Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Stress-Strain C u r v e s
Second Edition
yflSNV
The Materials
Information Society
Materials Park, OH 44073-0002
www.asminternational.org
Copyright 2002
by
ASM International
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the written permission of the copyright owner.
First printing, December 2002
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A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, ARE GIVEN IN CONNECTION WITH THIS PUBLICATION. Although this information is believed to
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Comments, criticisms, and suggestions are invited, and should be forwarded to ASM International.
Prepared under the direction of the ASM International Technical Book Committee (2001-2002), Charles A. Parker; Chair.
Prepared with assistance from the ASM International Materials Properties Database Committee, PJ. Sikorsky, Chair.
ASM International staff who worked on this project included Charles Moosbrugger, Technical Editor; Veronica Flint,
Acquisitions Editor; Bonnie Sandersy Manager of Production; Carol Terman, Production Project Manager; and Scott Henry, Assistant
Director of Reference Publications.
ASM International
Materials Park, OH 44073-0002
www.asminternational.org
Contents
Preface
iv
Ferrous Metals
21
23
67
93
129
161
269
Nonferrous Metals
277
279
299
503
515
555
631
705
729
799
Alloy Index
809
UNS Index
815
iii
Preface
In this information age, mechanical property data are plentiful.
However, locating needed information quickly, judging the validity of
the data, and making reasoned comparisons of data can be daunting.
Stress-strain curves condense much information about the mechanical
behavior of metals into a convenient form. From these basic curves the
engineer can extract such information as the strength, ductility, formability, elasticity, and other information useful in predicting the performance of a particular alloy under stress.
ASM International published the first edition of the Atlas of StressStrain Curves, a collection of over 550 curves, in 1986. This book,
along with the Atlas of Fatigue Curves, Atlas of Creep and StressRupture Curves, and the Atlas of Stress-Corrosion and Corrosion
Fatigue Curves, has formed a set of useful materials property resources
for the engineer, materials scientist, and designer.
Well over three years agowith the encouragement, assistance,
and guidance of the ASM Technical Books and Materials Properties
Database CommitteesASM International embarked on the project to
create this updated, expanded, and improved Second Edition of the
Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves. Some of the overriding goals of this
project have been to:
Add curves for materials that are especially useful to key industries,
including aerospace, automotive, and heavy manufacturing
Seek out curves with a "pedigree" so readers can trace the source of
the information and have some indication regarding its reliability
Include as much pertinent information as possible for each curve.
Factors such as heat-treat condition, product form, thickness, specimen size, orientation, history, testing temperature, and testing rate
all affect materials performance and may be helpful when interpreting the curves
Normalize the presentation of the curves to facilitate comparisons
among different materials
We feel ASM International has been reasonably successful in
achieving these objectives in this edition.
Tensile Testing
The simplest loading to visualize is a one-dimensional tensile test, in
which a uniform slender test specimen is stretched along its long central axis. The stress-strain curv e is a representation of the performance
of the specimen as the applied load is increased monotonically usually
to fracture.
Stress-strain curves are usually presented as:
"Engineering" stress-strain curves, in which the original dimensions
of the specimens are used in most calculations.
'True" stress-strain curves, where the instantaneous dimensions of
the specimen at each point during the test are used in the calculations. This results in the "true" curves being above the "engineering" curves, notably in the higher strain portion of the curves.
The development of these curves is described in the following sections.
To document the tension test, an engineering stress-strain curve is
constructed from the load-elongation measurements made on the test
specimen (Fig. 1). The engineering stress, 5, plotted on this stressstrain curve is the average longitudinal stress in the tensile specimen. It
is obtained by dividing the load, P, by the original area of the cross section of the specimen, Aq:
S =
(Eql)
Ao
The strain, e, plotted on the engineering stress-strain curve, is the average linear strain, which is obtained by dividing the elongation of the
gage length of the specimen, 8, by its original length, Lq:
Lo
AL
Lo
L-LP
Lo
(Eq 2)
Because both the stress and the strain are obtained by dividing the load
and elongation by constant factors, the load-elongation curve has the
same shape as the engineering stress-strain curve. The two curves frequently are used interchangeably.
The units of stress are force/length squared, and the strain is unitless.
The strain axis of curves traditionally are given units of in./in. or
mm/mm rather than being listed as a pure number. Strain is sometimes
expressed as a percent elongation.
The shape of the stress-strain curve and values assigned to the points
on the stress-strain curve of a metal depend on its:
Composition
Heat treatment and conditioning
Prior history of plastic deformation
The strain rate of test
Temperature
Orientation of applied stress relative to the test specimens structure
Size and shape
Engineering strain, e
F i g . 1 Engineering stress-strain curve. Intersection of the dashed line with the curve
determines the offset yield strength.
(Eq 3)
(Eq 4)
ex
1250
1000
750
500
250
(Eq 5)
This equation indicates that the ideal material for resisting energy loads
in applications where the material must not undergo permanent distorTable 1
Metal
GPa
106 psi
Aluminum
Brass, 30 Zn
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Soft
Cast
Lead
Magnesium
Molybdenum
Nickel
Soft
Hard
Nickel-silver, 55Cu-18Ni-27Zn
Niobium
Silver
Steel
Mild
0.75 C
0.75 C, hardened
Tool steel
Tool steel hardened
Stainless, 2Ni-18Cr
Tantalum
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Vanadium
Zinc
70
101
279
130
10.2
14.6
40.5
18.8
211
152
16
45
324
30.7
22.1
2.34
6.48
47.1
199
219
132
104
83
28.9
31.8
19.2
15.2
12.0
211
210
201
211
203
215
185
50
120
411
128
105
30.7
30.5
29.2
30.7
29.5
31.2
26.9
7.24
17.4
59.6
18.5
15.2
Source: Ref 5
Fig. 2
tion, such as mechanical springs, is one having a high yield stress and
a low modulus of elasticity.
For various grades of steel, the modulus of resilience ranges from
100 to 4500 kJ/m 3 (14.5 to 650 lbf in./in.3), with the higher values representing steels with higher carbon or alloy contents (Ref 6). This can
be seen in Fig. 2, where the modulus of resilience for the chromiumtungsten alloy would be the greatest of the steels, because it has the
highest yield strength and similar modulus of elasticity. The modulus
of resilience is represented as the triangular areas under the curves in
Fig. 3.
Figure 2 shows that while the modulus of elasticity is consistent for
the given group of steels, the shapes of the curves past their proportionality limits are quite varied (Ref 7).
(a)
(b)
Idealized plots of stress-strain, (a) Continuous yielding condition, (b) Discontinuous yielding with an upper yield point A and a relatively constant yielding stress B to C
Fig. 4
this region, and the specimen begins to neck or thin down locally. The
strain up to this point has been uniform, as indicated on Fig. 1. Because
the cross-sectional area is now decreasing far more rapidly than the
ability to resist the deformation by strain hardening, the actual load
required to deform the specimen decreases and the engineering stress
defined in Eq 1 continues to decrease until fracture occurs, at X.
The tensile strength, or ultimate tensile strength, Su, is the maximum load divided by the original cross-sectional area of the specimen:
_ ^max
ocu
A0
Elongation
Fig. 5
sile axis. They are usually called Lliders bands, Hartmann lines, or
stretcher strains, and this type of deformation is sometimes referred to
as the Piobert effect. They are visible and can be aesthetically undesirable. When several Liiders bands are formed, the flow curve during the
yield-point elongation is irregular, each jog corresponding to the formation of a new Liiders band. After the Liiders bands have propagated
to cover the entire length of the specimen test section, the flow will
increase with strain in the typical manner. This marks the end of the
yield-point elongation. The transition from undeformed to deformed
material at the Liiders front can be seen at low magnification in Fig. 6.
The rough surface areas are the Liiders bands in the low-carbon steel.
These bands are also formed in certain aluminum-magnesium alloys.
(Eq 6)
The tensile strength is the value most frequently quoted from the results
of a tension test. Actually, however, it is a value of little fundamental
significance with regard to the strength of a metal. For ductile metals,
the tensile strength should be regarded as a measure of the maximum
load that a metal can withstand under the very restrictive conditions of
uniaxial loading. This value bears little relation to the useful strength of
the metal under the more complex conditions of stress that usually are
encountered.
For many years, it was customary to base the strength of structural
members on the tensile strength, suitably reduced by a factor of safety.
The current trend is to the more rational approach of basing the static
design of ductile metals on the yield strength. However, because of the
long practice of using the tensile strength to describe the strength of
materials, it has become a familiar property, and as such, it is a useful
identification of a material in the same sense that the chemical composition serves to identify a metal or alloy. Furthermore, because the tensile strength is easy to determine and is a reproducible property, it is
useful for the purposes of specification and for quality control of a
product. Extensive empirical correlations between tensile strength and
properties such as hardness and fatigue strength are often useful. For
brittle materials, the tensile strength is a valid design criterion.
Measures of Ductility. Currently, ductility is considered a qualitative, subjective property of a material. In general, measurements of
ductility are of interest in three respects (Ref 10):
To indicate the extent to which a metal can be deformed without
fracture in metalworking operations such as rolling and extrusion
To indicate to the designer the ability of the metal to flow plastically
before fracture. A high ductility indicates that the material is "forgiving" and likely to deform locally without fracture should the designer err in the stress calculation or the prediction of severe loads.
To serve as an indicator of changes in impurity level or processing
conditions. Ductility measurements may be specified to assess material quality, even though no direct relationship exists between the
ductility measurement and performance in service.
The conventional measures of ductility that are obtained from the
tension test are the engineering strain at fracture, e^ (usually called the
elongation) and the reduction in area at fracture, q. Elongation and
reduction in area usually are expressed as a percentage. Both of these
properties are obtained after fracture by putting the specimen back
together and taking measurements of the final length, Lf, and final specimen cross section, Af.
U-Lq
(Eq 7)
Ao-Af
<J =
(Eq 8)
f-
A0
Fig. 6 Luders bands (roughened areas), which have propagated along the length
of a specimen of annealed steel sheet that was tested in tension.
Unpolished, unetched. Low magnification
ef will depend on the gage length Lq over which the measurement was
taken (see the section of this article on ductility measurement in tension
testing). The smaller the gage length, the greater the contribution to the
overall elongation from the necked region and the higher the value of
ef. Therefore, when reporting values of percentage elongation, the gage
length, Lq, should always be given.
Reduction in area does not suffer from this difficulty. These values
can be converted into an equivalent zero-gage-length elongation, e0.
From the constancy of volume relationship for plastic deformation
(AL = AQLQ):
L_
Lq
IK
A
L-Lq
1
\-q
Ao
-i =
1 -q
for a metal strained in tension by the amount shown on the curve. Thus,
if the load is removed at this point and then reapplied, the material will
behave elastically throughout the entire range of reloading.
The true stress, a, is expressed in terms of engineering stress, 5, by:
a = ( e + l ) = S,(*+l)
Ao
(Eq 10)
(Eq 9)
This represents the elongation based on a very short gage length near
the fracture. Another way to avoid the complications resulting from
necking is to base the percentage elongation on the uniform strain out
to the point at which necking begins. The uniform elongation, eu, correlates well with stretch-forming operations. Because the engineering
stress-strain curve often is quite flat in the vicinity of necking, it may
be difficult to establish the strain at maximum load without ambiguity.
In this case, the method suggested in Ref 11 is useful.
The toughness of a material is its ability to absorb energy up to the
point of fracture or rupture. The ability to withstand occasional stresses
above the yield stress without fracturing is particularly desirable in
parts such as freight-car couplings, gears, chains, and crane hooks.
Toughness is a commonly used concept that is difficult to precisely
define. Toughness may be considered to be the total area under the
stress-strain curve to the point of fracture. This area, which is referred
to as the modulus of toughness, Uj, is the amount of work per unit volume that can be done on the material without causing it to rupture.
Figure 3 shows the stress-strain curves for high- and low-toughness
materials. The high-carbon spring steel has a higher yield strength and
tensile strength than the medium-carbon structural steel. However, the
structural steel is more ductile and has a greater total elongation. The
total area under the stress-strain curve is greater for the structural steel;
therefore, it is a tougher material. This illustrates that toughness is a
parameter that comprises both strength and ductility.
(Eq 11)
The true strain, e, may be determined from the engineering or conventional strain, e. From Eq 2:
^ _ AL _ L-LQ
Lq
Lq
(Eq 12)
Lq
e = In (e + 1)
(Eq 14)
This equation is applicable only to the onset of necking for the reasons
discussed above. Beyond maximum load, the true strain should be
based on actual area or diameter, D, measurements:
e
AQ
= In
A
(K DQ)/4
01
Do
= In ,
= 2 In n
(7C D 2 )/4
L>
(Eq 15)
Figure 7 compares the true-stress/true-strain curve with its corresponding engineering stress-strain curve. Note that, because of the relatively large plastic strains, the elastic region has been compressed into
the y-axis. In agreement with Eq 10 and 14, the true-stress/true-strain
curve is always to the left of the engineering curve until the maximum
load is reached.
Necking. Beyond maximum load, the high, localized strains in the
necked region that are used in Eq 15 far exceed the engineering strain
Maximum load
o Fracture
o
Strain
Fig. 7
0)
10"3
HT*
10"1
10
True strain, c
Fig. 8
Log-log plot of true-stress/true-strain curve, n is the strain-hardening exponent; K is the strength coefficient.
Various forms of power curve a = Kzn
Fig. 9
calculated from Eq 2. Frequently, the flow curve is linear from maximum load to fracture, while in other cases its slope continuously
decreases to fracture. The formation of a necked region or mild notch
introduces triaxial stresses that make it difficult to determine accurately
the longitudinal tensile stress from the onset of necking until fracture
occurs. This concept is discussed in greater detail in the section
"Corrected Stress-Strain Curves" in this article. The following parameters usually are determined from the true-stress/true-strain curve.
The true stress at maximum load corresponds to the true tensile
strength. For most materials, necking begins at maximum load at a
value of strain where the true stress equals the slope of the flow curve.
Let a u and e u denote the true stress and true strain at maximum load
when the cross-sectional area of the specimen is AU. From Eq 6 the
engineering ultimate tensile strength can be defined as:
Su = ^
(Eq 16)
(Eq 22)
The true uniform strain, ew is the true strain based only on the
strain up to maximum load. It may be calculated from either the specimen cross-sectional area, Au, or the gage length, Lu, at maximum load.
Equation 15 may be used to convert conventional uniform strain to true
uniform strain. The uniform strain frequently is useful in estimating the
formability of metals from the results of a tension test:
e u = In
(Eq 23)
(Eq 24)
Af
= ^
(Eq 17)
Eliminating P m a x yields:
cu = S u ^ -
(Eq 18)
(Eq 19)
(Eq 20)
The true fracture stress is the load at fracture divided by the crosssectional area at fracture. This stress should be corrected for the triaxial state of stress existing in the tensile specimen at fracture. Because
the data required for this correction frequently are not available, true
fracture stress values are frequently in error.
The true fracture strain, 8f, is the true strain based on the original
area, Aq, and the area after fracture, AF.
ef=In42"
Af
(Eq 21)
This parameter represents the maximum true strain that the material
can withstand before fracture and is analogous to the total strain to fracture of the engineering stress-strain curve. Because Eq 14 is not valid
beyond the onset of necking, it is not possible to calculate 8f from
(Eq 25)
where n is the strain-hardening exponent and K is the strength coefficient. A log-log plot of true stress and true strain up to maximum load
will result in a straight line if Eq 25 is satisfied by the data (Fig. 8).
The linear slope of this line is n, and K is the true stress at = 1.0
(corresponds to q - 0.63). As shown in Fig. 9, the strain-hardening
exponent may have values from n = 0 (perfectly plastic solid) to n = 1
(elastic solid). For most metals, n has values between 0.10 and 0.50
(see Table 2).
Table 2
Metals
Condition
Annealed
Annealed
Quenched and tempered
at 540 C ( 1 0 0 0 F)
Quenched and tempered
at 705 C (1300 F)
Annealed
Annealed
MPa
ksi
Ref
0.26
0.15
0.10
530
641
1572
77
93
228
12
12
13
0.19
1227
178
13
0.54
0.49
320
896
46.4
130
12
13
The rate of strain hardening cfo/cfe is not identical to the strainhardening exponent. From the definition of n:
da
nc
8
(Eq 26)
= K(o + e)"
(Eq 27)
o can be considered to be the amount of strain hardening that the material received prior to the tension test (Ref 14). Another common variation on Eq 25 is the Ludwik equation:
o = c0 + Ken
(Eq 28)
where Oq is the yield stress, and K and n are the same constants as in
Eq 25. This equation may be more satisfying than Eq 25, because the
latter implies that at 0 true strain the stress is 0. It has been shown that
Go can be obtained from the intercept of the strain-hardening portion of
the stress-strain curve and the elastic modulus line by (Ref 15):
a0 =
K \1/(1-")
E71)
(Eq 29)
p -
total
totaI
(Eq31)
(Eq 32)
dP = odA + Ado = 0
(Eq 33)
dA
_dA _ do
A " a
(Eq 30)
Graphical interpretation of necking criterion. The point of necking at maximum load can be obtained from the true-stress/true-strain curve by finding
(a) the point on the curve having a subtangent of unity or (b) the point where db/cfe = a.
(Eq 34)
(Eq 35)
(Eq 36)
Fig. 1 0
do
de
do
de
dL
do L do ,,
do de do J
.
= dL = (1 + e) = O
de d de de Lq
o
l+e
(Eq 37)
(Eq 38)
(W-i)]
where (a x ) avg is the measured stress in the axial direction (load divided
by minimum cross section). Figure 7 shows how the application of the
Bridgman correction changes the true-stress/true-strain curve. A correction for the triaxial stresses in the neck of a flat tensile specimen has
been considered (Ref 22). The values of a/R needed for the analysis can
be obtained either by straining a specimen a given amount beyond
necking and unloading to measure a and R directly, or by measuring
these parameters continuously past necking using photography or a
tapered ring gage (Ref 23).
To avoid these measurements, Bridgman presented an empirical relation between a/R and the true strain in the neck. Figure 13 shows that
this gives close agreement for steel specimens, but not for other metals
with widely different necking strains. A much better correlation is
obtained between the Bridgman correction and the true strain in the
neck minus the true strain at necking, e u (Ref 25).
Fig. 1 2
Strain,
:
ic. 1 3
Ductility
Compression Testing
Ductility Measurement in Tension Testing. The measured elongation from a tension specimen depends on the gage length of the specimen or the dimensions of its cross section. This is because the total
extension consists of two components: the uniform extension up to
necking and the localized extension once necking begins (Fig. 1). The
extent of uniform extension depends on the metallurgical condition of
the material (through 8n) and the effect of specimen size and shape on
the development of the neck.
The shorter the gage length, the greater the influence of localized
deformation at the neck on the total elongation of the gage length. The
extension of a specimen at fracture can be expressed by:
(Eq 40)
L(~Lo = a + euLo
where a is the local necking extension and euLo is the uniform extension. The tensile elongation is then:
Lf-Lo
M)
M)
(Eq 41)
This clearly indicates that the total elongation is a function of the specimen gage length. The shorter the gage length, the greater the percent
elongation.
Numerous attempts have been made to rationalize the strain distribution in the tension test. Perhaps the most general conclusion that can
be drawn is that geometrically similar specimens develop geometrically similar necked regions.
Further details on the necking phenomenon can be found in the article "Mechanical Behavior under Tensile and Compressive Loads" in
Mechanical Testing and Evaluation, Volume 8 of the ASM Handbook
(Ref 26).
Notch Tensile Test. Ductility measurements on standard smooth tensile specimens do not always reveal metallurgical or environmental
changes that lead to reduced local ductility. The tendency for reduced
ductility in the presence of a triaxial stress field and steep stress gradients
(such as a rise at a notch) is called notch sensitivity. A common way of
evaluating notch sensitivity is a tension test using a notched specimen.
p]h2
(Eq 42)
400
cd
JJ5
g
300
^
0)
jr
/
/
i ensiie
necking
instability
0.10
250
200
150
100
0.20
0.30
0.40
50
ff
0.20
0.50
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
True strain
Fig. 1 4
350
F ow
'
curves for Al-2Mg alloy tested in compression for various lubricant
conditions out to 8
1.0. Curve 1, molygrease; curve 2, Molykote spray;
curve 3, boron-nitride spray; curve 4, boron-nitride and alcohol; curve 5, Teflon and
Molykote spray; curve 6, polished dry anvils; curve 7, grooved anvils. Source: Ref 30
Fig. 1 5
100
14
70
80
84
700
560
P
af = -
60
420
40
280
20
140
4P
KD2 ''
4Ph2
KD2xhi
(Eq 43)
where either the displacement of the anvil or the diameter of the specimen can be used, whichever is more convenient.
4
6
8
Strain, 0.001 inVin.
Compressive tangent modulus,610 psi
Fig, 1 6
10
12
Minimizing barreling of the compression specimen can be accomplished by minimizing friction between the ends of the specimen and
the anvils. This is done by using an effective lubricant and machining
concentric rings on the end of the specimen to retain the lubricant and
keep it from being squeezed out. An extensive series of tests have
shown what works best (Ref 30).
Figure 14 shows the true stress-true strain curve (flow curve) for an
annealed Al-2Mg alloy. Stress and strain were calculated as described
in the previous section. Note how the flow curve in compression agrees
with that determined in a tensile test and how the compressive curves
extend to much larger strains because there is no specimen necking.
Figure 15 extends the strain over double the range of Fig. 14. Note that
once beyond > 0.5, the curves begin to diverge depending on the
effectiveness of the lubrication. The highest curve (greatest deviation
from uniaxial stress) is for grooved anvils (platens) that dig in and prevent sidewise flow. The least friction is for the condition where a Teflon
(E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, DE) film sprayed
with Molykote (Dow Corning Corporation, Midland, MI) is placed
between the anvil and the specimen.
Strain (e)
Strain (E)
(a)
pjcr 1 7
(b)
Differences between constant stress increments and constant strain increments, (a) Equal stress increments result in strains of increasing increments, (b) Equal strain
increments result in decreasing stress increments.
1G8
102
104
10-'
11
10-4
10"<
Creep
10
11
10"
Quasi-static
Constant load
or
stress machine
Hydraulic or
screw machine
Constant strain
rate test
10-<
10"2
i r
10
10
* Intermediate J
| strai rate |
J Pneumatic
r
1
mechanical
I machines
I
10"B
10"6
10
10
i'
Bar
i(Tlpact
Mechanical
or
explosive
impact
Strain rate (s _ 1 )
High-velocity
p|ate
i(tlpac(
Usual method
of loading
n Mechanical
resonance
ElasticI.
in specimen plastic wave
and
propagation
machine
Shock wave
propagation
Dynamic
considerations
in testing
Adiabatic
Isothermal
>|<
-Plane stress-
Plane strain-
Elastic
range
n > 0.15. For strains 8 < 1.0, a grooved specimen with molybdenum
disulfide (M0S2) grease lubricant gave consistently good results.
Nearly as good results are achieved with smooth anvils and a spray coat
of M0S2 (Ref 30).
Another approach to minimize the effects of barreling is to remachine the specimens to their original diameter after some degree of
deformation. This is costly and inconvenient and adds uncertainties to
the results. For additional details on compression testing, see the article "Uniaxial Compression Testing" in Mechanical Testing and
Evaluation, Volume 8 of the ASM Handbook.
Yield-point elongation
Increase in yield
point caused by
strain hardening
Second unloading
and reloading
Strain
Residual
strain
Ductility after
second reloading
Ductility after first reloading - Ductility of virgin material-
A n exam
p ' e of the Bauschinger effect and hysteresis loop in tension-compression-tension loading. The initial tension loading is to about 0.001
strain, followed by compression again to 0.001 strain.
Fig. 2 0
(Eq45)
Torsional Testing
Torsion tests can be carried out on most materials to determine
mechanical properties such as modulus of elasticity in shear, shear
yield strength, ultimate shear strength, modulus of rupture in shear, and
ductility. The torsion test can also be conducted on full-size parts
(shafts, axles, and pipes) and structures (beams and frames) to determine their response to torsional loading. In torsion testing, unlike tensile testing and compression testing, large strains can be applied before
plastic instability occurs, and complications due to friction between the
test specimen and dies do not arise.
:|a 2 1
Torsion tests are most frequently carried out on prismatic bars of circular cross section by applying a torsional moment about the longitudinal axis. The shear stress versus shear strain curve can be determined
from simultaneous measurements of the torque and angle of twist of the
test specimen over a predetermined gage length.
When converted from torque (in units of newton-meters or inchpounds) and angular displacement (in degrees or radians) torsional
stress-strain has the same units as engineering stress-strain, but the
variance from "true" stress-strain is typically much less. On a cylindrical specimen that does not buckle, the difference is 5% or less from
engineering to "true" stress-strain, even in the plastic (nonlinear) range.
There is evidence that torsion testing of hollow tubes is one of the
better ways to determine the effects of strain, strain rate, and temperature on the flow stress of materials over the range of these variables
usually encountered in the metal working process. Details on torsional
testing and analysis can be found in the articles "Fundamental Aspects
of Torsional Loading" and "Shear, Torsion, and Multiaxial Testing" in
Mechanical Testing and Evaluation, Volume 8 of ASM Handbook.
Fig. 2 2
1
7
/J /
a
Jv.
>
EG > EG > E^
Test Variables
The condition of the test environment, composition, conditioning,
size, shape, and history of the specimen are among the factors affecting the stress-strain data. These parameters are given to the extent that
they are available.
Test Temperature. Relative to room-temperature (RT) tests, most
materials become stronger, but less ductile, at lower temperatures, and
more ductile, but weaker, at higher temperatures. There are anomalous
behaviors such as blue brittleness. Carbon steels generally exhibit an
increase in strength and a reduction of ductility and toughness at temperatures around 300 C (570 F). Because such temperatures produce
a bluish temper color on the surface of the specimen, this problem has
been called blue brittleness. Typically, brittleness is associated with
cold-temperature behavior.
Speed of Test. ASTM E 8 (Ref 31) lists five ways of defining the
speed of the test:
Strain Rate. Average strain rates for most tension tests range
between 10~2 and 10~~5 s _1 . Greater strain rates (10 -1 and 102 s - 1 ) are
considered dynamic tests. For a specimen of initial gage length Lq and
deformed length L, the specific deformation rate is:
de _ 1
dt
Lq
d(L-Lq)
dt
(Eq 46)
(Eq 47)
(Eq 48)
Both n and m are functions of strain and strain rate, m can be negative under some conditions. However, average values frequently are
selected for these parameters, which are then treated as constants.
Values of n usually are between 0.1 and 0.5 for metals; they are
determined from, but not identical to, strain-hardening rates. Values of
CO
Strain, e
Strain, e
m for metals are usually much smaller than the corresponding n values
(m < 0.1). m does increase with temperature. However, fine-grained
metals have relatively large rate-sensitivity parameters (m > 0.1) under
specific deformation conditions. Under such conditions, these materials can be deformed to extremely large strains and are called superplastic metals.
High Rate Testing. For extremely high rates of testing, it is commonly assumed that deformation occurs under adiabatic (no heat transfer) conditions. Plastic work is mostly (about 90%) converted to heat.
The remainder is inelastically stored as changes in defect structure. In
high-speed tests, this heat raises the temperature of the material.
Consequently, the material properties are changed. This is another
major complication in analyses of high-speed tests.
Consequences of testing over a wide spectrum of strain rates are
summarized in Fig. 18 (Ref 33).
Hysteresis. If a specimen is loaded past its yield point and then
unloaded, or loaded in reverse, subsequent testing on the specimen
would result in a different pattern of behavior. Figure 19 shows this
effect. The specimen is loaded initially to point A. The solid line represents the behavior of the virgin sample. If instead, the sample were
unloaded at point A, the path of unloading is parallel to the initial load
path (dotted line). There is some permanent deformation (residual
strain), and the area is redetermined as A2. When reloaded, the dotted
line is retraced and the yield point is now higher due to strain hardening. If this unloading and reloading were done again at point B, the
dashed line indicates the behavior.
Figure 19 illustrates the effect of stopping and restarting a test. It also
points to a consideration when a test sample is machined from a failed
Test data
Time
(a)
Isochronous
Strain
(b)
Fig. 2 5
Isochronous Curves
Isochronous curves are included in this Atlas, although they are not
simply stress-strain curves. The parameter of time is added to them.
Mechanical tests can be performed as short-time static tests or longterm creep deformation tests. Data from the long-term tests are
recorded as sets of strain as a function of time for different loads
(stresses) for a given temperature. As the stress increases, this time to
rupture is less as seen in Fig. 25(a). Collections of these data can be
analyzed by holding one of the three variables (time, stress, and strain
constant). From Fig. 25(a) (where stress is constant on each curve), values at constant time can be found in effect by constructing a vertical
line, perpendicular to the time axis, that intersects the family of curves.
Values at the intersection points form sets of stresses and strains at constant time that can be plotted on a linear coordinate system at these
selected times to make the isochronous curves (Fig. 25b). These families of curves are plotted at a given temperature, since temperature is so
significant to the creep behavior of an alloy.
Units and Unit Conversions. The units on the left side and bottom
of the curve are the units of the source document. The conversion of
strain units on the curves is 1 ksi = 7 MPa. This conversion is used so
that a common grid can be used. The more precise conversion is 1 ksi
Direction
transverse
Long
transverse
Long
transverse
Long
transverse
Direction
of extruding
or rolling
Transverse
Long
transverse
transverse
Fig. 2 6
Long
transverse
a"
e =^ +^
Aplastic = 0.002(o/GO.2YP)"
(Eq 5 1 )
(Eq 4 9 )
(Eq 5 0 )
Terms
Terms common to discussion of stress-strain curves, tensile testing,
and material behavior under test included here (Ref 1,2).
accuracy. (1) The agreement or correspondence between an experimentally determined value and an accepted reference value for the
material undergoing testing. The reference value may be established
by an accepted standard (such as those established by ASTM), or in
some cases the average value obtained by applying the test method
to all the sampling units in a lot or batch of the material may be used.
(2) The extent to which the result of a calculation or the reading of
an instrument approaches the true value of the calculated or measured quantity.
axial strain. Increase (or decrease) in length resulting from a stress acting parallel to the longitudinal axis of the specimen.
Bauschinger effect. The phenomenon by which plastic deformation
increases yield strength in the direction of plastic flow and decreases
it in other directions,
breaking stress. See rupture stress.
brittleness. A material characteristic in which there is little or no plastic (permanent) deformation prior to fracture.
chord modulus. The slope of the chord drawn between any two specific points on a stress-strain curve. See also modulus of elasticity.
compressive strength. The maximum compressive stress a material is
capable of developing. With a brittle material that fails in compression by fracturing, the compressive strength has a definite value. In
the case of ductile, malleable, or semiviscous materials (which do not
fail in compression by a shattering fracture), the value obtained for
compressive strength is an arbitrary value dependent on the degree of
distortion that is regarded as effective failure of the material,
compressive stress, S c . A stress that causes an elastic body to deform
(shorten) in the direction of the applied load. Contrast with tensile
stress.
creep. Time-dependent strain occurring under stress. The creep strain
occurring at a diminishing rate is called primary or transient creep;
that occurring at a minimum and almost constant rate, secondary or
steady-rate creep; that occurring at an accelerating rate, tertiary creep,
creep test. A method of determining the extension of metals under a
given load at a given temperature. The determination usually
involves the plotting of time-elongation curves under constant load;
a single test may extend over many months. The results are often
expressed as the elongation (in millimeters or inches) per hour on a
given gage length (e.g., 25 mm, or 1 in.),
cyclic loads. Loads that change value over time in a regular repeating
pattern.
discontinuous yielding. The nonuniform plastic flow of a metal
exhibiting a yield point in which plastic deformation is inhomogeneously distributed along the gage length. Under some circumstances, it may occur in metals not exhibiting a distinct yield point,
either at the onset of or during plastic flow,
ductility. The ability of a material to deform plastically without fracturing.
elastic constants. The factors of proportionality that relate elastic displacement of a material to applied forces. See also modulus of elasticity, shear modulus, and Pais son 's ratio.
elasticity. The property of a material whereby deformation caused by
stress disappears upon the removal of the stress,
elastic limit. The maximum stress that a material is capable of sustaining without any permanent strain (deformation) remaining upon
complete release of the stress. See also proportional limit.
elongation. (1) A term used in mechanical testing to describe the
amount of extension of a testpiece when stressed. (2) In tensile testing, the increase in the gage length, measured after fracture of the
specimen within the gage length, ef, usually expressed as a percentage of the original gage length,
elongation, percent. The extension of a uniform section of a specimen
expressed as percentage of the original gage length:
Elongation, % = ^LZA x 10O
M)
where L0 is original gage length and L* is final gage length,
engineering strain, e. A term sometimes used for average linear strain
or conventional strain in order to differentiate it from true strain. In
tension testing, it is calculated by dividing the change in the gage
length by the original gage length,
engineering stress, S. A term sometimes used for conventional stress
in order to differentiate it from true stress. In tension testing, it is calculated by dividing the load applied to the specimen by the original
cross-sectional area of the specimen,
failure. Inability of a component or test specimen to fulfill its intended
function.
fracture strength, Sf. The normal stress at the beginning of fracture,
calculated from the load at the beginning of fracture during a tension
test and the original cross-sectional area of the specimen,
gage length, Lq. The original length of that portion of the specimen
over which strain or change of length is determined.
Hooke's Law. The law of springs, which states that the force required
to displace (stretch) a spring is proportional to the displacement,
hysteresis (mechanical). The phenomenon of permanently absorbed or
lost energy that occurs during any cycle of loading or unloading
when a material is subjected to repeated loading,
load, P. In the case of mechanical testing, a force applied to a testpiece
that is measured in units such as pound-force or newton.
Liiders lines. Elongated surface markings or depressions, often visible
with the unaided eye, that form along the length of a tension specimen at an angle of approximately 45 to the loading axis. Caused by
localized plastic deformation, they result from discontinuous (inhomogeneous) yielding. Also known as Liiders bands, Hartmann lines,
Piobert lines, or stretcher strains,
maximum stress, S m a x . The stress having the highest algebraic value
in the stress cycle, tensile stress being considered positive and compressive stress negative. The nominal stress is used most commonly,
mechanical hysteresis. Energy absorbed in a complete cycle of loading and unloading within the elastic limit and represented by the
closed loop of the stress-strain curves for loading and unloading,
mechanical properties. The properties of a material that reveal its
elastic and inelastic behavior when force is applied or that involve
the relationship between the intensity of the applied stress and the
strain produced. The properties included under this heading are those
that can be recorded by mechanical testingfor example, modulus
of elasticity, tensile strength, elongation, hardness, and fatigue limit,
mechanical testing. The methods by which the mechanical properties
of a metal are determined,
modulus of elasticity, E. The measure of rigidity or stiffness of a metal;
the ratio of stress, below the proportional limit, to the corresponding
strain. In terms of the stress-strain diagram, the modulus of elasticity
is the slope of the stress-strain curve in the range of linear proportionality of stress to strain. Also known as Young's modulus. For
materials that do not conform to Hooke's law throughout the elastic
range, the slope of either the tangent to the stress-strain curve at the
origin or at low stress, the secant drawn from the origin to any specified point on the stress-strain curve, or the chord connecting any two
specific points on the stress-strain curve is usually taken to be the
modulus of elasticity. In these cases, the modulus is referred to as the
tangent modulus, secant modulus, or chord modulus, respectively,
modulus of resilience, /R. The amount of energy stored in a material
when loaded to its elastic limit. It is determined by measuring the
area under the stress-strain curve up to the elastic limit. See also
strain energy:
modulus of rigidity. See shear modulus.
modulus of rupture. Nominal stress at fracture in a bend test or torsion test. In bending, modulus of rupture is the bending moment at
fracture (Mc) divided by the section modulus (/):
modulus of toughness, UT. The amount of work per unit volume done
on a material to cause failure under static loading.
m-value. See strain-rate sensitivity.
natural strain. See true strain.
necking. Reducing the cross-sectional area of metal in a localized area
by stretching,
nominal strain. See strain.
nominal strength. See ultimate strength.
nominal stress. The stress at a point calculated on the net cross section
by simple elasticity theory without taking into account the effect on
von Mises effective stress and strain. The effective stress ( a ) and
effective strain (e) are given by:
o = ^
and
-
V2
de =
"Standard Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing," E 6, Annual Book ofASTM Standards, Vol 03.01
'Tensile Testing of Metallic Materials," E 8, Annual Book ofASTM
Standards, Vol 03.01
"Elevated Temperature Tension Tests of Metallic Materials," E 21,
Annual Book ofASTM Standards, Vol 03.01
"Young's Modulus, Tangent Modulus, and Chord Modulus," E 111,
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01
"Tensile Testing of Metallic Materials," EN 10002:1
"Metallic MaterialsTensile Testing at Elevated Temperature," ISO
783
"Metallic MaterialsTensile Testing at Ambient Temperature," ISO
6892
"Metallic MaterialsTensile Testing at Low Temperature," ISO
15579
Ferrous Metals
420
Spheroidal
50
350
280
Compacted
Q.
2
fi 210
140
70
/
/A
V
0.1
40
30
""^Rake
20
10
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Strain, %
350
Yield
point
250
200
<D
35 150
100
50
//
Cast ste>el
300
Cast iron
/V
/
3
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
3
/
/
/
/
2
/
I
/ / / />
210 <2
I F /
IF
Strain, %
420
350
280
Source: G.F. Seargeant and E.R. Evans, The Production and Properties
of Compacted Graphite Irons, British Foundryman, May 1978. As published in C.F. Walton, Ed., Iron Castings Handbook, Iron Casting
Society, 1981, p 388
0.5
0.2%
Comp
tression
0.1%^
Tens ion
210 w
PL
is
CO
<
0.1
140
- PL
70
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Strain, %
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1600
CI.007 Austempered ductile iron casting, stressstrain curves showing effect of matrix structure
1400
1200
1000
CL
800
-h
W
600
400
200
10
12
Strain, %
/
/
/
/ '
/A
/ // /
y
/ //
Y
/ /
0.05
0.10
- Elastic
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Strain amplitude, %
0.35
0.40
0.45
700
600
500
A
'AY
/ S
/ / '
/JF
AA
'JR
<d 400
300
Source: I.S. Matharu and M J.D. Frier, "Strain-Life Fatigue Data and
Stress/Strain Data for Austempered Ductile IronsA Preliminary
Report," Report 1795, British Cast Iron Research Association (BCIRA),
1990, p 53
200
Monotonic
Cycli<
- Elastic
100
0.05
0.10
0.30
0.15
0.20
0.25
Strain amplitude, %
0.35
0.40
/ A/
.
