CHARACTERIZATION OF METALLIC MATERIAL

CHARACTERIZATION USING IKAZTM METHOD UNDER

IMPACT HAMMER EXCITATION TECHNIQUE
Mohd Sani Bin Ahmad
Pensyarah, Politeknik Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah
0197424651, msanie77@gmail.com
Mohd Zaki Bin Nuawi
Pensyarah, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
mzn@ukm.edu.my
Mohd Nahar Bin Ahmad
Pensyarah, Politeknik Port Dickson
mnahar318@gmail.com
Alias Bin Othman
Pensyarah, Politeknik Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah
liyas001@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
This paper present the implementation of an statistical signal analysis method is called
Integrated Kurtosis Based Algorithm for Z-notch (IKAZ) method for characterising material
property based on the non-destructive testing concept using vibration signal. Experimental
procedure was performed by triggering a specimen elastically using an impact hammer in
accordance with ASTM E1876 within the specific range of impact force. The study was
conducted by measuring the transient vibration response produced by experimenting with
impact hammer on the rectangular bar and to estimate the significance difference among
those metallic materials. In four types of metal alloy is used as a specimen of low carbon
steel S50C, stainless steel AISI 304, FCD 500 cast iron and aluminum 6061-T6. Prediction
of the waveform and a method for reducing noise generation from the impact are derived by
an extensive process of Z-Notch filtering technique. The experimental curves obtained by the
determination of IKAZ coefficient for various impact forces and metallic materials found that
the results are statistically significant and can be successfully used for determining the
correlation between the characteristic of the curves and the relevant elastic properties of the
metallic materials. Experimental test of this analysis method on four metallic materials shows
only three material have good agreement between the linear -quadratic coefficients with the
metallic materials properties.
Key words Material properties; Vibration signal; Statistical analysis; I-kaz

TM

analysis

INTRODUCTION
Research of material characterization is a factor to the development of new materials
and improving the quality of the material the structure of materials, material properties and
performance of materials. In materials science engineering, the study of the characterization
and properties of materials depend on the process and structure of the material. In other
words, there is a relationship between process and material structures with features or
materials. This condition will affect the performance of the material [3]. Ties all of the above

components will give engineers and materials new discovery. Idea from scientists and
engineers in the field of materials include mechanical, civil, chemical and electrical is prone
to problems in materials design. Among the problems in engineering is in gear manufacturing
machine components, development and construction of building structures on the chip
electrical circuit.
Conventional experimental methods can only measure the properties of certain
materials only for each testing machine. For example, testing machine universe can only
measure the mechanical properties of certain materials such as Young's modulus, yield
strength, tensile strength and maximum bending strength. Measurement of material properties
such as hardness others, density and impact strength cannot be made with the tool and the
machine requires a variety of experiments. The difference between each engine operating
performance also contributed to the inaccuracy of the results.
Impact testing on a specimen by using an impact hammer will cause the specimen to
experience vibration at a certain period of time until the dynamic response is reduced after
the maximum vibration occurs. In the field of materials engineering, the application of
vibration and acoustic resulting from impact testing are used in characterization of materials,
thickness gauge, identifying defects and typical damage such as cracks and voids, layer dated,
inconsistency of material, deviation toughness, the defects in the microstructure, shrinkage
cavities, fragments of material and nodular iron casting breakdown [2]. Research done by
Nuawi et al [5] used alternative methods of statistical analysis M-Z-N to determine the
natural frequency coefficient of vibration or acoustic signal obtained from experimental
curve. The impact force testing is run on several types of metal. The study found that there is
a good correlation between the resulting quadratic coefficient and elastic properties of the
metal materials.
I- kazTM analysis method or also known as Integrated Kurtosis-based Algorithm for ZNotch Filter. This method is an alternative statistical analysis approach introduced by Nuawi
et al [4]. This approach encompasses two important statistical characteristics of descriptive
statistics and inferential statistics. Its descriptive statistics involves calculating the coefficient
I-kaz, . Representatives of three-dimensional graphics of I-kaz also summarize sprinkling
frequency based range frequencies graphically. Representatives of Ikaz graph is used to
model the data pattern, by taking random guess characteristics and so on inference made to
interpret the data being analyzed. These properties meet inference statistical characteristics.
This inference is very useful for prediction purposes and interpretation of data for the
observation of the future. Development of statistical analysis methods I-kazTM scattering data
is based on the concept of a scattering center called the centroid [4].
The test method to be executed is non-destructive testing methods which impact
experiments carried out by tapping the specimen using impact wrenches. This study is to
develop a method to characterize materials by applying a statistical analysis of the vibrationsignals obtained from this experiment. The advantage of this method is used specimens can
be tested repeatedly without affecting the properties of the specimen material.
Methodology
The experimental set-up for this study is shown in Fig. 1. This set-up consists of
rectangular bars, low carbon steel S50C, stainless steel AISI 304, FCD 500 cast iron and
aluminum 6061-T6. with a size of 250 x 50 x 10 mm (length x width x thickness). The
mechanical properties of the specimens or workpieces. A piezofilm sensor is using to capture

