
81.17958913
47.09576138
68.1492109
63.8575152
80.7663411
66.96428571
77.11767586
75.5228505
RSC
(mg/l)
65.2
203.2
252.08
80.4
300.8
145.16
199.2
177.72
94.8
37.2
109.12
260.6
304.8
167.28
203.48
181.92
184.72
210
1360
150
236
425
200
135
330
72
1360
253.725
214.74648
SAR
(mg/l)
20.41
23.41
15.65
22.15
88.92
9.53
26.42
11.24
27.59
45.04
11.01
19.74
22.48
32.66
16.14
35.50
21.38
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36
19.20
325
136
250
4
82.14747736
18
Khetapura
60
12
160
0
106
3
60.22099448
19
Khori
48
10.8
140
120
186
3
76.27118644
20
Kishorpura
28.4
6
235
67
210
5
21
Lakhawas
86.20689655
26.4
294.9
59
178
2
78.125
22
Laxmipura No. 1 24
80.4
18.96
118
98
148
1
59.99355774
23
Mahapura
108
24
234
53
118
5
48.23529412
24
Mahel
39.2
7.2
165
0
172
4
79.13669065
25
Manoharpura
32
14.4
244.91
129
191
3
80.69883527
26
Mohanpura
66
8.4
36
0
82
2
53.03030303
27
Muhana
46
7.2
106
29
149
76.27118644
28
Nevta
22
84
10.8
86
38
112
2
54.59770115
29
Pratapnagar
9.36
152
105
155
3
70.11004615
30
Ramchandrapura 58
132
55.2
354
111
210
5
53.45599204
31
Ramsinghpura
76
38.4
248
34
106
3
48.79140555
32
Sanganer
56
16.8
249.92
7
142
2
66.42066421
33
Seemliya
93.6
589.81
36
122
1
34
Shikarpura
388
20.34402911
38.4
12.96
57
0
99
2
66.29036493
35
Sirani
44
30.24
228
12
78
1
51.55311929
36
Sitapura
90
48
139
84
60
1
30.65326633
37
Sukhdeopura
28
31.2
339.89
2.5
2
44.25612053
38
Surajpura
45
39.2
8.88
187
56
89
2
65.42996836
39
Teelawas
76
33.6
389.87
68.5
529
2
82.89103965
40
Vatika
20
5.28
30
0
45
1
20.34402911
Minimum
388
100.8
808
264
651
22
86.20689655
Maximum
61.6
23.778
212.3513
54.775
156.1
3.075
64.00966018
Mean
58.45558
21.70003
156.23248
51.66422
115.96281
3.32348
15.00179167
Std. Deviation
Temp.-Temperature, TDS-Total dissolved solids, TH-Total Hardness, RSC-Residual Sodium Carbonate, SAR-Sodium
Deviation- Standard Deviation, W- Well, T- Tube Well, H- Hand Pump
54.8
74
188.2
106.6
24.6
272.64
236
339.6
52.6
316.6
325.8
323.2
135.64
254.8
90.6
117.2
300.6
253.64
92.76
140
266.8
395.92
762.4
24.6
762.4
202.317
133.29731
Adsorption
47.57
17.67
34.30
50.64
35.46
20.99
14.52
35.71
39.65
13.44
28.89
16.27
26.71
21.71
14.02
23.54
7.87
19.53
12.80
7.23
8.27
18.15
71.46
7.223151
88.91982
25.89222
16.80184
Ratio, Std.
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Table 2: Salinity hazard table (Salinity hazard classification table after Richard 1954)
Salinity hazard
Number
of
EC in s/cm
Water Class
% of sample
class
samples
C1
<250
Low
0
0
C2
250-750
Medium
11
27.5%
C3
750-2250
High
23
57.5%
C4
>2250
Very high
6
15%
Table 3: Correlation matrix of parameters of water samples of villages of Sanganer Tehsil
Para
meter
EC
pH
TDS
HCO3
EC
1
.295
.765
**
.020
CO32-
.101
.470
TH
Ca2+
pH
TD
S
HC
O3-
Ca2
Mg2
.292
.120
.424
.121
.165
.556
**
.457
.098
.11
0
.274
.350
.106
.02
7
.945
**
.061
.21
7
.848
.628
**
**
.09
6
.19
8
.05
7
.21
2
.06
0
.13
6
.03
3
.520
.453
.503
**
**
**
.247
.065
.110
.070
.147
.114
.084
.135
.592
.585
.462
**
**
**
.159
.222
.162
.167
**
**
**
.466
**
.521
**
.569
**
.261
.282
.093
.857
.009
.150
SO42-
.578
Na+
.592
K+
Na%
**
**
**
.010
.476
**
SO4
2-
Na+
K+
Na
%
R
S
C
S
A
R
.011
.673
Cl-
.775
SAR
TH
**
Cl-
RSC
2-
Mg2+
CO
**
.531
.058
**
.028
.858
.407
**
**
.028
.043
.095
.195
.139
.016
.078
.046
.388
.944
**
.650
**
.241
.480
1
.305
.714
.422
**
**
.043
.011
.140
.086
.216
.552
.16
9
.019
.070
.102
.359
.07
3
.014
.116
.570
.348
.927
.788
**
**
.2
27
**
**
.19
4
**
1
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Figure 1: Tri-linear Piper Diagram for different hydro-chemical parameters
Graph 1: EC of villages of Sanganer Tehsil
Graph 2: TDS of villages of Sanganer Tehsil