YF
/ 'JT
] /
/JT
AY
Source: I.S. Matharu and M.J.D. Frier, "Strain-Life Fatigue Data and
Stress/Strain Data for Austempered Ductile IronsA Preliminary
Report," Report 1795, British Cast Iron Research Association (BCIRA),
1990, p 53
Monotonic
Cyclic
Elastic
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
Strain amplitude, %
0.30
0.35
0.40
875
700
2
1 X>v
Source: Nodular Iron, Properties and Selection of Metals, Vol 1, 8th ed.,
Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1961, p 386
525
/
/ >
350
/
/
7
175
3
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
420
385
/
3i
315
//
280
t
2
//
PL
245 '
210
175
//
/
140
105
//
/
0.1
0.2
70
35
0.3
350
0.4
0.5
Strain, %
o.e
0.7
0.8
2j
1
IL
//
/
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Strain, %
0.6
0.7
0.8
280
300
Ela;stic
Pe rman ent
250
Tota 1
1
' 0 - 2%P S
200
1
0.1<2/oPS
Ela stic
Per maniant
otal
150
100
50
) * Cyclic
/
V
Eliastic
line/
/
/
/
/
/
/
* Al
'
/sA
1
AT
/ Jo
Monotonic
/jT
//
0.1%
pro of stress
//
0.05
r 7 \
0.10
0.20
0.15
Strain, %
0.25
0.30
7"
T
/
1/
/
/
/
Cyclic
J
^f
/
// / /j
/
1%
/
First cycle
of Fset
).05
0.10
0.15
Strain, %
0.20
0.25
0.30
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
fCyclic
/
/
/
/
f
/
/
jf
Monotonic^-
***
//
//
/
Plastic strain
/ 1
300
/ E1
.1% PS 0.2% P S
250
Elastic liile
0.5% F>s
- H
200
//
I
100
50
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Strain, %
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
CI.031 Recarburized steel ductile casting, longitudinal tensile stress-total strain curves (a) with lateral contraction (b)
Comparison is made between 44.45 mm (1.75 in.) keel test blocks and 304.8 mm diam x 50.8 mm (12 in. diam x 2 in.) castings;
50.8 mm (2 in.) square test specimens cut from the latter. As-cast pearlitic nodular iron, normalized pearlitic, and annealed
ferritic nodular iron are shown for each size. Composition: Fe-3.52C-1.76Si-0.29Mn-0.026S-0.020P-0.92Ni-0.062Mg
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, The Effect of Section Size on the Stress-Strain Properties of Nodular Cast Iron, BCIRA J., Vol 12 (No. 6), Nov 1964, p 766
" a n j PS
-p
if
0.1
2
1*% PS
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
0.7
0.8
0.9
CI.033 Pearlitic nodular ductile iron casting, longitudinal tensile stress-strain curves (a) with lateral contraction (b)
Test specimen size = 28.651 mm diam x 76.2 mm gage length (1.128 in. diam x 3 in. gage length). Permanent strain remains
when sample unloaded. Total strain is permanent plus recoverable. 0.1% proof stress (PS) = 347 MPa; 0.2% proof stress =
374 MPa. Composition: Fe-3.66C-1.8Si-0.41Mn-0.012S-0.025P-0.76Ni-0.063Mg
Source: G.N J. Gilbert, The Stress/Strain Properties of Nodular Cast Irons in Tension and Compression, BCIRA J., Vol 12 (No. 2), March 1964, p 175
CI.034 Pearlitic ductile iron casting, longitudinal compressive stress-strain curves (a) with lateral expansion (b)
Test specimen size = 28.651 mm diam x 76.2 mm gage length (1.128 in. diam x 3 in. gage length). Permanent strain remains
when sample unloaded. Total strain is permanent plus recoverable. 0.1% proof stress (PS) = 377 MPa; 0.2% proof stress =
398 MPa. Composition: Fe-3.66C-1.8Si-0.41Mn-0.012S-0.025P-0.76Ni-0.063Mg
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, The Stress/Strain Properties of Nodular Cast Irons in Tension and Compression, BCIRA
(b)
Strain, %
450
400
/
[lastic lirle
o
500
.5% PS
0,.2% PS
0.1'% PS
350
CD
Q_
2
300
COCO
V>
o
CO
250
200
150
100
50
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Strain, %
0. 6
400
/
300
100
f/
proof
stre*ss
//
0.05
0.10
/
/ 0.15
Strain, %
0.20
0.25
/o.r%
Monotor ic /
/
f/
'
200
0.9
Cy'die
Jr O
A
* r
<7
iff f
0.8
i
/r i7A
/ / Jrr/*
/
0.7
0.30
1
clic
>
VH
/ A/
* /A
Cy
%
/ 0.1iet
' / /
* / /
t /if
fz/
/
a
//
First cy
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
cle /
//
f/
offs
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain, %
0.20
0.25
/
/
Cyclic v
>
r
Monc>tonic
V
Plastic strain
0.30
7?
RS
12
75% UTS
112
84
/is
Q.
2
w 8
56
-B
28
0.1
(a)
0.2
Strain, %
0.3
0.4
84
12
RS /
7>
75% UTS
56
/TS
Q.
2
fi
ft
CO
28
0.1
(b)
0.2
Strain, %
0.4
0.3
42
RS
75% UTS
/
^"TS
14 W
0.1
(c)
0.2
Strain, %
0.3
0.4
490
420
/
/
2
w*0* r
/
/
/
/
/
/
//
0.1
/
/
/
/
/
/
r
/
/
0.2
03
'
s
/
Source: C.F. Walton, Gray and Ductile Iron Castings Handbook, Gray
and Ductile Iron Founders' Society, Aug 1971. As published in
280
'V
210 co
/ /
/ /
/
/
/
/
Cf
0.4
0.5
Elongation, %
350
lastic strain
140
70
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.
1994, p 20
280
245
Source: J.L. Herron, R.A. Flinn, and P.K. Trojan, Research for the
article: Mechanical Properties of Gray Iron, Iron Castings Handbook,
C.R Walton, Ed., Iron Casting Society, 1981, p 211
210
140
105 i
70
35
245
210
175
Source: J.L. Herron, R.A. Flinn, and P.K. Trojan, Research for the
article: Mechanical Properties of Gray Iron, Iron Castings Handbook,
C.F. Walton, Ed., Iron Casting Society, 1981, p 229
Q_
140
105 ^
70
35
0..7
315
40
Plastic
35
30
I/
A 25
20
15
10
Elastic/
/ ,
280
245
210
/Total
//
105 L
70
35
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain, %
0.20
0.25
0.30
Source: J.L. Herron, R.A. Flinn, and RK. Trojan, Research for the
article: Mechanical Properties of Gray Iron, Iron Castings Handbook,
C.F. Walton, Ed., Iron Casting Society, 1981, p 235
Class 40 c<Dmpression
60
50
Class 40 te nsion
-
'
/ /
40
30
/ /
/s
20
^
Class 20 tension
ft/ * ^ 1
If'
Ir
10
0.4
0.2
0.6
Strain, %
1.0
0.8
560
490
Source: J.L. Herron, R.A. Flinn, and P.K. Trojan, Research for the
article: Mechanical Properties of Gray Iron, Iron Castings Handbook,
C.F. Walton, Ed., Iron Casting Society, 1981, p 234
Compre?>sion ^ ^
420
350
/
/
<o
s
Q_
280 w
Tens ion
210
//
140
70
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain, %
1.0
1.2
1.4
Class 60,
70
60
Source: Gray Iron, Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and HighPerformance Alloys, Vol 1, ASM Handbook, 1990, p 20
50
40
'
Class 40
CO
30
Class 20
2
3
Strain, mm/m (0.001 in./in.)
20
10
ii
Latera 1 strain
2,
/ 2
*
/
/
Y A/
I I
///
*
0
0 0
/ 3
7 1 1
/
d
3dff
-0.3
'
-0.2
-0.1
0.1
0.2
Strain, %
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
/
/
//
Comptressive
Fractures
^ ^ T e
nsile
//
/A
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Tensile and compressive strain, %
0.5
0.6
Strain, %
250
200
1sit cycle ^
100
50
(0
0l
to
to
o
35
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
- 0 . .20
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05
0
0.05
Strain, %
0.10
0.15
0.20
2512!th cycle
-250
-0..20
-0.15
- 0 . 10
-0.05
0
0.05
Strain, %
0.10
0.15
0.20
170
160
150
CO
Q.
140
3*
S 130
120
yFirst cycle
110
LO
CM
i cycle
100
90
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
Stress, MPa
100
150
200
250
Stress, MPa
100
700
1
80
560
60
420 '
40
280 <=
140
20
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Strain, %
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
350
300
c<Dmpression
I
250
Tens;ion
/0.1% 10.2% PS
PS ,
//
150
100
50
/ 0.5% PS
/
/
II /
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Strain, %
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
700
600
StraiIn rate:
min
5 / min
06 / mil
o o o
500
400
/ 0.1 % P S
/ /
300
.2%
S
200
100
II I
0.2
0.4
/ 0.5% PS
0.6
0.8
1.0
Strain,
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
0.1% P s
^o7i%
0.1%
0.1
0.2
PS
Ps
0.3
0.4
0.5
Strain, %
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
CI.070 High-silicon nodular graphite iron casting, longitudinal compressive stress-strain curves (a) with lateral
expansion (b)
Test specimen size = 28.651 mm diam x 76.2 mm gage length (1.128 in. diam x 3 in. gage length). Permanent strain remains
when sample unloaded. Total strain is permanent plus recoverable. 0.1% proof stress (PS) = 676 MPa; 0.2% proof stress =
707 MPa. Composition: Fe-2.62C-6.14Si-0.35Mn-0.014S-0.021P-0.78Ni-0.051Mg-0.006Ce
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, The Stress/Strain Properties of Nodular Cast Irons in Tension and Compression, BCIRA J., Vol 12 (No. 2), March 1964, p 183
560
80/
7
420
50^
280
L
2
140
0.6
0.4
Strain,c
0.2
0.8
/
f
50
Pearlitic
>
-
40
Ferritic
30
20
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Strain, %
0.5
0.6
10
0.7
20
40
Axial compression, %
60
70
1
[
\ A
%
/
s g f s3
y
1
MV
/
A
N2
N2
1050
^A
S3
-| S1
j
840
630
/Ar J
! PM /
210
//
1/
u
Anneal*3d
Sintere d
0.2
0.4
20
0.6
40
i
0.8
1.0
1.2
Axial strain, in./in.
1.4
1.6
Axial compression, %
60
70
i
i
1.8
1050
^A A
^ A S J
840
S1
Plain ii
0.35%
C /
//
/ // /
/i
630
y
y
'X
420
/ /
u
/
U 7
V
Y
0.2
210
0.4
0.6
Anneal ed
Wrouglit material
0.8
1.0
1.2
Axial strain, in./in.
1.4
1.6
1.8
CO
Elongation
40
30
2
20 w
10
10
5
6
Strain, %
3^
1^.
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
von Mises true strain
3.0
3.5
4.0
Compreission
-
500
Q
2_
Tension
8
450
10
15
20
Plastic strain x 0.001
25
30
400
350
35
Source: G.C. Rauch and W.C. Leslie, The Extent and Nature of
the Strength-Differential Effect in Steels, Metall Trans., Vol 3,
Feb 1972, p 378
350
To fractLire
^ Y l e Id point
280
CL
210 ^
140 J=
70
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
Engineering strain, %
1.25
1.50
1.75
True strain
420
Compr ession ^
350
R\
"Tension
280
<0
CL
CO
210 <8
w
<D
E
J-
140
1
70
10
15
20
Total strain x 0.001
25
30
35
490
420
A/
t
r[
1
<
280 ^
CS.013 1020 wrought and 1030 normalized-andtempered cast carbon steel, monotonic and cyclic
stress strain curves
The cyclic stress-strain characteristics show a reduction
of the strain-hardening exponent of the normalized-andtempered cast carbon steel (SAE 1030) from n = 0.3 in
monotonic tension to n = 0.13 under cyclic-straincontrolled tests. UNS G10200
Source: P.F. Wieser, Ed., Steel Castings Handbook, 5th ed., Steel
Founders' Society of America, 1980, p 14-15
210 55
\ Wroug ht SAE 1020
Cyclic
140
70
6
8
10
Strain. 0.001 in./in.
12
14
16
560
'
/
/
1
1
i
i
t
1
i
1
490
420
a.
350 2
280
210 o>
LLi
140
/
/ 0.2%
t/
i
i
4
6
Engineering strain, x 0.001
70
10
840
700
560
/ /
420
/V
b
to
Source: D.H. Stone and Y.J. Park, Cyclic Plasticity of Class A and B
Heat-Treated Wheel Steels. As published in "The General Problem of
Rolling Contact," AMD-Vol 40, ASME, 1980
280
Grade A wheel
Grade B wheel
140
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain, %
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1050
Monotonic^
875
^^^Cyclic
700
525 g
O)
<D
55
350
175
0.01
0.02
0.03
Strain
0.04
0.05
Extension, mm
1500
As-qu<anched
1400
1300
1200
1 1100
Quenchedand-temipered
2 1000
900
800
700
600
10
15
20
25
True strain x 0.001
30
35
40
490
420
350
280
5
3
210 55
70
0.5
1.5
Strain, %
2.5
560
. ""
490
<
ft
420
Source: C.-C. Li, J.D. Flasck, J.A. Yaker and W.C. Leslie, On
Minimizing the Bauschinger Effect in Steels by Dynamic Strain Aging,
Metall. Trans. A, Jan 1978, p 86
350
Source: C.-C. Li, J.D. Flasck, J.A. Yaker, and W.C. Leslie, On
Minimizing the Bauschinger Effect in Steels by Dynamic Strain Aging,
Metall Trans. A, Jan 1978, p 88
140
0.5
1.0
1.5
/
V
(
280
Compiression to 2%
at 25 C
2.0
2.5
3.0
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
210
140
70
3.5
4.C
co
490
420
y
350
280 :
210
140
70
0.5
1.0
1.5
True strain, %
2.0
2.5
14
12
1.1
-
10
0.40
_
0.14
0.065
0.035
0.017
0.0069
0.0037
0.0020
0.0011/s
f ^ w
1.0
0.5
2.5
1.5
2.0
Natural strain (a), %
\ = 10"1/S
62 = 10~2/S
e3 = 10~3/s
0.04
0.06
0.08
Engineering strain
0.10
0.12
2800
400
2100
300
Q.
2
200
/
/
/ /
100 fX
700
0.5
1
1.5
2
Natural strain (In Aq/A)
2.5
700
GM 980X
SAE 9 8 0 X ^
Dual phase |
/
/
/
/
/
SAE 950X
<<
560
"A
420
280
Plain carbon
140
10
20
30
Strain in 2 in. (50 mm) gage length, %
40
1120
980
840
700 CL
560
420 ,
280
0.2
0.4
0.6
True strain, E
0.8
1.0
150
1.2
1050
o Ultimate:stress
X Fracture stress
100
700
d
Engineering
50
350
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain
1.0
1.2
1.4
800
B
600
CA
Q.
2
2 400
200
0.04
0.08
0.12
True strain
0.16
0.20
0.24
800
Fe-13t
600
Fe-21NM.
L
2
> 400
"v
K
x
Co-33Ni-0.02C
200
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
2500
350
2000
1500
1000
True
300
250
200
Engineiering
150
100
50
500
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.8
1.0
Strain
2000
1.00
0.75
'
0.46
1500
1000
500
-
Engineering strain
100 w
560
Q.
.b
10
a>
Source: C.-C. Li, J.D. Flasck, J.A. Yaker, and W.C. Leslie, On
Minimizing the Bauschinger Effect in Steels by Dynamic Strain Aging,
Metall. Trans. A, Jan 1978, p 88
490
420
350
2
280
210 '
140
70
0.5
1.0
1.5
True strain, %
2.0
2.5
420
0.24
560
1260
4023
1018*1
44 1 A
030
1040
4440
140
\4042
1340
4140* \ 8 6 4 0
m A*\A(\
1041
3140
60
80
100
120
140
160
True stress at 0.2 true strain (a0 2), ksi
180
350
2450
300
2100
250
1750
200
1400
150
1050 co
100
700
350
0.4
0.6
Strain, %
0.8
250
1750
200
1400
150
1050
100
700
50
350
0.2
0.4
0.6
Strain, %
0.8
1 0
1.0
o5
80
575 F (I502 C) N
75 0 F (391) C k
60
560
" 7 0 F (21 C)
40
10510 F (566i 8 C)
280 co
<o
CO
CO
Source: J.E. Bynum, F.V. Ellis, and B.W. Roberts, Tensile and Creep
Properties for an Annealed Versus Normalized and Tempered 2K-lMo
Steel Plate, Chrome Moly Steel in 1976, The American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, 1976, p 5
12010 F (649lC)
20
140
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Strain, in./in.
0.06
0.07
80
0.08
560
575 F (3I02 C ) N
75(3 F (399
21 C)
cK)0 F (4;82 C)
60
40
CO
420
1(350 F (5 66 C)
280
140
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Strain, in./in.
0.06
0.07
12!00 F (6^19 C)
20
0.08
AS.005 4130 chromium-molybdenum alloy steel sheet, tensile stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Families of curves for different heat treatments. Left, 857 C
(1575 F), oil quenched and tempered 538 C (1000 F); nominal strength = 1034 MPa (150 ksi). Center, 857 C (1575 F), oil
quenched and tempered 443 C (830 F); nominal strength = 1241 MPa (180 ksi). Right, 857 C (1575 F), oil quenched and
tempered 399 C (750 F); nominal strength = 1379 MPa (200 ksi). Specimens were held at temperature for 0.5-100 h.
Composition: Fe-0.3C-0.95Cr-0.2Mo. UNS G41300
Source: J.V. Melonas and J.R. Kattus, "Determination of Tensile, Compressive, Bearing, and Shear Properties of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet Metals
at Elevated Temperatures," WADC TR56-340, ASTIA Document No. AD 131 069, Southern Research Institute, Sept 1957. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1201, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 29
AS.006 4130 chromium-molybdenum alloy steel sheet, compressive stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Families of curves for different heat treatments. Left, 857
C (1575 F), oil quenched and tempered 538 C (1000 F); nominal strength = 1034 MPa (150 ksi). Center, 857 C (1575 F),
oil quenched and tempered 443 C (830 F); nominal strength = 1241 MPa (180 ksi). Right, 857 C (1575 F), oil quenched and
tempered 399 C (750 F); nominal strength = 1379 MPa (200 ksi). Specimens were held at temperature for 0.5-100 h.
Composition: Fe-0.3C-0.95Cr-0.2Mo. UNS G41300
Source: J.V. Melonas and J.R. Kattus, "Determination of Tensile, Compressive, Bearing, and Shear Properties of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet
Metals at Elevated Temperatures,-" WADC TR56-340, ASTIA Document No. AD 131 069, Southern Research Institute, Sept 1957. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1201, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 33
75 F (:24 C)
1050
150
0.5 h
150
1050
<
150
:
200 F (93 C)
1050
^ 100 h
(0_
Q
"to
"No^h
8
150
<D
55
1050 w
1050 55
400 F (204 C)
150
X 10Oh
150
150
0.5 h
1050
600 F (316 C)
1050
100 h
t
25
*
t
175
*
0.05
Strain, in./in.
75 F (:24 C)
175
1225
\\
150
1050
200 F (?3 C)
/
175
1225
100 h \
CO
Q
_
400 F (204 C)
S
200
<D
175
1400 eg
1225
100 h
600 F I316 C)
175
1225
y ^
150
t
25
4
0.5
100 h
\ .
1050
>
:
0.05Strain, in./in.
\
It
175
10
10
15
20
25
30
15
20
25
30
<b)
35
240
220
245
1540
75 F= (24 C)
900 F f93 C1
200
280
1680
1400
"N
1260
180
160
<o
cnr C /-J-1R
IV
^\
800 F (427'C)
140
1120
4 0 C ) F (204 C)
980 co
Q_
i 120
CO
840 g
2?
900 F (482 C)
700
100
10C)0 F (531BC)
55
560
80
420
60
280
40
140
20
10
(c)
15
20
25
30
35
40
AS.009 4130 chromium-molybdenum alloy steel sheet, compressive tangent modulus curves at room and
elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Families of curves for different heat treatments, (a) 857 C
(1575 F), oil quenched and tempered 538 C (1000 F); nominal strength = 1034 MPa (150 ksi). (b) 857 C (1575 F), oil
quenched and tempered 443 C (830 F); nominal strength =1241 MPa (180 ksi). (c) 857 C (1575 F), oil quenched and
tempered 399 C (750 F); nominal strength = 1379 MPa (200 ksi). Specimens were held at temperature for 0.5-100 h.
Composition: Fe-0.3C-0.95Cr-0.2Mo. UNS G41300
Source: J.V. Melonas and J.R. Kattus, "Determination of Tensile, Compressive, Bearing, and Shear Properties of Feirous and Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet
Metals at Elevated Temperatures," WADC TR56-340, ASTIA Document No. AD 131 069, Southern Research Institute, Sept 1957. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1201, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 44
700
100
600 F- (316 C
40 0 F (20^
80
560
)0 F (42 7 C)
60
40
h
I
20
20
40
60
420
100C F (538 C)
80
100
Strain, 0.0001 in./in.
120
280
140
120
140
160
840
700
1
100
fs
Iff
h
80
60
40
20
3^-
560
Q.
2
420
o
35
280
140
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
Source: RJ. Favor, W.P. Archbach, and W.S. Hyler, "Material-PropertyDesign Criteria for Metals, Part 7, The Conventional Short-Time
Elevated Temperature Properties of Selected Low-and-Medium-Alloy
Steels," WADC TR 55-150, Part 7, AD 142064, Oct 1957. As published
in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 1, CINDAS/Purdue University,
1994, p 34
2100
1750
1400
2
s
1050
J
2
700
2100
1400
*
1050 |
JJ
350
Source: P.N. Thielen, M.F. Fine, and R.A. Fournelle, Cyclic Stress
Strain Relations and Strain-Controlled Fatigue of 4140 Steel, Acta
Metall., Vol 24 (No. 1), Jan 1976, p 1-10. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1203, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 18
1750
700
1750
250
MC
MT
200
1400
CC
T
1050 S.
150
/
1
1
/s
100
""
**
700
350
50
True strain, %
1050
MC
CT, CC
875
**
**
700
1
s
1
/
1 /
J1 / /
0.
2
525
1/
350
175
2
3
True strain, %
10
20
30
Reduction in height, %
40
50
60
70
1260
&
1120
980
840
700 <d
Source: J.D. Crawford, R.G. Dunn, and J.H. Humphrey, The Influence
of Alloying Elements on the Cold Deformation of Steel, Source Book on
Cold Forming, American Society for Metals, 1975, p 142
560
ASpe icimen A
O Spescimen B
420
0.2
0.4
0.6
True strain
0.8
1.0
1.2
280
^
wjo
w
AS.019 4330, 4340, 4350 nickel-chromiummolybdenum alloy steel hot-rolled plate, tensile
engineering stress-strain curves
Test direction: long transverse. Specimen size = 6.25 mm
diam x 38 mm long, austenitized in salt bath at 936 C,
20 min, oil quenched. Tested as-quenched with Instron
machine with crosshead velocity of 8.5 mm/s, which
corresponds to strain rate of 0.0033/s
Source: M. Saeglitz and G. Krauss, Deformation, Fracture, and
Mechanical Properties of Low-Temperature-Tempered Martensite
in SAE 43xx Steels, Me tall. Mater. Trans., Vol 28A (No. 2),
Feb 1997, p 382
AS.020 4330, 4340, 4350 nickel-chromiummolybdenum alloy steel hot-rolled plate, tensile
engineering stress-strain curves
2500
. 4350
2000
Q_
2
, 1500
^ ^ 4 3 3 0
1 1000
500
10
Engineering strain, %
15
20
AS.021 4330, 4340, 4350 nickel-chromiummolybdenum alloy steel hot-rolled plate, tensile
engineering stress-strain curves
2500
2000
\
4350
4340
1500
^ \ 4 3 3 0
1000
500
10
Engineering strain, %
15
20
AS.022 4330, 4340, 4350 nickel-chromiummolybdenum alloy steel hot-rolled plate, tensile
engineering stress-strain curves
Test direction: long transverse. Specimen size = 6.25 mm
diam x 38 mm long, austenitized in salt bath at 936 C,
20 min, oil quenched, tempered 10 h in 200 C oil bath.
Tested with Instron machine with crosshead velocity of
8.5 mm/s, which corresponds to strain rate of 0.0033/s
Source: M. Saeglitz and G. Krauss, Deformation, Fracture and
Mechanical Properties of Low-Temperature-Tempered Martensite
in SAE 43xx Steels, Metall. Mater. Trans., Vol 28A (No. 2),
Feb 1997, p 379
240
200
160
8 120
2>
to
80
40
1680
1400
1120
5
840
is
CO
560
280
8
12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
16
20
Strain, %
250
200
150
2100
300
1750
\v
1400
Iff
a*
w
n*
h
If'1
Hi
1050 g
J
/
/
/
100
700
50
350
10
Strain,c
1750
250
200
150
1400
1050
Q.
2
100
700
50
350
6
Strain, %
10
250
1750
200
1400
150
1050
100
700
<D
W
350
6
Strain, %
360
2520
320
2240
280
1960
Z ^ - 1 0 8 1 'F (-78 C)
240
* * Koom temperature
200
1680
1400 S=
1120
120
840
80
560
40
280
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
200
1400
200-ksi lievel
180-ksi l(evel
1050
150
100
50
700 g
350
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
12
10
2100
1750
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.5 h exposure. RambergOsgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 7.0,
n(-110 F) = 8.2, n(-312 F) = 8.9. Composition: Fe0.4C-1.8Ni-0.8Cr-0.25Mo. UNS G43400
- 3 12 F ( - 1 9 1
-110
F ( - 7 9
C)
^=toom t(jmperature
1400
Q.
1050
co
I
CO
700
350
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
10
15
20
25
30
840 co
1050
If
840
2 N
630
420
210
0.04
0.08
0.12
Strain, in./in.
0.16
0.20
0.24
1680
1400
Room temperature
400 F (204 <
1120
^ ^ 6 0 0
F (316 C)
&
560
100(D F (538 C)
280
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
Source: P.J. Hughes, J.E. Inge, and S.B. Prosser, "Tensile and
Compressive Stress-Strain Properties of Some High Strength Sheet
Alloys at Elevated Temperatures," NACA TN 3315, 1954. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1206,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 32
840
700
- 5 0 0 F (260 C)
8 5 0 F (454 C)
560
//
100() F (538 C)
-b
03
280
140
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in ./in.
10
12
1540
1400
690 F (366 C)
1260
-
840 F (449 C)
1120
990 F (532 CV
980
a
840
1170 F (632 C)
700 2;
CO
560
U_
oo
Normali:zed 1600
C)
420
280
140
0.2
0.4
).6
0.8
Strain, %
1.0
1.2
1.4
f/
//
b
/
//
0.2
0.4
1120
980
1000 F (538 C)I
840
1190 F (643 C)
700
Q.
2
560
Normali zed 160CI F (871 C)
420
280
140
0.6
0.8
Strain, %
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
160
1120
140
980
120
. -"J- '
100
840
700
CD
'55
i
CD
80
CO
//
/
560 cc
oo-
60
40
20
(a)
420
280
140
Strain x 0.001
10
12
14
1400
20( i ksi (1379 MPa) level
1050
150 ksi (1034 MPa] level
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H,
125 ksi (8<>2 MPa) levsi
D e c 1998, p 2 - 3 0
Q_
700 g
0)
Normalized
350
35
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
175
210
1400
1050
coco
CO
- ^ N o r m a ilized
350
10
15
20
25
30
D e c 1998, p 2-31
1260
Il
Rooni temperature
1120
600 F (316 C)
980
400 F (204 C)
840
800 F (427 C)
700 2=
560
1()00 F (538 C)
420
280
140
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0.1
0.2
0.3
True strain
0.5
0.4
0.6
2500
B
^
A1
2000
<D
I? 1000
500
0.2
0.4
0.6
True strain, %
0.8
1.0
1600
1400
-
1200
3
Q.
2
< 4
1000
800
600
400
200
0.05
0.10
0.15
True strain
0.20
0.25
0.30
80
1 0 0 h
200 h 300 h
60
560
420
co
Q.
2
280 g
40
CD
(fi
55
20
140
(a)
12
80
560
60
420
100 h
40
CO
Q.
2
to
SB
55
200 h
r-"
S*
280 to
20
140
(b)
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
12
200
1400
Room terniperature
1120
160
600 F (3116 C)
120
840
//
80
560
55
1000 F (5I38 C)
40
AV'
280
12
10
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
240
Rc10m tempercature
1680
1400
200
""400 F (204 C)
_
600 F (316 C) 1120
160
-^"800
% 120
(427 C)
840
<D
GO
80
40
280
10
12
Source: PJ. Hughes, J.E. Inge, and S.B. Prosser, "Tensile and
Compressive Stress-Strain Properties of Some High-Strength Sheet
Alloys at Elevated Temperatures," NACA TN 3315, Nov 1954. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1214,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 8
AS.055 HY-TUF nickel alloy steel tube, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Tube diameter = 53.975 mm (2.125 in.). Hollow section
with a diameter-to-thickness ratio of 5 to 40. Ultimate
tensile strength of 1496-1703 MPa (217-247 ksi). Data
based on 30 tests. UNS K32550
Source: "Stress-Strain Curves for High-Strength Alloy Steel" Rep.
No. 732, The Cleveland Pneumatic Tool Co., 25 Feb 1955. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1214,
CINDAS/US AF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 4
Strain
100
700
560
420
280 c
140
350
45
\v
\ \
\\
1 Irl
Uu
X.
N
I
1:1
X.
30
*
%*
8:1
2 :1
*N ,
LLI
4 :1
4
5
Effective strain
15
Strain rate = 6.5/s. Tested at 700 C (1290 F). Stressstrain curves for solid torsion specimens of 3.3% Si steel
showing effect of gage length to diameter ratio (Lid) on
flow stress at high strain rates when adiabatic heating
occurs. The flow curves are in terms of von Mises
effective stress-strain (a - ), defined by a = V3t,
and = r / V 3 where T - T is the shear-stress/shearstrain curve obtained in torsion testing. In both solid bars
and tubular specimens, the gage length-to-diameter ratio
may have a marked effect on the actual specimen
temperature during moderate-speed T = IQr2 to 10 s_1
torsion tests because of the effects of heat conduction.
Because of this, flow curves derived from data obtained
at these rates tend to show a dependence on the length-todiameter ratio (Lid). Flow curves for large Lid specimens
tend to fall below those for small Lid ratios, in which
most of the deformation heat is dissipated into the
shoulders. Interpretation of fracture strain data from such
tests should take into account not only the nominal
(initial) test temperature, but also the temperature history
during the test.
Source: H.A. Kuhn, Shear, Torsion, and Multiaxial Testing, Mechanical
Testing and Evaluation, Vol 8, ASM Handbook, ASM International,
2000, p 191
980
^ 0.2% offset
120
100
840
K
I
TB
^N.
80
60
i
i
700
560 ,
\
r-^5
6
401
280
201
140
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
Strain, in./in.
0.25
0.30
0.35
//
420
385
//
//
/
Yield strength
at 0.2% offset
315
280
245 to
CL
f 0.2% offsi9t
/
/
/
/
/
350
210
eg
175
CO
//
/
140
105
70
/
/
35
3
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
560
420
S.
s
280 w"
140
27
840
700
560
m
Q.
jg
280
140
2$
840
A514
700
A537
560
Q.
420 co
A572
280
A36
140
10
15
20
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
25
30
35
HS.011 T-1 (ASTM A517, grades B, F, H) highstrength structural steel pressure-vessel plate, typical
compressive stress-strain curve
Compressive yield strength = 876 MPa (127 ksi);
modulus of elasticity in compression = 208 GPa (30.2 x
106 psi). Composition: varies with grade. UNS K11630,
K11576, K11646
Source: DJ. Carney, U.S. Steel Corp., personal communication with
W.J. Brown, 27 Jan 1972. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1103, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 8
160
i20
224
1120
840
80
560
40
280
16
24
HS.012 T-1 (ASTM A517, grades B, F, H) highstrength structural steel pressure-vessel plate, typical
compressive tangent modulus curve
Compressive yield strength = 876 MPa (127 ksi);
modulus of elasticity in compression = 208 GPa (30.2 x
106 psi). Composition: varies with grade. UNS K11630,
K11576, K11646
Source: D.J. Carney, U.S. Steel Corp., personal communication with
W.J. Brown, 27 Jan 1972. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1103, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 12
32
2100
1750
X,
S.s
N\
1400
1050 co"
700
350
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Strain, in./in.
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
350
2450
300
2100
250
1750
v s
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H,
Longitudinal
200
1400
55
150
1050 co
100
700
50
350
D e c 1998, p 2-115
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Strain. in./in.
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
10
15
20
25
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
30
D e c 1998, p 2-111
35
175
4 5
2100
1750
1400
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H,
D e c 1998, p 2 - 1 1 4
700
350
25
15
20
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
10
30
D e c 1978
Nominal strain, %
45
40
25
20
400
500
600
700
800
f/
-2.5
-2.2
-1.9
-1.6
-1.3
-1.0
300
2100
280
1960
MC^.
260
1820
1680
240
CC^-
to
CL
8 220
200
180
1540
CT
1400
1260
1120
160
140
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Plastic strain, %
0.5
0.6
980
0.7
co
D e c 1998, p 2-101
10
15
20
25
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
30
D e c 1998, p 2 - 1 0 2
2450
350
300
^
-
250
-100 F (-73 C)
II
^ R oom temperature
I
1I
' 30CI F (149
^ - 6 0 0 F (316 C)
^
800 'F (427 C)'
200
2100
1750
1400 ^
.. 1000 F (I538 C)
150
100
700
50
350
12
16
Strain. 0.001 in./in.
20
24
300
2100
250
1750
200
1400
150
1050
100
700
350
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.12
10
15
20
25
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
30
320
2240
-1C10 F (-7:3 C)
280
240
200
160
120
1960
Room temperature^
f
A
pA
^149 C)
1680
"TSOCTF (316 C)
800 F (427 C)
1400
il)00 F (5:38 C)
1120 ot
co
w
840
80
560
40
280
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
12
14
16
320
2240
Rioom temperature
280
1960
300 F (149 C)
240
200
160
Source: A.F. Hoenie, JA. Lumm, R.J. Shelton, and R.A. Wallace,
"Determination of Mechanical Property Design Values for 18Ni-Co-Mo
250 and 300 Grade Maraging Steels," AFML-TR-65-197, July 1965,
p 65. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1,
Code 1225, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
University, 1995, p 27
(t
1680
600 F (316 C)
800 F (427 C)
1400
1000Fi(538 C)
(0
2
1120 ri
(0
V)
120
840
80
560
40
280
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
12
14
16
2240
-321 F
( - 1196 C)
1960
-422i F (-253
1680
-108 F H'8
X ^ o O F (27 C)
1400
(Q
Q_
1120
CO-
OT
840
560
280
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
200
1400
~ A
B
160
1120
120
840
80
40
Q.
560
280
10
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
1400
Room teiimperature
500 F (2
1225
700 Fr (371 CK
1050
'
900 F (482 C)
875
(0L
C
700
525
350
175
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
D e c 1998, p 2 - 7 9
10
15
20
25
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
30
D e c 1998, p 2 - 7 9
_0
28
196
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8
12
16
20
24
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
28
32
2100
-110 F (-79 X )
, 7 0 F (21 C)
300 F (149 *C)
/
500 F (26Cl
1750
1400
<0
CL
1050
eg
CO
700
350
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
Strain, in./in.
-110 F (-79 C)
70 F (21 C)
2100
1750
1400
/ 3 0 0 c F (149 ( C)
-H
500 F (26C
5Ss<
Q_
1050
700
350
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Strain, in./in.
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
2100
1750
>70F(21 X )
x J , 3 0 0 F ( 1 4 9 C)
D e c 1998, p 2 - 9 0
1400
500 F (260 C)
1050
700
350
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Strain, in./in.
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
2100
1750
Longitu-dinal
Longitudinal ^y
f
1400
3h(art transv'erse
1050
700
350
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
12
14
16
D e c 1998, p 2-107
28
300
250
196
22-
I100
1750
Longituidina^^
200
1400
/
Short transverse
1050 w
150
CO
100
50
700
350
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
J
8
12
I
16
12
14
16
24
28
32
L_
20
1750
250
Room temperature
1400
200
250 F (15>1 C)
//
150
100
50
1050
Q_
5
700
//
350
6
8
Strain, 0.001 inTin.
10
12
[U-
*1
IV
J'
Strain
100
2
75
1V
50~
//
/j
2V
25
0.1
0.2
0.3
Strain
0.4
0.5
0.6
1500
80%^-
TRIP steels can be used as strain sensors, (a) Roomtemperature stress-strain curves for specimens as wrought
(0%), 20, 40, 60, and 80% reduction at 450 C warm
rolling. The magnetic properties of the material change
irreversibly as austenite to martensite transformation
occurs, (b) As the magnetic susceptibility changes
dramatically, an accurate history of the peak strain can be
derived from the Hall effect voltages shown on lower
curves. Composition: Fe-8.4Cr-8.4Ni-2.1Mn-0.26C
40%
Seo%
1000
'20%
0%
500
0.05
0.10
(a)
0.15
Strain, m/m
0.20
0.25
0.30
3.6
80%
3.0
60%
40%
2.4
0.6
. 20%
'
^0%
1.6
1.2
//
JJ
0
0.05
(b)
0.10
0.15
Strain, m/m
0.20
0.25
0.30
1200
1000
3^^
800
Q.
6 600
400
200
0.05
0.10
0.20
0.15
0.25
0.30
True strain
Temperature, C
1050
160
967
883
800
717
633
550
140
120
A
100
80
60
40
20
0.05
0.10
0.15
True strain
0.20
0.25
0.30
1050
967
883
Temperature, C
800
717
633
550
High-Strength
Steel (HS)/161
1225
1050
875
700 <o
Oi
525
350
175
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
^LT
f / S
//
/
/
*
'
2
3
Strain x 0.001
SS.003 201, 301, 434 stainless steel sheet, stressstrain curves used in case study
1400
1260
201
f
1120
980
840
m,
700
X
'
0.2
0.4
!
i
i
i
1
1
i
ij
i
i
i
i
i
i
I
(0
Q.
COCA
55
560
420
280
140
0.6
0.8
Strain, in./in.
(2 in. gage)
1.0
1.2
1.4
High-Strength
300
I I I
I I I
I I I
- 3 2 3 F (-197 C)
200
2100
1400
- 4 2 3 F (-253
100
700
- 1 0 8 F ( - 78 C ) /
to 80
-fc
C
O
Steel (HS)/163
560 '
60
40
'T (27 C)
///^
30
'//
20
420 '
280
210
i l l
10
i i i
10
i
0.1
i i i
140
Strain, in./in.
Lonejjitudinal
/
560
490
420
jt^
//
/ / Trans verse
ftft
350
co
Q_
280 ccoo210
140
70
2
3
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
80
70
560
SS.007 21-6-9 annealed stainless steel sheet, stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
490
420
>om tempersature
60
350
50
4 0 0 ' 'F (204 C)
40
280 g
fi
700 F (371 X )
900 F' (482 C)
ao
30
210
20
140
10
70
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
Room temperatiLire
12
490
60
420
50
350
400 F (204 C)
280 .