the vibration signal during and after the impact. The experiment was conducted in an
anechoic room and the procedure was performed base on ASTM E1876 [1].The specimen
was impacted elastically using the impact hammer at the center position without plastic
deformation at an impacted area during the contact period. The resultant force and vibration
readings were recorded imultaneously and stored using Labview 2011. Technical computing
software, MATLAB was used to analyze the captured data in the computer.

Figure 1: Schematics of experimental design

RESULT AND DICUSSION

Vibration signals for each type of material and the magnitude of impact force
measured simultaneously in each set of experiments. Dynamic response of the specimen
when subjected to the impact force is measured using piezoelectric, and signals are recorded
in the form of an electrical signal time domain. Signal amplitude is in units of volts obtained
using LabView software. Figure 2 shows the vibration signal for for carbon steel S50C .

(a)

(b)

Figure 2: Vibration signals for Carbon Steel S50C (a) 481N (b) 1655N
Table 1 to Table 4 summarizes the maximum amplitude of vibration signals for each of the
impact force and type of material. Based on the results, it can be concluded that for each type
of material, the maximum amplitude increase in both vibration and acoustic signal generated
is in line with the appreciation of the impact force exerted on the material. For example, for
simple cast iron materials (Table 1), the maximum amplitude of the vibration signal on power
431.13N is 3.584mV. The maximum amplitude value increased to 4.525 mV, 13.488 mV,
19.193 mV, 26.439 mV, 39.505 mV, and 42.325 mV when the impact force exerted on the
Impact Force(N)
Vibration Signal (mV)
3.584
431.13
4.525
664.51
13.488
879.96
19.193
1088.89
26.439
1242.52
39.505
1487.46
42.325
1640.5
specimen increased to 664.51N, 879.96N, 1088.89N, 1242.52N, 1487.46N and 1640.5N.

Table 1: Maximum amplitude of vibration signals for cast iron

Table 2: Maximum amplitude of vibration signals for Carbon Steel
Impact Force(N)
481
605
870
1072
1233
1436
1655

Vibration Signal (mV)

2.292
11.745
13.246
14.251
50.525
63.476
65.432

Table 3: Maximum amplitude of vibration signals for Stainless Steel

Impact Force(N)
455.75
679.03
883.48
1016.02
1242.45
1406.78
1665.35

Vibration Signal (mV)

2.292
11.745
13.246
14.251
20.525
33.476
45.432

Table 4: Maximum amplitude of vibration signals for Aluminum

Impact Force(N)
485
693
878
1003
1244
1464
1634

Vibration Signal (mV)

18.24
20.505
26.146
35.823
48.509
54.698
64.707

The signals of vibration produced during the impact test were measured using
piezoelectric. The impact hammer was used to produce the force to the specimens and the
value was observed using data acquisition impact force. After vibration signal occur,
technical computing software, MATLAB was used to analyze the captured data in the
computer, the specimens vibrate at it own natural frequency value as example shown in the
Figure 5.1. Other than natural frequency component, there is also the existance of several
distance peak frequency between vibration signals
FREQUENCY DOMAIN
0.7
0.6

Magnitude (V)

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0

0.5

1.5
Frequency (Hz)

2.5
4

x 10

Figure 3 The frequency domain for vibration before and after filtered using Z-Notch filter
Figure 4 shows the changes of vibration I-kaz coefficient for all the materials at
different impact force. Based on the figure shown, the curve for each material is a linear and
the equation is equal to y=ax+b. This linear curve is choosen due to the high correlation
coefficient, R2 value which between 0.8914 until 0.9691. The value of correlation coefficient,
R2 of each material is shown in Table 5.

