CHAPTER - 9 FORCE AND LAWS OF MOTION. at is balanced and unbalanced force? Forces that are equal in magnitude but acts in opposite direction which do not change the state of rest or of uniform motionof an object are called balanced force. Egrin a tug-of war,the rope does not move in any direction if the two teams pull the rope with equal force. Forces that are unequalin magnitude which can change the state of rest or uniform motion of an object are called unbalanced force. Eg:in a tug of war the two forces are not balanced when one of the two teams pulls the rope with a larger force. 2)State the various effects produced by a force. Itcan change the speed, direction of motion, shape of the object. 43)State the law of inertia( First law of motion) ‘An object remains in a state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled to change that state by an applied force. 4)Define inertia ‘The natural tendency of an object to resist a change in the state of rest or uniform motion along a straight line is called inertia. he passengers in a bus at rest fall backward when the bus starts moving suddenly is Inertia of rest- due to inertia of rest. Inertia of motion--An athlete running in a race does not stop even after crossing the final point due to tia of motion. jon-~-As a bicycle moves ,the mud sticking to its tyre starting leaving it tangentially. and mass related? of inertia. Massive bodies offer more inertia a race does not stop evenafter crossing the final point. 19 .Due to inertia of motion he cannot stop even after reaching the final point.b)Some of the leaves may get detached from a tree if we vigorously shake its branch. Before shaking the leaves are at rest When the branches are shaken,the leaves tend to remain at rest dup to inertia of rest Asa result leaves get detached from the branches. c)When a carpet is beaten with a stick ,dust comes out. When we beat the carpet with a stick,it comes into motion. But the dust particles continue to be at rest due to inertia . and get detached from the carpet. d)We fall forward when a moving bus suddenly stops and fall backwards when it accelerates from rest. ‘When 2 moving bus suddenly stops,the lower part of our bodyin contact with the bus comes to rest While the upper part of our body tend to keep moving due to inertia of motion.Hence fall forwards. When the bus accelerates from rest, the lower part of our body comes into motion along with the bus.While the upper part of our body tends to remain at rest due to inertia -hence we fall backwards. 71D 1 momentum. ‘The momentum of an object as the product of its mass and velocity.|t is denoted by ‘p’. Pemv. Itisa vector quantity.tts SI unit is ke m/s. 8)State second law of motion. ‘The rate of change of momentum of an object is proportional to the applied unbalanced force in the direction of force. 9)Mathematical formulation of second law of motion.(Derive F=ma) Let ‘u’ be the initial velocity of a body of mass’m’.Let a force’’ acts on this body for a time ‘t’ and the final velocity is ‘V" Initial momentum=mu Final momentum=mv By newtons second law, Force a _rate of change of momentum Force a m(v-u) t Force=k ma where k isa constant, In Si unit the value of k is=1 sma, FORCE= MASS X ACCELERATION0}Define the SI unit of force. The SI unit of force is Newton(N). One newton is that force which produces an acceleration of 1m/s’ an object of 1kg mass. APPLICATIONS OF SECOND LAW OF MOTION 11)Give reason 2) A cricket player lowers his hands while catching a ball. By lowering his hands he increases the time of catching the ball.As a result the rate of change of momentum decreases and the force exerted on his hands is less. bjA high jumper is provided either a cushion or a heap of sand on the ground to fall upon. In doing so the time taken to reduce the momentum to zero is more.so less force is exerted on his body and this prevents injury to athlete. C)A karate player is able to break a pile of tile with his hand. Here the time taken to reduce the momentum to zero is less.In doing so more force exerted on it is, enough to break the tiles. d)Shockers are provided in cars ,scooters etc Due to shockers ,the interval of the jerk increases.As the rate of change of momentum will be smaller,comparatively lesser force acts on the passengers during the jerks. 