-55 40
700 F; (371 C)
900 l- (482 C)
30
210
20
140
10
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
SS.008 21-6-9 annealed stainless steel sheet, stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Test direction: transverse. Composition: Fe-20.25Cr9Mn-6.5Ni-0.28N. UNS S21900
Source: O. Deel, P. Ruff, and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New
Aerospace Structural Materials," AFML TR-73-114, AD:762305,
Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, OH, June 1973. As
published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1994, p 50
High-Strength
250
1750
1575
X - 4 5 2 F (-265) C )
225
- X - 3 2 0 F (-196 c
>
200
Steel (HS)/165
1400
1225
1050
CO
0875 toco
<L)
Room ternperature
>
CO
700
525
350
175
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.5
0.7
Strain
1750
Uncha rged
Hj cha rged
^ - 3 2 1 F ( - 1 96 C)
1400
- 1 0 7 c'F (-77 C)
A
/ /
//
tf
/ X
1050
Roorrl temp*mature
u
/ /
700
350
10
20
30
40
50
60
Strain, %
70
80
90
100
-b
co
SS.011 301 stainless steel sheet and strip, stressstrain curves at different tempers
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Curves:
LT, longitudinal tensile; LC, longitudinal compressive;
TT, transverse tensile; TC: transverse compressive.
Composition: Fe-18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
S.
|
High-Strength
1400
Room temp)erature
1120
840
4 00 F (204 C
600 F (31
} F (427 C)
^ - ^ 1 0 0 0 I F (538 C)
560
1200 F (649 C)
280
0
I
I1
Rioom temperatiL i r e ^ ^
400 F (204 C)
-- 1400
1120
CO
600 F (3
1 F (427 C)
840
^-^"Tooo 1 F (538 C)
560
120C) F (649 C)
280
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Steel (HS)/167
280
1960
Room temperatijre /
1/2 h
1680
240
200
160
w
co
1400
1120
//
CO
g>
120
80
600 F
(316 C)
10-1000 h
840 w
1/2 h
Ih
""
560
100 \
538 C)
40
1000 F (
280
12
16
280
1960
-A 20 F (-251 C)
1680
240
J ^ -32!0 F (-196 C)
200
160
/ j r -110 F(--79 C)
s i r ' Roomtemiperature
^ 120
1400
1120
840 w
80
560
40
280
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
12
16
High-Strength
Steel (HS)/169
SS.017 301 stainless steel sheet compressive stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
(a) Full hard sheet. Top: longitudinal; bottom: transverse, (b) Full hard sheet, stress relief 427 C (800 F), 8 h. Top: longitudinal;
bottom: transverse. Curve 1, room temperature; curve 2, 204 C (400 F); curve 3, 316 C (600 F); curve 4, 427 C (800 F);
curve 5, 538 C (1000 F). Composition: Fe-18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
Source: "High Strength Cold Rolled Stainless Steels," Data Sheet, Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp., 1958. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1994, p 30
High-Strength
Steel (HS)/171
SS.018 301 stainless steel sheet, compressive stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
(a) Extra hard sheet. Top: longitudinal; bottom: transverse, (b) Extra hard sheet, stress relief 399 C (750 F), 8 h.
Top: longitudinal; bottom: transverse. Curve 1, room temperature; curve 2, 204 C (400 F); curve 3, 316 C (600 F); curve 4,
427 C (800 F); curve 5, 538 C (1000 F). Composition: Fe-18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
Source: "High Strength Cold Rolled Stainless Steels," Data Sheet, Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp., 1958. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1994, p 30
8()0 F (427 i
160
jA
120
-fa
CO
80
40
SS.020 301 stainless steel sheet, elevatedtemperature tensile stress-strain curves with
different stress-relief annealing
1400
200
/
/
800 F (42 7
0 ) /
</
1120
840
10 F (482 -)
/ 9 0 0 F (482 C)
<D
560
280
CO
High-Strength
Steel (HS)/173
980
TT
LT
840
700
560 S.
8
420 w
280
140
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
1400
1120
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H,
Lone itudinal
ing transverse
D e c 1998, p 2 - 2 2 4
840
560
280
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
35
10
175
12
21
Q
1400
1120
/ Long tramsversev
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H,
840
CL
560
A
r
^ Lone itudinal
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
20
25
280
12
I
10
15
30
CO
D e c 1998, p 2 - 2 2 4
High-Strength
Steel (HS)/175
1050
840
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H,
Lorlgitudinal
D e c 1998, p 2-221
Long trarisverse
630
420
55
210
35
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
175
12
\
\
210
1050
840
Lone 1 transverse
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H,
630
Q.
2
420
^ Longitud inaK
J
5
10
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
I
15
210
10
12
25
30
L
20
55
D e c 1998, p 2-221
1750
1400
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H,
D e c 1998, p 2-225
1050
Long tr<ansverse
/ s
o r
igitudinai
700
Q)
55
350
35
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./m.
10
12
175
10
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
15
20
25
30
D e c 1998, p 2-225
High-Strength
Steel (HS)/177
SS.029 301 annealed stainless steel sheet, stressstrain curves at various temperatures
Test direction: transverse. Sheet thickness = 0.508 mm
(0.020 in.). Specimen size = 5.08 x 30.48 mm (0.20 x
1.20 in.). Strain rate = 0.062/min. Annealed 600 C
(1112 F), 30 min, grain size = 34 \im. Composition: Fe18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
Source: A. Rosen, R. Jago, and T. Kjer, Tensile Properties of Metastable
Stainless Steels, J. Mater. Sci., Vol 7, 1972, p 870-876. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1301, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 29
Strain, %
350
50
40
400 F (:204 C)
280
210
6CKr F (316 C)
800 F (427 C)
30
Q.
<d
20
140
10
70
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
55
1750
1400
Roo m temperatiure ^ ^ ^
400 F (2CV
1050
600 F [316 C k
F (427 C)
700
^ 1 0 0 ( ) F (538 C )
350
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
CL
2
High-Strength
35
175
210
1750
1400
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H,
1050
y ROC>m temperat;ure x
\
0 F (204 (? ) v \
X ^ / y 60io F (316
700
Steel (HS)/179
D e c 1998, p 2 - 2 3 0
tn
350
)0 F (427
X
1 0 ( DO F (538 cy
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
12
10
_J
10
15
20
25
30
10
15
20
25
30
35
D e c 1998, p 2 - 2 3 0
/
Stre ss at ma:<imum lo;ad
= 107 ksi (738 MPa)
,\
1400
^
1260
*V
1120
980
/1
840
<0
2co
Q_
700
560
420
1/7Or\ed strengt:h
*f =4!9 ksi (3313 MPa)
280
140
1/
11/
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Strain, in./in.
1.2
1.4
High-Strength
320
280
240
200
160
120
//
2240
1960
1680
Source: K.A Warren and R.P. Reed, Tensile and Impact Properties of
Selected Materials from 20 to 300K, Monograph 63, National Bureau of
Standards, 28 June 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1302, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 5
-4S>3 F (-253 C)
/ /
Steel (HS)/181
-320 F (--196 C)
1400
co
Q.
1120 g
^ -110 F- (-79 C)
80
560
40
280
-
0.2
0.4
0.6
Strain, in./in.
0.8
60
1.0
420
350
43C) F (221 C)
iri reactor pile
50
4 30 F (221 C )
clutside of reactor pile
40
280
30
Room temperature
210
COCO
20
140
10
70
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
490
0.26% N
420
N
350
280
a>
210 m
0.095% N
0.04% N
140
Source: B.N. Ferry and J.F. Eckel, The Effect of Nitrogen on AISI Type
304 Stainless Steel Proportional Limit and Work Hardening Rate at
302F, J. Mater., Vol 5 (No. 1), March 1970. As published in Structural
Alloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1994, p 63
70
0.1
0.2
Strain, %
0.3
0.4
1400
1120
840
560
280
0.2
0.3
Strain, in./in.
SS.040 304 stainless steel tube, compressive stressstrain curves at elevated temperatures
Strain rate = 0.01/s. Composition: Fe-19Cr-9.25Ni.
Dimensions in inset given in inches (1 in. = 25.4 mm).
UNS S30400
Source: M. Young et al., "Studies on the Warm Working Characteristics
of Alloys," AMMRC CTR 72-27, Army Materials and Mechanics
Research Center, Dec 1972, AD 758912. As published in Structural
Alloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1994, p 72
High-Strength
100
SS.041 304 stainless steel, general, full-range stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
700
Room teinperature
560
80
. 6 0 0 F (J16 C)
60
co
y / / /
0 0
Steel (HS)/183
2
S
F (427 C)
280
40
CO
400 F (204 C)
20
140
0.2
0.8
0.4
0.6
Strain, in./in.
1.0
60
420
50
350
Room tem[>erature
40
280
400 F (20-r c ) __
30
b
210
CO
CO
800 F (42,
20
140
10
70
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
12
tf
16
SS.043 304 annealed stainless steel bar, true stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
2800
7i0 F (2!1 C)
1400
700
a
CL
Source: J.B. Conway, "Evaluation of Plastic Fatigue Properties of HeatResistant Alloys," GEMP-740, General Electric Co., Dec 1969. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1303,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 13
/ 8 0 10 F (427 C)
/ 1 2 0 i0 Fr <64!9 C)
420 2
CO
280 ^
:
^ 1 5 0 0 F (81<6 C)
140
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.0
70
True strain
SS.044 304 annealed stainless steel bar, true stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Bar diameter = 6.35 mm (0.25 in.). Data were collected at constant axial true strain rates of 0.004 (open data points) and 0.00004
(solid data points). The curves for the higher strain rates are above the other curve at 650 and 816 C (1202 and 1580 F), while
the reverse is true for 430 C (806 F). Contrary to what is expected for true stress-strain curves, these have a maximum point.
This is believed to be due to the formation of internal voids that reduce the actual area under stress. For this reason the lines are
dashed as they approach the fracture point. Pmax is the point of maximum load. Composition: Fe-19Cr-9.25Ni. UNS S30400
Source: J.B. Conway, R.H. Stentz, and J.T. Berling, "Fatigue, Tensile, and Relaxation Behavior of Stainless Steels," Technical Information Center, USAEC,
1975, p 213
High-Strength
Steel (HS)/185
SS.045 304 annealed stainless steel bar, engineering stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Bar diameter = 6.35 mm (0.25 in.). Data were collected at constant axial true strain rates of 0.004 (open data points) and 0.00004
(solid data points). Same data was used as for the true stress-strain curve. The curves for the higher strain rates are above the
other curve at 650 and 816 C (1202 and 1580 F), while the reverse is true for 430 C (806 F). The strain rate effect is more
pronounced for the higher temperatures. The lines are dashed as they approach the fracture point. Composition: Fe-19Cr-9.25Ni.
UNS S30400
Source: J.B. Conway, R.H. Stentz, and J.T. Berling, "Fatigue, Tensile, and Relaxation Behavior of Stainless Steels," Technical Information Center, USAEC,
1975, p 216
I
I
iI
452 F (-269 <
3640
w - 3 2 0 F (-196 C)
3360
10 F ( -151 C)
3080
2800
CD
105 F (-
2520
2240
1960S
<n
Roorn temperature
16801
1400
1120
840
560
280
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
True strain
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
High-Strength
Steel (HS)/187
175
Elasti c
strain
10 4 h
140
10 5 h
105
!5
/ /
/ /
//
/
/
5x10 h
^
**
70
'
f
35
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Strain, %
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
(0
Q_
2
Source: "Isochronous Stress-Strain Curves for 2/4Cr-lMo, Type 304304H, and Type 316-316H Steels," TR 2012-Part 1, prepared for U.S.
Atomic Energy Commission, Contract No. AT(04-3)-781, Braun Project
4122-W, United Nuclear Project 2351, 16 Oct 1970. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1303, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 25
175
Elasti c
strain
id h
105
5 x 10 5 h
70
s
35
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Strain, %
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
175
25
Elastic
strain
140
15
105
10 4 h
o
00
70
10
1cFh
5 x 1C? h
35
/ y
0.5
20
Source: "Isochronous Stress-Strain Curves for 2/4Cr-lMo, Type 304304H, and Type 316-316H Steels," TR 2012-Part 1, prepared for U.S.
Atomic Energy Commission, Contract No. AT(04-3)-781, Braun Project
4122-W, United Nuclear Project 2351, 16 Oct 1970. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook., Vol 2, Code 1303, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 25
1(f h
h/ '
/
1.0
1.5
2.0
Strain, %
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
Source: "Isochronous Stress-Strain Curves for 2%Cr-lMo, Type 304304H, and Type 316-316H Steels," TR 2012-Part 1, prepared for U.S.
Atomic Energy Commission, Contract No. AT(04-3)-781, Braun Project
4122-W, United Nuclear Project 2351, 16 Oct 1970. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1303, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 25
189/Stainless
Steel (SS)
100
700
80
560
60
5
\
1
\ *\
420
CL
V4
2
6
40
//
20
8>
280
/
140
0
(b)
10
20
30
Strain, %
40
50
CO
120
840
100
700
-o
80
\j
560
420 W
$ 60
-b
rv^ Y
40
CO
n.
280
140
20
10"
10"'
0.1
1
Strain rate, s~
10
10
10
191/Stainless
Steel (SS)
SS.057 310 annealed stainless steel sheet, stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Sheet thickness = 1.575 mm (0.062 in.). Test conditions:
resistance heated at 93 C/s (200 F/s). Strain rate =
0.001/s. Composition: Fe-25Cr-20.5Ni. UNS S31000
Source: A.S. Rabensteine, "Mechanical Properties of 310, 316 and 317L
Stainless Steel Sheet Alloys at Elevated Temperatures," Contract
Number AF33(657)-8706, Project 281, The Marquardt Corp., Van Nuys,
CA, Dec 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 2, Code 1305, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 23
SS.058 310 stainless steel, typical stress-strain curves for uniaxial and biaxial stress at room and low temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Composition: Fe-25Cr-20.5Ni. UNS S31000
Source: S.W. McClaren and C.R. Foreman, "Cryogenic Design Data for Materials Subjected to Uniaxial and Multiaxial Stress Field," AFML-TR-65-140, May
1965. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1305, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 23
193/Stainless
315
280
RT
Lot 2 /
245
RT
Lot 1
210
CO
175 9=
1400
(/b0 C)
Lot 1 1
140
105
70
J-
(a)
1800 F (9132 C)
Lot 1
3
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Steel (SS)
35
&
Source: T.W. Gibbs and H.W. Wyatt, Short Time Properties of Type 316
Stainless Steel at Very High Temperatures, Paper No. 60-WA-l 1, Trans.
ASMEy J. Basic Eng., 1960. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
University, 1994, p 31
(0
<d>
SS.060 316 stainless steel bar, monotonic and cyclic stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Bar diameter = 15.875 mm (5/8 in.). Hot rolled, annealed 1066 C (1950 F), 1 h. Incremental steps: Solid line, annealed; dashed
line, aged 1000 h at test temperature. Constant amplitude continuous cycling: open circle, annealed; solid circle, aged at 538 C
(1000 F); solid diamond, aged at 649 C (1200 F). Strain rate for cyclic curves 1-5, 7-9 = 0.004/s; for curves 6 and 10, strain
rate = 0.00004/s. (a) 21 C (70 F). (b) 427 C (800 F). (c) 566 C (1050 F). (d) 649 C (1200 F). Composition: 17.30Cr13.30Ni-2.33Mo-1.72Mn-0.40Si-0.06C-0.012P-0.007S-0.065Cu-0.003Ti. Dimensions in schematic given in inches
(1 in. = 25.4 mm). UNS S31600
Source: D.A. Keller, "Progress on LMFBR Cladding, Structural and Component Material Studies During July 1971 through June 1972," BMI-1928, Final
Report, Task 32, Battelle Columbus, July 1972. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
University, 1994, p 32
195/Stainless
245
77' >F (25 C)
Steel (SS)
210
175
500 F (260 C)
1000 lF (538 C)
105 S
1400 F (760'5C)
1 i
1600 F (871 C)
-
/qqo
70
35
3
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
SS.062 316 wrought stainless steel bar, typical stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
350
.70 F (21 C)
Source: L.J. Fritz and W.P. Koster, "Tensile and Creep Rupture
Properties of (16) Uncoated and (2) Coated Engineering Alloys at
Elevated Temperatures," NASA Cr-135138, Metcut Research
Associates, Inc., Jan 1977. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook,
Vol 2, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
University, 1994, p 33
280
//
210
Q.
2
1100I F (593 C)
/s
/
I
I
//
rc)
r
1500 F (816>C)
1300 F(7&
140
**
/
a
iI
70
a>
w
420
k m
1 rO
5
350
Ri
280
ACdOD<
A CD
A
A
210 S
o
140
3
A
SS.063 316 annealed stainless steel bar, true stressstrain curves for irradiated and unirradiated samples
True axial strain rate = 4 x 10~5/s. Test temperature = 649
C (1200 F). Closed data points: unirradiated specimens
in duplicate tests. Open circles and squares: unirradiated
specimens. Open diamond: irradiated specimen 4 x 1018
n/cm2, E > 1 MeV at 70 C in the ORR core facility.
Composition: Fe-17.3Cr-13. lNi-2.33Mo-1.72Mn-0.4Sc0.065Cu-0.06C-0.012Al. UNS S31600
Source: J.B. Conway, J.T. Berling, and R.H. Stentz, "New Correlations
Involving the Low-Cycle Fatigue and Short-Term Tensile Behavior of
Irradiated and Unirradiated 304 and 316 Stainless Steel," GEMP 726,
General Electric Co., Dec 1969. N70-25351. As published in Structural
Alloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1994, p 34
o
70
o
o
o
0.05
0. 10
0.15
0.20
0.25
True strain
0.30
0.35
0.40
197/Stainless
Steel (SS)
> - 0
cTj
630
560
490
420
350
2=
2 8 0
<55
210
140
O
4 x10"5
1(3 1
Pa
torr)( vacuii m )
torr) ([air)
(3 x10"7
kP<3 ( 7 6 0
70
10
12
14
Strain x 0.01
16
18
20
22
24
<D
280
245
210
175
140 oi
105
3920
560
452 F (- 269 C)
480
400
430
2 240
160
J
/
//
>
3360
-320 F (-196
2800
240 F (--151 C)
)5 F (-7)6 C)
2240 :
1680
" ^ 7 5 Fr (24 C)
1120
560
80
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
True strain, in./in.
1.2
1.4
1.6
199/Stainless
Steel (SS)
SS.069 316 annealed stainless steel bar, true stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Bar diameter = 6.35 mm (0.25 in.). Data were collected at constant axial true strain rates of 0.004 (open data points) and 0.00004
(solid data points). The curves for the higher strain rates are above the other curve at 650 and 816 C (1202 and 1580 F), while
the reverse is true for 430 C (806 F). Contrary to what is expected for true stress-strain curves, these have a maximum point.
This is believed to be due to the formation of internal voids that reduce the actual area under stress. For this reason the lines are
dashed as they approach the fracture point. Pmax is the point of maximum load. Composition: Fe-18Cr-13Ni-Mo. UNS S31600
Source: J.B. Conway, R.H. Stentz, and J.T. Berling, "Fatigue, Tensile, and Relaxation Behavior of Stainless Steels," Technical Information Center, USAEC,
1975, p 214
SS.070 316 annealed stainless steel bar, engineering stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Bar diameter = 6.35 mm (0.25 in.). Data were collected at constant axial true strain rates of 0.004 (open data points) and 0.00004
(solid data points). Same data was used as for the true stress-strain curve. The curves for the higher strain rates are above the other
curve at 650 and 816 C (1202 and 1580 F), while the reverse is true for 430 C (806 F). The strain rate effect is more
pronounced for the higher temperatures. The lines are dashed as they approach the fracture point. Composition: Fe-18Cr-13Ni-Mo.
UNS S31600
Source: J.B. Conway, R.H. Stentz, and J.T. Berling, "Fatigue, Tensile, and Relaxation Behavior of Stainless Steels," Technical Information Center, USAEC,
1975, p 216
1680
1400
/ - 3 2 0 F: (-196 C)
1120
(-70 C)
CL
840
^
F (25 C)
560
280
10
20
30
40
True plastic strain, %
50
60
SS.071 316 annealed stainless steel sheet, true stressstrain curves at room and low temperatures
Sheet thickness = 0.762 mm (0.03 in.). Annealed 1049 C
(1920 F), 0.25 h, water quenched, grain size = 100 ^m,
gage section = 6.35 x 0.762 x 25.4 mm (0.25 x 0.03 x
1.0 in.), strain rate = 0.004/min. Composition: Fe-18Cr13Ni-Mo. UNS S31600
Source: V. Seetharaman and R. Krishnan, Influence of the Martensitic
Transformation on the Deformation Behavior of an AISI 316 Stainless
Steel at Low Temperatures, J. Mater. Sci., Vol 16 (No. 2), Feb 1981,
p 523-530. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 2, Code 1307, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 30
201/Stainless
Steel (SS)
- -
75 F (24 C)
1400 F (760 C)
1600 F (871 C)
1800 F (982 C)
700
560
10% cold work
5% cold w<ark
420
Q_
2
//
Anneialed
//
1
1
0.2
Strain, %
0.'
280
I
I
If
-H-
1/
&
140
I' ^
it
0.2
0.4
Strain, %
0.6
0.2
0.4
0.6
Strain, %
0.8
SS.075 316L stainless steel plate, true roomtemperature stress-strain curves showing effects
of grain size
60 kg (110 lb) laboratory heat containing 0.11% N,
annealed 999-1199 C (1830-2190 F), water quenched.
Strain rate = 0.06/min. Composition: Fe-18Cr-13Ni-Molow C. UNS S31603
Source: L.-A. Norstrom, Influence of Grain Size on Flow Stress in an
Austenitic Stainless Steel, Scand. J. Metall, Vol 6 (No. 4), 1977,
p 145-150. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 2, Code 1307, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 25
203/Stainless
350
50
)om tempersature
280
40
400 F
^
C)
600 F (316 C)
800 F (427 C)
1000 F (5J38 C)
30
210
Q.
2
g>
cn
20
140
10
70
Steel (SS)
&
3
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
490
70
- 4 2 3 F ( - 2 5 3 C ) >
60
420
^ 3 2 0 F (-1!96 C)
350
50
.5 40
70 F (21
30
210 55
20
140
10
70
10
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
280
I!
1960
J F (-253 0)
1680
240
200
5 160
120
20 F (-196; C)
j /
1400
1120 J5P
\ - 1 1 0 F (-79 C)
840 co
Room temperature
80
560
280
40
0.1
0.2
0.3
Strain, inTin.
0.4
0.5
0.6
205/Stainless
350
50
Room temperature
40
280
1 - 4 C10 F (204 C)
^ ^ T T
600 F (316 C)
f 800 F (427 C)
0C)0 F (538 C)
30
210
20
140
10
70
Steel (SS)
&
co
630
560
Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). Composition: Fe18Cr-12Ni-Nb (Nb stabilized). UNS S34700
423 F (-253
1
420
350
280
70 F (21 C)
210
140
70
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
(Q
<D
fi
280
210
140
70
1960
1680
1400
1120;
840
560
280
207/Stainless
700
Ro<am temperature
560
I
/ //
800
420
CD
Q
_
1400 F (204 C)
Steel (SS)
Source: Properties of AISI Type 347 and 348 Stainless Steel, Bettis
Plant Materials Manual, Westinghouse, May 1957. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1309,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
University, 1995, p 12
F(427X)\^
RO0 F (316 C)
280
140
0.2
0.4
Strain, in./in.
0.6
0.8
<o
<D
E
60
50
420
350
Sheet thickness = 1.60 mm (0.063 in.). Composition: Fe18Cr-12Ni-Nb (Nb stabilized). UNS S34700
>om temperatiire
280
40
(0
0-
^ x ^ l O O 0 F (538 C)
1
/2-1<DO h exposure
<D 30
CO
20
10
210
//
0)
CO
140
70
2
3
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
209/Stainless
Steel (SS)
SS.088 348 annealed stainless steel bar, true stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Bar diameter = 6.35 mm (0.25 in.). Data were collected at constant axial true strain rates of 0.004 (open data points) and 0.00004
(solid data points). The curves for the higher strain rates are above the other curve at 650 and 816 C (1202 and 1580 F), while
the reverse is true for 430 C (806 F). Contrary to what is expected for true stress-strain curves, these have a maximum point.
This is believed to be due to the formation of internal voids that reduce the actual area under stress. For this reason the lines are
dashed as they approach the fracture point. Pmax is the point of maximum load. Composition: Fe-18Cr-12Ni-Nb(Nb stabilized, Ta
and Co restricted). UNS S34800
Source: J.B. Conway, R.H. Stentz, and J.T. Berling, "Fatigue, Tensile, and Relaxation Behavior of Stainless Steels," Technical Information Center, USAEC,
1975, p 215
SS.089 348 annealed stainless steel bar, engineering stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Bar diameter = 6.35 mm (0.25 in.). Data were collected at constant axial true strain rates of 0.004 (open data points) and 0.00004
(solid data points). Same data was used as for the true stress-strain curve. The curves for the higher strain rates are above the
other curve at 650 and 816 C (1202 and 1580 F), while the reverse is true for 430 C (806 F). The strain rate effect is more
pronounced for the higher temperatures. The lines are dashed as they approach the fracture point. Composition: Fe-18Cr-12NiNb(Nb stabilized, Ta and Co restricted). UNS S34800
Source: J.B. Conway, R.H. Stentz, and J.T. Berling, "Fatigue, Tensile, and Relaxation Behavior of Stainless Steels," Technical Information Center, USAEC,
1975, p 217
300
250
2100
1750
1400
0.2 C
0.4 C
_ 0 . 3 C
200 f\X-
(0
o.
2
1050
w
150
S
O)
CO
100
700
50
350
10
20
Strain,c
30
40
211/Stainless
2100
300
K24 C
Steel (SS)
C
1750
Effect of different rolling temperatures is shown. Reduction in thickness = 80%. Composition: 9Cr-8Ni-lMn0.4C-bal Fe
200
1400
150
1 0 5 0 to"
100
700
50
350
250
- ^ 1 0 0 c
20
10
30
40
Strain, %
300
2100
250
1750
200
80%
r r
1400
<_o
Q
40%
150
1 0 5 0 toco
GO
-->20%
100
700
50
350
10
20
Strain, %
30
40
2100
300
80%
250
1750
*
60%
y 40%
200
1400
20%
CL
150
1 0 5 0 to
100
700
50
350
20
10
30
40
Strain, %
2100
300
Tempered
1750
250
\ Unteinpered
200
CD
150
00
//
1400
CL
1050
Y
100
700
50
350
10
20
Strain,
30
40
213/Stainless
y r 1
250
200 A
2100
300
Mn
^ 2 M n
Steel (SS)
1750
1400
Q.
150
1050
w
<D
GO
100
700
50
350
10
20
30
40
Strain, %
2100
300
1 Mn
250
2Mn
200
3 Mn
1750
1400
(0_
Q
150
1050 o
l
w
100
700
50
350
10
20
Strain, %
30
40
Ultimate tensile
oueiiyiu-^
840
770
700
630
//
/
y
//
//
?/
/
/
/
/
Prop*ortional
limit
560
490 co
Q.
420 w"
<
oo
350
280
210
140
70
3
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
55
215/Stainless
1400
200
1120
160
75 F (24 C)
1I
800 F (4 27 C)
840
120
Q.
2
1000 F ( 538 C)
CO
Steel (SS)
3
C
O
80
560
280
40
- 1 2 0 0 F (649 C)
280
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
12
10
14
1960
-320 F: (-196 C)
^ - 2 4 5 F (-154 C)
- 1 0 0 lF (-73 C)
240
800 F (427 C)
1680
co
Q.
2
^ ^ ^ Rooni temperature
200
160
1400
0.2
0.4
0.6
True strain, in./in.
0.8
1120
1.0
2450
/ 20 K
2100
^ 7 6 K
1750
1400 ^
Source: K.A. Warren and R.P. Reed, Tensile and Impact Properties of
Selected Materials from 20 to 300K, Monograph 63, National Bureau of
Standards, June 1963. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol
2, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 22
s i 95 K
1050 ft
R<3om temperati
700
350
0.20
0.16
0.08
0.12
Strain, in./in.
0.04
1400
1120
. Room terriperature
400 F (2104 C)
800 F (4:17 C)
V2-IOCHOh
840
CL
<D
11000 F (538r c )
CO
560
- V2-IO h
100-1000 h
280
y v
//
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
217/Stainless
200
SS.103 420 stainless steel sheet, compressive stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
1400
Room temperature
^ - 4 0 0 F (204 C)
^
600 F (316 C)
160
1120
800 F (427 C)
1/2-1C)00
120
840
o.
2
10()0 F (538 IC)
1
/4 h
10 h
'
80
// / /
/ X
560
100 h
1000 h
' V / / A*
40
Steel (SS)
280
A.
/ / '
10
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
12
200
1400
160
1120
R(Dom temperature
^ 400 F (204 C)
120
840
600 F (316 C)
72-1000
h ^ .
^ 0 0 F (427 C)
000 F (538 C)
80
560
^ 1 / 2 -100 h
M000 h
280
40
SS.105 422 stainless steel sheet, compressive stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.575 ram
(0.062 in.). Treatment: 1038 C (1900 F), 15 min, oil
quenched, 538 C (1000 F), 2 h. Composition: Fe-12Cr0.23C-lMo-lW-0.8Ni-0.25V. UNS S42200
Source: J.R. Kattus, J.B. Preston, and H.L. Lessley, "Determination of
Tensile, Compressive, Bearing and Shear Properties of Sheet Steels at
Elevated Temperatures," WADC TR 58-365, ASTIA Document No.
206075, Southern Research Institute, Nov 1958. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1403, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 12
SS.106 AFC-77 stainless steel sheet, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
875
(0
|
700 *
219/Stainless
70 F
(21 C)
1400
600 F >
(316 C)
800 F (427 C)
1225
and
T
1000 F (538 C),
1050
^ \
200
175
150
1 125
50
875
to 100
75
Jy
V
525
350
175
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
225
1575
- - 7 0 F (21 C)
^ ^ - 2 0 0 F (93 C)
200
1400
F (204 C)
^ ^ 6 0 0 |F (316 C)
175
1225
150
CO
<>
/
8>
(0
700 *
25
J2 125
SS.107 AFC-77 stainless steel sheet, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
1575
225
Steel (SS)
1050
875
w 100
700
75
525
50
350
25
175
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
275
250
^ ^ 6 0 0 F (316 C)
1750
1575
225
^ ^
800 F (427 C)
200
1400
1000 F (>38 C)
LandT
175
1225
1050 ^
150
<
o
<D
5)
1925
70 F (21 C)
LandT
875
125
100
700
75
525
50
350
25
175
10
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
1680
H 1000
10000
200
1 111
At
M
JO
U
\\ 950
1120
Source: P.W. Johnson, Jr., Armco Steel Corp., Baltimore, MD, personal
communication with C.I. Hickey, Jr., Feb 1973. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1510, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 15
Q_
840
120
CD
GO
1150
H 11 50-M
80
560
40
280
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
1400
H 1t00
160
12
240
12
co
221/Stainless
Steel (SS)
SS.111 13-8 PH Mo stainless steel bar, true stressstrain curves with effect of heat treatment
Test direction: transverse. Strain rate = 0.004/min. Heat
treatment: curve 1, 899 C (1650 F), 0.5 h; curve 2,
899 C (1650 F), 0.5 h, 599 C (1110 F), 4 h; curve 3,
899 C (1650 F), 0.5 h, 449 C (840 F), 4 h; curve 4,
899 C (1650 F), 0.5 h, 527 C (980 F), 4 h.
Composition: Fe-13Cr-8Ni-2Mo. UNS SI3800
Source: V. Seetharaman, M. Sundararaman, and R. Krisknan,
Precipitation Hardening in a PH 13-8Mo Stainless Steel, Mater. Sci.
Eng., Vol 47 (No. 1), Jan 1981, p 1-11. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1510, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 15
SS.112 13-8 PH Mo H1000 stainless steel bar, stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Bar diameter = 19.05 mm (0.75 in.). Aging treatment:
538 C (1000 F), 4 h, air cooled. Composition: Fe-13Cr8Ni-2Mo. UNS SI3800
Source: P.W. Johnson, Jr., Armco Steel Corp., Baltimore, MD, personal
communication with C.I. Hickey, Jr., Feb 1973. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1510, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 21
320
SS.113 13-8 PH Mo HI000 stainless steel bar, stressstrain curves at room and low temperatures
2240
_3>20 F (-196 C)
240
-ic)0 F (-73 C)
-150 ' F M 0 1 C)
Room temperatijre v
55
/ /
1680
F (-18 C)
co
Q.
/ /
160
1120 ccoo
Source: P.W. Johnson, Jr., Armco Steel Corp., Baltimore, MD, personal
communication with C.I. Hickey, Jr., Feb 1973. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1510, CINDAS/
CO
560
80
12
16
223/Stainless
1575
Room temf j e r a t u r e ^
1400
700 F (371 C)
1050
875
Steel (SS)
- ^ 9 0 0 F (482 C)
700 *
525
350
175
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
10
15
20
25
D e c 1998, p 2 - 1 5 7
30
1680
^
1540
\ N
\ s.
1400
X \
xX ^\
N^ V \ \
\
\
\ \s V
1260
\
> H950
980 cc
CL
11100
X
\
H'1050
840 to
700
560
420
280
140
0.02
0.04
0.06
Test direction: longitudinal. Based on one heat. Composition: Fe-13Cr-8Ni-2Mo. UNS S13800
Source: M1L-HDBK-5H,
1120
H1000
0.08
0.10
Strain, in./in.
0.12
0.14
0.16
0
0.18
D e c 1998, p 2-158
225/Stainless
Steel (SS)
200
1400
H925
H1025
160
1120
H1100
"
"H1150
120
840
to
2
CL
-H1150M
80
560
40
280
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
Test direction: long transverse. Bar thickness = 38.0139.7 mm (1.500-5.500 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameters: n(H1025) = 20, n(H1150) = 7.8. Composition: Fe-15Cr-5Ni-4Cu. UNS S15500
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H,
10
15
20
25
D e c 1998, p 2 - 1 6 9
30
Test direction: longitudinal. Bar thickness = 38.0142.24 mm (1.500-5.600 in.). 0.5 h exposure. RambergOsgood parameters:rc(roomtemperature) = 22, n(400 F)
= 18, n{700 F) = 12, (900 F) = 11. Composition: Fe15Cr-5Ni-4Cu. UNS S15500
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H,
10
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
15
20
25
30
D e c 1998, p 2-171
227/Stainless
35
175
210
1400
1120
840
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H,
D e c 1998, p 2 - 1 7 2
o.
2
Steel (SS)
560
<u
w
280
10
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
15
20
10
12
25
30
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.5 h exposure. RambergOsgood parameters: Ai(room temperature) = 8.5, n(400 F)
= 14, <700 F) = 12,rc(900F) = 10. Composition: Fe15Cr-5Ni-4Cu. UNS SI5500
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H,
10
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
15
20
25
D e c 1998, p 2 - 1 7 6
42
210
252
1400
1120
Compressive
Tensile
Q.
2
560
280
J
12
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
18
24
10
12
L_
30
36
SS.126 15-7 PH RH950 stainless steel sheet, stressstrain curves at room and low temperatures
Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Composition:
Fe-15Cr-7Ni-2.5Mo. UNS S15700
Source: L.P. Rice, J.E. Campbell, and W.F. Simmons, "The Evaluation
of the Effects of Very Low Temperatures on the Properties of Aircraft
and Missile Metals," WADD TR 60-254, Feb 1960, p 40. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1503, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 11
229/Stainless
200
1400
2 min
160
1 h ^ / / A1
/ / A
120
^AlOOh
h V
1000 h
i
/Jr\
1
W
1001
2 min
r
1000
<D
ay
80
h
nin
840
Q2
560
)h
000 h
280
40
/ 600 F
j (316 C)
/ 700 F
/ (371 C)
J 8 0 0 F
/ (427 C)
/ 9 0 0 F
/ (482 C)
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
1120
s 2 min
Steel (SS)
<D
55
RT^;
1680
1400
2 00 F (93 C)
400 F: (204 C) v
1120
600 F (31 6
800 F (427 (
CO
CL
"goC1 F (482
C)-8 4 0
CO
100Gl F (538 C)
560
280
10
(a)
1400
1120
c)\yO
0 F (427 C)
840
100 0 F (538 C)
560
280
10
(b)
tQ
/>)
GO
231/Stainless
300
RT
250
2100
1750
2i00 F (93 C
4 0 0 ' 'F (204 C)>
200
1400
600 F (316 C k
F (427 C)
ra
Q.
150
1050 g
to
to
> ^ 1 0 0 0 F (538 C)
100
700
50
350
(a)
12
10
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
300
2100
250
1750
RT
^ 2 0 0 F (93 C)
200
1400
400 F (204 C)
^ S 5 5 F (427 C)
1050 r
150
&
I
w
,- 1000 F (538 C)
j
100
700
50
350
10
(b)
Steel (SS)
12
(a)
(b)
233/Stainless
1750
250
Room tennperature
200
II
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.5 h exposure. RambergOsgood parameters: n{room temperature) = 8.3,
n(200 F) = 6.6, n(400 F) = 7.5, n(600 F) = 5.5,
n(800 F) = 4.7, n( 1000 F) = 6.6. Composition: Fe15Cr-7Ni-2.5Mo. UNS S15700
1400
200 F (93 C)
00 F (204
:
(316 C)
1050
150
800 F (427
Steel (SS)
Q_
2
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H,
D e c 1998, p 2-181
3
C
O
100
700
1000F (538 C)
350
50
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
1750
Room t(smperature
3 F (93 C)
400 F (2C
60!DF (316 C
1400
JK
6
F (427 C)
1050
700
350
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H,
Q_
2
1000 F (538 C)
12
D e c 1998, p 2-181
10
15
20
25
235/Stainless
1400
200
-^"TSOO
1120
H1150
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H,
120
840
80
560
40
SS.135 17-4 PH stainless steel bar, typical stressstrain curves for various heat treat conditions
Test direction: longitudinal. Bar thickness = 25.4-114.3
mm (1.000-4.500 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
(H900) = 11, (H1025) = 24, (H1150) = 13. Composition: Fe- 17Cr-4Ni-4Cu. UNS SI7400
H1025
160
Steel (SS)
D e c 1998, p 2 - 2 0 2
CO
280
10
12
200
35
H1025
175
210
1400
H1025
160
1120
H1150
H1150
120
840
80
560
40
280
10
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
15
20
10
12
25
30
D e c 1998, p 2 - 2 0 2
200
1400
75 F (24 C)
175
150
1050
F (371 C)
875
125
100
75
(0_
Q
900^1F (482 C)
Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials;' AFML-TR-72-196, Vol 1, Battelle
Columbus Laboratories, Sept 1972. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1501, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 11
700 eg
<D
35
525
50
w
350
25
175
4
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
1400
200
75 F (24
0)
1225
175
400 F (20^rc)
1050
150
700 F (37'I C)
875
125
CO
Q
_
100
700 g
CO
75
525
50
350
25
175
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
237/Stainless
200
1400
160
1120
120
840
Steel (SS)
D e c 1998, p 2-203
-fa
<0
80
560
40
280
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
10
15
20
25
30
D e c 1998, p 2-203
2240
3
>
1960
1680
#
1400
Q.