COEFFICIENT OF IKAZ
(VIBRATION)

1.4E-09

aluminium
stainless steel
cast iron
carbon steel

1.2E-09
1E-09
8E-10
6E-10
4E-10
2E-10
0

500

1000
IMPACT FORCE (N)

1500

2000

Figure 4: Vibration I-kaz coefficient for all the materials at different impact force

Table 5: Correlation coefficient, R2 of each material

Material

Correlation Coefficient,

Low Carbon Steel S50C

0.9691

Stainless Steel AISI 304

0.9650

Cast Iron FD500

0.8914

Aluminium 6061-T6

0.9630

The equation of the linear curve for Low Carbon Steel S50C shown in equation 1. The
equation of the linear curve for Stainless Steel AISI 304 shown in equation 2. The equation of
the linear curve for Cast Iron FD500 shown in equation (3). The equation of the linear curve
for Aluminium 6061-T6 shown in equation 4.

1
2
3
4

Based on all the equations above, the difference between the equations are influence
by linear coefficient, a from the linear equation
. This linear coefficient was used
to get the relation between vibration signal and Specific heat characteristics. Table 6 show the
linear coefficient and Specific heat capacity for each material.

Table 6 : The linear coefficient and Specific heat capacity for each material.
Material

Linear Coefficient

Specific Heat Capacity (kJ/kg. )

Stainless Steel AISI 304

0.509

Low Carbon Steel S50C

0.485

Cast Iron FD500

0.310

Aluminium 6061-T6

0.896

Based on the Table 6 above, the material with high Specific heat capacity will
produce low linear coefficient. Aluminium 6061 was not consider in this analysis. Among
another three materials, the highest specific heat capacity will gives the lowest value of linear
coefficient. The experiment proved that Stainless Steel has highest specific heat capacity
which is 0.509 kJ/kg. that produced the lowest linear coefficient which is
followed by Carbon Steel and Cast Iron. The relationship between vibration signal and
specific heat and acoustic signal and density prove that the method of statictical analysis
through the impact test able to characterize the certain material.
CONCLUSION
In this paper, a new procedure is presented for the dynamic characterization of
material using Integrated Kurtosis Algorithm with Z-notch Filter (I-kaz) signal analysis. The
procedure requires the measurement of a vibration signal captured using a piezoelectric. The
filtered signals of vibraton are used to be analyzed by I-kaz signal analysis. The experimental
linear equations of the I-kaz coefficient for different materials have been plotted versus the
applied force to determine the correlation to the mechanical properties of the test materials. In
the I-kaz coefficient for vibration signal versus force curves, the value of linear coefficient
can be correlated with the specific heat capacity of the materials. From this result, it can be
concluded that the use of I-kaz signal analysis on vibration signals could characterized the
specific heat capacity of the material respectively. This result is in the agreement with the
mechanical properties of the materials presented in Table 6.
REFERENCE
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.

ASTM E1876-07 Standard Test Method for Dynamic Youngs Modulus, Shear
Modulus and Poissons Ratio by Impulse Excitation of Vibration.
Hertlin, I. & Schultze, D. 2003. Acoustic resonance testing: the upcoming volumeoriented NDT method. III Pan-American Conference for Nondestructive Testing.
Meyers, M & Chawla, K. 2009. Mechanical Behaviour of Material. Edisi ke-2.
Cambridge Universiti Press.
Nuawi M. Z., Lamin F., Abdullah S., Nor M. J. M., Arifin A. 2008. Cluster Analysis
using I-kaz Coefficient to Assist Machining Monitoring Process. International
Journal Of Mathematical Models And Methods In Applied Sciences Volume 2,
(3):439-446
Nuawi, M.Z, Bahari, A.R, Abdullah, S., Ihsan.,A.K.A.M. & Ali, M.B. 2012.
Mesokurtosis Zonal Nonparametric Signal Analysis for Dynamic Characterisation of
Metallic Material. Jurnal Kejuruteraan UKM, 24; 21-27