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SYNOPSIS
The similarity conditions
derived from the theoretical
I describe the hydraulics and
[ numerical example is added
ticular river.
INTRODUCTION
There are many hydraulic engineering problems for which the basic equations are known but which are geometrically
so complicated that the direct api plication of these equations becomes impossible.
Many such problems can be
! solved today by the use of models which are shaped to duplicate
thecomplicated geometry and in which the resulting flow patterns can be observed directly.
: Such a model permits the prediction of the corresponding prototype flows
: quantitatively only if the exact laws of modelstmtlartty
are known. The pre~diction of the model scales cannot be based on simple dimensional consider-a~tions if the model is distorted and includes the motion of a movable bed. A
" different approach must be used to find compatible systems of model scales
, and distortions.
I
In 1944, the senior author of this paper published a short account(l) of how
compatible systems of scales can be found. He proposed in that paper the der, ivation of model scales from empirical working equations rather than from the
: underlying differential equations of motion. It was pointed out there that equations must be used which are applicable in the same form both to model and
. prototype, and which should preferably have the form of power functions. The
same approach will be used in this paper. Many new developments in the del scription of flow and sediment transport in alluvial rivers will be incorporated.
Before the conditions of similarity can be stated .it is necessary to define
the exact meaning of this term. Let us define that similarity may be said to
: exist
1) if to each point, time and process in one scale, which may be called prototype, a corresponding point, time and process of the other scale, which
!
may be called the model, can be coordinated uniquely;
2) if the ratios of corresponding physical magnitudes between model and
t
prototype are constant for each type of physical magnitude .
I
I
I
~------------------------------------------------~
566-1
:Berkeley,
ff
566-2
.f2
566-3
t(
.I
v,.
n,.-llz
The various ratios on the left side of eq. (A) are explained preVlously: ~he~
V,.
= LlF
(B)
value .av equals unity if the similarity is exactly satisfied, but may mdlca~
a small deviation from the exact similarity if such a deviation becomes nee!l
sary for any practical reason.
~Here again stands AF " 1 for exact similarity while a deviation from unity
While V r, Sr' hr and Dr are ratios which will recur in other equations, mfIileasures a possible necessary deviation from the exact solution.
and Cr are the exponent and the ratio of the constants in generalized eq,
c. Sediment transport criterion:
In order to have similar sediment transthe form.
port conditions near the bed it is, ingeneral, necessary that both
and "f/;.
rr
are equal in model and prototype since the two are not connected by a powerV/ jRr5(1
C (Rr / Ks )
((typeequation. Only if the transport rates are restricted to a very narrow
[r.angeof values is it possible to combine the two conditions into one. The
.
!equality of the values
.
where RT is the hydraulic radius of the total section with the bottom width ~,
wetted perimeter and Ks the grain size of the bed representative
for its gr~.
roughness.
If one may assume similar grain mixtures are used in model asi
(4)
exist in the prototype, the ratio of the Ks values equals that of the grain siz\
D. The values C must be determined individually for model and prototype
(l)l
ffl:
:J
Using the no liSpossible for all fractions of a mixture only if the two mixtures are similar,
UCh that the ratios of the i-v~lues become equal to unity. With
equal fn
rOde I and prototype the equation of equal ~A -values may be written as
t..
Pb
It
(\
(()
1.>8r J,5 -
)-3/2
f:t r:
3e
(C)
Dr = /
-v;
ConS+onf
Even if in river
er
order to analyze the s~nifi.cance of all the corrections outside the brackets,
t us remember. that
1~ different for the various grain sizes of a mixture.
channels the water surface slope is often very small, one ntr the larger
t
remember t~at it. is the graVittatiOnal forllce ,whiClhmainttai~s tthe flow .Furt~er to have Similarity the ratio of
-values must be unity for all ~izes.
more, any rrver improvemen
plan usua y mvo ves cer am ypes 0 fr-iver e~.
l:.
.
strfction work by the construction of training walls, jetties, and groins alon!mc~ d 1S a function of nix, Dr must equal Xr. Referring again to Ref. 2,
the banks. At the constricted sections and especially in the neighborhood of e fmd that
structures,
the elevation of water surface may change rapidly. It is, theref~
advisable to include the Froude law as one of the criteria in designing river!
566-4
I
i
566-5
tor
tor
o7'7A
y =
and
with
A =
KsI.x.