2
y
1120
/ /
is
/ /
CO
840
/>
560
1
^
280
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
239/Stainless
1960
fi/
1680
h </ >
s
frA
If'
M'
1400
1120
840
//
(a)
560
280
Longitudinal
Tr;ansverse
i
4
8
12 0
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
(b)
4
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
12
1960
/
//
//
b j
ji/
1680
>>
1400
//
h
h
//
/
(a)
Steel (SS)
//
i
Loingitudinal
Trcinsverse
I
4
8
12 0
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
(b)
1120
>
4
8
Strain, 0.001 in/in.
840
560
280
12
1680
240
200
1400
1120
160
120
840
<n
-7
80
560
280
40
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
241/Stainless
240
7 >F (24 C ) y ^ ^ ^ Compressive
yield sitrength
200
1680
1400
600 F (316 C)
160
1120
/
3 120
80
40
300 F (427 C)
840 co
'
/ / /
Steel (SS)
560
/ 1 0 0 ( ) F (538 C)
280
243/Stainless
1750
1400
Room tem|Derature
4-00 F (204
) F (93 C)
F (316 C)
800 F (427 C)
^900 F (4{J2C)
1050
Steel (SS)
D e c 1998, p 2 - 2 1 2
700
1000F (538 C)
350
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
D e c 1998, p 2 - 2 1 2
250
35
210
1750
Roomtemperature
y400
200 F (9C
200
175
F (;*04 C)
1400
^ . 6 0 0 I F (316 C
150
800 F (41
CD
0_
2
700
&
w
350
50
10
15
20
25
30
280
1960
240
1680
200
^
55
5
6
-S3 160
to
(aO
>
1400
_
1120
5
8
120
S>
840 55
9"
560
80
10
280
40
4
6
Strain, 0.001 In./in.
10
245/Stainless
Steel (SS)
247/Stainless
180
1260
160
1120
"20(11)
140
980
125 (69)
120
840
(0
700 e=
^ 100
CO
CO
<D
CO
0)
80
560 *
60
Steel (SS)
Source: A.C. Wilhelm and J.R. Kattus, "Determination of the Mechanical Properties of Aircraft Structural Materials at Very High Temperatures after Rapid Heating," Part 3, 'The Effects of Simultaneous
Heating and Loading on the Tensile Properties of Typical Structural
Alloys," WADC TR 57-647, Part 3, Nov 1960. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1502, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 22
420
280
40
140
2:20(122)
20
10
15
160
20
25
Strain, in./in.
30
35
40
1120
980
.^
120
400 (204)
ou
840
100
700
to
CL
50 0 (260)^
3 80
560 co
" ^ 6 0 0 (316)
CO
420
60
280
100 0 (538)
40
140
20
1200(649)
K . 2000 (1093)
^
I
1h
10
15
20
25
Strain, in./in.
30
35
40
Source: A.C. Wilhelm and J.R. Kattus, "Determination of the Mechanical Properties of Aircraft Structural Materials at Very High Temperatures after Rapid Heating," Part 3, "The Effects of Simultaneous
Heating and Loading on the Tensile Properties of Typical Structural
Alloys," WADC TR 57-647, Part 3, Nov 1960. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1502, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 22
249/Stainless
1120
2 m\v\/
/ l h
840
T^^IOOh
^1000 h
1 h
/
L
100 h
CO
I/
(a)
560 co
x^1000h
280
(b)
4
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
840
1 h
/ /
100h
^
,/lOOOh
0
(c)
(d)
4
8
Strain, 0.001 inVin.
2 min/
Steel (SS)
560
420
Q.
2
400 F (204 C)
600 F (316 C)800 F (427 C)
280
<D
to
1000 F (538 C)
y ^ t 1 2 0 0 F (649 C)
140
Strain x 0.001
200
1400
Room tempe r a t u r e ^ ^
400 F (20(4C)v
600F (316'
^ ^
1120
160
\0 F (371 C)
840
120
Q.
2
'F (427 C)
CO
560
80
40
280
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
CO
251/Stainless
200
1400
Room tcjmperature
400 F (204 C)v
160
1120
120
^ 700 e F (371 C)
y y '
840
r
300 F (427 C)
80
560
40
280
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
1680
1400
110 F (-79 C)
- 80 F (27 C)
650 fr (343 C)
1120
//
GL
5
840 T
560
280
0.04
Steel (SS)
0.08
Strain, %
0.12
0
0.16
240
1680
1400
1120
-1
10 F (-79 C)
80 F (27 C)
200
160
650 F (343 C)
S 120
0)
840 w
<0
CO
80
560
40
280
0.04
0.16
0.12
0.08
Strain, %
200
1400
Room 1temperature
- (204
160
120
1120
840
^ ^ 6 0 0 F (316 C)
\ 700 F (37;I C)
/ o 0 0 F (427 C)
80
560
40
280
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
253/Stainless
250
1750
200
1400
Room te mperature
^ ^ 4 0 0 ' F (204 C)
1050
1
Q_
F (316 C)
600 l
2
(427 C)
800 F
150
100
700
50
350
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
Steel (SS)
12
0.5 h exposure. SCT, subcooled and tempered. RambergOsgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 9.3, n(400
F) = 6.2, n(600 F) = 6.8, n(800 F) = 6.2. Composition:
Fe-17Cr-4Ni-3Mo. UNS S35000
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 2-122
10
15
20
25
30
-423 F (-253
1960
1680
1 F (-196 C)
1400
Source: R.L. McGee, J.E. Campbell, R.L. Carlson, and G.K. Manning,
"The Mechanical Properties of Certain Structural Metals at Very Low
Temperature," WADC-TR 58-386, June 1958. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1504, CINDAS/USAF
CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 12
F (-78 C)
Room temperature
840
560
280
10
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
1680
1400
Room temperature
1120
a.
^
n
600 l^ (316 C)
7 0 0 F (371
840 cCO
o
0)
CO
800 F (4;27 C)
560
280
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
255/Stainless
1400
\
/
/y
//
Y
1120
t /J
/ y
/ /
1 -10 h
//1 ~
100 h
11000 h
1000 h
v /
/ y/i
/ in /
Mllr1
//A/
/
-10 h
r / / 1C >0 h
r
A i o c f0 h
/ --
Shoittime
840
560
280
0
4
8
12 0
4
8
12 0
4
8
12
(a) Strain, 0.001 in./in. (b) Strain, 0.001 in./in. (c) Strain, 0.001 in./in.
</5
Steel (SS)
1680
1400
1
Room teinperature
F (204 C)
60"D F (316 C
A
A
800 F (427
1120
^
9 0 0 'F (482 C)
840
I
i
a>
ft
560
280
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
(a)
10
12
1680
Room ternperature
1400
800 F (427 C)
1120
'
840
^1000 F (538 C)
CO
Q
_
2
^ 9 0 0 F (482 C)
0)
560
7
0
(b)
280
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
257/Stainless
Steel (SS)
200 F |(93 C)
c)
r Xy
400 F (20
60 0 F (316 C
' x
800 F (427 C) y
2240
i
Room temperature ,
1960
J ?
1680
^ ^ 9 0 0 c 'F (482 C)
1400
(0_
Q
2
1120 coco
:
1000 F (538 C)
840
560
280
(a)
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
12
10
2240
Room temperature
1960
^
2001^(93-0) ,
400 F (2>04
1680
6iOO F (316'
\ / /
1400
A
m
(482 C)
1120 co
co
840
560
280
(b)
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
259/Stainless
Steel (SS)
1400
!1
1,
f<?
//
/ Vf
/ '//
/
1 u/
/ / 1 - 1 000 h
\ t
7
-100 h
DOOh
11
^100
k
12 0
(a)
1120
12 0
(b)
1000
Source: "Creep Data AM-350 and AM-355 Alloys," Data sheet 119121658-5, Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp., 1959. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1505, CINDAS/USAF
CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 18
840
10 h
560
I
h
i
hi
280
12
(c)
I
<8
<o
261/Stainless
Steel (SS)
SS.178 AM-362 stainless steel bar, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Bar diameter = 25.4 mm (1 in.). Heat treatment: 816 C
(1500 F), 1 h, air cooled, 566 C (1050 F), 2 h.
Composition: Fe-15Cr-7Ni-0.88Ti. UNS S36200
Source: "Properties of AM 362 Maraging Stainless Steel," Sheet-19711763-362, Allegheny-Ludlum Steel Co., Research Data Center,
Nov 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 2, Code 1512, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 13
840
SS.179 AM-363 stainless steel strip, tensile stressstrain curve at room temperature
Composition: Fe(0.04C)-l 1.5Cr-4Ni-0.3Ti
700
560
263/Stainless
Q.
5
//
I
1400
100
700
0.2
0.4
True strain, ln(^M f )
0.6
0.8
320
2240
280
1960
Floom temp>erature
-
240
400 F (2104 C)
200
600 F (316 C)
1680
1400
160
(Q
Q.
5
1120 w
2
CO
120
840
80
560
40
280
800 F (A[27 C)
2100
300
2 200
2800
400
Steel (SS)
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
14
10
15
20
25
30
35
265/Stainless
1750
250
200
1400
150
1050
Steel (SS)
.b
W
100
700
50
350
10
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
240
200
950 F (510 C)
:
(538 C)
12
1680
1400
1050 F (5(56 C)
160
1120
(0
Q_
120
840 w
^
oom temperature
80
560
40
280
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
12
16
1680
1400
F (27 C)
^ (316 C)
1120
Q.
s
840 g
CD
Source: P.J. Hughes, J.E. Inge, and S.B. Prosser, 'Tensile and
Compressive Stress-Strain Curves Properties of Some High-Strength
Sheet Alloys at Elevated Temperatures," NACA TN 3315, Nov 1954,
p 19. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2,
Code 1511, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
University, 1995, p 5
560
1000 lF (538 C)
280
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
267/Stainless
-18
93
Test temperature, C
316
427
538
649
204
/
/
XI
M:
'NO
\
871
UTS
760
982
560
490
420
0.2to YS
\
\
\
350
\
\\
\\
\\
\\
280 #,
w
210
\
140
\
v \
70
c
/
//
^ c
//
t
0
200
400
600
800
1000 1200
Test temperature, F
1400
1600
1800
Steel (SS)
1400
D2
A2
1200
(0
|
1200
1000
1000
800
Q.
5 800
600
600
400
i^ ^
1
400
200
(a)
200
0.1
0I
0.2
0.3
1200
1000
1000
0.3
...
I800
to
CO
800
CO
600
600
400
400
200
200
(c)
0.2
01
1200
0i
0.3
1400
M2
0.2
True strain
(b)
1400
Q_
0.1
True strain
0.2
0.1
0.3
True strain
>
0.1
True strain
(d)
1400
W1
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0i
(e)
0.1
0.2
0.3
True strain
400
40
1 ^ ^ ^
2
3
300
30
20
cr
200
100
10
100
200
Deformation, degrees
30C?
True strain
3500
ew-
cCompression > s.
Tension
/
/'
///
2800
2100 a.
700
//
//
//
//
//
10
15
True strain x 0.001
20
25
2240
-32i0 F ( - 1 9 6 C )
*
1960
110'F (-79 C)
1680
^
Room temperature
1400
CO
Q_
Source: L.P. Rice, J.E. Cambell, and W.F. Simmons, "Evaluation of the
Effects of Very Low Temperature on Properties of Aircraft and Missile
Metals," WADD TR 60-214, Feb 1960. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1218, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 27
1120 w
840
560
280
12
16
1680
1400
1120
Room teimperature^
300 T (14!
500, 650;'F (260, 343 (
80() F (427 C)s
!
900 F (482 C) v .
Q.
^ - ^ 1 0 0 0 F (538 C)
840 w
CO
CD
GO
^ ^ ^ I I O O F (593 C)
560
1200 F (649 C)
280
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
2520
-423 F ( - 253 C)
y -320 F (-196 C)
2240
^ - 1 1 1 0 F (-79 C)
1960
70 F: (21 -C)
1680
1400
1120
&
Source: K.A. Warren and R.P. Reed, Tensile and Impact Properties of
Selected Materials from 20 to 300 K, Monograph 63, National Bureau
of Standards, 28 June 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1218, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 28
840
560
280
0.04
0.16
0.12
0.08
Strain, in./in.
280
1960
270
1890
260
c 250
jM
Room te mperature
<5
'
hT
i ^
1820
2
1750 B>
1680
240
600 F (316 C)
230
1610
1540
220
1470
10
10
10"
400
40
'
"
300
30
E
z
200 o
20
O"
2"
,o
.o
10
100
100
200
300
400
Deformation, degrees
300
200
Source: G.A. Roberts, G. Krauss, and R.L. Kennedy, Tool Steels, 5th
ed., ASM International, 1998, p 137
100
1.2
1.6
Deformation in radians
Nonferrous Metals
Wrought
Aluminum (WA)/279
1000
800
600
Source: John Deere Materials Data, Deere & Co., Moline, IL, p B13
0)
CO
400
Cyclic
200
8
10
12
Strain x 0.001
14
16
18
20
490
CA.002 201.0-T6 aluminum casting, tensile stressstrain curves, various casting processes
420
PermaneHit
. Sand
/C
r
/
sulated
350
280 ,
210 co
140
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
70
490
420
Permanefit
60
Sand
Insulated
350
50
55 40
280
30
210 5>
20
140
i<D
10
70
70
14
60
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
70
84.
_Permaner it
Sand
50
490
420
350
Insulated
280
-55 40
0)
30
210 ft
20
140
10
70
4
6
8
10
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
12
Wrought
490
Permanen
420
Sand
A
/
Insulated
350
280 ,
210
140
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
Sand
420
350
140
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
210 w
490
ilated
CA.005 201.0-T7 aluminum casting, tensile stressstrain curves, various casting processes
12
Permaneint
Aluminum (WA)/281
12
14
70
84
490
420
_ PermaneiTt
.^Sand
350
Insulated
210
140
70
4
6
8
10
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
12
CA.008 201.0-T43 aluminum casting, tensile stressstrain curves, various casting processes
350
50
Perrricinent
40
280
ind
Tnsi lated
30
20
10
210
r
/
Q.
2
140
70
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
Wrought
350
50
Permanent
280
40
'
Sand
Insulated
210
30
L
5
-fc
CO
20
10
50
140
Aluminum (WA)/283
CO
70
14
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
70
84
350
280
40
Jermanen t
Sand
210
30
Insulated
20
140
10
70
4
6
8
10
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
12
(0_
Q
2
CO
Cyclic
Source: John Deere Materials Data, Deere & Co., Moline, IL, p C13
/
//
8
10
12
Strain x 0.001
14
16
18
20
Wrought
Aluminum (WA)/285
1200
1000
800
CO
Q_
Source: John Deere Materials Data, Deere & Co., Moline, IL, p D14
to 600
400
Cyclic
200
MoncJtonic
10
12
14
16
18
20
Strain x 0.001
1200
1000
800
Source: John Deere Materials Data, Deere & Co., Moline, IL, p F13
CO
Q.
tn
to 600
400
Cyclic
200
10
12
Strain x 0.001
14
16
18
20
Wrought
Aluminum (WA)/287
245
80 F 27 C)
210
/
C 300 F ,(149 CJ
175
r
1450 F (232 C)
x
140
105 eg
0
CO
70
35
0
210
(r
1
1
X 500 F (260 C)
175
4010 F (204C)
140
105 CO-
OT
0)
tn
70
35
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Strain, in./in.
<a
Q.
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
Wrought
210
i
i
300 F (149 C)
(f
I
175
/ * 4 5 ( F (232 C)
Aluminum (WA)/289
140
105 w
CO
70
600 F ;3i6c;
35
0
210
^
300 F (149 C)
175
iO F (22i2C)
140
105 coco
600 F: (316 C
U)
70
35
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Strain, in./in.
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.0
210
/
/
80 F (27 C)
175
X 3 0 0 F (149 0 C)
140
CO
Q
_
450 F (232 C)
105 coco
GO
70
35
600 F (316 C
0
210
175
450 F (232 C )
Q.
2
105
70
35
60(] F (3116 C)
V
0.01
0.02
0.03
II
0.04
0.05
Strain, in./in.
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
Wrought
Aluminum (WA)/291
490
420
20 K
350
76 K
195 K
'
Roorri temperature
Sc
210 co
140
70
0.03
0.12
0.06
0.(
Strain, in./in.
0.15
/f
Jit
//
////
//
//
//
//
10
15
Strain x 0.001
20
25
30
50
350
40
280
30
20
10
and
CA.023 A356.0-T6 aluminum casting, tensile stressstrain curves, various casting processes
ermanent
210
^ Inssuiated
CO
CL
&
140
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
50
350
40
280
Permanisnt
Sand
Insulated
30
210
CL
5
CD
a>
GO
GO
20
10
140
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
Wrought
14
70
84,
350
280
El
210
>rmanent
"^^.Sand
Aluminum (WA)/293
<c
a.
5
Insulated
140
70
14
4
6
8
10
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
70
12
84_.
350
280
Compressio n v
210
Tensicn
Q.
5
140
\
70
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
12
Strain, in./in.
420
%
Sand cast plate thickness: 6.35 mm (0.25 in.). The full
range strain is given in % (top curve) and the expanded
range strain is in 0.001 in./in. (bottom curve).
Composition: Al-7.0Si-0.6Mg-0.1Te-Be. UNS A13570
350
.
0.001 in./in.
280
210
<D
w
/y
140
70
4
6
8
Strain, % and 0.001 in./in.
10
12
Wrought
Aluminum (WA)/295
CA.030 A357.0-T6 aluminum casting, tensile stressstrain curves, various casting processes
350
. Permainent
-
280
Sand
210
Q.
2
Irisulated
140
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
350
50
Permanen tv
280
40
^ lnsulat<3d
^
^ Sanid
210
30
CO
140
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
70
84
350
280
'ermanent
210
--^..Sand
Insulated1
140
70
70
14
CO
CL
4
6
8
10
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
12
Wrought
Aluminum (WA)/297
7075-T6
X2020-T6 I
2024-T36 -
0.04
0.06
True strain, in./in.
0.02
0.08 0.1
98
84
Ti
70
Nonninal
\\
1
1l
1
1
1
1
1
Yi<3ld strcrngth
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.4
0.8
1.2
0.32
0.36
0.40
56
a
42 w
28
14
0.44
98
True
84
Nominal
70
56
Yield1 6
strerigthl
\l
42 =55
1
1
1
1
ii
1
l
0
0.04
0.08
0.4
0.8
0.12
0.16
0.20
Strain, in./in.
1.2
1.6
2.0
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
28
14
0.24
0.28
0.32
2.4
2.8
3.2
126
True
Nornlinal
112
Yi<Bid
str ength- 98
84
70
i\
56
\\
42
\
1
28
1
1
1
1
b0.01
0.02
0.03
0.4
0.8
1.2
14
0.08
0.09
0.10
301/Wrought
112
98
True.
ISominal
84
70
to
Q_
2
42
0.04
0.08
0.4
0.8
0.12
0.16
0.20
Strain, in./in.
1.2
1.6
2.0
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
28
1
1
)p
14
A 0
0.24
0.28
0.32
2.4
140
N(ominal
N.
s
ff
106
Yield
stren gth
o.
2
\
\
CD
70 ^
q>
\
\
\
\
\
V
I
I
\
\
\
I
36
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Strain, in./in.
4
5
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.01
Aluminum (WA)
0.09
140
T[ue
Nomirlal
Yield
strength
105
CO
CL
\
\
\
\
\
\
I
I
\
\
I
1
\
\
\
\
^
Strain, in./in.
3
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
210
True
175
Jominal
Yield str ength
140
105
\
70
\
\
\
>
'0
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
Strain, in./in.
3
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
0.05
5
0.06
35
\
0.07
303/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
Strain, in./in.
4
5
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Temperature, C
204
93
80T
\\
316
^40
\ \
\ \
\ \
\ \
\ \
\
\
\ <>
\
\
Q.
5
420
\
^
\
N
0.5 h
o 100 h
\X
Q
1000h
S
280
140
540
\
\
420
\
\ \
\ \
\ \
\ \
\ \D
\
\
\
\
V
\ ^N.
V
280 f>
\
>
140
Jn
400
Temperature, F
800
305/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
Strain, in./in.
350
Short time
280
s
/
1h
/
/
"
ToTT
210
100 h
>
/
X ,
/
/ /
/
/ /
/ / /
l / /
140
v /
1000 h
70
0.004
0.008
Strain, in./in.
0
0.012
560
420
f < 3 in. ( 76 mm)
Q.
2
280
140
Terision
Co mpression
I
Extnjsion
0
560
Q.
280 co
140
4
6
Strain. 0.001 in./in.
10
307/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
Temperature, C
Exposure
30 min
A 96 h
10,000
420 co
CL
300
280 o>
2?
\k
400
500
Exposure temperature, F
140 '
700
-15
95
Temperature, C
205
\ \\
\\ \\
\
\\
421
315
>60
CL
420
ur=J
\\ \
280 J
Exposure time
30 min
a 100 h
1000h
O 10,000 h
140
560
K.
\ 1
\\
\\
\ )1
420
\ \ ^\
280 |
\
\
\
\
\
140
t^io
560
280
200
400
Exposure temperature, F
600
800
309/Wrought
Test temperature, C
Aluminum (WA)
311/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
560
True
490
Noiminal
I
I
1
1
1
1
1
l
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
Yield sitrength
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
Strain, in./in.
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
0.14
0.16
420
350 ,
280 B
210 l
140
70
0.18
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
312/Wrought
100
700
80
560
Longi tudinai
60
2Q_
Long tramsverse
CO
40
20
Aluminum (WA)
280
140
14
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
70
84,
700
560
Longitudinal, tiension
420
o.
2
Longlitudinai, cornpresssion
280
140
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
12
14
70
84.
700
560
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal. Typical for extrusion thickness 3.175-12.675 mm
(0.125-0.499 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n(L,
tension) = 23; n(L, compression) = 15. UNS A92014
L, c<impression
L, comf session
280
140
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
4
12
630
560
Longiltudinal
490
Long trainsverse
420
350
280 ;
210
140
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.10
0.12
0.14
312/Wrought
14
28
42
56
70
84
560
LT, cornpressionv
1_, compressionv
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for extrusion thickness
<12.675 mm (<0.499 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter:
n(L, tension) =29; n(LT, tension) = 17; n(L, compression)
= 29; n(LT, compression) = 32. UNS A92014
T, compreseiion
60
L, compre ssion"
Aluminum (WA)
420
L, tensior
LT, tensior
J2
280 <o
8 40
fi
CO
20
140
10
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
G
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
4
80
12
560
Longitudin;al
^ ^ L o i ng transvers;e
60
420
40
CO
20
280 V)
w
CO
140
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
28
42
56
70
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
560
Longitudiinal
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 12.70-19.025 mm (0.500-0.749 in.). UNS A92014
490
Lo ng transveirse
>
420
350
280 eg
V)
210
140
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.10
0.12
0.14
312/Wrought
70
ii
490
L.ongitudin<al
Long tr<ansverse
60
420
Aluminum (WA)
350
50
55 40
30
210 co
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.10
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.12
0.14
14
28
/ST, compression
/ LT, compression
42
56
ST, compression
LT, compression
I rnmnrpeeinn
70
84
560
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
\
\
I
I
I
i
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
A
a 50
^Yieldsitrength
Strain, in./in.
630
True
560
Nominal
, Yield sirength
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
FI
/
'0
0
0.02
2
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
4
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
490
420
CO
CL
2
OT
350 co-
OT
280 M
w
c
210
140
70
0.10
0.12
10
12
312/Wrought
100
700
80
560
5
60
420
Rolled t>ar, T4 ccedition
280
20
140
100
2.5
7.5
10
Strain, %
12.5
15
17.5
oo
5
CL
40
Aluminum (WA)
20
700
50
350
^ ^
i
Longitudinal
490
Transverse
1
420
Short transverse
350
280
210 co
140
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
Cold reduction, %
-15
Exposure temperature, C
205
95
315
425,
560
CL
420
\ \
\ \
\
, \
\
\
\
\x
\
CD
280 ra
^ t
1/2 h
o 100 h
a 1000 h
140
420
\
\
\'
\ \
\ ci
a.
280
\
\
\
\ \
\A
200
\
\
ur
O)
140
v>
400
600
Exposure temperature, F
800
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
Exposure temperature, C
\\ ^\
420
\ \
\
\
\
i \
v
280 ?
\
\
\
\
\
\
>-
\ \
\ \
140
----.o
200
400
600
Exposure temperature, F
800
Exposure temperature, C
\ \
\ \
\\
\ \
\ \
420
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\;\ x^ \\
\\ \\
V
400
600
Exposure temperature, F
280 B
>-
140
800
312/Wrought
560
490
Loiigitudinal
Short traiisverse
^ Trainsverse
420
350
co
Q2
280 g
$
w
//
Aluminum (WA)
210
>
140
70
4
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
14
490
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.12
312/Wrought
-240
-130
-15
Temperature, C
95
205
315
*Voo
560 c Q.
420
- -a
280
ty
to 2
| <D2
3 ?
E
Sheet, 13
a Plate, T-4 and T352
-400
-200
140
v V
200
400
Temperature, F
600
800
Aluminum (WA)
60
420
Short time
50
fs
280
/
/
1000 h
30
/ /
t /
CO
CL
210 OT
CO
350
"lOOJ^
40
CO
/
/
20
10
140
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
420
350
50
Shoittime
40
s
/
30
280
10 h
210 eg
/
/
/
CO
20
100 h
140
*-
1000 h
/ J
/
10
/
/
70
i / y
/ / / /
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
312/Wrought
420
,
Sheirt
tirm
/
350
-"""Th
-^lOh
/
/
280
^ 1 0 0 h
//
/ //
/
// /
'
0.
2
"lOOOh
210
i//y
i/,
tf//
j
140
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
420
350
Short
time
280
/
/
Q_
2
/
/
210 g
/
t
/r
CO
J
/
140
"^100h
Toooh
70
/ s
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
Aluminum (WA)
490
420
Short
time
350
/
/
if / /
^10h
-^Tooh
/
y
1000 h
210 (a
/
140
/ /
///
if/fs
W
70
10
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
12
490
420
350
Short
time
t/
/
1h
210 to
10 h
J/
100 h
/
/ /
140
1000 h
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
312/Wrought
560
490
True
Nonlinal
420
350
Yield strength
280 J
210
140
70
0.02
0.04
4
0.06
20
22
80
28
42
56
70
84
60
560
LT, compressioi
i
f LT, compnsssion
. - LT, tension
a impression
S>
40
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for sheet thickness
<6.325 mm (<0.249 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter:
n(L, tension) = 50; n(LT, tension) = 12; n(L, compression) = 15; n{LT, compression) =11. UNS A92024
420
L tension
.
L , comprei s s i o n " A
Q-
280 w
(0
2
co
CO
20
140
|
4
Aluminum (WA)
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
12
14
28
42
56
70
84
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for sheet thickness
1.60-6.325 mm (0.063-0.249 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter: n(L, tension) = 50; n{LT, tension) = 15; n(L,
compression) =13;rc(LT,compression) =19.
UNS A92024
ra
Q.
280 w
WA.053 2024-T351 aluminum alloy, clad 2024T351, plate, tensile and compressive stress-strain and
compressive tangent modulus curves
28
LT, comfjression
42
56
70
84
420
L, tensio n
T, tension
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for plate thickness
12.70-50.80 mm (0.500-2.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter: n{L, tension) = 42; n(LT, tension) = 9.0; n(L,
compression) = 9.0; n(LT, compression) = 12.
UNS A92024
350
compressiom
L, compres
280
(0
Q.
210 w
/
/
0)
<75
140
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
10
12
312/Wrought
28
42
56
70
84
420
LT, comprejssion
\lL
compressiion
350
L, compre ssion
L, comp ression
280
210 co
140
70
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
4
12
Aluminum (WA)
630
560
490
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Yield streingth
/V
f
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
0.10
10
1
I
1
1
I
1
1
~l
0.12
12
420
(0
CL
350 into
280 M
210
140
70
312/Wrought
28
42
56
70
84
'420
L, tension
t
L, cc)mpression
L, comp ession
Aluminum (WA)
350
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal. Topical for thickness <139.70 mm (<5.500 in.).
Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n{L, tension) = 50; n(L,
compression) = 10. UNS A92024
280
210 w
140
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
10
12
28
42
70
56
1
1
L arid LT, compression
L, terision
LT, tesnsion
84
350
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for plate thickness
12.70-25.40 mm (0.500-1.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter: (L, tension) = 17; n{LT, tension) = 16; n(L,
compression) =19; n(LT, compression) =19.
UNS A92024
280
210
140
70
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
12
28
42
56
con ipression
84
420
70
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for extrusion thickness
>38.10 mm (>1.500 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter:
n(L, compression) = 32; n(LT, compression) = 19.
UNS A92024
L, cornpression
350
v LT, conipression
LT, cornpression
280
210 w
CO
140
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
12
10
28
42
56
84
70
420
350
yLongit udinaK
280
Long transverse
I
i
210 coc-o
$
cn
140
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
70
12
312/Wrought
Temperature, C
425
Aluminum (WA)
300
400
500
600
700
800
315
370
425
Temperature, F
Temperature, C
-15
100
40
95
>
150
205
260
\ \
60
4h
v /
40
\ / /
1lOh
lOOh
/ y / 1lOOOh "
\ X / 110,000 h
\
20
100
200
300
400
500
Temperature, F
600
700
800
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for plate thickness
6.350-25.40 mm (0.250-1.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter: n(L, tension) = 28; n(LT, tension) = 24; n(L,
compression) = 22; n(LT, compression) = 22.
UNS A92024
0_
2
280
100?5
40
95
Temperature, C
150
205
260
315
370
425
80
V* h
2h
10 h
100 h
60
1000 h
40
20
100
200
300
400
500
Temperature, F
600
700
800
312/Wrought
-15
100
40
Temperature, C
150
205
260
95
315
370
Aluminum (WA)
425
/4 h
2h
10 h
100 h
60
k1000 h
40
<D 2 0
O)
<D
CL
100
200
600
300
400
500
Temperature, F
700
800
80
560
Longitudincil, tension
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for plate thickness
6.350-25.40 mm (0.250-1.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter: n(L, tension) = 22, n(LT, tension) = 18.
UNS A92024
420
40
.fc
CO
20
280
re
Q
_
2
to
CO
Q)
to
140
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
28
42
56
70
84
700
560
420
Q2
&
280
55
140
10
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
4
12
630
560
490
Lo ngitudinal
I
Long tra nsverse
<
^ ^
420
<o
350 S=
280
210
140
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.10
0.12
0.14
312/Wrought
80
70
60
/
50
/
/
40
20
10
0.02
490
420
/\
I
I
350
I
*
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
i.
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
4
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
I
j
30
560
Yield
strength
\
\
280
210 i
140
70
80
12
560
True
o
Nominal
70
<*
420
tr 50
490
Yield
stren gth
60
40
30
20
10
350 ,
//
/
280 S
0.02
210
140
70
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
4
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Aluminum (WA)
0.10
0.12
10
12
Temperature, C
Temperature, C
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
60
40
S.
eg
-b
V)
20
k,
^ t r
ktt.*-
350 o>
"
i
J
420
A
- o
o 0.063
0.081
0.091
0.125
in. (1.60
in. (2.06
in. (2.31
in. (3.18
mm)
mm)
mm)
mm)
280
210
312/Wrought
560
RT
200 F (93 i
420
30(3 F (149 C)
jS.
2
7 ^ 4 0 0 F (204 C)
<D
CO
280
140
RT
200 F (93'
^
-
300 F (149 C)
560
co
a.
400 F- (204 C)
280 COOT
420
<55
140
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Aluminum (WA)
312/Wrought
Temperature, C
Aluminum (WA)
420
Q_
2
280 ur
IT
\\
\\
.\
\ \
NX
400
Temperature, F
\\
140 M
490
Room teiTiperature
420
o
^ 2 5 0 F ( 120 C)
350 F ( 175 C)
500 F ( 260 C)
f /
350
210 g
140
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
^
ta
312/Wrought
490
70
RT
60
420
(121 C)
50
350
350 F ( 177 C)
/
"55 40
///
30
20
10
//
500 F
(2i30
280
C)
210
w
w
JS
&
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
490
RT
60
420
250 F (121 C)
50
/
4
0
^500 F (2 60 C)
55
10
/a
30
210 25
20
140
140
70
Aluminum (WA)
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
100
700
Longiltudinal, tensi o n \
80
560
45 ten:sion
60
420
40
280
&
20
140
14
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
100
10
72
12
84
700
312/Wrought
490
Longituidinal
350
280
210
140
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
14
Aluminum (WA)
ft
<D
560
490
420
Lone itudinal
Long transverse
350 2
/
/
//
280
Q.
210 E
o
140
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
14
312/Wrought
Temperature, C
38
-15
93
204
560
149
1000 h exposure. Test direction: longitudinal. Plate thickness: 50.8 mm (2 in.). Composition: Al-4.4Cu-l.5Mg0.6Mn. UNS A92124
f\u
490
1r
J-
u
420 22
v
&
350 "o
LLT
o
CD
280
210
RA
o
e
100
s
200
Exposure temperature, F
\
300
c
r>
O
400
Aluminum (WA)
2
3
hort transve
CD
/
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
560
I
Short trans;verse v
Long trans\/erse \ \
/ Longitudi nal
420
CO
CL
280 to
140
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
700
__ __ ____
- 4 2 3 F (-253 C)
560
- 3 2 0 F ( - 196 C)
/ /
/
r ^ - n o F (-79 C)
420
^
Q.
2
CO
280
140
' -
Longitudinal
Transverse
0.04
0.08
0.12
Strain, in./in.
0.16
0.20
F.R. Schwartzberg et al., Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook, MILTDR-64-280, Aug 1964, and Progress Report No. 1, Feb 1965. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3205,
CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 9
312/Wrought
14
72
84350
x:
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for sheet and plate thickness 3.175-50.80 mm (0.125-2.000 in.). RambergOsgood parameter, n(L and LT, tension) =13; n(L and
LT, compression) = 16. UNS A92219
210
Aluminum (WA)
re
CL
2
140
<55
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus,
10
12
psi
490
420
X
350
210 co
140
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.12
WA.093 2219-T81 aluminum alloy sheet and 2219T851 aluminum alloy plate, tensile stress-strain
curves (full range)
490
Long transverse
420
Loingitudinal v
350
210 &
140
70
0.02
14
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
/ L T , , compressio n \
L compressicin. \
/ /'
72
0.12
WA.094 2219-T81 aluminum alloy sheet and 2219T851 aluminum alloy plate, tensile and compressive
stress-strain and compressive tangent modulus
curves
84
560
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for sheet and plate thickness 1.016-63.50 mm (0.040-2.500 in.). RambergOsgood parameter, n(L and LT, tension) = 20; n(L,
compression) = 19; (LT, compression) = 21.
UNS A92219
L and Ll tension
420
280 C
wO
CD
140
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 1 (f psi
12
312/Wrought
80
560
60
420
L.ongitudinal
Long transversev
Short traiisverse v
Aluminum (WA)
TO
CL
40
280
COCO
2>
GO
20
140
10
12
72
84
560
14
80
60
420
LT and ST
L and LT
40
280 co"
ST^
20
CO
140
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
10
12
560
490
80
70
^Lon
gitudinal
Short transverse
60
50
<5
i
o
w
40
J\
f
- K -X
420
^ Long traiisverse
350
280
210
30
140
20
70
10
0.02
80
60
14
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
/ LT, cornpression ^
L, conlpression^
70
0.12
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for sheet and plate thickness 3.175-25.40 mm (0.125-1.000 in.). RambergOsgood parameter, n(L and LT, tension) = 14; n(L and
LT, compression) = 14. UNS A92219
40
280
20
140
10
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
4
84
560
420
co
0.10
12
to
CO
55
312/Wrought
J-ong transverse
Longitud i n a T ^ s ^ c
v
c
>
Aluminum (WA)
560
490
420
Q_
280
co
<
>
/
a>
tn
210
140
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.15
560
490
Long transveirse
420
Short transv<Brse
350
CO
Q.
5
280 eg
CD
W
210
140
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.1C
Temperature, C
n18
100
38
93
Temperature, C
149
204
260
316
371
427
>
80
60
0)
"CO
\\
8. 40
^ 1/2 h
' 10 h
^ 100 h
^ 1 0 0 0 Ii
^/ 10,00(3 h
20
200
300
400
500
Temperature, F
600
700
800
312/Wrought
60
420
Room tempeirature
122F (50 C)
212 F (10() C )
302 F(15() C )
347 F (17 5 C)
! F (200 c;
50
40
II
i/
280
20
CO
210
|
CD
W
140
10
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
60
420
50
350
Room ternperature^^
40
280
' ^ < ^ 3 2 5 F (163 C)
V> 30
s
CO
20
10
I F (250 C
///
30
s
(0
350
437
JF (225 C
Aluminum (WA)
//
\400
Q.
F (204 C)
210
tf
%
CO
140
70
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
Temperature, C
312/Wrought
80"?8
93
Temperature, C
204
316
427
560
Exposure
30 min
100 h
60
ur
S
40
i
280
\ \
|
5
20
E
E
(0 o
140
80
5c
RAy
IS
. 1 1 40
"5 ro
d co>
-o
0C oO
/ E
200
400
Temperature, F
600
Aluminum (WA)
800
Source: R.H. Voorhees and J.W. Freeman, Report on the ElevatedTemperature Properties of Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys, STP 291,
ASTM, 1960. As published in Aerostructural Metals Handbook, Vol 3,
Code 3213, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 9
14
70
84
560
280 to
140
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
12
312/Wrought
" -s
Aluminum (WA)
560
490
420
350
o.
2
280 g
to
210
140
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.12
140
126
True^-
112
Nominai
98
L
84 C
2
I
I
1 70
1
1 56
1
1
1 42
>-Vo 1
YS 1
1 28
1
1
1 14
1
kso-C
Strain, in./in.
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
2.8
175
140
105
S.
s
70
35
<
J 0
0.10
175
140
w
105
70
35
0.05
5
312/Wrought
245
Aluminum (WA)
True
*N
N
210
\
> Nominal
\
175
\
\
\
\
140
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
105=5
c
70
35
\
o
0.01
0.02
0.03
Strain, in./in.
2
3
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
0.04
0.05
175
True
>
Nominal
\
\
\
ii
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
i-
) o
Strain, in./in.
Strain. 0.001 in./in.
245
210
175
2
140 *
|
105 g
P
70
35
^0
0.16
280
245
210
175
2
|
140
|
105 P
70
35
0.08
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
Strain, in./in.