12) Derive newtons first law from second law. According to second law F=ma Femv-u uniform velocity throughout the 13)Define third law of motion. To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.14) Action and reaction forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. These forces may not produce same acceleration. Why? This is because each force acts on different objects that may have different masses. APPLICATIONS OF THIRD LAW (a) While walking we press the ground with our feet in the backward direction(action) and the ground exerts equal and opposite force on us(reaction) (b) While swimming we push water in the backward direction(action} and water in turn pushes him (reaction) in the forward direction. (c) When a man jumps out from a boat he press the boat with his feet (action) and the boat also exerts an equal force on him in the opposite direction(reaction) As a result the man jumps out to the bank and the boat moves in the backward direction. (d) Agun recoils on firing. When a shot is fired from the gun with some force in the forward direction(action) the shot inturn exerts an equal and opposite force on the gun,cause it recoil. 15}State the law of conservation of momentum. It states that the sum of momenta of objects before collision is equal to the sum of momenta of ‘objects after collision if there is no external force applied on them 16) Derive an equation to show that total momentum before collision is equal to total momentum. after collision. Ans: Let us assume that two bodies are travelling in the same direction along a straight line .Let m; and mare their masses and u, and u are the initial velocities.Assume that there is no external force acts on them. They collide for a time ‘t’.Let their velocities become v; and vz Change of momentum of the first object= miv- miu: Change of momentum of the second object= m2v2 = mau Rate of change of momentum of the first object=(m,v.- miu) Rate of change of momentum of the second object=(mzvz-mU:) According to third law Fi={-~ Fa) (mavemiur) = A(mavemyu,)+ tme mu, —._ (mavermaun) myvsemyuy mau; - mav2 mavstmav2 = miustmaus Total momentum after collision = Total momentum before collision 17) Give some examples to illustrate the law of conservation of momentum. (a) Recoil of the gun:- Before firing, both the bullet and the gun are at rest and the initial momentum of the system is zero.As soon as the bullets fired ,it moves forward with a large velocity.To conserve momentum the gun moves backward with such a velocity that the final, momentum of the system is zero, (b) Flight of rockets and jet engines:- When a rocket is fired it throws a stream of burnt gas. in the vertically downward direction with a large velocity.so the outgoing gases have large momentum in the downward direction.According to law of conservation of momentum , the rockets gets an equal and opposite momentum which causes it to fly up. ANSWERS OF TEXT BOOK QUESTIONS. PAGE NO 118 1) (a) stone (b)train (c) five rupee coin. 2) The velocity of the ball changes by four times. The agent supplying, same team,goal keeper of the opposite team. 3) Refer QNo.6 4) Refer QNo.6 PAGE NO 126 1) The horse pulls the cart with a force (action) in the forward direction. The cart also pulls the horse with an equal force (reaction) in the backward direction. The two forces get balanced. While pulling the cart , the horse also pushes the ground with its feet in the backward direction, the reaction of the earth makes it to move in the forward direction. 2). Water is ejected with a large forward force (action) and due to a reaction ,the fireman experiences a large backward force. So he feels difficulty in holding the hose, 3) Ans:- (-0.44m/s) Hint : law of conservation of momentum. 4) Ans:-1.165m/s Hint: law of conservation of momentum. PAGE NO 128—129 1) YES. If the body is already in a state of motion. Or A rain drop falls down with a constant velocity. The weight of the drop is balanced by by the uprust and viscosity of air, The net force is2) Refer Q.No. 6 3) Due to sudden jerks,or due to the bus taking a sharp turn on the road,the luggage may fall down due to inertia. 4) (c) 5) a=2m/s’ F=14000N 6) iN 7) (a) F=35000N (b)a=3.5m/s* —_(c) 28000 N 8) 2550N 9) (d) 10) force of friction on the cabinet =200N in a direction opposite to the direction of motion of the Cabinet, 11) (mym,)v=myuytml , — v=0. 12) action and reaction always acts on different bodies . so they cannot cancel each other. When we Push a massive truck the force of friction between its tyres and the road is very large and so the truck doesnot move. 13) Change in momentum=m(v-u) = -3 kg m/s. 14) veu+at, a=-5000m/s? Seutel/2at” , = 2.25m Fema, Fe50N 15)Total momentum before the impact=m,urtmau; = 10 kg m/s. Total momentum after the impa im;tm,) v = 6v kg m/s 10-6v, v=5/3 m/s. Total momentum after the impact=10m/s. 16) Force=Rate of change of momentum. Fe( P.—Pal/t Fs SON, 17)Both motor car and insect experience the equal force and hence same change in their momentum. So we agree with rahul.But due to smaller mass or inertia the insect dies. 18) v1 =2as, v=4m/s Pemy, p=40 kem/s.