This time ratio must be such that corresponding time intervale are required
by corresponding sediment rates qT to fill corresponding volumes. Expressed
(6)' in ratios this equation can be written for the unit width as
t>
.x.
and
(H)
y(K.5/~)
assuming the pore volume of the deposits to be equal in model and prototype.
.
....
The sediment rates qT are to be measured in weight under water. t2r is the
and with (Kslr Dr by definition, it c~ ~e se.en that I~ general ~lmIlar~ty .WI time scale at which the hydrographs must be repeated in the model.
be possible only if fJ = Dr' This COndlh?n WIll perm~t some_ alight devlaho
i. Independent ratios have been introduced in this study for length, height
r
however, since it controls some correcho~s only. WIth br - Dr we see tha1and slope. This implies that the model is not only vertically distorted but in
Xr = 1 and that LI,. "Dr. Thus we can wnte
. addition tilted. As the tilt is applied to the model during construction and as
it is assumed to be proportional to the prototype slope, it can be applied to
(Dlflows only which have at all points water surface and energy line slopes which
are constant with time. This condition is not fulfilled wherever the flow reverses direction, such as under the influence of the tide or in most overbank
'flows. In all such cases no additional tilt can be permitted, which is expressed
in ratios where the value 7. is defined by
by
(81
(I)
or as the ratio of the hydraulic radius referring to the surface drag to the ,e
tire radius RT' This correction must be introduced since RTr = hr' but Rbi ~N = 1 represents
,. hr'
fOf AN from unity.
e. Laminar sublayer criterion:
As 'has just been ~een, . ~r must usuallJ\
equal Dr to achieve similarity.
This can be written In ratios as
Dr
1r"z
h;
1/2
5r
Vz =
LJ~
zero tilt.
by a small deviation
Equations
(E!
Table 1 gives 9 equations (A) to (I) which are products of powers of the variOUSratios equal to unity. The number sgfve the exponent of the various ratios.
.
.
..
LI
.
.,
\ There are 13 ratios, the exponent m and 46 - values involved. Of these
Agam, a shght daviation
~ may be permitted aspectafly m cases w~ere t~are 10 free ratios. The exponent m and the three ratios must be determined
bulk of the bed is considerably coarser than ~ and, therefore, not dlrec~IYby auxiliary calculations (as shown in the accompanying problem) while the
affected by its value. In the derivation of eq (E) it may be noted that ~ IS 6-values can be chosen.
'
pendent on the surface drag only, and thus must contain
=
L Between the 10 free ratios there are 9 equations to be satisfied, such that
which has a ratio 'lr I/Z fir V.e 5r '12. The viscosity Y is assumed to be equal pnly one of the 10 ca~ be chosen freely if the 6. -values are held rigi~lY to unimodel and prototype, but can be introduced differently if necessary.
~yo.r to some ot~er fixed val~e. If s~me. o~ the ~ -values are permitted to
f. By calculating for some characteristic
flows in model and prototype thClevIatefrom unity by a certam margm, It IS poaaible to choose two or more
ratio qT/qB the average ratio of these ratios qTr/qBr can be determined, iff the fr~e ratios .within certain li~nits...
.
may be called B. This value can then be used to give a general relationship . The mne ~quatlOns are solved m Table II m three different ways: fLrst,
between the two load ratios
,
~Ith the vertical scale hr chosen freely, then with the horizontal scale Lr
fhos~ll, and. finally, with the density of the model sediment chosen. One of the
-I
solutions WIll usually satisfy the particular need in designing such a model.
'tSr If/r 8 = I
(FII'.he.
exact solution is obtained with all 6. -values equal to unity. li some deElahons of 6. from unity are accepted, it is possible to choose more than only
Here in both qB and qT are measured in weight under water per unit of wido/n~sc~le arbitrarily.
This is sometimes necessary when the size of the modand time.
el Is given by the available space, while the sediment density is determined by
g. Hydraulic time tl may be defined as the time which a water particle t~he availabili~y of materials for the p.articular purpose. The des'ign
comlete set of distorted model scales WIll now be demonstrated on a Iicttttoua
to move with velocity v through a distance L
fo~el of Big Sand Creek, the channel of which was used as an example for
V -t
L t =
(csedlment load calculation in Ref. 2.
r
t rr
I
u,,..' J~'S1
0: ~
-r
I
h. A different time is the time t2 indicating the duration of individual flo
566-6
I
\
566-7
TABLE I
Model Laws for River Models with Sediment Motion
Eq.
:Lr
-1"'2m
~l
s.