3
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
350
True^
Norrlinal
280
\
Y!
\
\
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
Strain, in./in.
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
0.05
0.06
\
\
210 i
1
1
1
1
1
1
140 <=
1
1
1
1
1
70
1
1
1
1
1
i 0
0.07
245
True
Nominal
>\
\
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
YS
210
175
o.
140
105 ^
70
35
^
0
0.02
0.04
-18
100
0
=55
ft
38
0.06
3
93
10
371
427
& >,
I "s
20
a. to
100
200
\\
1 4T40
2 32
f'
316
0.20
\\
\\
60
o. a)c
"53
<5
Temperature, C
149
204
260
0.18
80
g ^
300
400
500
Temperature, F
600
Tv
fu
700
800
312/Wrought
True,
<!
N<ominal
\
V
\
\
\
'S
100
245
105 l
70
<U
l
0.01
-18
280
210
\
I
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Aluminum (WA)
38
0.02
0.03
93
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
Strain, in./in.
4
5
6
7
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Temperature, C
149
204
260
316
0.08
0.09
371
427
100
200
300
400
500
Temperature, F
600
700
800
-18
38
93
Temperature, C
149
204
260
1
\
-18
100
200
38
93
316
371
427
.10,000 h
-1000 h
. 1 / 2 - 1 0 Oh
vC^
300
400
500
Temperature, F
Temperature, C
149
204
260
600
700
800
316
371
427
200
300
400
500
Temperature, F
1/2 h ^
lOh'V
100 h ^ .
10100
10,0100 h ^
100
600
700
800
312/Wrought
-18
38
93
Temperature, C
149
204
260
316
371
427
Aluminum (WA)
Strain, in./in.
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Temperature, C
-18
100
38
93
Temperature, C
149
204
260
>
316
371
427
\
\
100
200
300
400
500
Temperature, F
600
700
800
312/Wrought
-18
100
38
93
Temperature, C
149
204
260
10,c lOOh-O
1G00 h /
100 h V
10h//
1/2 h '
316
371
427
Aluminum (WA)
100"?8
100
200
38
93
300
400
500
Temperature, F
Temperature, C
149
204
260
600
700
800
316
371
427
10,000 h ^ A
1000
100
10
1/2
100
200
300
400
500
Temperature, F
600
700
800
14
70
84
175
/
/
Q.
2
70
CO
35
10
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
14
105
70
12
84
175
/
/
105
S.
2
70
35
10
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
4
12
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
WA.133 5083-0 aluminum alloy plate, tensile stressstrain curve (full range)
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: longitudinal.
Typical. UNS A95083
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-225
Strain, in./in.
14
70
84 .
175
140
Tension and compre ission
105
70
35
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
4
12
14
70
84..
175
Q_
2
105
70
\
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
4
35
12
350
Strain, in ./in.
312/Wrought
14
70
84
175
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for plate thickness
12.70-25.40 mm (0.500-1.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, n(L, tension) =18; (LT, tension) =10; n{L,
compression) = 9.3; n(LT, compression) = 10.
UNS A95086
140
L, compression
/ LT, conlpression
Aluminum (WA)
105
Q_
2
2
70
CO
35
2
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
14
70
84350
280
210
1
2
140
70
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
4
12
CO
14
84
350
70
280
o.
5
<D
140
55
Lomgitudinal, cjompressior
N
70
12
10
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
4
350
Long itudinal
X
Long transverse
280
210
Q.
5
140
70
0.04
0.08
0.12
Strain, in./in.
0.16
0.20
0.24
312/Wrought
350
280
Longitudirial, tension
.or
Aluminum (WA)
e, tension
210
140
&
v>
70
14
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
70
84
350
Q_
2
/
140
70
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
4
12
co
14
70
84>
350
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical. Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, n(L, tension) = 27; n(LT, tension) =13; n(L,
compression) = 8.0; n(LT, compression) = 15. UNS
A95086
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-233
LT, compresjsion v
L, compres
280
^LT, tensio l
^ v ^ V . t ensiori^"
210
CO
CL
140
70
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
12
35
312/Wrought
-18
70
38
Temperature, C
93
149
204
490
>
420
350
Q.
2
280
210
140
Aluminum (WA)
2
55
<n
w
<D
210 co
140
70
490
420
350
280
SV)
w
210 <
D
312/Wrought
Temperature, C
Aluminum (WA)
312/Wrought
315
True
280
Nominal
245
210
o.
5
\\
175
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
i
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
[YS
Aluminum (WA)
140 M
105
70
35
0.04
0.08
2
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
14
0.12
Strain, in./in.
6
0.16
0.20
70
84,
/ T e r ision
-Coimpression
105
O
C
\
35
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
12
350
280
YS
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
210 |
70
J
4
Strain, in./in.
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
350
280
Longitud inal
Long trans.verse
210
D.
2
140
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
co
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
420
350
ro
s
8
210
"55
c
70
0.10
10
312/Wrought
Temperature, C
-18
-240
205
427
Aluminum (WA)
490
420
350
x
ca
280
8>
210 co
140
70
-400
Temperature,
Temperature, C
30
c
CM
c
o
20
A E
>E
O TLLJ 1G,
10
/
-AOO
-200
Temperature, F
200
312/Wrought
350
Longitudlnal
T ransverse
280
210
4
S
Aluminum (WA)
/ /
/
140
CO
70
12
350
L.ongitudlnal
T ransverse
280
210
CL
140
70
8
Strain, 0.001 inVin.
12
490
True
420
Nominal
350
\
1
1
1
i1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.04
4
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
14
0.12
0.08
0.16
210 =55
140
70
L -
0.20
0.24
70
84.
Strain, in./in.
12
11
280 '
175
140
70
35
10
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
4
12
co
312/Wrought
14
70
Aluminum (WA)
84
175
140
Q.
70
35
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
12
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical. Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, n(L, tension) = 32; n(LT, tension) = 16; n(L,
compression) = 9.5; n(LT, compression) = 16.
UNS A95456
210
a.
2
140
CO
490
True
420
Nominal
Strain, in./in.
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
\
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
350
280
10
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for plate thickness
15.875-31.750 mm (0.625-1.250 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, n(L, tension) = 42; w(LT, tension) =16; n(L,
compression) = 7.0; n(LT, compression) =11.
UNS A95456
210
140
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
Displacement, mm
312/Wrought
14
70
84
560
Tested at room temperature. Typical for specimen thickness: 0.254-6.325 mm (0.010-0.249 in.). RambergOsgood parameter, ^(longitudinal, compression) = 21;
n(long transverse, compression) = 23. UNS A96013
420
Longitudin al and long itransverse
Longitudi nal
Long transver s e ^ ^ ^ J
280
to
140
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
12
420
Longitudinal
350
Composition: Al-0.90Mg-0.80Si-0.85Cu-0.50Mn.
UNS A96013
280
Source: "Alcoa Aluminum Alloy 6013," Alcoa Green Letter No. 225,
Dec 1987. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3226, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 8
Long transaverse
Aluminum (WA)
Q.
5
210 S
140
70
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
3000 r
2.29
Displacement, mm
4.57
6.86
9.14
2000-
11.43
I 13.3
8.90
1000-
4.45
0.09
0.18
0.27
Displacement, in.
0.36
312/Wrought
420
350
Longjtudinal
Long t ransverse
280
210
Aluminum (WA)
140
70
0.02
0.08
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.10
60
420
50
350
L and LT, compresslion
40
L, tension
280
LT, tesnsion
30
210
20
140
10
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
420
350
Longitudinal
I_ong transvers;e
280
CL
210 w
140
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
350
50
Y LT, compsession
280
40
LT, tensio n
210
20
140
10
Q.
2
/
70
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
312/Wrought
420
350
Longitudinal
Aluminum (WA)
Transve3rse
280
CO
0.
210
tn
<D
w
140
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Strain, in./in.
350
50
v- L, tension and co mpression
40
280
v
LT, tension
LT, conlpression
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
350
50
Room temperature
280
40
212 F (100 C)
- 3 0 0 F (149 C)
400 F (204 C)
210
30
500 F (260 C)
140
20
600 F (3 16 C)
10
7 0 0 F (371 C)
70
WA.180 6061-T6 aluminum alloy, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Composition: Al-lMg-0.6Si-0.25Cu-0.20Cr.
UNS A96061
"Typical Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for 6061-T6 at Room
Temperature, 212, 300, 400, 500, 600, and 700 F," Physical Test No.
010758-G Data Sheets, 6 and 31 March 1958. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3206, CINDAS/
Purdue University, 1995, p 8
312/Wrought
560
- 4 2 3 F
- 3 2 0 F (-196 C)
>
420
s
-110 F (-79 C)
CO
om temperature
CL
280
55
140
0
j
I
(-253 C)
--'
560
^423 F
-320
420
F (-196 C)
- 1 1 0 F ( - 7 9 C)
^ / ^ ^ ^ R o o m temperature
280
140
0.08
0.16
Strain, in./in.
0.24
Aluminum (WA)
F.R. Schwartzberg et al., Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook, MLTDR-64-280, Aug 1964, Suppl. 1, Feb 1965. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3206, CINDAS/Purdue
University, 1995, p 9
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
Temperature, C
40
-400
-200
200
Temperature, F
400
600
800
Temperature, C
-129
on"240
60
-18
93
316
204
427
420
ur
280
- 1/2 h
100 h
1000h
10,000 h
140
\
E
280 !
\\
\\ \
140
s. , 0 ;
//
/ /
/ ' ' /
/V
/V
-400
-200
200
Temperature, F
400
600
800
Composition: Al-lMg-0.6Si-0.25Cu-0.20Cr.
UNS A96061
Source: "Mechanical Properties at Various Temperatures of 6061-T4
and 6062-T4," Data sheet, Alcoa Research Laboratories, 23 Feb 1956.
As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3,
Code 3206, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 10
312/Wrought
Temperature, C
-240
-129
-18
93
204
316
427
420
Q.
2
ur
280
V
- 1/2 h
100 h
1000h
10,000 h
140
>
CO
I
5
I
420
CL
2
280
\
>
\ \ \
\
5s
/ //
r/
-400
-200
200
Temperature, F
JA
400
140 J
>\\\
\ \\
600
800
Aluminum (WA)
Composition: Al-lMg-0.6Si-0.25Cu-0.20Cr.
UNS A96061
Source: "Mechanical Properties at Various Temperatures of 6061-T6
Products," Data table, Alcoa Research Laboratories, 6 Dec 1960. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3206,
CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 10
Temperature, C
350
I
200 F (93 i
10-100^ ) h
1/2 h
400 F (204 C)
1/2 and 2 h
"
280
210
10 h
2
CD
100-1000\
140
600 F (316 C)
1/2 h exposur e
2h
70
lOh
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
CO
312/Wrought
350
300 F (149 C)
i
I/O II
h CApUoUl
pynnQiire
u
280
210
0.
2
500 F (260 C)
1/2 h
_2h
Aluminum (WA)
is
140
CO
10 h
-100 h
70
10
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
60
50
-240
-184
Temperature, C
-129
-73
-18
38
420
Test direction: Longitudinal and transverse. Sheet thickness: 2.54 mm (0.100 in.). Composition: Al-l.0Mg-0.6Si0.25Cu-0.20Cr. UNS A96061
350
40
oi
280 5
30
210
20
-400
-300
-200
Temperature, F
-100
140
100
F.R Schwartzberg et al., Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook, MILTDR-64-280, Aug 1964, and Suppl. No. 1, Feb 1965. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3206, CINDAS/
Purdue University, 1995, p 11
175
True
140
Nominal
105
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
o~J
0.24
YS
0
0
0.04
0.08
0.12
Strain, in./in.
0.16
0.20
2
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
350
True
Nom inai
280
f
0
0
0.01
1
1
CO
1 210 %
1
1
1
140 <=
1
1
1
1 70
1
1
1
**
YS
0.02
0.03
2
4
6
Strain. 0.001 in./in.
0.04
0.05
Strain, in./in.
0.06
0.07
J-
0.08
0.09
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
350
True^^
Nominal
\
\
\
1
1
YS
280
CO
210 |
1
1
1
1
1
1
ii
0.02
2
100"?
70
1
1
) p
to
140
38
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
4
6
Strain. 0.001 in./in.
0.10
0.08
Temperature, C
149
204
260
93
316
0.12
371
427
200
1/2
10
100 h ^ A
1000
10,000
100
300
400
500
Temperature, F
600
700
800
350
Long transverse
280
Lorigitudinal
140
C/J
70
10
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
175
2 - 5 h exposure
10 hexpo sure
140
105
100 h exposuire
70
35
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
312/Wrought
14
70
Aluminum (WA)
84
350
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for sheet thickness
<6.325 mm (<0.249 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n
(L, compression) =19; n(LT, compression) = 21.
UNS A96061
L and LT
280
210
CL
140
70
10
12
70
84
14
L, compresision%
- L, tensio
350
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal. Typical. Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(L, tension) =
50; n(U compression) = 18. UNS A96061
280
140
70
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
4
12
CO
350
Longitudinal
Long tran sverse
280
140
in
70
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
14
10
70
84
350
/ Long tranisverse^
Longitudinal v
280
140
70
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
12
o
co
312/Wrought
350
\
Y
Aluminum (WA)
280
210
140
&
70
0.04
0.02
0.06
0.10
0.08
0.12
Strain, in./in.
350
i
Longitu
dinal
msverse
Long tr<
\
\ \
\
s.
\
{
280
140
70
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Strain, in./in.
0.12
0.14
210
0.02
0.16
14
70
84
350
/ LT, c(impression
X / L, ccimpression <
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for extrusion thickness
<12.67 mm (<0.499 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
n{L, tension) = 40; n(LT, tension) = 19; n(L, compression) = 15; n(LT, compression) = 14. UNS A96061
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998
280
^ L, tensioin
^ LT, tension
210
140
70
I
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
14
70
84
350
. LT, connipression \
/ s L, compression O
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for extrusion thickness
>76.20 mm (>3.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
n(L, tension) = 45; n{LT, tension) = 24; n(L, compression) = 40; n(LT, compression) = 32. UNS A96061
280
L, tension
\LT,te insion
>
210
CL
140
70
2
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
312/Wrought
350
b jngitudin al
Lorig transverse
s
Aluminum (WA)
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness <12.675 mm (<0.499 in.). UNS A96061
280
210
Q.
2
140
55
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.12
0.08
0.10
Strain, in./in.
0.14
0.16
- -
udinal
Long ti
350
i
Longil
se
\>
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 76.20 mm (3.000 in.). UNS A96061
280
ansvers
210
Q_
CD
140
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Strain, in./in.
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
55
112
98
True
Nor ninal
\
84
\
V
\\
70
\
\
I
\
\
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
YS
)
0.04
0.08
0.16
0.20
Strain, in./in.
8
12
16
20
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
0.12
56
42 i
28
(U
0.24
0.28
24
28
0.32
0.36
280
245
True
Nominal
\
I
ii
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
i
YS
> <5
210
175
140 B
105
70
35
1
1
0.06
Strain, in./in.
2
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
0.02
0.04
0.08
0.10
0.12
312/Wrought
560
80
Loiigitudinal \
60
420
\
Short traiisverse
i
Long trans\/erse
\N
8 40
<1)
20
140
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
14
80
10
70
84.
560
60
420
3 40
20
Aluminum (WA)
280
140
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
12
560
Lcingitudinal^^
^ ^ ^ L o n ig transverse
420
280 w
140
10
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
14
70
84
560
y LOIrig transversi e \
/ Llongitudinal
420
280
140
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
12
co
312/Wrought
560
80
Lon]gitudinal v
Long trainsverse
Short trainsverse
420
60
Aluminum (WA)
40
CO
20
140
10
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
14
100
70
/ Long trans\rerse v
Short transv/ e r s e \ \
\ \
LongitudiinaK
80
84_
700
560
60
420
40
280
20
140
/
4
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
12
700
560
Longitudinal
is
280
CO
140
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
560
420
280
140
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
co
312/Wrought
700
560
Lontjjitudinal
j^^
Aluminum (WA)
Short transvisrse
420
<0
CL
2
280
140
/
4
14
10
12
70
84_
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
700
560
y j Longi tudinal
= =
420
Q.
2
Short transverse
0)
280
140
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 10B psi
12
CO
700
/ Longitudirlal
j Long transsverse
/Short tran:sverse
560
420
o.
2
CD
280
GO
140
/
4
14
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
70
84,.
700
560
Longitijdinal and Icmg transver S6v
. Short transverse v
420
Q_
2
o
280
140
/
4
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
12
CO
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
420
2
280
100
700
80
560
Lcingitudinal x
Long t ransverse^
60
2Q_
Short tr,ansverse
40
20
420
280
140
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
5
03
14
70
84_
700
560
420
280
140
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
80
560
490
Room temperature
70
25Ip F(121 C)
420
60
35( )F (177 C)
350
50
(0
Q.
2>
40
280
30
210
20
co
70
10
10
15
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
20
25
co
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
Test temperature, C
93
149
38
-18
80 r
204
2 f t160
490
420
350 E
V\
Exposure time at
test terriDerature
1/2 h
10 h
100 h
RA
280
100
200
300
Test temperature, F
400
500
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
560
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Temperature, C
-18
-73
Temperature, C
93
149
38
204
560
Q_
2
A
490
O)
c
2
to
420
?ty
CO
3
350
ur
280
T73 3x11% in. (76.2x285.8 mm)
intearallv stilFfened extru sion
T73 3%x3V* in. (82.6x88.9 mm) extruded bar
A A T76 3/4x3/4 in. (82.6x88.9 mm) extru ded bar
O
-100
100
200
Temperature, F
300
210 ^
400
140
500
312/Wrought
80
I
Room temperature
I La
70
60
50
560
490
250 F (121 C)
420
350I F (177 C)
350
40
Aluminum (WA)
280 g
&
CO
210
30
500| F (260 C)
20
140
10
70
10
15
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
20
80
25
560
490
Room temperature
70
2501 F (121 C)
60
420
50
3 40
CO
30
20
10
35Cl F (177 C)
350
CO
Q.
//
/
280
to
co
500I F (260 C)
210
140
70
10
15
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
20
25
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
80
560
490
"""Room temperature
70
25CTF^ 121 C)
60
420
350
50
F (177 C)
<o
I
280 CwO
40
&
CD
//
30
20
210
140
'
500 f= (260 C)
10
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
312/Wrought
Test temperature, C
Aluminum (WA)
Test temperature, C
560
420
280 a>
<fi
140
312/Wrought
560
420
280
Aluminum (WA)
140
490
420
Lone itudinak
*
^ L o n jg transverse
V
x
Short tramsverse
350
280
2
210 co
140
70
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
80
70
A
/ Jy /
60
30
20
02 8 0
CO-
OT
140
. -
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
70
12
490
60
i c //;
LT
- LT
"ST
420
<*
/ /
50
350
//
//
//
40
280 ,
30
210 m
20
10
Source: J.T. Staley, J.E. Jacoby, R.E. Davies, G.E. Nordmark, J.D.
Walsh, and ER. Rudolph, "Aluminum Alloy 7050 Extrusions," AF contract 33615-73-C-5015, Alcoa Laboratories, AFML-TR-76-129,
March 1977. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3222, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 21
210
490
350
40
420
50
10
. - - L T
^ -. - - S T
560
140
-
-- -
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
12
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
560
560
Composition: Al-6.2Zn-2.25Mg-2.3Cu-0.12Zr.
UNS A97050
^ y
/
I
I:
h
/
/ /
/ /
I
420
/j / i
S.
2
280 g
V)
/ /
/ /
/'
i^ /
/[ / /
J i
i
i
/
/
/
140
/ /
- Longitudinal
Short transverse
/J / i
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
I
Lorig transverse
490
420
x ^ y S h c >rt transverse
^Lon gitudinal
350
280
5
210 55
140
70
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
10
70
5.0
120%
1.0
'55
7.0
r f 1olOyo
a co/
W
CO
(0
=3
f
0.7
0.1
0.05
0.01
10
0.07
10
10"
10 '
10 '
10
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
312/Wrought
-18
80
93
38
Temperature, C
149
204
260
Aluminum (WA)
316
560
\>v
Longitudinal
A Longt ransverse
100
200
420 :
350
\\
300
400
Temperature, F
500
280 E
o
O
210
140
600
80
560
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness <50.775 mm (<1.999 in.). Cross-sectional area: <206
cm2 (<32 in.2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter, ^(longitudinal, tension) = 25; (long transverse, tension) = 21.
UNS A97050
Long tranjsverse
Longitudlinal
60
420
20
280 <n
is
CO
140
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
560
80
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 50.80-127.0 mm (2.000-5.000 in.). Cross-sectional
area: <277 cm2 (<43 in.2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
^(longitudinal, tension) = 22; (long transverse, tension)
= 19, w(short transverse, tension) = 14. UNS A97050
Longit.udinal
Long 1transverse
60
40
20
420
Short transverse
140
14
80
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
70
84
560
/ Lorig transvers6v
/ / L ( Dngitudinal >
60
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness <50.775 mm (<1.999 in.). Cross-sectional area: <206
cm2 (<32 in.2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter, (longitudinal, compression) = 39; (long transverse, compression)
= 38. UNS A97050
420
40
20
CL
280 V)
w
<D
to
140
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
12
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 50.80-127.0 mm (2.000-5.000 in.). Cross-sectional
area: <277 cm2 (<43 in.2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
^(longitudinal, compression) = 29; n(long transverse,
compression) = 33; (short transverse, compression) =
23. UNS A97050
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-318
280
560
Longituclinal
Short trarisverse
420
280 ot
co
CO
140
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
312/Wrought
14
80
Aluminum (WA)
70
84
560
Longitudin;
ihort transve
60
40
CO
20
420
280 wtn
<D
140
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
12
560
80
Longitudlnal v
Long treansverse ^
Short trsmsverse \
60
40
20
/I
420
280 so
140
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
312/Wrought
14
80
70
84
560
Long trans'|/erse v
Short transv e r s e s \
* Longitudinal v
60
Aluminum (WA)
420
40
CO
20
CL
2 8 0 co
co
140
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
10
12
80
560
Long tudinal
Long tiansverse
60
420
% 40
280 r
M
2
55
co
20
140
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
312/Wrought
14
80
Aluminum (WA)
70
84
560
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for extrusion thickness
<44.450 mm (<1.750 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
n(L, compression) =19; (LT, compression) = 23.
UNS A97050
LTN
L \
>\
60
2
<n
40
20
420
140
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
80
12
560
Longitudin al v
Long transven
Shiort transven
420
60
20
280
140
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
to
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse; ST, short transverse. Typical for
forging thickness <177.8 mm (<7.000 in.). RambergOsgood parameter, n(L, compression) =15; n(LT, compression) = 18; (ST, compression) = 20. UNS A97050
Source: M1L-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-323
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
80
560
LongituClinal
60
Short tramsverse
420
2
to
40
280 w
20
140
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
14
70
84
560
/ S h o i 1 transverse
ngitudinal \
420
CL
280 g
140
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
12
560
Long transverse
^ Longitudinar
420
280 co
140
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
312/Wrought
14
70
Aluminum (WA)
84
560
420
280
co
140
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
12
80
560
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness <50.775 mm (<1.999 in.). Cross-sectional area: <206
cm2 (<32 in.2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter, ^longitudinal, tension) = 25; rc(long transverse, tension) = 20.
UNS A97050
Longitudinal
Long trcinsverse
60
420
J2
$
&
(0
40
20
280
CO
140
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
312/Wrought
14
Aluminum (WA)
70
560
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness <50.77 mm (<1.999 in.). Cross-sectional area: <206
cm2 (<32 in.2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,ft(longitudinal, compression) = 27; n(long transverse, compression)
= 33. UNS A97050
420
280
co
140
80
560
Longitudiinal v
L(Dng transvei se
si lort transveise
420
60
J2
40
20
280
140
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
312/Wrought
14
80
70
Short transverse v
' Long transverse y X
Longitudi n a l
84
560
\>o
60
S
CD
<55
20
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 50.80-127.0 mm (2.000-5.000 in.). Cross-sectional
area: <277 cm2 (<43 in.2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
^(longitudinal, compression) = 22; n(long transverse,
compression) = 27; n(short transverse, compression) =
22. UNS A97050
420
40
Aluminum (WA)
280 CO
cn
140
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
12
co
Q350
280
to
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
80
I
Room temperature
70
21 2 F (100 C)
60
560
WA.271 7075-T6 aluminum alloy, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
490
Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.5Mg-l.6Cu-0.3Cr.
UNS A97075
420
Source: "Typical Tensile Stress Strain Curves for 7075 T6," Alcoa
Research Laboratories, 20 Dec 1957. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3207, CINDAS/Purdue
University, 1995, p 15
300 f (149 C)
50
350
CD
Q
_
40
30
400 F (204 C )
280
COCO
CO
210
Y
20
500 F (26() C )
140
10
70
10
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
80
560
70
490
90
630
Rc)om tempenature
300 F (14 9 C)
350 F (177 C)
60
420
400 F (204 C)
1
50
CO
CO
<D
(0
350 Q=
280 |
450 F (232 C)
5) 40
210
500 F (260 C)
30
140
20
70
10
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.12
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
420
350
280
oj
|
210
<D
GO
140
70
0
280
210
140 ^
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
560
Tv
420
co
2
o_
280 f
140
/
/
/
Tensiion
Conipression
/
/
/
/
10
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
"1
630
- T6, Longitudinal
O, Transverse
100 F (38 C)
560
490
420
350
2 8 0
Room temperature
210
300 F (149 C)
140
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.12
<35
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
490
Room t<Bmperature
// o
200 F (93 C)
420
200 F (93 C)
[/
/ / 3 0 0 c 'F (149 C)
(1
/ 3 0 0 F 149 C)
400 F (20
ouu r
(149 C)
1 12 h
^
I1
IV
V
r
Source: D.D. Doerr, "Determination of Physical Properties of NonFerrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated Temperatures," AF TR
6517, Pt 1, Dec 1951. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3208, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 3
210 ,
1/ 400 F (204 C)
/ / " 6 0 0 F (316 C)
/
K
^ 4
140
400 F (204 C)
/ L 6 0 0 F: (316 C)
1/500
350
70
F (260 C)
100 h
1i
'P00 h
560
312/Wrought
-18
Temperature, C
204
93
200
Sheet thickness: 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). RT, room temperature; ET, elevated temperature. Composition (7075): Al5.5Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.3Cr. Clad with low zinc, 7072,
alloy. UNS A97075
x
x
Source: D.D. Doerr, "Determination of Physical Properties of NonFerrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated Temperatures," AF TR
6517, Pt 1, Dec 1951. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3208, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 3
A
A
280
A
\\
1
i
\ \
l
i
\ \
V *
\ \
\ \
\ \
^ V
\ \v
\\ \
\ \
k
\ \
cr v ^ v N.
1/2 h
100 h
1000 h
3 yr at RT
1/2 h at ET
427
560
420
V*
I
I
I
316
400
Temperature, F
Aluminum (WA)
o
O
140
600
-18
Temperature, C
204
93
80
316
W\
60
\
1
A
\
20
V
\ v\ \
560
\
\
\
\
<D
\\
\\
I
\ \
140
\ \
aO-^s >
0
560
X^N
420
\\ ' 1 V\x
40
v
\\ ^
\
\ \
V\ \ *
\ \
20
O
A
V
\\ \\
1/2 h
100 h
1000h
3 yr at RT
1/2 h at ET
280
7
140
>
200
Sheet thickness: 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). RT, room temperature; ET, elevated temperature. Note one sample was
aged for 3 years. Composition (7075): Al-5.5Zn-2.5Mg1.6Cu-0.3Cr. Clad with low zinc, 7072, alloy.
UNS A97075
iiT
B
O
c<D)
280
L
^v
60
420
\
~ 40
427
400
Temperature, F
600
Source: D.D. Doerr, "Determination of Physical Properties of NonFerrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated Temperatures," AF TR
6517, Pt 1, Dec 1951. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3208, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 3
312/Wrought
280
True^
No minal
' N
245
210
175
105 |2
70
35
Aluminum (WA)
2
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Strain, inVin.
6
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
14
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
AM
10
70
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for sheet thickness
4.775-6.325 mm (0.188-0.249 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, n{L, tension) =17; n{LT, tension) = 15 n{L,
compression) =13; n(LT, compression) =12.
UNS A97075
;ompressionlv
560
L c<pmpression
/ / / / ' L" r, tension v
/
84.
700
L tension v
420
280
140
/
/
/
/
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
1
1
1
12
C/)
312/Wrought
560
490
' ^ x
K V
Aluminum (WA)
ngitudinal
\|_c ng transvense
L c
350
<o
2
280 co
GO
o_
210
140
70
0.02
100
14
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
70
84
700
80
560
Tension *
/ c^ompressioi
60
420
40
280
20
140
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
12
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
630
*
<o
2
CL
Strain, in./in.
14
70
84700
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for plate thickness
6.350-50.80 mm (0.250-2.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, n(L, tension) = 22; (LT, tension) = 22 n(L,
compression) = 25; n(LT, compression) = 22.
UNS A97075
L a nd LT, comp>ression v
L and LT, tension
^
560
420
co_
Q
2
280
140
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
12
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for extrusion thickness
6.350-38.075 mm (0.250-1.499 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, n{L, tension) = 33; (LT, tension) = 22 n(L,
compression) = 27; n(LT, compression) = 23.
UNS A97075
420
(0
2
CL
280
700
Longitudinal
630
C
f
I nnn transverse
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 6.35-38.07 mm (0.250-1.499 in.). UNS A97075
560
420
CO
CL
350 w
280
210
140
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, inVin.
0.10
0.12
0.14
CO
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
700
Longil:udinal x
Long trans iverse A
560
OL
2
280
140
14
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
70
84_
700
Long transverse v
/ Lonejitudinal v \
\
560
420
280
140
6
8
Strain, 0.001 ln./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
10
12
312/Wrought
700
Lcmgitudinal N
Long 1transverse N
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 12.7-19.0 mm (0.500-0.749 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, ^(longitudinal, tension) = 50; n(long transverse, tension) = 22. UNS A97075
560
Aluminum (WA)
420
-b
280
CO
140
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
280
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
700
Longitudinal
630
L.ong transverse
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 12.7-19.0 mm (0.500-0.749 in.). UNS A97075
><
560
420
Q.
350
280
210
140
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.1
Strain, in./in.
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for extrusion thickness
6.35-38.07 mm (0.250-1.499 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, n{L, tension) = 48; n{LT, tension) = 30 n(L,
compression) = 27; n(LT, compression) = 26.
UNS A97075
420
280
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
14
70
L a nd LT, compsession.
LT, temsion^
\
L, tension v
\
84
700
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for extrusion thickness
12.7-19.0 mm (0.500-0.749 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, n(L, tension) = 34; (LT, tension) = 25 n(L,
compression) = 28; (LT, compression) = 28.
UNS A97075
560
420
CO
Q
_
2
280
140
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
12
GO
^
*
630
560
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 12.7-19.02 mm (0.500-0.749 in.). UNS A97075
490
Longitiudinal
at iovci ac
420
350 |
280
&
210
140
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
Strain, in./in.
700
560
Longituc
Long transverse^
420
lort transvei
280
140
/
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
312/Wrought
14
84_
700
70
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse; ST, short transverse. Typical for
forging thickness 76.2-127.0 mm (3.001-5.000 in.).
Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(L, compression) =15;
n(LT, compression) =13; n(ST, compression) =15.
UNS A97075
560
y ST
ST.
N
/ / A
Aluminum (WA)
420
Source:
MIL-HDBK-5H,
1 Dec 1998, p 3 - 3 9 6
8
280
en
140
12
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
700
630
True
Notminal
YS
0.07
0.08
i
i
560
1
1
1 490
1
1 420 (0|
1
1
i
1 350 &
w
1
d)
1
'U>
1 280
F
1
1
1 210
1
1
1 140
1
1
1 70
1
0.09 0.'
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
100
700
Longitudiinal
560
80
^ L o n g transverse
60
420
40
280
20
140
/
4
10
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
CO
12
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106
psi
312/Wrought
100
700
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 20.3-69.85 mm (0.800-2.750 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, ^(longitudinal, tension) = 9.5; (long transverse, tension) = 9.5. Composition: Al-6.4Zn-2.4Mg2.2Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97150
Longitudiinal
80
560
Long traiisverse
60
Aluminum (WA)
420
o.
0)
CO
280
40
20
<35
140
10
12
70
84.
700
28
42
56
1
. 1.ongitudinal
>ng transver
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 20.320-69.850 mm (0.800-2.750 in.). RambergOsgood parameter, ^(longitudinal, compression) = 16;
n(long transverse, compression) = 27. Composition: Al6.4Zn-2.4Mg-2.2Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97150
560
420
o.
280
140
10
12
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
700
Loingitudinalx
560
Long transverse
420
0.
2
280
140
14
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
70
84.
700
. Long transverse
/Long itudinal ^
560
420
280
140
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
12
312/Wrought
700
Longitudinal
Aluminum (WA)
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 17.78-29.108 mm (0.700-1.145 in.). RambergOsgood parameter, ^(longitudinal, tension) = 8.8; (long
transverse, tension) = 8.2. UNS A97150
^ ^
560
^ L o n g tra nsverse
280
140
10
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
12
100
700
80
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 25.40-50.80 mm (1.000-2.000 in.). Cross-sectional
area: 206-419 cm2 (32-65 in.2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter, tt(longitudinal, tension) = 41; (long transverse, tension) = 58. Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.5Mg-l.6Cu-0.23Cr.
UNS A97175
560
Lonelitudinal
Long trans verse
60
420
Q.
2
en
40
20
280
140
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
420
CO
700
560
Longitudiirial
A
/
Transverse
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
420
280
140
10
12
312/Wrought
14
100
70
y Longituidinal v
/ s Transv erse
80
\\
84.
700
560
60
>
co
40
20
420
CL
2
280
&
140
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
12
700
560
Longitudinal ^
Long tiransverse ^
Short tiransverse v
420
(0
2
Q.
280
Aluminum (WA)
140
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
312/Wrought
14
Aluminum (WA)
70
84_
700
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse, ST, short transverse. Typical for
forging thickness <101.60 mm (<4.000 in.). RambergOsgood parameter, n{L, compression) = 27; n(LT, compression) = 17; n(ST, compression) =19. Composition:
Al-5.6Zn-2.5Mg-l.6Cu-0.23Cr. UNS A97175
560
ST
LT
.LT
L>
y> L
420
ST
280
140
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
12
560
Longitudinal v
Long transverse
Short transverse
420
CL
280 ccooQ)
55
140
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
312/Wrought
14
<
70
84
560
S.
280
140
2
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
Aluminum (WA)
co
560
490
420
350
<o
CL
280 C
C
AO(D
to
210
140
70
0
560
490
420
350
<o
w
280 Q.
210
140
70
10
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; T, transverse; ST, short transverse. Typical for die
forging thickness <76.20 mm (<3.000 in.) top, and hand
forging thickness <101.60 mm (4.000 in.) bottom.
Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.23Cr-low
Ti,Mn,Si. UNS A97175
Source: C.F. Babilon, R.H. Wygonik, G.E. Nordmark, and B.W. Lifka,
"Mechanical Properties, Fracture Toughness, Fatigue, Environmental
Fatigue Crack Growth Rates, and Corrosion Characteristics of High
Toughness Aluminum Alloy Forgings, Sheet and Plate," AFML-TR-7383, Air Force Materials Laboratory, April 1973. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3219, CINDAS/
Purdue University, 1995, p 10
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
630
560
Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.23Cr-low
Ti,Mn,Si. UNS A97175
Temperature, C
-18
38
93
149
260
204
31
>
CL
2
490
!JT
420
350
v \
\ \
f\
\ \
\ \
\
_ .- A
or
280
>
N\
\ \
\ \
\ \
\ \
\ \
\\
Lon<gitudinal
Trarisverse
CO
210 CH
O
E
140
i
70
/ /
*
/ /
'
' RA
XT-S
100
A- ~
200
300
Temperature, F
400
c
CD
-b
500
600
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
560
75 F (24 C)
Tested at various temperatures. Test direction: longitudinal (top) and transverse (bottom). Composition: Al5.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.23Cr-low Ti,Mn,Si. UNS A97175
490
250 F (1121 C)
420
""*350F ('177 C)
350
280 eg
///
//
cn
210
500 F (260 C)
140
70
0
560
F (24 C)
490
250 F ('121 C)
420
350 F (177 C)
350
S.
280
I
w
//
A
f
0.2
210
500 fl F (260 C)
140
70
0.4
0.6
Strain, %
0.8
1.0
1.2
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
True
Nor riinal
YS
CL
/J J
f
1
6
Strain, in./in.
4
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
12
10
Longiltudinal
Long tramaverse
560
490
420
I
\ s h c art transvers e
350
CO
CL
280
210
140
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
312/Wrought
14
70
84
560
/ Short tranisverse
490
\
Lone I transverse
420
L.ong itudinal
350
Q_
280 w
140
70
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
80
12
560
^
Short trcmsverse
Long transverise
Tested at room temperature. Typical for forging thickness: in longitudinal and long transverse directions,
38.10-152.40 mm (1.500-6.000 in.); in short transverse
direction, 76.20-152.40 mm (3.000-6.000 in.).
Composition: Al-4.7Zn-2.2Mg-1.6Cu-0.15Cr.
UNS A97249
N '
Longitud i n a i ^ ,
60
420
CO
Q.
40
280
20
140
0.02
210
Aluminum (WA)
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Strain, in./in.
0.12
0.14
0.16
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
80
560
60
420
Lon jitudinai /
40
to
20
/ /
/ Transiverse
Q.
280 g
140
2 *
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
80
560
420
60
Longitud i n a ^ ^
^ ^ ^ r a n s iverse
40
20
/ /
CL
280 cV)
/>
140
312/Wrought
490
70
60
420
350
Longitu dinal /
50
55 40
30
20
10
// /
/ /
/ /
>
Aluminum (WA)
/ Long tr ansverse
/
JS
210 g
>
140
70
2*
490
60
420
350
Source: J.A. Dickson, "Alcoa 467 Process X7475 Alloy," Alcoa Green
Letter G.L. 216 5-70, Aluminum Co. of America, May 1970. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3220,
CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 12
Longitudinal
50
J
/ /
/
S
30
20
10
Longt ransverse
40
70
280 ,
210
g
140
70
2*
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
490
Longiti dinal
420
350
Source: J.A. Dickson, "Alcoa 467 Process X7475 Alloy," Alcoa Green
Letter G.L. 216 5-70, Aluminum Co. of America, May 1970. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3220,
CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 16
// (/
/ /
)
/ Long t ransvers e
>
280
2
210 55
140
/ /
70
2+
560
490
Longitudinal
350
(0
2
Q_
280
210
140
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
312/Wrought
14
70
84
560
490
420
350
280
210
140
70
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
12
560
490
(0
2
Q_
280
co
in
CO
210
Aluminum (WA)
140
70
4
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
14
80
70
70
84
560
490
/ Loing transvers
/ / S h i ort transven
.ongitudinal
60
420
50
350
03_
Q
40
30
20
10
280 <
w0
CO
210
140
70
10
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
4
12
80
560
70
490
Transve rse
/ y ^ Lorlg transverse
//
60
50
40
420
350
280 coco
30
210
20
140
10
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
312/Wrought
14
84
560
70
/Lorig transvers
Longitudinal
Aluminum (WA)
490
420
350
CO
a.