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EC and Chloride Values
Graph 3: Chloride of villages of Sanganer Tehsil

5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
EC
Chloride
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Sample No.
Graph 4: Correlation between Chloride and EC of villages of Sanganer Tehsil

Total Hardness (TH): Minimum (72 mg/l) and maximum (1360 mg/l) total hardness was observed in
Jaranwala (Sample No.-17) and Shikarpura (Sample No.-34) villages respectively (Table-1). W.H.O. has
recommended safe permissible limit for hardness to be 100-500 mg/l. In groundwater, hardness is mainly
due to carbonates, bicarbonates, sulphates and chlorides of Ca2+ and Mg2+. Total hardness was higher in
7.50% villages; below than permissible limit in 7.50% villages whereas 85.00% samples showed TH
within optimum limit.
Chloride (Cl -): The chloride content was higher than permissible limit (200-600 mg/l) in 2.50% villages
whereas it was lower in 55.00% villages. Only 42.50% villages were within optimum limit. High content
of chloride gives salty taste to water. Minimum (30 mg/l) was reported from Jaranwala village (Sample
no.-17) and maximum (808 mg/l) was observed from Bamoriya village (Sample No.-5) (Table-1 &
Graph-3). It shows positive correlation with electrical conductivity (Table-3 and Graph-4).
Bicarbonate (HCO3 -): CO3-2 and HCO3- taken together make total alkalinity. Higher values of alkalinity
give undesirable taste to water and also make it not potable. Minimum bicarbonate (HCO3-) (68 mg/l) was
observed in Dayalpura village (Sample No.-10) while maximum (854 mg/l) was found in Vatika village
(Sample No.-40).
Sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+): Minimum (45 mg/l) and maximum (651 mg/l) Sodium (Na+) content
was observed from Surajpura (Sample No.-38) and Bamoriya (Sample No.-5) villages respectively
(Table-1). Almost all villages (90.00%) contained higher concentration of Na+ except in Surajpura village
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wherein it was below limit. The acceptable limit for Na+ is 50 mg/l and K+ is 20 mg/l according to
W.H.O. guidelines (1984). Potassium (K+) content of water samples varied from 1 to 22 mg/l.
Conclusion
The study focused on analyzing and evaluating ground water quality in areas with poor quality of
drinking water & adverse effects on irrigation of ground water in affected areas of Rajasthan with
particular reference to Sanganer Tehsil of Jaipur District. The salinity hazard is alarming in the study area
as 72.5% samples fall in this range indicative of being unsuitable from the point of view of drinking water
as well as irrigation. Higher SAR values also indicate that soil structure may be disturbed in near future.
However, most of the general hydrochemistry parameters of studied samples were within the maximum
permissible limits for drinking water.
ACKNOLEDGEMENT
The authors are thankful to Dr. K.K.S. Bhatia, President, Poornima University, Er. H. K. Solanki,
Assistant Professor, National Institute of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj (Ministry of Rural
Development, Govt. of India), Jaipur, and Dr. Susmita Sharma, Associate Professor, Poornima College of
Engineering, Jaipur for their valuable suggestions and support.
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International Journal of Geology, Earth & Environmental Sciences ISSN: 2277-2081 (Online)

An Open Access, Online International Journal Available at http://www.cibtech.org/jgee.htm

STUDY ON HYDROGEOCHEMISTRY OF GROUNDWATER IN

A. Mehta1, T. Senapati1 and R. Duggal2

Map 1: Study area map

Map 2: Topographic map of sampling points in Sanganer Tehsil

Table 1: Physico-Chemical analysis of the Groundwater Samples of Sanganer Tehsil (continued..)

Copyright 2014 | Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech)

Figure 1: Tri-linear Piper Diagram for different hydro-chemical parameters

Graph 1: EC of villages of Sanganer Tehsil

Graph 2: TDS of villages of Sanganer Tehsil

EC and Chloride Values

Graph 3: Chloride of villages of Sanganer Tehsil

Graph 4: Correlation between Chloride and EC of villages of Sanganer Tehsil

Copyright 2014 | Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech)

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