<J.
(!j-ft)r
Br
tlr
~r
t2r
* C*r
13
-1 2m
*
l(r
Ll
. ..=
-2
Ll
Ll~
IN
Friction Eq.
-1
Froude
-2
-3
-1
-1
-3
1 signi:ficance
f
-1
<Jt
a>
a>
-2
D/J
00
-1
-1
-i
~l
I .
.*
B, Cr,
~l
De:finition
o:f tl
"1 r'
Suspended
Load Ratio
-1
Sediment
continuity
No tilt
-1
~-~~~---~~---~'-~~"""""""'"TJl1lI;~----"""""'"
1.~~"'*"~dit""dfl.,hi
Sed:Lment ~!ot:Lon
Solution with known effects of 'leaving' out eCJ.s.(A), (B), (E) and (I)
(a) Choose hr
Scale Ratio
<Jt
a>
a>
Symbol
Horizontal. lengths
4m+l
m+l
Vertical lengths
Flow velocity
'2
Slope
S
r
Sediment size
C
r
2
m+l
"tr
m
i1i+I
13
~.
Ll
A~
-2
m+l
-2m
m+l
L1v
1
m+l
chosen
-3m
mH
-2
m+l
-m
rn+l
2
m+l
2m
m+l
m+l
2in-l
2(lltt-l
)
1
m+1
-1
2(m+1)
-1
m+1
1
m+1
2(mt-l)
<)j-jf}r
3(1-2m)
2(m+l)
-3
mH
3
2(m+l)
3
m+l
2m-1
mH
-3
.2(m+l)
CJ.13r
3fl-j)
2 m+l
-3
m+l
3
2(m+l)
3
m+1
3m
iii+I
2(m+1)
"'rr
3fl-jl
2 m+1
miT
-3
3
2(m+l)
3
iii+r
3m
iii+r
2(mtl)
Hydraulic time
t1r
7m+1
2(m+1)
i1i+I
iii+r
-(m+3)
m+l
-2m
m+l
1
m+l
Sedimentation time
t2r
5m+2'
m+l
m+l
m
m+l
mrr
-1
~
S~diment density
under water
f-----
;?~'::"~~~~4~~:5.~;::;-~~-:"~,~,,_,
"'_"".;..:o'~'
:;:"::'::'~-::.:.::;..:.::::::::::"'~':!"!<
-1
-2
mtl
-(3m+l)
n;:;:r
-3
-3
---"=E~:::=::'",:,:"~~~~:7-:-~
r~:' i;':~:'!.:.='~-';;;:-~~~~~~~~.':~
"'I"~
,1
TABLE II
Model TIatios for Open Channel Flmrs ,-lithSediment Motion
Solution with known effects of leaving out egs. (A)] (E)] (El and (r)
(b) Choose L1"
I
Symbol
Scale Ratio
a>
Cl'l
Cl'l
I
Horizontal lengths
Vertical lengths
Flow velocity
~r
.(l
4~
L\
L\
chosen
r
-m
4mH
m+l
4m+l
-2
4m+l
m+l
2(4m+l)
-1
hm+l
-m
2(4m+l)
Slope
S
r
-3m
4m+l
-2
4m+l
-m
4m+l
Sediment size
2m-I
2(4m+l)
hm+l
3(1-2m)
2(4m+l)
'<:Br
2
4m+l
2m
4mH
-(m+l)
-1
""""4iii+:L
4m+l
-1
2(4111+1)
2(2m+l)
-(m+l)
2(4m+l)
2
4m+l
2m
4m+l
3m
4m+l
-(2ml-l)
2(4m+l)
-2
4m+l
2m+l
4m+l
I-2m
1
2(4mt-l) 4m+l
-6
4m+l
3(2m+l)
2(4m+l)
6
4m+l
2m-I
4m+l
3(2m-l)
2(4m+l)
-3
4m+l
3(1-2m)
2(4m+l)
-6
4m+l
3(2m+l)
2(4m+l)
6
4m+l
6m
4m+l
}(2m-i)
2(4m+l)
-3
4m+l
'1rr
3(1-2m)
2(4m+l)
-6
4m+l
3(2m+l)
2(4m+l)
6
4m+l
6m
4m+l
3(2m-l)
2(4m+l)
-3
4m+l
Hydraulic time
tlr
7m+l
2(4m+l)
4m+l
m
2(4m+l)
Sedimentation time
t2r
5m+2
4m+l
-2
4m+l
-m
4m+l
....