2 8 0 co
CO
210
140
70
12
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
630
560
Long trsinsverse
Lonelitudinal
490
420
CO
350
280
210
140
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.10
0.12
0.14
<D
&
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
700
560
Lcjngitudinal
Long tra nsverse
420
280
140
14
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
70
84
700
==
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for sheet thickness
1.016-6.325 mm (0.040-0.249 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, ^(longitudinal, compression) =15; n(long
transverse, compression) =19. Composition: Al-5.6Zn2.2Mg-1.5Cu-0.21Cr-low Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
560
420
280
140
12
312/Wrought
560
LongitucJinal
_
Long tnansverse
Aluminum (WA)
420
/
/
280 toco05
140
/
/
/
/
f
14
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
70
84
560
f Long trans.verse.
y Longitudiinak
490
420
350
210
140
~ 1
1
1
1
1
I
/
/
<D
cn
70
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
ill
IS
Lone
i
i
ong transvrerse
LT
560
490
420
280
CO
210
140
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.10
0.12
0.14
560
80
Longitijdinal
/ X u
>ng transver se
420
60
40
20
140
6
8
Strain, 0.001 inTin.
10
12
312/Wrought
14
80
84
560
70
/ L ong transve:rse v
\
Longitudimal.
60
420
40
Aluminum (WA)
280 co
J3
CO
20
140
12
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
560
490
Long trsinsverse
\
\
420
280
co
CO
CO
210
140
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.10
0.12
0.14
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
560
Longitij d i n a l ^ ^
^ ^ L o n g transverse
420
co
140
/
/
t
/
4
14
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
70
84
560
490
y L ong transveirse v
' Longitudinal v N v ,
420
350
CO
O280 co
CO
<D
210
140
>
*
70
1
1
I
/
f
10
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
4
12
312/Wrought
560
490
Longitudl i n a l ^ ^ ^
^ T o n g tiansverse
420
350
w
o.
280
/
/
Aluminum (WA)
210
140
70
/
/
f
/
4
14
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
70
84
560
y L.ong transve|rse v
, Longitudina k
420
(0
D.
280 w
55
140
\
/
/
/
/
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 |
N
\
1
1
1
10
12
312/Wrought
Aluminum (WA)
80
560
Longitiidinal^^a
^ ^ L o n g transverse
60
420
Q_
280 w
40
V)
CO
20
/
140
/
/
/
/
/
14
80
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
70
84
560
60
40
20
280 w
140
\
/
/
/
\
1
1
1
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
12
312/Wrought
100
Aluminum (WA)
700
80
560
60
420
Q.
CD
280
40
O Moinotonic
20
Cy(;lic R = - 1
140
/
0.01
0.02
Total strain, %
0.03
0.04
CO
420
LA.001 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4254), 2/1 lay-up,
typical tensile stress-strain curves
350
Lcjngitudinal
50
40
CD
20
//
D e c 1998, p 7 - 3 4
140
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
420
LA.002 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4254), 3/2 lay-up,
typical tensile stress-strain curves
350
Longitudimal
280
- Long transvers*j
o.
210
//
140
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H,
210 g
a>
CO
//
30
O)
10
280
Lorig transvers e
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
co
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H,
D e c 1998, p 7 - 3 4
420
LA.003 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4254), 4/3 lay-up,
typical tensile stress-strain curves
350
Longitudinal
280
//
L.ong transve>rse
210 w
D e c 1998, p 7 - 3 5
55
140
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
420
LA.004 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4254), 5/4 lay-up,
typical tensile stress-strain curves
350
Longitudin*al
280
//
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H,
</)
Q)
co
CL
Lorig transversae
210 w
to
a>
co
140
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H,
D e c 1998, p 7 - 3 5
CD
f Long trans
70
14
LA.005 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4254), 2/1 lay-up,
typical compressive stress-strain and compressive
tangent modulus curves
84v
350
280
. Longituidinal
//
210
GL
140
O
C
70
10
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
4
14
70
12
LA.006 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4254), 3/2 lay-up,
typical compressive stress-strain and compressive
tangent modulus curves
Thickness, 1.35 mm (0.053 in.). Compressive yield
strength: longitudinal, 241 MPa (35 ksi); long transverse,
207 MPa (30 ksi). Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
^(longitudinal, compression) =13; (long transverse,
compression) = 1 3
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 7-36
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
14
70
LA.007 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4254), 4/3 lay-up,
typical compressive stress-strain and compressive
tangent modulus curves
84
350
280
Longitu<Jinak
^ ^
210
ng transvers>
140
//
/
0
70
I
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
14
70
LA.008 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4254), 5/4 lay-up,
typical compressive stress-strain and compressive
tangent modulus curves
84
350
280
LongitucIinal v
210
f /
^Lon g transversi
140
70
2
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
C0
60
t
I
jngitudinal
420
(0_
Q
2
X
Long trans
40
280
20
140
30
560
S
<D
80
LA.009 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4254), 2/1 lay-up,
typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range)
700
100
60
90
120
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
150
CO
180
840
LA.010 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4254), 3/2 lay-up,
typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range)
700
/ Lorigitudinal
560
o(0
CO
Long tranjsverse
280
140
30
60
90
120
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
150
0
180
//
840
LA.011 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4254), 4/3 lay-up,
typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range)
700
/ Loiigitudinal
560
cn
Long tranjsverse
280
140
30
60
90
120
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
180
150
//
840
LA.012 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4254), 5/4 lay-up,
typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range)
700
/ Lorigitudinal
rI
560
X
280
140
30
60
90
120
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
150
180
100
700
80
560
Longitudiinal
60
420
Long trans.verse
LA.013 7475-T761 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4302), 2/1 lay-up,
typical tensile stress-strain curves
Thickness, 0.81 mm (0.032 in.). Ultimate tensile strength:
longitudinal, 710 MPa (103 ksi); long transverse,
386 MPa (56 ksi). Tensile yield strength: longitudinal,
524 MPa (76 ksi); long transverse, 331 MPa (48 ksi).
Ramberg-Osgood parameters: ^(longitudinal, tension) =
6.4; (long transverse, tension) = 6.1
Source: M1L-HDBK-5H,
40
280
140
20
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
100
12
700
Longitudiinal
80
560
60
420
Long trarisverse
280
140
20
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
LA.014 7475-T761 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4302), 3/2 lay-up,
typical tensile stress-strain curves
Thickness, 1.35 mm (0.053 in.). Ultimate tensile strength:
longitudinal, 765 MPa (111 ksi); long transverse,
352 MPa (51 ksi). Tensile yield strength: longitudinal,
565 MPa (82 ksi); long transverse, 296 MPa (43 ksi).
Ramberg-Osgood parameters: ^(longitudinal, tension) =
5.2; fl(long transverse, tension) = 5.8
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H,
0)
40
D e c 1998, p 7 ^ 2
12
D e c 1998, p 7 - 4 2
100
LA.015 7475-T761 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet laminates (AMS 4302), 4/3 and 5/4
lay-ups, typical tensile stress-strain curves
700
Lorigitudinai
80
560
60
40
420
Long transverse
280
20
140
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H,
14
80
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
70
84
560
I \
Lc)ngitudinal v
se
40
<0
Q280 w
<D
CO
/
20
LA.016 7475-T761 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4302), 2/1 lay-up,
typical compressive stress-strain and compressive
tangent modulus curves
420
60
140
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
12
D e c 1998, p 7 ^ 3
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H,
D e c 1998, p 7 ^ 3
14
80
70
420
60
/ Longitudinal
co
2
a.
ig transverse
280 to
40
20
LA.017 7475-T761 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4302), 3/2 lay-up,
typical compressive stress-strain and compressive
tangent modulus curves
84
560
}
14
80
60
/
140
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
70
12
LA.018 7475-T761 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet laminates (AMS 4302), 4/3 and
5/4 lay-ups, typical compressive stress-strain
and compressive tangent modulus curves
84
560
420
y L ongitudinal
40
Lorig transverse
280 to"
to
20
140
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
12
120 r
840
LA.019 7475-T761 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4302), 2/t lay-up,
typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range)
700
/ L o n e itudinal
560
CO
Q.
420
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H,
D e c 1998, p 7 - 4 5
COCO
Long transverse
w
280
140
10
20
30
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
40
120
50
840
LA.020 7475-T761 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4302), 3/2 lay-up,
typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range)
700
X c jngitudinal
100
80
560
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H,
Q_
420
60
Long transverse
40
280
20
140
10
20
30
40
50
co
D e c 1998, p 7 - 4 6
LA.021 7475-T761 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4302), 4/3 lay-up,
typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range)
980
840
I*
L ngitudinal
700
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H,
D e c 1998, p 7 ^ 7
560 ,
420 w
Long 1transverse
280
140
10
40
20
30
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
50
840
LA.022 7475-T761 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4302), 5/4 lay-up,
typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range)
700
/ L o n e jitudinal
560
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H,
420
X
Long transv erse
280
140
10
20
30
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
40
50
D e c 1998, p 7 - 4 8
Copper (Cu)/515
Copper (Cu)
Cu.001 Oxygen-free copper (UNS C10200) bar,
stress-strain curves showing effect of low
temperatures
630
90
560
76 K \
195 K
%120 K
420
350
|
&
280 *
295 K \
210
140
70
0.1
0.2
0.3
Strain, in./in.
0.4
0.5
0.6
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 7
516/Copper (Cu)
420
385
-
1
350
315
280
245
210 g
&
175
140
/V
7
A//
7
0.5
105
70
5
35
1 5
to
Q_
2.5
3 .5
4.1
5.5
Copper strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-tofinish grain size of 0.045 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb)
capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 jum (10 [tin.) were
used. These tests were conducted in accordance with
ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but
the closest current designation is given for reference.
The cold working of each specimen was defined by the
change in strip thickness based on the Brown and Sharpe
(B&S) wire gage and the reduction in area (RA) and was
then assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1:
B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4;
RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%;
temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper,
quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra
hard; annealed at 427 C (800 F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 7
Copper (Cu)/517
560
490
420
630
4K
V20K
NJ6K
"^195K
CD
350 9=
\ \
280
295
210
140
70
0.1
0.2
0.3
Strain, in./in.
0.5
0.4
0.6
420
385
350
^-2
315
280
3
245 co
CL
210
coco
<D
175
140
105
70
5
35
4
5
6
7
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
11
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 21
518/Copper (Cu)
420
1
385
2
350
315
3
280
245
210
ca
Q.
to
175
140
105
2, 4 X
#1,3
70
35
5
6
7
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
4 K ^\ 2 0 K
11
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
12
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 21
630
Cu.008 Zirconium copper (UNS C15000) bar, stressstrain curves showing effect of low temperatures
560
76 K
490
\\
-^195 K
v
420
350 9=
280 *
210
140
70
0.2
295 K \
0.1
0.3
Strain, in./in.
0.4
0.5
0.6
Copper (Cu)/519
28
140
168
1400
1120
^ L and SIf, tension
280
12
16
20
24
840
560
-b
CO
520/Copper (Cu)
200
28
140
?400
, LT, conipression ^
/ / L f comipression v
tension
160
1120
\ L, tension
120
840
<D
O)
2
80
560
40
280
12
16
20
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
24
CO
Copper (Cu)/521
Cu.013 Copper gilding-metal (UNS C21000), stressstrain curves showing effect of cold working
490
1
2
455
420
385
350
315
280 S.
/
f
245 g
4
<D
210 ft
175
140
7
5
105
70
35
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
0.5
1.5
2.5
3
3.5
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
4.i
5.5
,0
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 33
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 33
522/Copper (Cu)
630
560
20 K
4K
420
76 K
350 &
195 K
280
295 K
co
210
140
10
70
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Strain, in./in.
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p. 37
Copper (Cu)/523
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 38
630
560
20 K ,
490
4
f/t
rf
295 K
\ \
(0
350
280 *
210
140
10
70
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Strain, in./in.
420
76 K
195 K
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
524/Copper (Cu)
630
-
1
560
490
420
3
CD
350
280 *
210
140
70
10
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 44
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 44
Copper (Cu)/525
490
455
420
3
385
4
350
f A>
315
280 I
245
^ C
O
210 co
Av/
7
J
r
175
140
5
105
0.5
1.5
70
35
2
2.5
3
3 .5
4
Strain, 0.001 ini./in.
4.5
5.5
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 50
Cu.022 Spring-brass (UNS C25600) strip, stressstrain curves showing effect of cold rolling
Special spring-brass (74.69% Cu) strip 1.0 mm (0.040
in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.015
mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity hydraulic testing
machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to
0.254 (Im (10 pin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate
the UNS designations, but the spring brass composition is
similar to C25600. The cold working of each specimen
was defined by the change in strip thickness based on the
Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire gage and the reduction in
area (RA) and was then assigned a commercial temper
designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper,
spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve
3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S,
1; RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6;
RA, 50.0%; temper, extra hard; annealed at 427 C (800
F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 57
526/Copper (Cu)
Cu.023 Spring-brass (UNS C25600) strip, stressstrain curves showing effect of cold rolling
420
350
is
280
<n
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 57
Cu.024 Cartridge brass (UNS C26000) strip, stressstrain curves showing effect of cold working
700
630
- 1
560
490
3
420
(0
Q_
350
coco
V)
Ml
(f
280
210
140
70
10
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 62
Copper (Cu)/527
Cu.025 Cartridge brass (UNS C26000) strip, stressstrain curves showing effect of cold working
70-30 cartridge brass (69.83% Cu) strip 1.0 mm (0.040
in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.070
mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity hydraulic testing
machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to
0.254 |Lim (10 |iin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate
the UNS designations, but the closest current designation
is given for reference. The cold working of each specimen was defined by the change in strip thickness based
on the Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire gage and the
reduction in area (RA) and was then assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%;
temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA, 37.2%; temper,
hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, half hard.
Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard.
Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra hard;
annealed at 704 C (1300 F) for 1 h
Source: R A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 62
900
800
Compression
700
|
600
Torsion
500
(O
0)
2
CO
1
400
j/
Axial tension
following
torsion
prestrain
o 300
200
100
_ i
0.5
1.5
2.5
i
3.5
528/Copper (Cu)
i "Uniaxial aDtnpression
/
/
Uniaxial
tension / /
Torsion
'
;/
f
1
0.5
1.5
2.5
Copper (Cu)/529
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 72
525
490
35
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
455
420
385
350
315
(0
CL
280 2
245
210*
175
140
105
5
0.5
1.5
2.5
3
3. 5
4
Strain, 0.001 in ./in.
4.5
5.5
70
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 72
530/Copper (Cu)
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 82
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 82
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Copper (Cu)/531
100
700
1
90
2
80
630
560
490
70
3
60
420
CO
!a.
2
\
<D 50
to
350
4
CO
280
40
5
30
210
20
140
10
70
5
6
7
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
11
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
100
700
90
630
1
80
560
70
490
60
420
50
40
30
20
10
a.
2
/A
At
350
CD
280
4
210
140
5
5
6
7
8
Strain, 0.001 inVin.
70
10
11
to
532/Copper (Cu)
Copper (Cu)/533
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 96
420
-1
385
350
CM
315
280
245 co
Q.
3
ir
210 u
175
//
J\
140
105
35
4
5
6
7
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
11
534/Copper (Cu)
700
1
630
560
2
3
490
420
CO
Q
_
350 cc
oo
CD
o5
280
210
140
70
5
6
7
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
11
Copper (Cu)/535
420
Q.
2
350
280
co
536/Copper (Cu)
110
770
1
100
700
90
630
-2
80
560
3
70
60
490
420
50
350 2
40
280
5
30
210
20
140
10
70
5
6
7
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
11
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
100
700
90
80
630
560
<D
70
490
60
420
50
CO
40
30
20
10
//
/
/
1
Q_
2
oo
350
*t
280
210
140
70
5
6
7
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
11
&
Copper (Cu)/537
840
770
20K__
630
" 76 K
560
490 co
Q.
420 <V)
a
o
^295 K
350
35
280
210
140
70
0.1
).2
0.3
0.4
0.J
Strain, in./in.
700
630
560
490
420
350 co
280
|
w
210
140
70
11
980
840
770
700
420 co
350
280
210
140
70
1 % 7
Copper (Cu)/539
420
350 w
280
CO
700
630
1
560
490
~2
42
0 CO
Q5
350 ri
CO
280
210
140
70
4
5
6
Strain, 0.001 inVin.
10
11
980
910
840
770
Source: RJP. Reed and R.R Mikesell, Low Temperature Mechanical
700
630
560 S.
490
<D
420 ft
350
280
210
140
70
0<P
455
42Q
385
350
315
280
^
210 g
w
245
175
140
105
70
35
0
11
Copper (Cu)/541
700
630
1
2
560
490
420
350 co
CO
280
3
210
140
70
5
6
7
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
11
980
910
840
^ \ 20 K
\\
770
700
\ 76 K
630
2! >5 K \
I
560 S.
X
490
195K
CD
420 co
350
280
210
140
70
0.1
).2
0.3
Strain, in./in.
0.'
0.5
542/Copper (Cu)
1
2
630
560
490
420
350 2=
CO
<r
280 *
210
140
5
70
5
6
7
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
11
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
840
770
20K,
700
4Kgg
630
76 K
/
v)
490 ro
Q_
195 K
420 eg
295 K
350
280
210
140
70
0.1
0.2
560
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Strain, in./in.
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Copper (Cu)/543
100
700
630
90
20 K
80
560
^4K
490
70
76
60
420
195 K
Q.
2
50
350
'
295 K
40
280
30
140
10
70
0.1
).2
0. 3
Strain, in./in.
0J
0.5
90
80
60
70
210
20
630
560
490
420
co
^ 50
to"
350
CO
<D
CO
280 |
40
210
30
140
20
70
10
3
4
5
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
630
560
490
420
350
2
gj
w
210
140
70
0
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
770
700
630
560
490
<o
420 |
V)
CO
350
tn
280
210
140
70
Copper (Cu)/545
700
630
/ -J
7
560
3
490
420
0.
2
4
350
280
210
5
140
70
4
5
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
420
a.
2
350
CO
280
546/Copper (Cu)
Cu.064 Nickel silver (UNS C74400) strip, stressstrain curves showing effect of cold rolling
co
5
280
210
140
70
4
5
6
7
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
11
Copper (Cu)/547
Cu.065 Nickel silver (UNS C74400) strip, stressstrain curves showing effect of cold rolling
490
ra
420
i
350 S>
Cu.066 Nickel silver (UNS C74500) strip, stressstrain curves showing effect of cold rolling
10% nickel silver (66.02% Cu, 10.73% Ni, balance zinc)
strip, having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.015 mm. A
2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity hydraulic testing machine and
Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 |im
(10 |iin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest current designation is given for
reference. The cold working of each specimen was
defined by the change in strip thickness based on the
Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire gage and the reduction in
area (RA) and was then assigned a commercial temper
designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper,
spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve
3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S,
1; RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6;
RA, 50.0%; temper, extra hard; annealed at 593 C (1100
F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
548/Copper (Cu)
Cu.067 Nickel silver (UNS C74500) strip, stressstrain curves showing effect of cold rolling
10% nickel silver (66.02% Cu, 10.73% Ni, balance zinc)
strip, having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.080 mm. A
2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity hydraulic testing machine and
Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 |nm
(10 |Llin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest current designation is given for
reference. The cold working of each specimen was
defined by the change in strip thickness based on the
Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire gage and the reduction in
area (RA) and was then assigned a commercial temper
designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper,
spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve
3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S,
1; RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6;
RA, 50.0%; temper, extra hard; annealed at 704 C (1300
F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
Copper (Cu)/549
110
Cu.069 Nickel silver (UNS C75400) strip, stressstrain curves showing effect of cold rolling
770
100
700
1
630
90
2
560
80
3
490
70
<o
60
420
50
350
0)
40
30
20
10
{//
280
5
210
140
V
70
1
4
5
6
7
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
11
Cu.070 Nickel silver (UNS C75400) strip, stressstrain curves showing effect of cold rolling
15% nickel silver (66.18% Cu, 15.05% Ni, balance Zn)
strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish
grain size of 0.100 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity
hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 |im (10 |iin.) were used. These
tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The
tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest current designation is given for reference. The cold working
of each specimen was defined by the change in strip
thickness based on the Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire
gage and the reduction in area (RA) and was then
assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1:
B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4;
RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%;
temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper,
quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra
hard; annealed at 760 C (1400 F) for 1 h
3
4
5
6
7
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
11
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
550/Copper (Cu)
Copper (Cu)/551
700
1
630
2
560
490
3
420
4
350
(O
280
5
210
140
70
4
5
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
tn
552/Copper (Cu)
110
100
700
90
70
2
560
490
3
60
420 ;
CO
CO
& 50
350 .
(
///
40
30
20
10
630
80
770
280
Af
ft
/V
210
140
5
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
70
4
5
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
110
110
770
100
700
9
90
80
630
560
3
70
490
I> 60
|
420
f /
= 50
40
350
co
280
210
ft
7
30
-5
20
140
10
70
5
6
7
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
11
Copper (Cu)/553
110
770
100
700
1
90
80
630
560
70
//
60
jf
490
co
420
& 50
350
co
40
280
30
20
210
140
10
70
4
5
6
7
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
11.0
2500
Tunigsten wire
2000
1500
f !
<
Tungsten wire
46.5 vo l% fiber
1000
500
Copper
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
Strain, % elongation
2.0
2.4
554/Copper (Cu)
980
910
4 K ^
840
20 K n
770
700
195K^-
630
""295 K
560 S.
490 eg
420 w
350
280
210
140
10
o;
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.1 i
Magnesium (Mg)/555
Magnesium (Mg)
Mg.001 Magnesium single crystal,
stress-strain curves
Arrows indicate yield strengths. Relationship between
specimen and slip plane orientation is shown.
Source: C.R. Brooks, Heat Treatment, Structure, and Properties of
1952, p 295)
/^
245
210
Tension
g>
105
/
70
35
0.2
0.4
0.6
Strain, %
0.8
1.0
55
556/Magnesium (Mg)
14
70
84
350
280
ension
210
'
"Ccimpression
140
70
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
4
14
70
12
84 .
175
"^Tensi on
140
Coimpression
70
35
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
105
12
Magnesium (Mg)/557
Temperature, C
book, American Society for Metals, 1961; square, C.R. Tipton, Reactor
Handbook, Vol I, 2nd ed., Interscience Publishing, 1960. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3603, CINDAS/
Temperature, F
280
140 w
70
12
210
175
105
GO
70
35
Magnesium (Mg)/559
280
210
/
/
//
140
35
70
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
210
f/
a
105
tf
GO
70
35
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
560/Magnesium (Mg)
175
140
RT
300^3F (149 C)
(5
400 F (204 C)
AZ63A-F v
N
RT
A
/Vs
Y /
70
500 F (260 C)
If/
i!
W
600 c F (316 C)
35
700 F (371 C)
10
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
210
175
Roonn temperature
140
300F (149 C)
CO
Q
_
400F (204 C)
500 F (260 C)
105
70
600 F (316 C)
35
700 F (371 C)
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
<D
W
10
Magnesium (Mg)/561
38
-18
Temperature, C
93
149
>
204
]r
210
Exposure (t<ested at
room tempe mature)
O 100 h
1000h
oo
1-)
140
70
100
200
300
Temperature, F
400
500
Magnesium (Mg)/563
Tension/,
250
impression
200
150
d>
CO
100
/
50
0.2
0.4
0.8
0.6
Strain, %
1.0
1.2
280
Tension.,,^-
Compression
/ /
210
Q_
140 w
(0
(D
tn
70
564/Magnesium (Mg)
175
140
105 o
175
25
20
140
5
SJgS^
300JXJ
105 >
J2 15
^
10
3 F (204 C)
70
35
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
<=
Magnesium (Mg)/565
210
175
140
Room 1temperature
300 F (149 C)
400 F (204 C)
09
Q_
2
105 B
05
/[
70
35
10
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
425 F (218 C)
566/Magnesium
20
(Mg)
140
M g . 0 2 0 A Z 9 1 C - T 4 m a g n e s i u m a l l o y s a n d c a s t bar,
i s o c h r o n o u s stress-strain c u r v e s
F m , ultimate t e n s i l e strength; F^, t e n s i l e y i e l d strength.
Composition: Mg-9Al-0.7Zn. U N S M l 1914
15
105
to
CO
CO
10
70
35
Magnesium (Mg)/567
-18
36
93
Temperature, C
149
204
260
50
316
350
T 6 condition
T 4 condition
Composition: Mg-9Al-0.7Zn
280
1
210 ra
Q_
2
i
&
140
Sw
o- -
<
70
1
I
O 10 'min
A t t e n iperature
>10 m ! n }
A
300
Temperature, F
400
or "
100
200
500
600
568/Magnesium (Mg)
315
280
245
9
'tu
210 m
175
>
^y
140
135
200
400
600
Exposure time, h
800
1000
Magnesium (Mg)/569
175
S
Room t jmperature
140
^ ^ 3 0 0 F (149 C)
A
hV
F (204 C)
105
70
ra
Q.
2
35
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
196
168
>/T6
140
w
CO
<D
84 5)
56
28
Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3403, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 3
196
168
140
Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3403, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 4
112r
84 w
56
28
196
168
140
112;
2
84 co
56
28
Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3403, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 4
Magnesium (Mg)/571
196
168
\T6
140
\J4
Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3403, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 4
112 r
84 co
56
28
18
38
Temperature, C
149
204
93
260
316
371
350
50
280
O-~
Fk
~J<
70
Coridition
T5
o T6
i
f
r
100
200
140 i
r \
t
r^pJ
300
400
Temperature, F
500
600
700
572/Magnesium (Mg)
175
x>m temper;ature
y
/ '/C
s
140
3( 30 F (149 0)
105
> 4 ( 30 F (204 i
/r
70
35
10
12
105
Q-
-t
CO
70
Magnesium (Mg)/573
168
300 F (149 C)
Composition: Mg-9Al-2Zn. U N S M l 1920
15 s^.
140
5 min^15 min^
112
Q.
84
lOh"
i
cn
56
28
0
168
400 F (204 C)
140
112
15s _
5 min _
84
15 min_
56
10 h
28
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
oo
12
574/Magnesium
(Mg)
Temperature, C
204
93
-18
316
50 r
427
350
40
210
30
\ V
20
140
10
70
Exposure
1/2 h
O 100 h
1000h
160
OBAOe
o 80
o
LJ
200
400
Temperature, F
600
800
CO
Magnesium ( M g ) / 5 7 5
196
168
(
y '
IA
[f
84 co
[ /
j /
r
x''
56
3 h exposure
5s
'
30 min
t ^
1h
//
28
2h
10 h
0
196
168
400 F (:204 C)
//
!
140
1122
2
84 w
600 F (3 16
C)
56
L'S
r '
// .""
f1*
28
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
576/Magnesium (Mg)
15s
1990, p 504
I
f
-
Strain, %
Magnesium (Mg)/577
Strain, %
578/Magnesium (Mg)
1.2
1.6
Strain, %
1.2
1.6
Strain, %
Magnesium (Mg)/579
Magnesium (Mg)/581
210
30
Exposure:
400 f1 (204 C)
A 500 f - (260 C)
600 f- (316 C)
J2 28
I 26
s
i 24
Z)
196
182
168
154
154
140
ur
xz
126
112
98
E
|
in
1000
2000
3000
Exposure time, h
4000
5000
582/Magnesium (Mg)
0.6
0.8
Strain, %
Magnesium (Mg)/583
300
0.8
1.2
Strain, %
300
40
30
24 C (75 F)
149 C (300 F)
204 C (400 F)
260 C (500 F)~
316 C (600 T )
10
343 C (650 F)
0.8
1.2
Strain, %
1.6
2.0
584/Magnesium (Mg)
300
-
40
250
30
200
24 C (7 5 - F )
- 149 C (30C)F)
- 204 C (40(
150
- 260
C (5()0 F)
i/
100
20
CO
316 C; (600 F)
10
50
/ /
371 C: (700 F)
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
Strain,c
140
1.2
1.6
Strain,1
Magnesium ( M g ) / 5 8 5
140
20
120
16
100
5 8 6 / M a g n e s i u m (Mg)
245
70 F (2
Longrtudirlal
Transvers 9
210
A
3l00 F (149 C)
175
4lDO F (204 C)
0.2
<D
105 co
6(DO F (316
. -
M M
5(Do"F (260 C)
I/
tr
70
35
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain, %
1.0
1.2
Magnesium (Mg)/587
182
168
400 F [204 C)
(260 C)
1
2
140
55
126
(316 C)
1000
2000
3000
Exposure time, h
'
*
4000
--JP
5000
Strain, %
588/Magnesium (Mg)
Magnesium (Mg)/589
!LongitudirIlal
210
175
140
Transvers e
70 F (21 C)
300 l|-j149 C)
400 l= (204 C)
105 <
to
f ^ ^
500 F (260 C)
fa'
70
600 lr (316 C)
35
0.2
0.4
0.6
Strain, %
0.8
1.0
1.2
590/Magnesium
(Mg)
420
- 4 2 14 F (-25:r c )
/
- 3 2 3 F ( - 1 9 7 C )
Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. U N S M l 3 3 1 0
350
- 1 0 9 F (-78 C
Source: R.P. Reed, R.P. Mikesell, and R.L. Greeson, "Some Mechanical
Properties of Magnesium Alloys at Low Temperatures," ASTM STP
287, 1961, p 6173. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3503, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 7
280
(0
210
80 F i(27 C)
<d
<6
140
70
10
15
20
Strain, %
25
30
35
Magnesium ( M g ) / 5 9 1
Strain, %
592/Magnesium (Mg)
Magnesium (Mg)/593
150
20
125
I
f
/
100
Q
2_
. 15s
iu
m nh
75
50
15
10
25
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
Strain, %
2.0
2.4
2.8
150
20
125
1 5 ^
100
10 h
15
75
10
50
25
t
I
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
Strain, %
2.0
2.4
2.8
2.8
350
210
140
70
15
co
Magnesium (Mg)/595
596/Magnesium (Mg)
24
20
; (75 F)
15
/
/
0.2
10
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain, %
1.0
1.2
1.4
Magnesium ( M g ) / 5 9 7
140
120
100
CO
CL
S
20
15 s
1 min
1h
1 0 -
16
f)
-100
wCO 80
60
40
-
20
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
Strain, %
2.0
2.4
2.8
140
1.2
1.6
Strain, %
5 9 8 / M a g n e s i u m (Mg)
Magnesium (Mg)/599
70 F (21
D F (149 C)
^ - ^ 4 0 0
210
175
140
F (204 C)
F (260 C)
105
55
60!D F (316 C)
70
35
210
175
70 F (:21 C)
140
Q.
105 coco
55
/
70
35
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
600/Magnesium (Mg)
40
280
35
245
^ 7 5 F (24 C)
30
210
300 F (1 49 C)
25
(0
Q_
2
500 F (2i60 C)
20
140
-b
J y
03
600 F (^16 C)
15
10 -
sf
J T
105
700 F (3;71 C)
800 F (4:27
400
175
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
C)
70
35
12
Magnesium (Mg)/601
350
0.6
0.8
Strain,'
250
35
30
200
25
150
24 C (75 F)
100
149
204
260
316
C
C
C
C
(300
(400
(500
(600
20 J2
F)
F)
F)
F)-
15
10
0.6
0.8
Strain, %
1.0
1.2
1.4
ai
t/)
aS
602/Magnesium (Mg)
Strain, %
Mg.082 HM31A-F magnesium alloy extrusion, stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Extrusions up to 25.8 cm 2 (4.0 in.2) cross section tested in
longitudinal direction. Composition: Mg-3Th-1.5Mn.
UNS M13312
Source: "HM31XA Magnesium Alloy Extrusions," Bulletin No. 141-
Magnesium
(Mg)/603
560
490
420
Source: R.P. Reed, R.P. Mikesell, and R.L. Greeson, "Some Mechanical
Properties of Magnesium Alloys at Low Temperatures " ASTM STP
287, 1961, p 61-73. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3505, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 5
424 F (-253 C)
- 3 2 3 F (-197 (i)
e
109 F (-78 C)
350
80 F (27 C)
280 g
<55
210
140
70
10
Strain, %
15
20
6 0 4 / M a g n e s i u m (Mg)
168
15s
1 min
10 h
140
112
84 w
56
28
0.8
1.6
Strain, %
2.4
0
3.2
Magnesium ( M g ) / 6 0 5
168
24
1f> s
1 min
30 min
2h
5h
10 h
20
16
140
112
"en
812
84
So
56
28
0.8
1.6
2.4
3.2
Strain, %
20
140
16
112
15s
12
1 min
10 min
30 min
84
2h
5h
10 h
56
28
0.8
1.6
Strain, %
2.4
1 0
3.2
b
CO
606/Magnesium (Mg)
168
/1
140
5s
10 s
112
84 co-
se
28
1.6
0.8
2.4
0
3.2
Strain, %
168
140
5s
-
10s
30 s
84 <
56
28
1.6
Strain, %
112
min
0.8
2.4
0
3.2
Magnesium (Mg)/607
Strain, %
6 0 8 / M a g n e s i u m (Mg)
Magnesium (Mg)/609
20
18
-
16
14
12
2 min
CO
CO
15s.
<1)
-
//
1h
10 5
~ \ o h
8
6
-
4
-
2
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
Strain, %
2.0
2.4
6 1 0 / M a g n e s i u m (Mg)
224
I
68 F (20 C)
196
C)
~392 r
(200 C)
'302' F (150
168
140
///
4 8 ?T (250 C)
--
112 w
(O
fU
84
572' 5F (300 C)
56
28
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Strain, %
50
350
40
280
^ R T
300 F; (149 C)
30
^"^400 Fj (204 C)
500 F; (260 C)
20
10
210
140
- 600 F (3 16 C)
70
700 |F (371 C)
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
-t
C0
Magnesium ( M g ) / 6 1 1
-240
60
-129
-18
Temperature, C
93
204
316
427
420
350
280
o.
210 co
(A
<D
W
140
70
6 1 2 / M a g n e s i u m (Mg)
48 2 F (250 C)
572 F (:300 C)
\ ^
X
\2 F (250
C)
A
572' T (300 C)
20
0.1
10
Time, h
10
10
Magnesium ( M g ) / 6 1 3
315
45
40
y
/ ^
35
x
X
/
245
/
/
210
/
Chilled casting
Uncihilled casting
25
Reduction, %
CL
280
y v
y
30
350
50
175
co
6 1 4 / M a g n e s i u m (Mg)
245
210
175
/Cft
//
105
70
35
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
210
H24
175
140
L
r
105 coOT
8
co
70
35
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
Magnesium (Mg)/615
24 C (7J>F)
_ 25
- 20
149 c (:BOO F)
204 C (<100 F)
260 C (!500 F)
316 C (<300 F) _
10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain, %
1.0
1.2
1.4
616/Magnesium (Mg)
105
70
210
175
//
80F(27
300 F 149
( C)
140
CO
Q.
105 co
CO
<D
CO
450 F (230 C)
70
35
600 lF (316 C)
6
9
Strain, %
12
15
Magnesium (Mg)/617
(0_
Q
175 n
140
Strain, %
6 1 8 / M a g n e s i u m (Mg)
Temperature, C
490
420
350
1u
210 co
140
70
400
-200
0
200
Temperature, F
400
600
Magnesium
700
100
(Mg)/619
560
80
60
420
Source: R.L. McGee, J.E. Campbell, R.L. Carlson, and G.K. Manning,
'The Mechanical Properties of Certain Aircraft Structural Metals at
Very Low Temperatures," Battelle Memorial Institute, WADC TR58386, 1958. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3506, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 8
^ ^ 1 0 8 F (-78 C)
280
40
r 7 9 F ( : 26 C)
20
140
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Temperature, C
93
149
38
-18
60
10
204
50
40
X
V
\
V
12
420
350
280
260
*
V
^
30
"
210 w
ty
\
n N
20
140
Exposuire
10
, i p
70
10 min
- 1000h
200
300
Temperature, F
400
500
6 2 0 / M a g n e s i u m (Mg)
280
i
i
r
<2 in? (12.9 cm2) (L)
245
2-3 inf (12.9-19.4 cm2) (L)~
^3-5 in.2 (19.4-32.2 cm2) (L)
210
175
105
70
T5
F
35
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Strain, %
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
Magnesium
(Mg)/621
175
140 ri
&
CO
105
Strain, %
622/Magnesium
(Mg)
20
140
16
A x i a l s p e c i m e n s f r o m aircraft w h e e l rim. C o m p o s i t i o n :
Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr. U N S M 1 6 6 0 0
112
5s
12
30 s
>
F)
CO
Q5
2 min
<D
5 min
GO
56
GO
15 rnin
-1 h
28
5h
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
Strain, %
140
20
16
112
12
84
F)
A x i a l s p e c i m e n s f r o m aircraft w h e e l rim. C o m p o s i t i o n :
Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr. U N S M 1 6 6 0 0
Source: "Magnesium in Design," Form No. 141-213-67, Dow Chemical
Co., 1967. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3506, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 10
1
55
56
^5s
' 30 s
2 min
'
15 min
1h
0.4
0.8
1.2
Strain, %
1.6
2.0
28
Magnesium (Mg)/623
40
35
280
Mg.117 ZK60A-T5 magnesium alloy forging/ stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
245
75 F (24 C)
30
210
25
175
(0
20
&
140
300 F (149 C)
CO
CO
15
10
105
400 F (2 04 C ) 70
/A
35
500 F (260 C)
600 F (316 C)
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain, %
1.0
1.2
1.4
280
Mg.118 ZK60A-T6 magnesium alloy forging, stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
35
245
30
210
40
iI
75 F (24 C)
25
8 20
5
175
CO
300 F (149 C)
140
15
CO
105
400 F (2 04 C)
10
70
500 F (2!60 C)
i
35
600 F (316 C)
0.2
0.4
).6
0.*
Strain, %
1.0
1.2
75 F (24
C)
300 F (149
C)
280
Mg.119 ZK60A-T5 magnesium alloy forging, stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
245
210
175
140
CO
co
4 0 0 F (204
C)
105
70
500 F (260
C)
6 0 0 F (316
C)
1.0
35
1.2
280
Mg.120 ZK60A-T6 magnesium alloy forging, stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
245
210
175
140
co
-t
co
105
Magnesium (Mg)/625
-18
50
Temperature, C
93
149
38
.\ \
204
V s.
50
T5
T6
280
210
X j y r ^
V v
\ \
140
/
70
200
300
Temperature, F
400
500
CO
626/Magnesium (Mg)
Mg.122 ZK60A-T5, ZK60A-T6 magnesium alloy rollforged rings, effect of rolling reduction and
orientation on compressive yield strength
Top: T5; bottom: T6. Roll forged rings produced directly
from cast blanks. Composition: Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr. UNS
Ml 6600
Source: "Magnesium Rolled Rings," Code 0.4 JFP/HB, Dow Chemical
Co., 1964. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3506, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 6
Magnesium (Mg)/627
196
168
140
5s
0s
2 min
10 min
84
30 min
2h
56
10 h
28
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
Strain, %
2.0
2.4
2.8
628/Magnesium (Mg)
245
35
_
T6
T5
30
210
25
175
As cast
Cast and iiged at 75 F
(24 C) 2 rnonths
55 20
140
0)
105 co
15
10
/
70
35
0.2
0.4
0.6
Strain, %
0.8
1.0
Magnesium (Mg)/629
Temperature, C
-18
50
38
149
93
280
210
CL
5
140
70
200
Temperature, F
400
Nickel (Ni)/631
Nickel (Ni)
Ni.001 Ni 200 annealed nickel sheet, engineering
stress-strain curve (full range)
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 0.787 mm
(0.031 in.). Commercially pure nickel (UNS N02200).
0.2% yield strength = 185 MPa (26.9 ksi); ultimate
tensile strength = 434 MPa (63.0 ksi); elongation =
39.5%; strength coefficient (.K) = 138.2; strain-hardening
exponent (n) = 0.387. Composition: Ni 99.0 min
Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation
30
20
210
140 co
Q.
632/Nickel (Ni)
1120
0.6
0.8
Strain, %
1120
840
560 w
280
0.6
0.8
Strain,
Nickel (Ni)/633
1120
160
109 ksi
110 ksi
78 ksi
27 ksi
120
C)
C)
C)
C)
840
634/Nickel (Ni)
Nickel (Ni)/635
700
560
420
CD
Q_
350 ^
0)
0)
280 "
03
210 1
cr
0.235
ct = 28.fi
le
o
o
140
>
0.1
0.2
0.5
1
2
Strain rate, 0.1s
70
10
w
|
g
Source: H. Greenewald, Jr. and T.J. Riley, "Development of a NickelBase Alloy Sheet for High Temperature Applications,'" ASD-TDR-62869, April 1963, p 86. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4119, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 13
636/Nickel (Ni)
490
1\
420
/
/
/
/
350
280
210
140
70
4
6
Strain x 0.001
10
Nickel (Ni)/637
420
350
\
280
/
//
210
co
Q.
2
140 w
70
4
5
Strain x 0.001
638/Nickel (Ni)
140
1300 F (704 C)
/
112
100 h
(
Rupture
500 h
1000 h-V--*
2000 h
84 <Q.
?
5
56
28
1500 F (816 C)
^ /
//
42
/
V
100 h
500 h ^ ^ ^ Z ^
mm
h
IUUU n
2000 h
28
Rupture
14
1650 F (899 C)
42
28
/
*
100 h
500
1000 h
?
H
"20SD h
(
Rupture
14
0
100
0.1
Total strain,
Nickel (Ni)/639
140
1300 F (704 C)
112
1
84
&
56
CO
Rupture
100 h ^ -
500h
1000h
28
2000 h
0
56
1500 F (816 C)
y v
42
^
/ /
-A
' '
28
Rupture
100
14
500 h
2000 h
0
42
1650 F (899 C)
28 co
Q_
5
14 '
100h
1000 h
^ ^ J ^ ^ s
Rupture
-2000 h
10
0.1
Total strain, %
0
100
640/Nickel (Ni)
Nickel (Ni)/641
Ni.017 Inconel 702 nickel alloy sheet, tensile stressstrain curves at various temperatures
Sheet thickness = 1.016 mm (0.040 in.). Heat treatment:
1079 C (1975 F), 0.5 h, air cooled + 760 C (1400 F),
5 h, air cooled. Composition: Ni-15Cr-3Al-0.5Ti.
UNS N07702
Source: "Research Investigation to Determine Mechanical Properties of
Nickel and Cobalt Base Alloys for Inclusion in Military Handbook 5,"
Vol I, II, TDR No. ML-TDR-64-116, 1964. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4102, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 3
642/Nickel (Ni)
84
70
56
42
Source: J.K. Gregory, J.C. Gibeling, and W.D. Nix, High Temperature
Deformation of Ultra-Fine-Grained Oxide Dispersion Strengthened
Alloys, Metall Trans., Vol 16A (No. 5), 1985, p 777-787. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code #4122,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 16
28
14
0.2
0.4
0.8
0.6
1.0
True strain
1400
Rc)om temperatiire
I
75:2 F (400 C)
/ V I
/ / 1112 F (600 C)
1050
Annealed at 1000 C (1832 F), 1 h, air cooled in argon10% hydrogen. Grain aspect ratio = 17:1. Initial strain
rate = 0.00015/s. Composition: Ni-15Cr-4.5Al-4.0W2.5Ti-2.0Mo-2.0Ta-1.1Y203
700 g
1472 F (800 C)
1562 F( 850 C)
looz
r \ 1000 C)
350
2192 QF (1200 C)
0.04
0.08
0.12
True strain
0.16
0
0.20
Nickel (Ni)/643
420
/
280
1652F (900 C
[
/
'rf
140
c )Y
>i
pr
70
56
42
1832I F (10()0 C ) /
28
f 2 0 1 2 ' F (110() - C )
A
/
/ A
14
0 /
10
10
10
10
10
Strain rate, %/h
10
10
10
10
Source: J.K. Gregory, J.C. Gibeling, and W.D. Nix, High Temperature
Deformation of Ultra-Fine-Grained Oxide Dispersion Strengthened
Alloys, MetalL Trans., Vol 16A (No. 5), 1985, p 777-787. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code #4122,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 18
644/Nickel (Ni)
Nickel (Ni)/645
1120
980
- 4 2 3 F ( - 2 5 3 C) _
^320F (-196
C)
840
F ( :21 C )
700
560
co
g
co
420
280
140
10
280
- 4 2 3 F ( - 2 5 3
240
C)
I
- 3 2 0 F ( - 1 S16 C )
200
1960
1680
1400
-110
F ( - 7 9
C)
\ Room t emperatijre
-co
160
8
<D
120
840
80
560
280
40
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
Strain, in./in.
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
co
646/Nickel (Ni)
120
100
I
Room tenl peratu
840
700
^ 800 F (427 C )
80
/f/f\
560
30 F1(538
C)
0(
/ / /
1200 F (649C)
60
420 </>
40
280
20
140
&
0)
Source: PJ. Hughes, J.E. Inge, and S.B. Prasser, "Tensile and
Compressive Stress-Strain Properties of Some High-Strength Sheet
Alloys at Elevated Temperatures," NACA TN-3315, Nov 1954. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4105,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995,p 19
Nickel (Ni)/647
980
840
700
(0
Q_
2
560 w
420
280
140
Nickel (Ni)/649
160
1120
1
Room temperature
1120
980
800 lF (427 C)
1
1200 lF (649 C)
840
700
//
//
Q.
560 to'
CO
fi
CO
1600 lF (871 C)
420
280
/
4
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
(b)
1120
1120
I
Room temperature
160
Room temperature
980
800 F| (427 C)
980
1200F (649 C)
840
1600 F (871 C)
700
CO
Q.
560 T
//
//
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
& 80
1800 0 F (982 C)
420
60
280
40
140
20
1000 F (538 C)
1200
F C649 c )
i
i
i4UU r (/6IJ U)
840
700
///
100
"w
120
fs
f\
//
////
(c)
140
^ 1600 F (JB71 C)
1/1/
560
420
280
2000 F (1093 C)
10
12
1800 F (9J32 C)
140
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0
0.12
(d)
Ni.032 Rene 41 nickel alloy sheet, tensile stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Sheet solution treated 1066 C (1950 F), 0.5 h, rapid air cooled, aged 760 C (1400 F), 16 h, air cooled, (a) Sheet thickness =
1.27 mm (0.050 in.). Strain rate = 0.00060 in./in./min. (b) Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). Strain rate = 0.060 in./in./min.
(c) Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). Strain rate = 6 in./in./min. (d) Sheet thickness = 3.175 mm (0.125 in.). Strain rate =
0.005 in./in./min. Composition: Ni-19Cr-llCo-9.8Mo-3.2Ti-l.5Al-0.006B. UNS N07041
Source: "Mechanical Properties of Rene 41 Sheet Materials," Report No. BLR 61-21(M), Bell Aerosystem Co., 29 June 1962; "Tensile and Creep Properties of
0.010 and 0.050 Inch Rene 41 Alloy Sheet from Room Temperature to 2000F," Report PR 281-1Q-1, The Marquardt Corp., 12 Sept 1962. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4205, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 34
650/Nickel (Ni)
280
1960
-A2\ 3 F (-253
3 1680
240
- 3 2 0 F (-196 C)
-110 F (- 7 9 C)
1400
200
7C) F (21 C0
1120;
-55 160
840 co
120
80
560
40
280
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
Strain, in./in.
0.20
0.24
0.28
Nickel (Ni)/651
160
I
Room teniperature
140
1120
160
980
140
840
120
700
100
Room ternperature
800 F (427 C)
800 F (4 27 C)
120
60
40
///
////
980
840
100
80
1200 F (649 C)
1200 F (I349 C)
1120
1600 F (871 C)
560
420
80
60
700
CO
L
1600 F (871 C)
i
V/
560
to
W
CD
55
420
280
40
1800 F( 982 C)
1800 F(!982 C)
4-
20
140
280
20
2000 F ( 1093C)
2000 F ( 1093 C)
140
I
4
10
12
10
12
(b)
(a)
1120
160
Room temperature
140
800 T (427 C)
1200 F (649 C)
120
/
100
80
60
980
840
700
//
CO
Q.
///
f
560
0>
420
1600 l1 (871 C)
40
280
20
140
1800 f1 (982 C)
j^
^C
2000 F (1093 C)
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
(c)
Ni.034 Rene 41 nickel alloy sheet, compressive stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Strain rate = (a) 6 in./in./min. (b) 0.6 in./in./min. (c) 0.0006 in./in./min. Heat treatment: 1079 C (1975 F), 0.5 h, water
quenched + 760 C (1400 F), 16 h, air cooled. Composition: Ni-19Cr-llCo-9.8Mo-3.2Ti-l.5Al-0.006B. UNS N07041
Source: P.R. Dioguardo and R.D. Lloyd, "Investigation of the Effects of Rapid Loading and Elevated Temperatures on the Mechanical Properties of Compressive
and Column Members," ASD-TR-62-199, Jan 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4205, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 43
652/Nickel (Ni)
Nickel (Ni)/653
1260
B
C
1120
980
840
CO
700 S=
560
420
280
140
0.4
).8
1.2
1.6
Strain, %
2.0
2.4
2.8
654/Nickel (Ni)
35
210
^400
1120
840
Q_
560
280
L
5
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
J
I
I
10
15
20
Compressive tangent modulus,
10
12
14
L_
25
106 psi
30
35
Ni.040 Inconel 718 nickel alloy sheet, tensile stressstrain curves at room and low temperatures
Heat-resistant alloy, solution annealed and aged
(conditioning not reported). Composition: Ni-19Cr-18Fe5.1(Nb + Ta)-3Mo-0.9Ti-0.5Al. UNS N07718
Source: E.H. Schmidt, "Fatigue Properties of Sheet, Bar, and Cast
Metallic Materials for Cryogenic Applications," NASA CR-111396,
30 Aug 1968. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 4, Code 4103, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 50
Nickel (Ni)/655
Ni.041 Inconel 718 nickel alloy plate, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures in
hydrogen at 34.5 MPa (5.0 ksi)
Heat treatment: 1037 C (1900 F), 1 h, air cooled, +
760 C (1400 F), 10 h, force cooled to 649 C (1200 F)
and held for total age time of 18 h, air cooled.
Composition: Ni-19Cr-18Fe-5.1(Nb + Ta)-3Mo-0.9Ti0.5Al. UNS N07718
Source: J. Mucci and J.A. Harris, Sr., "Influence of Gaseous Hydrogen
on Mechanical Properties of High Temperature Alloys," FR-7746, Pratt
& Whitney Aircraft Group, July 1976. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4103, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 34
240
1680
70 F (: >1 C)
200
1400
160
12(30 F (649 C)
1120
0-
120
840 g
55
14 00 F (7610 *C)
80
CO
560
40
280
8
Strain, %
10
12
14
16
Ni.042 Inconel 718 nickel alloy bar, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Heat-resistant alloy, solution treated and aged
(conditioning not reported). Composition: Ni-19Cr-18Fe5.1(Nb + Ta)-3Mo-0.9Ti-0.5Al. UNS N07718
Source: G.L. Heslington and S.D. Foster, "Stress-Strain Diagrams in the
Elastic and Plastic Regions at Elevated Temperatures," Report MPR
8-176A-37, Rocketdyne, 17 Oct 1968. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4103, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 39
656/Nickel (Ni)
35
210
I
/ L a r id ST, corripression v
245
1400
L, tensii
1120
ST, temsion
840
CO
Q.
2
560
280
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
I
I
I
15
20
25
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
10
12
14
I
30
I
35
1680
240
-42!3 F (-25:3C)
200
1400
320 F (-196 C)
7ri C
. /Ot
y*. I "r^
v-
160
1120
CL
840 co
% 120
80
560
40
280
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain, %
1.0
1.2
1.4
Ni.044 Inconel 718 nickel alloy bar, tensile stressstrain curves at room and low temperatures
Heat-resistant alloy, solution annealed and aged
(conditioning not reported). Composition: Ni-19Cr-18Fe5.1(Nb + Ta)-3Mo-0.9Ti-0.5Al. UNS N07718
Source: E.H. Schmidt, "Fatigue Properties of Sheet, Bar, and Cast
Metallic Materials for Cryogenic Applications," NASA CR-111396,
30 Aug 1968. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 4, Code 4103, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 50
Nickel (Ni)/657
658/Nickel (Ni)
200
75 F [24 C)
175
1225
///
/
150
125
: 100
75
50
25
1400
"""
1200 lF (649 C)
1050
875
1400 F (760 C)
700 cCO
o
0)
///
CO
525
350
1
f
175
0.5
1.0
1.5
Strain, %
2.0
2.5
3.0
160
1120
140
980
120
840
100
700
80
560 cCO
o
<D
60
420
40
280
20
140
&
<n
GO
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.12
Nickel (Ni)/659
10
15
20
25
30
35
160
1120
980
840
700 :
420
LU
140
560
280
660/Nickel (Ni)
1120
160
752 F 400 C)
840
120
1112 F (600'C)
RT /
/
560
147r2 F (800C)
280
40
i5e>2 F (850C)
1832 F (1000C)
2192 F(1200C)
10
Ii
20
30
True strain, %
40
50
840
Nickel (Ni)/661
1120
980
1260
80 F (27 C)
800 F (427 C)
/ 1( DOO F (53*r q
1400 F (760 C)
(0
700
\ 2 0 0 F (649 C
560 "
CD
/
420
280
140
10
15
20
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
25
30
35
662/Nickel (Ni)
700
100
80
560
420
2
- 60
17'12 F (950 C )
280 i
40
18:32 F (1000 C)
-+
1922 F (1050 C)
c r
20
140
^ 2012 F (1t00 C)
r
2102 F (1150 C)
0.1
0.2
).3
2228 F (1220 C)
0.4
0.J
True strain
0.6
0.7
0.8
700
100
Strai i rate
80
560
^ 2 3 / nin
. 60
420 S.
5/r lin
min
280
40
0.03 'min
20
140
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
True strain
0.6
0.7
0.8
Nickel (Ni)/663
280
1960
240
1680
200
1400
- 160
120
1120 :
840
560
280
Ni.056 Waspaloy nickel alloy forging, true stressstrain curves at room temperature
Square: Bar cut from turbine disk specimen 10.2 mm
(0.4 in.) thick by 121.9 mm (4.8 in.) diam fully heat
treated. Circle: Specimen from disk after overspeed burst,
corrected for straining. Composition: Ni-20Cr-14Co4Mo-3Ti-lAl. UNS N07001
Source: L. Islip, Component Design and Material Selection,
Engineering in High Duty Materials, Bulleid Memorial Lectures,
Vol IV, University of Nottingham, 1967. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4208, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 17
664/Nickel (Ni)
200
1400
Q.
150
- n
1050 ^
^Cyclic
100
700
a.
Static
200
J2
aT 150
c
2
CNJ
<D
"D
100
"a.
E
CD
(0
P 50
b
350
50
(a)
1400
Cyclte^-
Q.
2
1050
^Static
700
350 %
CO
Nickel (Ni)/665
Ni.059 Nimonic 90 nickel alloy sheet, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.778 mm
(0.070 in.). Heat treatment: 954 C (1750 F), 0.25 h, air
cooled, + 732 C (1350 F), 4.5 h, air cooled.
Composition: Ni-20Cr-18Co-2.5Ti-l.5Al. UNS N07090
Source: D.C. Hayward, 'The Mechanical Properties of Nimonic 80, 90
and 100 Sheet at Room and Elevated Temperatures," Technical Note
No. Met. 266, Royal Aircraft Establishment, 1957. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4210, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 6
980
700
560
^
420 &
280
140
10
Nickel (Ni)/667
1400
200
200
1400
10% CR
0% CR
75 F (24 C)
1120
160
160
1120
1400 F (760 C)
75 F (24 C)j
120
840
1400 F (760 C)
120
CD
0_
2
h$
a
rn
560
80
840
1600 F (871 C)
80
CL
560
55
1800 F (982 C)
40
1800 F (982 C)
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
15
280
40
280
20
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
(a)
15
20
(b)
200
1400
75 F (24 C)
20% CR
1120
160
1400 F (760 C)
1600 F (871 C)
120
840
CL
80
560
1800 F (982 C)
280
40
10
(c)
15
20
Ni.061 Nimonic 90 nickel alloy sheet, stress-strain curves at various temperatures showing effects of cold working
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.575 mm (0.062 in.). Sheet exposed to rapid heating, 10 s heat time, and rapid
strain rate of 0.1/s. Treatment: mill annealed, varying amounts of cold rolling (CR); aging: 0% CR, 760 C (1400 F), 16 h, air
cool; 10 and 20% CR, 732 CC (1350 F), 16 h, air cooled. Composition: Ni-20Cr-18Co-2.5Ti-l.5Al. UNS N07090
Source: J.R. Kattus, "Tensile and Creep Properties of Structural Alloys under Conditions of Rapid Heating, Rapid Loading, and Short Times at Temperatures,"
Southern Research Institute, for The International Nickel Co., Inc., April 1959; J.R. Kattus, "Tensile and Creep Properties of Structural Alloys under Conditions of
Rapid Heating, Rapid Loading and Short Times at Temperature," Supplementaiy Report by Southern Research Institute, for The International Nickel Co., Inc., 5
June 1959. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4210, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,' 1995, p 7
668/Nickel (Ni)
1960
30% CR
1680
70 F (21 C)
1400
1400 F (760
1600 F (871 C)
840
560
1800 F (982
280
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
15
20
1960
50% CR
70 F (21 C)
1680
1400
1400 F (760
1600 F (871 C)
840 co
//
r
560
1800 F (982
280
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
(b)
15
20
Nickel (Ni)/669
980
840
700
420
280
140
0
0.30
560
490
o.
350 2
W
280
c
C
<D
210 3
70
10
Nickel (Ni)/671
80
60
in
40
20
700
100
J
V
560
Room te mperature
420
a.
2
800 F (42!7 C)
1200 F (64 9 C)
280
D e c 1998, p 6 - 3 9
55
160i0 6 F (871
140
10
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
12
210
700
80
560
60
420
35
100
40
20
175
Source: M1L-HDBK-5H,
Q.
2
280
140
J
10
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
I
15
10
I
20
I
25
6
12
30
S
co
D e c 1998, p 6 - 3 9
672/Nickel (Ni)
80
560
Rc>om tempenature
V 60
700
100
420
80 0 F (427 C
1
r
C)
12
40
280
00 F (649 <
16
C)
00 F (871 '
20
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
140
12
Nickel (Ni)/673
700
75TpC)
600 F (316 C)
560
900 F (482 C)
1200F(649 C)
420
280
140
3
Strain, %
700
560
Longitudinai
Short 1transverse
420
280
140
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
V)
674/Nickel (Ni)
100
35
175
00
80
560
Sh art transvense
60
420
Longitudinal
40
280
20
140
4
J_
5
J10
10
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
15
20
25
is
W
12
30
2800
400
300
200
100
0.04
0.06
0.10
0.20
True strain, in./in.
0.40
0.60
Nickel (Ni)/675
676/Nickel (Ni)
420
350
280
co
210
140 UJ
70
10
4
6
Strain x 0.001
210
Monotonic
175
103h
140
CO
L
10 5 h
105 coco
a>
55
70
35
0.4
0.8
1.2
Strain, %
1.6
2.0
2.4
Source: ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Case 1592, Section
VIII, 1977, 1, p 63. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1615, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 11
Nickel (Ni)/677
210
30
Monotonic
25
175
20
140
15
105
a.
2
103h
CO
CO
10
Source: ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Case 1592, Section
Vm, 1977, 1, p 63. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1615, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 11
70
1(f h
35
0.4
0.8
1.2
Strain, %
1.6
2.0
2.4
210
30
25
175
Monotonic
20
140
(0
CL
15
105 f
2>
w
CO
10
70
103h
105 h
0.4
0.8
1.2
Strain, %
1.6
2.0
35
2.4
Source: ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Case 1592, Section
VIII, 1977, 1, p 63. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1615, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 11
700
560 p3
420
280
140
0
0.30
490
420
350
280
210 g
140
70
10
Nickel (Ni)/679
50
350
fir
^
S R .
55 40
T T - L
80C) F (427 C)
I
120C) F ( 6 4 9 C)_
210 %
30
____ __ _-_
1600 F (871 C)
20
140
10
70
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
80
70
75 F
- (24 C)
60
560
Ni.084 IN 617 nickel alloy sheet, compressive stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
490
420
/ /
800 F:
(427 C)
&(ft
350
/ /y
(O
| 40
1200 F: (649 C)
u
1/ /
280 o
/ /
CO
(ft
20
,III
60
Q.
i 30
O
490
70
1600F (871 C)
210 E
an
140
#7
70
10
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
680/Nickel (Ni)
Nickel (Ni)/681
682/Nickel (Ni)
35
175
210
420
350
700 lF (371 C)
900 lr (482 C)
280
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H,
CO
Q
_
\ R T
^
700 lF (371 C) S
210 COCO
0)
GO
9 0 0 F (482 C)
140
70
10
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
15
20
6
10
12
25
30
D e c 1998, p 6 - 2 5
D e c 1998, p 6 - 2 6
Nickel (Ni)/683
420
350
70 F (21 C)
1000 F (538 C)
210
55
140
70
3
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
684/Nickel (Ni)
Nickel (Ni)/685
140
980
- 253 C)
- 4 2 3 F (--253
120
840
- 3 2 0 F (--196 C)
100
80
60
Room ternperature
700
560
280
20
140
3
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
1400
> ^ 4 2 3 ' 'F (-253 C
1120
160
As
^
40
Roorrl temperatuire
840
//
80
560
280
200
120
420 w
40
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
Ni.096 Monel K-500 age-hardened nickel alloy, coldrolled product, tensile stress-strain curves at room
and low temperature
Composition: 66Ni-29Cu-3Al-0.5Ti. UNS N05500
Source: D.N. Gideon, R.J. Favor, A. Koppenhafer, HJ. Grovern, and
G.M. McClure, "Investigation of Notch Fatigue Behavior of Certain
Alloys in the Temperature Range of Room Temperature to -423F)
ASD-TDR-62-351, Aug 1962, p 13. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4116, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 17
686/Nickel (Ni)
Ni.097 Monel K-500 nickel alloy bar, tensile stressstrain curves at room and low temperatures
Bar specimen (3.658 mm, or 0.144 in., diam) taken from
19.05 mm (0.75 in.) diam bar aged at 593 C (1100 F),
21 h, + 538 C (1000 F), 8 h, air cooled. Composition:
66Ni-29Cu-3Al-0.5Ti. UNS N05500
Source: K. A. Warren and R.P. Reed, Tensile and Impact Properties of
Selected Materials from 20 to 300K, Monograph 63, National Bureau of
Standards, 28 June 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4116, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 18
Nickel (Ni)/687
1820
260
300 ppm H2
1680
240
H2 Free
1540
220
a 200 //// /
8
55
180
1260 ft
160
1120
140
980
120
20
40
60
80
Strain, 0.001
100
120
840
140
688/Nickel (Ni)
490
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
350
/ /
(21 C)
280
210
0.
2
1600 F (871 C), L, T
140
1800 F (982 C)f L, T
70
0.2
0.4
Strain, %
0.6
0.8
co
Nickel (Ni)/689
690/Nickel (Ni)
70
490
Ni.104 TD nickel alloy bar (a) and sheet (b), stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
420
350
77 F (25 4
60
256 F (124C)
50
482 F (250C)
2
3
Elongation, %
Nickel (Ni)/691
50
Ni.105 TD nickel alloy sheets compressive stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
350
70 F: (21 C)
280
40
210
30
Q_
2
S
1600 F (87r1 C), L, T
20
140
55
10
0.2
0.4
Strain, (
0.6
0
0.8
692/Nickel (Ni)
420
0.004
0.008
0.012
Plastic strain, %
0.016
Strain
Nickel (Ni)/693
1120
75*]f (24 C)
980
840
'
120C) F (649 C)
700
560
420
280
140
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Strain, %
2.5
3.0
3.5
694/Nickel (Ni)
1750
Strain, in./in.
1400
Room ternperature
1120
800 F (4:27 C)
840
v
Q.
2
^ 1 0 0 0 F (538 C)
M 2 0 0 F (649 C)
560
280
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
35
Nickel (Ni)/695
160
1120
Ni.113 Inconel 706 nickel alloy bar, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
980
I
I
Roo m temperatij r e ^ - '
800 F (427 C)
140
F (538 C)
120
1200 F (649 C)
100
60
40
20
700
///
h
80
//
840
560
420
280
140
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
160
12
10
1120
Ni.114 Inconel 706 nickel alloy bar, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
980
Room tein p e r a t u r e
800 F (427 C)
140
^ - ^ 1 0 0 0 T (538 C)
120
1200F (649 C)
100
///
80
60
40
20
840
700
to
Q.
f/f
L/
560 coco
<D
CO
420
280
140
r
4
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
696/Nickel (Ni)
10
15
20
25
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
30
35
1120
Room tem|j e r a t u r e ^
800 F (427 C)
- ^ 1 2 0 0 F (649 C)
j
J Ar
980
840
100 F (593 C)
700
//
560 w
is
CO
420
280
140
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
Nickel (Ni)/697
1120
Ii
Room tem j e r a t u r e ^
800 F (427 C)
980
^ 1 2 0 0 F (649 C)
840
1000 F (538
700
<o
CL
//
2
560 to
//
//
A
420
280
140
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
210
175
140 ,
698/Nickel (Ni)
Ni.119 Incoloy 909 nickel alloy bar, tensile stressstrain curves at room temperature with effect of
various heat treatments
Test direction: longitudinal. Bar diameter = 123.825 mm
(4.875 in.). Heat treatment: A: 982 C (1800 F), 1 h, air
cooled, + 718 C (1325 F), 8 h, force cooled to 621 C
(1150 F), held 8 h, air cooled. B: 982 C (1800 F), 1 h,
air cooled, + 718 C (1325 F), 4 h, force cooled to
621 C (1150 F, held 4 h, air cooled. C: 1038 C
(1900 F), 1 h, air cooled, + 774 C (1425 F), 8 h, force
cooled to 621 C (1150 F), held 8 h, air cooled. D:
1038 C (1900 F), 1 h, air cooled, + 774 C (1425 F),
8 h, force cooled to 621 C (1150 F), held 4 h, air
cooled. Composition: Ni-42Fe-13Co-4.7Nb-l.5Ti.
UNS N19909
Source: Private communication from D.H. Yates, INCO Alloys
International, 19 Oct 1989. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4219, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 8
Ni.120 Incoloy 909 nickel alloy bar, tensile stressstrain curve at 538 C (1000 F)
Test direction: longitudinal. Bar diameter = 123.825 mm
(4.875 in.). Heat treatment: 982 C (1800 F), 1 h, air
cooled, + 718 C (1325 F), 8 h, force cooled to 621 C
(1150 F), held 8 h, air cooled. Composition: Ni-42Fe13Co-4.7Nb-l.5Ti. UNS N19909
Source: Private communication from D.H. Yates, INCO Alloys
International, 19 Oct 1989. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4219, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 9
Nickel (Ni)/699
Ni.121 Incoloy 909 nickel alloy bar, tensile stressstrain curves at 649 C (1200 F) with effect of
various heat treatments
Test direction: longitudinal. Bar diameter = 123.825 mm
(4.875 in.). Heat treatment: A: 982 C (1800 F), 1 h, air
cooled, + 718 C (1325 F), 8 h, force cooled to 621 C
(1150 F), held 8 h, air cooled. B: 982 C (1800 F), 1 h,
air cooled, + 718 C (1325 F), 4 h, force cooled to
621 C (1150 F, held 4 h, air cooled. C: 1038 C
(1900 F), 1 h, air cooled, + 774 C (1425 F), 8 h, force
cooled to 621 C (1150 F), held 8 h, air cooled. D:
1038 C (1900 F), 1 h, air cooled, + 774 C (1425 F),
8 h, force cooled to 621 C (1150 F), held 4 h, air
cooled. A: yield strength = 823 MPa (119.3 ksi); ultimate
tensile strength = 1028 MPa (149.1 ksi); elongation (in
AD) - 19%; reduction in area = 38%. B: yield strength =
778 MPa (112.9 ksi); ultimate tensile strength = 990 MPa
(143.6 ksi); elongation (in AD) = 18%; reduction in area
= 37%. C: yield strength = 594 MPa (86.1 ksi); ultimate
tensile strength = 871 MPa (126.3 ksi); elongation (in
AD) = 23%; reduction in area = 44%. D: yield strength =
607 MPa (88.0 ksi); ultimate tensile strength = 916 MPa
(132.9 ksi); elongation (in AD) = 19%; reduction in area
= 30%. Composition: Ni-42Fe-13Co-4.7Nb-l.5Ti.
UNS N19909
Source: Private communication from D.H. Yates, INCO Alloys
International, 19 Oct 1989. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4219, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 9
700/Nickel (Ni)
295 K
452 K
657 K
0.1
(b)
0.2
0.3
Strain
0.4
0.5
0.6
Nickel (Ni)/701
Strain x 0.001
702/Nickel (Ni)
700
560
420
280
140
Nickel (Ni)/703
490
420
350
CO
Q.
2
280
210 S
140
4
5
Strain x 0.001
Temperature, C
0.9
ft
a ^ ^
3,
i'l
O <0
g-
3 0.7
S0-6
1w
o1-
0.4
1000
1500
Temperature, F
e = 0.02
e = 0.20
2000
2500
560
490
420
350
c_
o
Q
e = 0.03
280 co
e = 0.04
210
5
e = 0.45
e = 0.20
140
70
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
490
420
72 F (22'5C), e = 0.0C2s"1
350
= o.oo:s~1
I
Y
Pi
= 0.03 s~1
700 F -(371 C), i
I
210 $5
140
70
0.04
0.08
0.12
Strain, in./in.
0.16
0.20
0.24
490
/ ,
420
350
210 &
Source: R.W. Fenn, Jr., D.D. Crooks, W.C. Coons, and E.E. Underwood,
"Properties and Behavior of Beryllium-Aluminum Alloys," Lockheed
Missiles & Space Company, Oct 1964. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 5102, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbook Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 4
140
70
0.2
0.4
0.6
1.0
0.8
Strain, %
420
350
Room te)mperatur<2
280
CO
Q.
400 F (204 C)
I/
210 g
&
CO
140
800 F I427 C)
0.1
70
0.2
0.3
0.4
Strain, %
0.5
0.6
Source: R.W. Fenn, Jr., D.D. Crooks, G.E. Watts, and A.S. Neiman, A
Mechanical Property Evaluation of Be-38% A1 Alloy from -320 to 800
F, Met. Eng. Q., Nov 1965. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 5, Code 5102, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbook
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 7
420
350
Ro<om tempeirature
280
I T 400 F (204 C)
A '
/ /
210 co
55
7 /
/
/// / /
f
//
f/ //
Source: R.W. Fenn, Jr., D.D. Crooks, G.E. Watts, and A.S. Neiman, A
Mechanical Property Evaluation of Be-38% Al Alloy from -320 to
800 F, Met. Eng. Q., Nov 1965. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 5102, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbook
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 7
140
800 F 427 C)
yS
70
If
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Strain, %
0.5
0.6
0.7
420
72 F (2:
1
300|F(I49C)
1
5010 F (260 C)
700 F (371 C)
350
280
<o
CL
210
5
140
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.12
50
RM.011 Worked chromium rod, quenched mediumgrain size chromium, stress-strain curve
350
40
280
30
210
<D
CO
20
140
10
70
10
15
20
Elongation, %
25
30
a>
co
35
50
50
350
350
Quenched
f I
318 C
40
280
40
210
30
30
I
A
20
Quenched
I
A
-H
A
H -
^ Furnace cooled j
^^
1I
co
A A
140
I - I -
10
70
(a)
320
340
360
Test temperature, C
380
210
Q.
2
I
1
^^378 C
140
Furnace cooled
J
10
70
1
300
280
310 C
1 /
20
379 C
i2%i
IJ
400
(b)
RM.012 Worked chromium rod, quenched and furnace cooled medium-grain size chromium, effect of quenching on
yield properties
(a) Yield stress versus temperature, (b) Effect of cooling rate on the shape of stress-strain curves. The quenched specimens were
all strained 8% in the strain-aging range and, compared with the furnace-cooled samples, had higher upper and lower yield stress
values and markedly different stress-strain curves that showed an unusually high rate of work hardening. After about 3% strain,
the rate of work hardening decreased substantially.
Source: A Gilbert, C.N. Reid, and G.T. Hahn, Tensile Properties of Chromium and Chromium-Rhenium Alloys, High Temperature Refractory Metals,
R.W. Fountain, J. Malt, and L.S. Richardson, Ed., based on a symposium, 16-20 Feb 1964, sponsored by the High Temperature Metals Committee Extractive
Metallurgy Division) and the Refractory Metals Committee (Institute of Metals Division) of the Metallurgical Society of the American Institute of Mining,
Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1966, p 199
560
330 C
j
H
^^
440 C
Test stopped at
8% strain
Test stopped at
8% strain
420
<o
Q
_
280
140
420
420
690 C
Small-amplitude serrations
280 Sg
560
490
0.040 in. (1.0 mm) thick
Strain rate
.
3
4
5
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
420
350
280
40
1
2o/o
} Total strain
210
30
Q-
20
1500 F (816 C)
Source: Haynes Stellite Company, "Haynes Stellite Alloy No. 31," April
1958. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5,
Code 4305, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
University, 1995, p 26
140 co
1600 F (871 C)
10
10
100
70
1000
Time, h
350
50
Strain rate/nr in
0.009
Hh
280
40
30
20
10
0.036
210
01
2
140
70
10
15
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
20
25
I
0
I
6
I
I
I
12
18
24
Tangent modulus, 106 psi
I
30
1
36
I
0
I
6
I
I
I
12
18
24
Tangent modulus, 106 psi
I
30
I
36
1120
160
Transver se
Longitudiinal
Warm worked
120
840
Stress relieved
80
CO
660 w
280
40
12
16
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
20
24
28
840
700
Room temiperature""*""
560
CL
5
420
tests
/
/ /
Ir
to
1800 F: (982 C)
2000 F <
(1093 C ) - 280
140
2400 F ( 1316 C)
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
300
I
Room
RM.026 MP35N multiphase alloy bar, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
2100
I
e
temperatur
Jf
250
200
J2
S 150
0)
55
100
^^400'
T (204 C) 1750
700'
T (371 C)
1400
o.
S
1050 <o
-fa
CO
D e c 1998, p 7 - 2 5
350
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
300
2100
250
1750
Longitu<j i n a L / ^
200
1400
150
1050 T
(0
<j)
CO
CO
100
50
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H,
700
50
700
350
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
RM.027 MP159 multiphase alloy bar, tensile stressstrain curve at room temperature
Typical curves for specimen (UNS R30159) cold worked
and aged 649 to 677 14 C (1200 to 1250 25 F) for
4-A.5 h and air cooled. Bar thickness: <13.462 mm
(<0.530 in.). Test direction: longitudinal. Ultimate tensile
strength, S basis for 20.3^14.45 mm (0.801-1.750 in.)
diam, 1793 MPa (260 ksi). Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
n(room temperature) = 13. Composition: 36Co-19Cr-9Fe7Mo-Ni(bal)
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H,
D e c 1998, p 7 - 3 0
1680
1400
^ - 4 2 3 F (-253rc)
1120
Q_
840 </>
-320 F (-196 C)
n
i
r~
'/
i
if
ll 2
560
103 F (-75 C)
Roorri temperature
280
80
560
60
420
0.018 in. (0.452 mm)
40
20
280
55
140
3
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
RM.030 Nb752 niobium alloy, isochronous stressstrain curves for several temperatures
196
Composition: Nb-10W-2.5Zr
168
2000 F (1093
c)/y
140
10 min
o 30 min
A 60 min
112
2
2500 F (1371 C)
84
56
js
/<
J-
/ o A
28
3000 F (1649 (
).01
10
0.1
Creep, %
100
350
280
Q-
210 <o
fc
jg
J=
-o
140
70
0
350
280
Q.
2
210
140
70
1400
rv
\
1120
-3;20 F (-196 C)
840
- 4 2 3 F (-253
/
/
h
r
Q
2_
- 1 0 3 F (-75 C)
560
RT
- 1 0 3 F (-75 C)
RT
Strain, in./in.
280
.b
co
420
350
280
210
140 2
w
70
10
15
20
25
Elongation, %
30
35
40
1000
"^89%
800
0.39 %
400
0.22 %
200
-0.01 %
10
15
Strain
20
25
30
100
700
798 F (426 C)
999.8 F (537.7 C)
> - 1 2 0 3 . 1 lr (650.6 C)
55
560
^ ^
420 ,
60
F (757.5 C)
^<J1610
F (876.7 C)
11790 F (976.7 C)
40
20
280 ,
140
0.2
0.3
True plastic strain, in./in.
0.4
0.5
60
420
50
350
zL.
40
J2
8 30
20
10
280
i
210 g
b
CO
140
70
0.1
0.2
Elongation, in.