Sediment density
under \later
(fs -Jj}r
.,"
'ct
-1
"""4iittl I+m+l
-2(2m+l) -m
4m+l
4m+l
2
4m+l
"'.'
-(2m+l)
m+l
1
2(4m+l) 2(4m+l)
-(m+l)
-1
4m+l
. .cfi
};
"":
-1
4m+l
"
TABLE II
Model Ratios for Open Channel Flows .,ith Sediment Motion
Solution with known effects of leaving out eqs. (A), (B), (E) and (r)
(c) Choose (j'5-ff)r
I
Scale Ratio
c.n
Cl'l
Cl'l
I
Symbol
(f5 - ft)r
cr
'lr
AF
2m+l
2m-l
4
2m-I
"3
-2
2m-I
2
2m-I
"3
2m-I
2m
2m-I
'3
2(2m-l)
-2
2m-I
2m-I
Horizontal lengths
-2(4m+l)
3(2m-l)
-4
2m-l
Vertical lengths
r'
-mHj
3 2m-I
2m-l
2m-I
Flow velocity
-(m+l)
3(2m-l)
-1
2m-l
2(2m-l)
Slope
S
r
2m-I
Sediment size
,...
....
Sediment density
under Hater
2m
-1
r
Hydraulic time
tll;'
Sedimentation time
t2r
Ll
-1
-1
2
2m-I
-2m
2m-l
2
3
--
chosen
(~-ft)r
-2
4~
-(7m+l)
3(2m-1)
-3
2m-I
4m+l
2(2m-l)
-2(5l;l\+2)
_6
2m-I
2(m+1)
3(2m-1)
2m-l
2(2-m)
2m-1
(,
-1
2m-I
:5
"3
-3
2(2m-1)
-3
2m-l
"',""""','
'Il""'.
~
The Big Sand Creek Model
hr =
First" the friction conditions in the prototype are summarized in Table ill
based on Table 6 of Ref. 2. With S " 0.001050 and D65 " Ks = 0.00115 ft. the
following values are obtained.
S.r
Lr~
r:
"
~
R.r
ft
ft
ft
ft/sec
050
0.86
130
292
0.384
0.00515
1130
0.00198
435
409
1.00
0.76
192
4.44
0520
0.00330
1670
0.00172
870
1110
2.00
050
306
6.63
0.653
0.00236
2660
0.0015).j.1740
3710
300
030
4.40
8.40
0.682
0.00211
3820
0.00144
2610
9160
4.00
0.14
573
992
0.698
0.00197
4980
0.00137
3480 19850
500
0.07
704
1130
0711
0.00186
suo
0.00132
4350 35700
'lp= ~/R.r
R.rSg
VKs
VT
1\/K;>
vZ
S. =
M
Q.Z5
-1.147
ISO
0.25
0.827
(11)
z{iiM+ij _
_0.113
,,/41
-150.
0,/jZ7
o,3z6
5""a/c
v /r c.e ,
/.0
The model h~draulics of the first approximatioI!. is then given by Table IV. R'
values used In Table IV correspond to those used in the prototype using nIb
= 37.3.
(""r
Table IV
A similar hydraulic pattern for the model is now obtained by trial and error. First the length scale Lr = 150 is chosen on the basis of available room
Then the prototype friction is plotted in Fig. 1 as ~
against ~/Ks
(~
Sg)
(o-symbol) :md the poin~s for. the higher discharges approximated by the line~
A(ifA(I)
WIth the relationshtp
"
r
Hod e 1
I
e;
v2
RTSl
il
Is
o,31;:!
(9)
= 21.05 ( Ks )
v2
.3G176
RTSI
From these tworelattonshtps
7
(Rr)O.3
Z
-
Y(r =
0.0134 0.0425
0.0268 0.0601
D65
- First Approximation
x
Ll
C/VI
C = 0.827
I,
566-12
Log1OI\
v
,-
y'
0.00289
1.22
1.59
0.00221
1.872
0.458
302
0.00204
172
2.44
1.46
0.00241
2.135
0.738
151
270
1.27
0.00277
2376
1.160
072
51.0
298 1.18
3.44 1.14
0.00298
2520
2.630
151
1.82
050
0.00309
3.86
0.00320
2712
2.10
030 240
0.0536 0.0850
0.0805 0.1042
0.00118
0.1072 0.1202
0.00102
0.00145
ft
1.10
(12.27 A)
ft/s
u*
16.80
870
038 150
t"
=5.55
ft
Table IV
(cont'd)
(10\
Ks
m:
Assuming
ft
u*
ft/$,
Hyd rauli cs
equation
Cp = 4.595
1\
".,= 0./86
"
1\"
1\
f~/s
ft
ft
stage
0.0273 0.0055
0.0189
4.010
0.0273 0.0055
0.0323
4.034
0.0227 0.0038
0.0574
4.086
0.0174 0.0022
0.0121 0.0011
0.0827
4.172
0.1083
4.260
0.0087 0.0006
0.1348
4340
28.0
= 0.00.4'"~
0.00109'
37.3
-(Z,"+')
'1r
-3
0,.