0.3
0.4
140
100
80 1r
<
2 60 rf i
K
i y
y
^ yy
u>
<D
>
840
s
m
tn
P Floom temperature
120
RM.040 Zr-1.5Sn zirconium alloy, true tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
980
y y
482 F: (250 C)
y'
(0_
Q
560 2
0)to
</>
y"
.. -O 662 F: (350 C)
932 F: (500 C)
420
40
>*
280
20
140
0.2
0.4
0.8
0.6
True strain
1.0
140
1.2
980
O Maximum load
Fraclure
120
840
100
80
20
10% CR
/
40
f\
25% CR
yC'
5 60
700
-^
HR
560 :
420
o
o
CM
o
o
CN
u_
Li_
280
O
O
lO
CC
O
o
o
jo
CC
O
140
Np
vO
CD
0.02
0.04
0.06
True strain
0.08
0.10
0.1^
RM.041 Zr-1.5Sn zirconium alloy, true tensile stressstrain curves for various conditions
Sheet thickness: 1.52 mm (0.060 in.). Test direction:
longitudinal. Tested at 250 C (482 F). HR, sheet hot
rolled at 843 C (1550 F). Other curves for cold rolled
(CR) conditions as indicated. Zircaloy 2 Composition:
Zr-1.5Sn
Source: F. Forscher, "Effects of Cold Work on the Mechanical
Properties of Zircaloy-2," Westinghouse Atomic Power Division, 1957.
As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code
5701, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 5
Titanium (Ti)/729
Titanium (Ti)
^
Ti-70
100
j<
Yield strength = 275 and 480 MPa (40 and 70 ksi). Ti-40
is UNS R50400; Ti-70 is UNS R50700.
-
80
Ti-40
60
40
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.14
0.16
0.18
20
0.2
730/Titanium (Ti)
500
0
450
400
200
100
0.1
0.2
Natural strain
0.3
0.4
Titanium (Ti)/731
45
'^90
/
A '
-1.4
-1.2
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
1200
-
160
140
True
120
800
-
100 _
w
600
CO
80
0)
Engineering
400
60
-
40
200
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
Strain, mm/mm
1.25
20
1.50
732/Titanium (Ti)
1200
-
160
1000
140
''True
120
800
-
100
0
a
80 2
u
co 600
CO
CO
Engineering
60
400
40
20
200
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
Strain, mm/mm
1.50
1.75
600
2 08
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Engineering strain, mm/mm
0.35
Titanium (Ti)/733
1400
42 K
1200
W 8 K
150
1000
Serrations y S
800
i)
2 08 K
100 B
600
298 K
- 420 K
400
200
50
550 K
650 K
750 K
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
True strain, mm/mm
0.30
0.35
O.48
734/Titanium (Ti)
70
Roomi temperature
60
93 C (200 F)
50
40
J
/
204 C (400 F)
30
316 C (6(30 F)
427 C (8(DO F)
- 20
4
Strain, 0.001 mm/mm
-b
CO
10
Titanium (Ti)/735
140
130
1000
-
0.8 jim
900
1.25 nm
2.6 nm
^ " ^ 1 8 - 1 9 nm
120
800
Q_
110
w
$ 700
--
100
600
-
80
500
T
1
70
60
400
0.04
0.08
True strain, mm/mm
60
0.12
I
Room temperature
50
0.16
420
350
F (93 C)
40
280
400 F (204 C)
30
600 F (316 C)
20
210 w
V)
cn
140
~800 F (427 C)
10
ff/ifs
tiff/
1000F (538 C)
70
736/Titanium (Ti)
Titanium (Ti)/737
738/Titanium (Ti)
Titanium (Ti)/739
280
1960
I
-423 F (-253 C)
1680
240
/ S
UNS R54520/R54521
-320 F (-196 C)
200
1400
-110 F (-7r 9 C)
160
1120
5
120
840 55
80
560
40
280
8
12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
16
20
Source: R.L. McGee, J.E. Campbell, R.L. Carlson, and G.K. Manning,
"The Mechanical Properties of Certain Aircraft Structural Metals at
Very Low Temperatures " WADC TR 58-386, June 1958. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3706, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 6
740/Titanium (Ti)
Titanium (Ti)/741
1120
160
980
840
700
560
420 i
280
140
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
1120
160
980
840
700
560
420 l
280
140
6
8
Strain, 0.001 inJin.
742/Titanium (Ti)
Titanium (Ti)/743
1400
200
1200
Room ten1 perature^
150
1000
205 C
315 C
100 3
o
to
600
400
50
200
6
8
Strain, 0.001 mm/mm
200
10
12
1400
175
150
L125
! 100
E
o
o
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
744/Titanium (Ti)
1400
1
1500
Temperature, F
1600
I
1700
I
Sheet thickness = 2.5 mm (0.10 in.). As-annealed stepstrain-rate tensile tests under argon at several strain rates
Source: RMI Titanium Co. unpublished data. As published in R. Boyer,
G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties Handbook:
Titanium Alloys, ASM International, 1994, p 727
2X104^V
5*10
\
\\
8x105
o
750
800
850
Temperature, C
900
950
^Room te mperature
6l00 F (316 C)
N
700 g=
900 F (482 C)
20
Strain, in./in.
Titanium (Ti)/745
Ti.033 Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo duplex- and triplexannealed titanium alloy sheet, typical tensile stressstrain curves at room temperature and 482 C
(900 F)
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Sheet thickness = 1.22-2.16 mm (0.048-0.085 in.). 0.5 h exposure.
UNS R54620. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 35; n(900 F) = 12
Source: MILHDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 5 ^ 9
746/Titanium (Ti)
980
Room terr perature
840
700
Source: "Metallurgical and Mechanical Properties of Titanium Alloy Ti6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo Sheet, Bar, and Forgings," TMCA, Sept 1966. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3718,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 67
600 F (3116 C)
560
800 F (427 C )
/
420 oo
280
140
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
1200
160
1000
140
Room terriperature.
120
800
205^.
-
Q_
100-
^a
a
u
wCO 600
&
to
80 8
u
60
400
-
40
200
6
8
Strain, 0.001 mm/mm
10
20
12
Titanium (Ti)/747
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
' (O
(0
2.0 'c
Stic in rate vi i strain
1.5 E
h-
1.0
(a)
0.5
0
4.0
3.5
3.0
1
CO
2.5 <D
2
, Stress vs strain
- ... j
"
2.0 C
'2
<D
1.5 E
1-
*
*
**
1.0
*
\
0.5
*
\
0.1
(b)
0.2
0.3
0.4
True strain
0.5
0.6
0.7
0
0.8
748/Titanium (Ti)
955C
910 C
980 C
1010C
0.2
0.4
0.6
True strain
0.8
1.0
Titanium (Ti)/749
750/Titanium (Ti)
Titanium (Ti)/751
752/Titanium (Ti)
Titanium (Ti)/753
0.08
Strain, mm/mm
1120
980
840
560 </>
C
O
<
D
W
420
280
140
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.12
754/Titanium (Ti)
1400
R<3om temperature
1120
200 F (93 C)
400 F (204 C)
840
600 F (316 C)
800 F '(427 C)
560
is
to
1000 F (531BC)
280
12
16
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
20
24
Titanium (Ti)/755
1400
1120
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.5 h exposure. RambergOsgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 22, n(200 F)
= 27, rt(400 F) = 22, n(600 F) = 12, n{800 F) = 11,
rt(1000 F) = 5.7. UNS R56400/R56401
Rotan temperalture
\ 2 0 0 F (93 C)
\ 4 0 i 3 F (204 C
Q.
2
00 F (316'
w
\ 4 j O O F (427 C)
1000 F: (538 C P
8
12
16
20
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
24
756/Titanium (Ti)
28
140
Test direction: long transverse. 0.5 h exposure. RambergOsgood parameters: w(room temperature) =13, n{200 F)
= 15, n{400 F) = 14, n(600 F) = 10, n(800 F) = 11,
(1000 F) = 5.7. UNS R56400/R56401
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 5-81
8
12
16
20
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
200
1400
Room temperature
160
1120
200 F (93 C)
120
<D
80
jk
^ ^ T s o c
) F (427 C)
900 F: (482 C)
560
10100 F (538 C)
280
40
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
12
16
Titanium (Ti)/757
758/Titanium (Ti)
Titanium (Ti)/759
280
I
I
1-25 F (-254
1960
C)
1680
240
200
160
/A
120
80
320 F (-196 C)
1400
110 F (-79 C)
1120
- } R ctorn temperature
200 F (93 C)
400 F (204 C)
600 F (316 C)
800 F (427 <
560
r>
1000 F (5:38 C)
280
40
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
12
16
760/Titanium (Ti)
1400
200
Room tempera!lire
160
120
80
1120
840
.400 F (204 C )
. 600 F (316 C)
800 F (42:7 C)
560
280
40
12
16
Strain, 0.001 inJin.
28
200
20
140
1120
160
120
80
40
24
840
560
/
280
20
12
16
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
8
24
Titanium (Ti)/761
co
|
<0
762/Titanium (Ti)
Titanium (Ti)/763
28
140
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.5 h exposure. RambergOsgood parameters: (room temperature) = 21, (400 F)
= 19, (700 F) = 14, (900 F) = 9.8. UNS
R56400/R56401
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 5-67
8
12
16
20
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
1400
200
^ 2 1 C, I330/s
1200
\
X
UNS R56400/R56401
v
21 C, 10 4/s
1000
- 150
1 C, 0.1/s
475 C
540 C 0.1/s
100 8
co
540 C io" /s
400
50
200
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, mm/mm
0.10
0.12
0.14
764/Titanium (Ti)
500
70
60
400
* 800 C
50
300
40
900 C
30
200
100
20
10
1000 C
l*
20
i. s
40
60
80
Strain, %
100
120
140
Titanium (Ti)/765
100
600 C
80
60
750 C
800 C
850 C
1100 c
/ 9 0 0 C
^1000
40
20
(a)
-
700 C
70
60
- ^ 7 5 0 C
.MO'C
50
40
30
850 C
-
900 C
1000c
1100c
1200 C
(b)
0/
).2
0. 3
Strain, in./in.
0.4
20
10
n
0.5
766/Titanium (Ti)
1120
980
1260
180
160
140
840
^ 100
700
CO
CO
2
GO
560 *
80
420
60
280
40
140
20
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.10
0.12
0.14
1400
200
Ro<am temperature
160
1120
200 F (93 C)
400 F (204 C)
120
J500 F (316 C)
840
Q.
800 F (427 C)
80
560
40
280
fc=
co
Titanium (Ti)/767
- 8 0 F (-(52 C)
1400
(-18 C)
1260
\
180 F (82 C )
1120
\
Rooim temperatijre
970
840
to
CL
700
Source: M.F. Amateau, W.D. Hanna, and E.G. Kendall, "F-15 Program
Final Report: Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn and Ti-6A1-4V Fatigue Crack
Propagation," ATR-72(9990), The Aerospace Corp., Sept 1971. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3715,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 26
560
420
280
140
0.02
0.04
0.106
Strain,i, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.12
1400
-.^RS
1260
RM
/*
TM
-^RD
1120
RB
970
840
CL
2
700
560
420
280
140
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.10
0. 12
0.1
768/Titanium (Ti)
200
1400
1120
840
Q.
560
CO
280
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Titanium (Ti)/769
28
140
12
16
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
1680
240
8
12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
770/Titanium (Ti)
700
700
C371 C)
/ J
SY
/ / f
420
y
/y
fyi
w
<m
280
F (482 C)
is
CO
140
Jr*
ij?/
4
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
Titanium (Ti)/771
200
1400
160
1120
Room tesmperature
120
CD
GO
840
00 F (204 fl: c )
55i0 F (288 (
4 1
80
560
40
280
12
16
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
20
24
772/Titanium (Ti)
700
450 F (23\2 C)
500 F (260
C),
" ^ 5 5 0 F: (288 C)
560
o
\ f 6 C )0 F (316iP)
16i0 F (343 C)
420
280
/
140
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
Titanium (Ti)/773
28
140
1120
RT
RT
550 F (2818 C)
840
Q.
550 F (281BC)
2
560
//
/
0
280
12
16
20
Strain, 0.001 iniin.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
28
24
140
1120
.RT
RT
840
Q.
1
/
2
150 F (288 C)
560
550 F (288 C)
280
12
16
20
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
24
7 7 4 / T i t a n i u m (Ti)
1000
Experirnental
U N S R56080
Source: H. Margolin et al., Calculations of Stress-Strain Curves and
Stress Strain Distribution for an Alpha-Beta Ti-8Mn Alloy, Mater. Sci.
Eng., Vol 34, 1978, p 203-211. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch,
and E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys,
ASM International, 1994, p 763
800
^ ^ F E M c a l i culated
Q.
2
&
600
80
400
200
Strain, %
Titanium (Ti)/775
1960
- 4 2 5 F (-254 C)
1680
0.0614 in. (1.626 m m) sheet
0.07r0 in. (1.778 mm) sheet
S - Z 2 0 F (--196 C)
1400
- -110 F (-7!9C)
rs
^ 400 F (2(>4'C)
' 600 F (316 C)
' 800 F (427 C)
840 co
560
j
Mrs
Mrs
1120
280
1000 F (538
C)
!
8
12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
16
20
7 7 6 / T i t a n i u m (Ti)
980
Room t emperature
840
700
^ 400 F (204 C
f>
I
560
^ 600 F (316 C
/A
OU r \f\Z.( O)
420 w
280
1000 F (538 C)
140
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
12
16
Titanium
Ti.090 Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI titanium alloy, true stressstrain curves for p and a + p processed material
250
10/s
200
30
/I
1.0/s
150
20
^cPboCO f m
3 100
0.10/s
-
10
50
(a)
250
10/s
30
200
150
1.0/s
- 20
2 100
0.10/s
50
10
0.15
(b)
0.30
0.45
0.60
True strain, in./in.
(Ti)/777
0.75
0.90
778/Titanium (Ti)
1000
140
120
800
B /
100
80
60 ,2
400
40
20
200
4
5
6
True strain, %
10
1200
160
1000
140
RT^-
800
w 600
&
400
120
~205C
100 _
80
425 C
60
40
20
200
6
8
Strain, 0.001 mm/mm
10
12
14
J2
w
(0
co
Titanium (Ti)/779
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
1200
160
1000
140
Room tennperature
/
120
800
""JoT^c
o.
425 C
200
100
80 Jj
m 600
CO
400
V)
60
>
6
8
Strain, 0.001 mm/mm
10
12
40
20
14
780/Titanium (Ti)
200
28
\
140
^ L, tensioniii
<
LT, tension
>T, tension
160
1120
120
840
80
560
40
280
12
16
20
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
24
(0
a.
2
a>
25
Titanium (Ti)/781
/ L, comprejssicwiv
ftsnslon
^ L, te ision
1120
840
Q.
5
560
O
C
280
12
16
20
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
24
1500
-
1400
A <
n
vs,
1300
i
o 1200
1100
210
>
A\
s.
\
\ ^
\ ^
\ ^
200
ap
\
\
190 .
\ o
\ o
0% a p
180
170 g
30% a \
ov
\oaged
160
V
\
150
1000
V
140
0.2
0.4
0.6
True fracture strain
0.8
2<D
Titanium ( T i ) / 7 8 3
Strain, %
7 8 4 / T i t a n i u m (Ti)
200
1400
160
1120
- Room temperature
840
120
550 F (288 C)
80
40
560
/
280
8
12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
16
20
Titanium (Ti)/785
240
Ro om temperature
200
400 F
160
SS
<
D
1120
Q_
840 w
560
40
280
10
240
15
20
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
25
30
35
1680
Tr
ansverse
Lo
ngitudinal_
200
1400
160
120
80
40
1400
850 F (4 54 C)
It
V
80
(2p4 C)
600 F (316 C)
120
1680
1120
L
840 w
1/
.b
t/D
560
280
10
15
20
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
25
30
35
7 8 6 / T i t a n i u m (Ti)
1680
240
10
15
20
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Titanium (Ti)/787
28
^^^^1800
Ti.109 Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al titanium alloy, tensile stressstrain curves at very high temperatures
F (982 C)
UNS R58010
Source: RE. Moorhead, 'Tensile and Creep Properties of Columbium,
Tantalum and Titanium Alloys at Elevated Temperatures," Bell
Laboratory Report BLR-62-26M, Dec 1962. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3712, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 11
21
2050 F (1121 C)
2.
s
14
V)
2300 F (1260 C)
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
1050
875
Roorn temperatuire
. 200 F (93 C)
400 F (204 C)
^
600 F (316 C)
800 F (427 C)
^
-100() F (538 C
700
<o
0L
2
525 c/>
CO
CD
55
350
175
12
16
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
20
24
788/Titanium (Ti)
1400
- 6 5 F (-54 C)
1120
Source: "Data Sheet B 120 VCA," Titanium Alloys Issue 2, TDS-20075M, Crucible Steel Co. of America, Dec 1960. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3712,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 11
Rc >om temperature
840
60 0 F (316 C)
2Q_
0 F (427 C)
^
10 00 F (538 C)
560
280
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
12
16
Titanium (Ti)/789
790/Titanium (Ti)
2240
1680
-3:20 F (-196 C
) F (-73 C)
-200 F (-129 C)
i F (-54 C)
Q.
560
(a)
2240
- 3 20 F (-196 C
1680
D F (-73 C)
LL
s\
-200
i F (-54 C)
Q.
Room t<smperature
2
1120
560
(b)
8
12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
16
20
Titanium (Ti)/791
Ti.115 Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI solution treated and aged titanium alloy sheet, typical compressive stress-strain curves at
room and elevated temperatures
(a) Sheet thickness = 1.6 mm (0.063 in.); test direction: longitudinal, (b) Sheet thickness =1.6 mm (0.063 in.); test direction:
transverse, (c) Sheet thickness = 3.18 mm (0.125 in.); test direction: longitudinal, (d) Sheet thickness = 3.18 mm (0.125 in.); test
direction: transverse. UNS R58010
Source: P.J. Hughes, "Determination of Design Data for Heat Treated Titanium Alloy Sheet" Vol I, ASD-TR-62-335, 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3712, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 14
792/Titanium (Ti)
2800
400
I -423 F (-253 C)
UNS R58010
Bar diameter = 19 mm (3A in.)
2240
320
240
.fe
C
O
- 1 0 F (-23 C
160
<o
CL
2
Source: F.R. Schwartzberg, S.H. Osgood, R.D. Keys, and T.F. Kiefer,
"Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook," Progress Report No. 1,
ML-TDR-64-280, Suppl., 1965. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3712, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 12
1120
Room Itemperature
80
560
0.08
0.16
Strain, in./in.
0.24
0.32
Titanium (Ti)/793
200
28
140
16
160
1120
120
80
40
1400
840
560
/
280
12
16
20
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
24
1200
160
1000
Longitudinal
800
I
to
600
W
400
200
120
100
80
o5
60
140
/ Long transverse
8
Strain, 0.001 mm/mm
12
16
794/Titanium (Ti)
1200
30
150
160
y>Long transverse
1000
140
Longitud
120
800
-
CL
100 _
w 600
is
w
05
80
400
60
40
200
12
16
Strain. 0.001 mm/mm
20
20
24
co
Titanium (Ti)/795
1400
1
^
16
- 200
1200
205 ' C ^
1000
150
v
425 C
V
800
\ \
600
100
CO
<
u
Q.
E
o
O
400
50
200
20
40
60
80
Compressive tangent modulus, GPa
100
120
7 9 6 / T i t a n i u m (Ti)
1200
18
21
1000
800
co 600
400
200
9
12
15
Strain. 0.001 mm/mm
//
1000
800
600
400
MM
^
^
18
21
18
24
27 C (80 6F)
I
I
93 C (200 F)
160
|04 C (41DO F)
^ 3 1 6 C (600 F)
^ 427 c1C (800 F)
140
120
482 C (900 f :)
100
60
- 538 C (1000 F
-
40
20
200
9
12
15
Strain, 0.001 mm/mm
18
21
24
Titanium (Ti)/797
4000
Multicrysl alline
^ Pb
3500
Tested at 77 K ( - 3 2 1 F)
Source: S. Guruswamy, Engineering Properties and Applications of
Lead Alloys, Marcel Dekker. As prepared for the International Lead
Zinc Research Organization, Inc., p 110
3000
aT
Q_
^
2500
oo
o>
b
w
CO 2000
P
/
/
1500
S-1
0.0(307% Cu
1000
Pb
-S-1
0.35% Sn
S-1
/ *A
/ / /
500
0.05
0.10
0.15
Elongation
0.20
0.25
0.30
1
Creep rate, %/year
10
500
Xa-Pu
Full range uniaxial stress-strain curves for unalloyed aplutonium and fee 8-phase Pu-1.7 Ga (at.%). X is fracture
point compared to cast iron fracture point. 5-phase is
ductile and work hardens like aluminum.
60
400
300
Q.
40 jg
<D
CO
200
20
Aluminum
100
8-Pu
10
20
Strain, %
30
40
Fract lire
Ea = 97 GF'a
a-Pu
/ E5
= 42 GPa
V leld strengtlh
//
0.2
0.4
5-Pu
0.6
Strain, %
0.8
1.2
1.0
40
30
20
10
^1
20
30
Elongation, 5 %
40
50
500
"77 K
lIoO
Q |/.
o IV
400
y
300
*197 K
29 3 K
<D
200
100
0.1
0.2
0.3
Natural strain e
0.4
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.3
True strain
0.4
0.5
80
/M
60
CL
g 40
<D
20
0.1
0.2
0.3
True strain
0.4
0.5
\ 4
S3
N2
1
V
0.1
0.2
0.3
True strain
0.4
0.5
r v
0.1
0.2
0.3
True strain
0.4
0.5
400
350
300
2800
2450
2100
2
_ 250
1750
J2
i
g 200
1400 p
P
- 1
150
1050 '
100
700
50
350
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Strain
252
No pi estrain
f
>
224
8.5*}6 prestrairi V y
Source: G.R. Edwards, J.C. Payne, and O.D. Sherby, Strain Softening in
Powder Metallurgy Zinc, Met. Trans. A, Oct 1971, p 2956
55'Vo prestraiin
168
>
/ J?
1 '
140
0.1
0.3
0.4
True strain
0.2
0.5
0.6
112
0.7
105
-O
98
91
A
84
77
Unload
2 h anneal
70
Unlojad
1 h anneal
Unloaci
Unload
3 h amneal 4 h anne al
0.1
0.2
0.3
True strain
68
X
Source: G.R. Edwards, J.C. Payne, and O.D. Sherby, Strain Softening in
Powder Metallurgy Zinc, Met. Trans. A, Oct 1971, p 2956
V
0.4
0_
2
56
0.5
252
224
196
\ Longit udinal
168
- a
140
Transv<arse
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
True strain
0.5
0.6
112
0.7
Alloy Index
1.1% carbon W-type water-hardening (tool
steel)
276
2.25Cr-lMo chromium-molybdenum alloy
steel
94
3.3% silicon alloy steel
127
3.60-3.90% carbon ductile steel
29
4.35 carbon equivalent compacted graphite
iron
25
9Ni-4Co-0.20C ultrahigh-strength
steel
151, 152
9Ni-4Co-0.30C ultrahigh-strength
steel
153-155
10B46 carbon steel
85
13-8PH Mo (stainless steel)
220-224
14-8PH Mo (stainless steel)
225
15-5PH (stainless steel)
225-228
15-7PH (stainless steel)
228-234
17-4PH (stainless steel)
234-238
17-7PH (stainless steel)
238-249
17-22A(S) ultrahigh-strength steel
150
18Ni (250) high-strength maraging
steel
142-147
18Ni (280) high-strength maraging
steel
147, 148
18Ni (300) high-strength maraging
steel
148, 149
21-6-9 (stainless steel)
163-165
+99.90% lead
799
124EG-T5 (cast aluminum)
279
200 high-strength maraging steel
141
201 (stainless steel)
161, 162
201.0-T43 (cast aluminum)
282, 283
201.0-T6 (cast aluminum)
279, 280
201.0-T6 (cast aluminum)
279, 280
201.0-T7 (cast aluminum)
281, 282
201-1 (stainless steel)
162
201-2 (stainless steel)
162
202 (stainless steel)
163
205 (stainless steel)
162
242.0-T5 (cast aluminum)
284
300M ultrahigh-strength steel
150
301 (stainless steel)
162, 166-180
302 (stainless steel)
180
303 (stainless steel)
181
304 (stainless steel)
162., 181-189, 214
304L (stainless steel)
190
310 (stainless steel)
190-192
316 (stainless steel)
193-202
316L (stainless steel)
202
321 (stainless steel)
203-205
347 (stainless steel)
205-208
348 (stainless steel)
209, 210
354.0-T5 (cast aluminum)
286
356.0-T6 (cast aluminum)
288-291
409 (stainless steel)
268
299,
334, 343
2024-T36, clad (wrought aluminum)
343
2024-T4 (wrought aluminum)
319, 322,
326, 327, 335, 344
2024-T4, clad (wrought aluminum)
344
2024-T42 (wrought aluminum)
335, 336
2024-T42, clad (wrought aluminum) . . . 335,
336
2024-T6 (wrought aluminum)
321, 325,
328
2024-T62 (wrought aluminum)
337, 338
2024-T81 (wrought aluminum) . . . 323, 325,
329, 338, 339, 345
2024-T81, clad (wrought aluminum)
345
2024-T851 (wrought aluminum). . . 338-340
2024-T8510 (wrought aluminum). . 338, 339
2024-T8511 (wrought aluminum). . 338, 339
2024-T852 (wrought aluminum). . . 320, 321,
325
2024-T86 (wrought aluminum) . . . 299, 324,
325, 330, 341, 345
2024-T86, clad (wrought aluminum)
345
2024-T861 (wrought aluminum)
342
2048-T851 (wrought aluminum). . . 348, 349
2090-T83 (wrought aluminum)
350
2124-T851 (wrought aluminum). . . 351-354
2219-T6 (wrought aluminum)
355
2219-T62 (wrought aluminum)
355, 357
2219-T81 (wrought aluminum)
356, 358
2219-T851 (wrought aluminum)
358
2219-T852 (wrought aluminum). . . 359, 360
2219-T87 (wrought aluminum) . . . 356, 360,
361
2519-T87 (wrought aluminum)
362
2618 (wrought aluminum)
363
2618-T61 (wrought aluminum)
363-367
3003-H12 (wrought aluminum)
368
3003-H14 (wrought aluminum)
368
3003-H18 (wrought aluminum)
369
3003-H24 (wrought aluminum)
369
3003-0 (wrought aluminum)
367
3004-H34 (wrought aluminum)
370
3004-H38 (wrought aluminum)
371
3004-H39 (wrought aluminum)
371
3004-0 (wrought aluminum)
370
3140 carbon steel
92
4023 carbon steel
92
4027 carbon steel . ,
92
4042 carbon steel
92
4130 chromium-molybdenum alloy
steel
95-99
4140 carbon steel
92
4140 chromium-molybdenum alloy
steel
100-102
810/Alloy Index
7050-T73651 (wrought
aluminum)
438, 439
7050-T74 (wrought aluminum) . . . 438, 442,
447, 448
7050-T7451 (wrought aluminum)
438,
439, 443-445, 448, 449
7050-T74511 (wrought aluminum) . 449, 450
7050-T7452 (wrought aluminum)
441,
450-452
7049-T73511 (wrought aluminum)
429
7050-T7531 (wrought aluminum)
442
7050-T76 (wrought aluminum)
441
7050-T7651 (wrought aluminum)
440,
452, 453
7050-T7651X (wrought
aluminum)
453-455
7055-T77511 (wrought aluminum)
455
7075-0 (wrought aluminum)
299, 463
7075-O, clad (wrought aluminum)
459
7075-T6 (wrought aluminum)
299, 456460, 463-466
7075-T6, clad (wrought
aluminum)
459-462, 464, 465
7075-T62 (wrought aluminum)
466, 467
7075-T651 (wrought aluminum). . . 465, 466,
468
7075-T651X (wrought aluminum). . 469, 470
7075-T73 (wrought aluminum)
470, 471
7075-T7351X (wrought aluminum)
471,
472
7075-T7352 (wrought aluminum) . . 472, 473
7079-T6 (wrought aluminum)
299, 473
7149-T73 (wrought aluminum)
427, 428
7149-T73511 (wrought aluminum)
429
7150-T6151 (wrought aluminum)
474
7150-T61511 (wrought aluminum)
475
7150-T7751 (wrought aluminum)
476
7150-T77511 (wrought aluminum)
477
7175-T73511 (wrought aluminum)
477,
478
7175-T74 (wrought aluminum)
478-480,
482-485
7175-T7452 (wrought aluminum) . . 480, 481
7178-T6 (wrought aluminum)
299, 486
7249-T7452 (wrought aluminum) . . 486, 487
7475-T61 (wrought aluminum)
493, 494
7475-T61, clad (wrought aluminum) . . . 489,
495
7475-T651 (wrought aluminum). . . 488, 490,
491
7475-T7351 (wrought aluminum). . 488, 491,
492
7475-T761 (wrought aluminum). . . 496, 497
7475-T761, clad (wrought aluminum) . . 489,
490, 497-500
7475-T761 +aramid 2/1 (aluminum
laminate)
509, 510, 512
7475-T761 +aramid 3/2 (aluminum
laminate)
509,511,512
E8ZR (niobium)
722
E332.0-T5 (cast aluminum)
285
EK31XA-T6 (magnesium)
575
Electrolytic tough-pitch copper . . . . 515, 516
EX-TEN 42 high-strength low-alloy
steel
129
EX-TEN 50 high-strength low-alloy
steel
129
EX-TEN 60 high-strength low-alloy
steel
129
EZ33A-T5 (magnesium)
576-581
F332.0-T5(SR) (cast aluminum)
286
Fe-5Ni-Cr-Mo-V high-strength
low-alloy steel
130
Fe- 8.4Cr-8.4Ni transformation-induced
plasticity (TRIP) high-strength steel . . 158
Fe-17Cr-7Ni-Ti(stainless steel)
265, 266
Ferritic commercial high-strength
low-alloy Arctic steel
140
Ferritic compacted graphite iron
25, 62
Ferritic ductile iron
29, 31-33, 35
Ferritic ductile iron, unclassified
24
Ferritic malleable iron
56
Ferritic nodular ductile iron
36, 37
Flake cast iron, unclassified
23
Flake graphite, gray iron
52, 53
Forging brass (copper)
534
Fully aluminum-killed deep-drawing
carbon steel
71
Gamma (y) iron alloy
64
GM 980X dual phase carbon steel
86
Grade 2 equivalent titanium
733
Gray cast iron
46-55
Gray iron, class 20 to 50
48
Gray iron, class 20
50, 51
Gray iron, class 30
48
Gray iron, class 35
50
Gray iron, class 40
49-51
Gray iron, class 60
51
Gray iron, unclassified
24
H-11 Mod (tool steel)
271-275
Hadfield steel
88-90
Hastelloy X (nickel)
682, 683
Haynes Alloy No. 188 (cobalt)
715-717
Heat-treatable aluminum alloys
279
High brass (copper)
529
High-carbon steel
75
High leaded brass (copper)
531, 532
High-silicon bronze A (copper)
542
High-silicon nodular graphite iron
61
High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) s t e e l . . . 86,
129-133, 138-140
High-strength maraging steel
141 -149
High-strength nonresulfurized carbon
steel
76
High-strength steel
129-160
HK31A (magnesium)
582
HK31A-H24 (magnesium)
582-587
HK31A-0 (magnesium)
587-592
HK31A-T6 (magnesium)
592-594
HM21A-T8 (magnesium)
595-599
HM21A-T81 (magnesium)
600
HM31A (magnesium)
600-602
HM31A-F (magnesium)
602-606
HM31A-T5 (magnesium)
607, 608
HNM nickel alloy steel
121
HY-TUF nickel alloy steel
122, 123
HZ32A-T5 (magnesium)
609
170 brake grade (beryllium)
705
1400 (beryllium)
705
IN 100 (nickel)
640
IN 617 (nickel)
679
Inco 713LC (nickel)
634
Incoloy 25-6 (nickel)
702, 703
Incoloy 330 (nickel)
702
Incoloy 800 (nickel)
675, 676
Incoloy 800H (nickel)
676, 677
Incoloy 803 (nickel)
123, 124
Incoloy 825 (nickel)
701
Incoloy 840 (nickel)
124, 125
Incoloy 864 (nickel)
126, 127
Incoloy 901 (nickel)
693
Incoloy 909 (nickel)
698, 699
Incoloy A286 (nickel)
125, 126
Incoloy C276 (nickel)
636
Inconel 600 (nickel)
637-639
Inconel 601 (nickel)
683, 684
Inconel 617 (nickel)
680
Inconel 625 (nickel)
670-675
Inconel 686 (nickel)
678
Inconel 702 (nickel)
641
Inconel 706 (nickel)
694-697
Inconel 713C (nickel)
635
Inconel 718 (nickel)
652-659
Inconel 725 (nickel)
660, 661
Inconel HX (nickel)
681
Inconel MA 754 (nickel)
659, 660
Inconel X-750 (nickel)
644-646
Interstitial-free steel
67
Iron alloy
24
L6 (tool steel)
276
L-605 (cobalt)
712, 713
L-type low-alloy special purpose
(tool steel)
275
Lancashire brass (copper)
533
Lead alloy single crystal
799
Leaded nickel silver (copper)
551
Lead single crystal
799
Low brass 80-20 (copper)
525
Low-carbon steel
67-69, 71
Low-silicon bronze type B (copper) . . . . 542
M2 (tool steel)
269
MA 6000 (nickel)
642-644
Magnesium single crystal
555
Malleable cast iron
56-60
Manganese-chromium dual-phase
high-strength low-alloy s t e e l . . . . 139, 140
Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr-0.25Si
(titanium)
741-744
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo (titanium) . . . 744-751
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo (titanium)
752
Ti-6A1-4V (titanium)
753-764
Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (titanium)
765-769
Ti-70 (titanium)
729
Ti-7Al-4Mo (titanium)
770
Ti-8A1-1 Mo-IV (titanium)
771-774
Ti-8Mn (titanium)
774-776
Transformation-induced plasticity
(TRIP) high-strength steel
157-159
TRI-TEN high-strength low-alloy steel. . 129
TRIP steels
157-159
Tungsten copper composite (copper).... 553
TZM molybdenum alloy
(molybdenum)
718
U-3Mo (uranium)
806
U-3Mo-0.5Cr (uranium
806
U-5Re (uranium)
806
Udimet 700 (U-700)(nickel)
646, 647
Ultrahigh-strength steel
150-156
Uranium alloys
806
USS COR-TEN A high-strength
low-alloy steel
129, 130
U.S.S. dual-phase 80 high-strength
low-alloy steel
138
W1 (tool steel)
269
W-Hf-C (tungsten)
726
Waspaloy (nickel)
661-664
Weathering steel
140
WI-52 (cobalt)
714
Worked chromium (chromium)
710
X-40 (cobalt)
714
UNS Index
The Unified Numbersing System (UNS) is a joint effort of the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) and ASTM International providing designations for the purpose of metal and alloy identification. The designation is not a specification. No requirements are established or implied.
A02010
A02420
A03320 (formerly A63320)
A03360 (formerly A13320)
A03540
A03560
A12010
A13560
A13570
A33550
A43570
A91060
A91100
A92014
A92017
A92024
A92048
A92090
A92124
A92219
A92519
A92618
A93003
A93004
A95052
A95083
A95086
A95154
A95454
A95456
A96013
A96061
A96063
A97010
A97049
A97050
A97055
A97075
A97079
A97149
A97150
A97175
A97178
A97249
A97475
A98090
CI0200
C11000
CI2200
CI4200
C15000
279-283
284
286
285
286
288-291
284
291-294
294-297
287
297
299, 300
301-303
304-317
318
319-347
358, 359
350
351-354
355-361
362
363-367
367-369
370, 371
372-377
378, 379
379-384
389
389-392
393-398
399-402
403-421
422
423-426
427-437
438-455
455
456-473
473
427-429
474-477
477-485
486
486, 487
488-500
501
515
515,516
516,517
517,518
518
CI 5725
CI7200
C21000
C22000
C23000
C24000
C25600
C26000
C27000
C28000
C33200
C34200
C35330
C37700
C44300
C44400
C46400
C51000
C61400
C63000
C64210
C64700
C65100
C65500
C70600
C71000
C71500
C74400
C74500
C75200
C75400
C75700
C77000
C79000
G10080
G10150
G10200
G10230
G10250
G10350
G10400
G10450
G10600
G10950
G15220
G41300
G41400
G43400
G52986
G86300
G93106
519
519, 520
521
522, 523
523, 524
525
525, 526
526-528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537, 538
538, 539
540
540
541
541
542
542
543
543, 544
544-546
546, 547
547, 548
548
549
550
550
551
69,70
70,72
72, 73, 80-82
83
84
81, 82
82,84,92
85
86
82
91
95-99
100-102
106-112
93
113-115, 117, 118
119, 120
J13042
J13050
K11510
K11576
K11630
K11646
K11856
K12000
K14675
K24728
K32550
K33517
K92571
L50001
L50010
M11311
Ml 1610
Ml 1630
Ml 1800
M11910
Ml 1914
Ml 1918
Ml 1920
Ml 2330
M13210
Ml 3310
M13312
Ml 3320
M16100
M16410
M16600
M16610
116
116
129, 130
134, 135
134, 135
134, 135
133, 134
132
150
156
122, 123
105
155, 156
800
800
555,556
557-559
560-562
563
564
564-566, 569
568,569
569-574
576-581
595-600
582-594
600-608
609
614
615,616
617-628
628, 629
Ml6620
616
Ml 8220
N02200
N04400
N05500
N06002
N06075
N06600
N06601
N06617
N06625
N06686
N07001
N07041
N07090
N07263
N07702
N07713
N07718
610-613
631
692, 693
684-687
681,682, 683
647, 648
637-639
683, 684
679, 680
670-675
678
661-664
649-652
665-668
669
641
635
652-659
8 1 6 / U N S Index
N07725
N07750
N07754
N08330
N08800
N08810
N08825
N08926
N09706
N09901
N10276
N13100
N19909
R30035
R30159
R30188
R30605
R50400
R50550
R50700
R54520
R54521
R54620
R54810
R56080
R56260
R56400
660, 661
644-646
659
702
675, 676
676, 677
701
702, 703
694-697
693
636
640
698, 699
719
719
715-717
712,713
729, 731-733
729, 734, 735
729, 734, 735
738-740
738-740
744-751
771-774
774-776
752
753-764
R56401
R56620
R56740
R58010
R58030
R58640
S13800
S14800
S15500
SI 5700
S17400
S17600
S17700
S20100
S20200
S20500
S21800
S21900
S21904
S24000
S30100
753-764
765-769
770
787-792
784-786
736, 737
220-224
225
225-228
228-234
234-238
265, 266
238-249
161, 162
163
162
214
163-165
165
214
162, 166-180
S30200
180
S30300
S30400
S30403
S31000
S31600
181
162, 181-189,214
190
190-192
193-202
S31603
S31803
S32100
S34700
S34800
S35000
S35500
202
266
203-205
205-208
209, 210
250-255
256-260
S36200
261
S40900
S41000
S42000
S42200
S43035
S43400
S44627
S45000
S45500
S65770
S66286
T11302
T20821
T30102
T30402
T30403
T31501
T61206
T72301
268
215,216
216, 217
217, 218
268
162
267
262
263-265
218-220
102, 103
269
271-275
269
269, 270
270
269
276
269