_/.,47
. 0.1)27
_o.~Z
4",+,
r:
cfs.
(,
C ~
Ib
T]~
r:
2,"-1
1.50
-"..,
C ~
Z{4MH)
0.68
n,,4..,,+-'
\..
-z
-3m
D. = L
-ITl
C,. ~
= Lr 4",+,
Table III
-"
-2
rn-f-t
R.r
R.rSg
ft
'7'
Ib/I\r=
Ks
'1.,.,
566-13
RT
>(p
'?r
0.670
0384
0573
0714
0520
0730
0716
0.653
0.682
0911
1.050
0.650
0.650
0.698
1.073
0.672
0711
1.060
The values of the wall friction, of stage and RT are determined by a trial and .
error method given in Table V and figure 2. First, the model bank roughness
must be chosen. With the prototype banks rather rough, it is assumed that the
Manning formula applies in model and prototype.
The wetted perimeter of the;
banks was assumed in the prototype calculation (Ref. 2) to equal twice the wa.. '
ter depth. In order to make the wall friction assume an equivalent part of the
total friction in model and prototype, we write
(12)
(13)
Determination
l\,
of ~
Stage
R
w
Table V
by Trial and Error Method
P
Pb
ft
:ft
ft
ft
ft'
0.0189
0.0332
(4.000
(4.050
(4.100
050
0.86
1.22
0.07
017
0.0323
0.0672
(4.000
(4.050
(4.100
050
0.86
1.22
0.0574
0.1340
(4.050
(4.100
(4.150
0.0827
0.l985
0.1083
0.134B
PR
Pb~
ft2
\vw
At
ft2
ft2
.00945
.0162
.02285
.0023
.00565
0.07
0.17
.01615
.0278
.0392;
.0047
.0114
0.0162
0.0325
0.0508
0.86
1.22
157
0.07
017
0.27
.0493
.0700
.0900
.0094
.0228
.0362
0.0587
0.0928
0.1262
(4.100
(4.150
(4.200
1.22
157
195
017
0.27
037
.1010
.1300
.1612
.0338
.0536
.0735
0.1348
0.1836
0.2347
0.264
(4.200
(4.250
(4.300
1.95
236
2.85
037
0.47
057
.2110
.2560
3085
.0978
.1240
.1508
03088
03800
0.4593
0326
(4300
(4350
(4.400
2.85
336
387
057
0.67
077
3840
.4530
5220
.186
.218
.251
0570
0.671
0773
AT= Ab Pt; -t Rw P"" for various fictitious values of the stage. These AT
values for each Rb value are connected by a dashed line .. The intersection
with the solid AT curve indicates the actual stage at which the Rb value occurs.
These values of RT are used in Table IV to determine 1,- for the first approximatlon. Also RTSg/V2 is calculated and plotted in Fig. 1 against RT/Ks' It
may be seen in this graph that the first assumed line B(l) - B(l) was somewhat too high and too steep to describe the model points.
Thus. a second approximation of a line A(2) - A(21 for the prototype and parallel to It B(2) - B(2) for the model was tried. The ine A(2) - A(2) does not
cover the two smallest prototype discharges, is therefore not correct but at
the larger flows. This is a minor defect, however, as most of the transport
and of the bed changes occur at the medium and high flows.
The second approximation is based on A(2) - A(2) for the prototype friction
R'
= 44.5 (
0.0095
0.0185
0.0285
=52.6
I'YJ
7r =
0.1.45
hr
- (
w
(15)
Rr)o.Z~O
(16 )
/.0
10r
L~ -
/so
(17)
give
=4Z.25
= O.;UjZ
Dr = o.eee:
(Hl)
(r5-!!)~ = 40
6.5
V.r: --
This results
5,.., =
5r
(141
noN.= ~
'
Vr -
s.zeo
:.s
.L:
R""r
l/3 S. 'IZ
,
noM
r.
we ge t nWr by
Introducing previously determined values and ,ar = 1:
In the Manning equation for the banks
K"')
- 2.305 and
~
V"w
t.4865vz
J~-
w,.,=
0.050 = 0 0217
2.305
.
Fig ', 2 gives first the curves of Pw' Pb. ~ and AT as functions of the stag
all denved from corresponding prototype curves and Similarity scales (solid
curves), For each calculated value of Rb Table V'then determines values of
566-14
0.0039>4 ff.
035..,= 0.00''2 ~
and
vi\o~
.9.34
06.5..,=
0.00;372
f'sM
1.04/
;JT-/c.c-.
(19)
A new calculation of the hydraulics on this basis gave the (x) points of Fig. 1
which still follow with sufficient accuracy eq. (16). The results of eq. (18) and
(19) are thus assumed to be usable together with
566-15
r :-
,-i
L,.
150
1r
= t.; v,.. -I =
~
j
I'
2.3. I
specific gravity of 1.045 can be obtained. What would be the effect of su~h a
. deviation from the required values?
This can easily be found by the enoree
of one of the b. -values which appears to be least critical in the particular
11 problem for the absorption of the deviations.
The system of equations is
solved again for the assumed values of Lr and (fs - ff)", introducing the chosen !:::. as additional variable.
One finds then that an entirely new system of
scales will result together with the magnitude of the deviation which the chosen L'l.-value must undergo to satisfy the remaining equations.
Reliability
of the Method
The reader has by now probably received the impression that all the complications involved in the method have had no other effect but to make the system of similarities more and more unreliable.
Such a statement is definitely
The value of qTr is determined by eq, F which calls for the knowledge of the
unfair. But what the method does is to show that a distorted river model is in
ratio B. These are determined in Table VI which lists first the calculated
the best case an acceptable compromise which will permit the solution of cerprototype total load Z 'r Qr in tons per day, as determined in Table 8 of
tain problems which otherwise can not be solved except by experimentation
in
Ref. 1.
the prototype, which is under all conditions more expensive. This method of
designing a model has one great advantage over all other such methods which
Table VI
are available at the present: It permits the prediction of its reliability at
least in a qualitative way, with respect to the choice of ). -values it gives such
Determination of ratios B
deviations even quantitatively.
Fb (X ,'T6lr)p (Z':r1"r)p (-ZOT't"')M (Z;':T1rt/(E'~ 1-s)p t2 1 year
What are the most important reasons for the loss of similarity?
p
duplir
1. In the description of the channel friction the modified Manning equation
Lbs . under 6:.,.'lT>"1/(E,,1~M
Lbs , under
tonS/day
ft.
cated
water per
can not be expected to describe with equal m-values both model and prototype.
water per
in hours
; B
sec. ft.,
sec. ft.
conditions over the entire range of discharges.
It will be necessary,
there1.89
1.)6
4650
fore,
to
permit
deviations
in
the
friction
relationship
for
the
less
Important
0.00113
09042
100
05
flow conditions. This fact is most important if a large r ange of flow conditions
2.62
1.89
3350
0.00555
0.420
1.0
3190
exists in the problem area.
1145
502
363
0.0184
2.61
2.0
33600
2. If flows must be considered in more than one channel, it becomes even
8.15
1015
0.0)86
590
156000
9.11
30
more difficult to find a friction equation which describes all flows.
11.28
118
8.15
3. The total load rates must be used to determine the time ratio t2 for flow
0.0685
4-.0
538000
223
durations. Since the bed-load rates must be made similar to obtain similar
l4-.65
10.6
598
0.1090
46.2
143)000
50
bed configurations and since the ratio between bed-load rates and total-load
rates changes with the stage, a sliding time scale appears to become necesThe deterFrom a similar table the corresponding-model
values have been calculated an sary in many cases, especially if the range of discharges is large.
mination of this scale becomes somewhat indeterminate if flowin more than
are given in the next column. The ratio of (ri(31Je)pl(:E~8 ~&)M is equal to
one channel is important.
qBr since corresponding iB values are equal to prototype and model.
4. If the deposition of sediment in low velocity areas, such as overbank or
Eq. F and H permit now to determine t2r as
ill reservoirs,
is an important phase of the problem under investigation. the
634Q
wash load must" be introduced into the model. Its characteristic
is not given
8
by the ability to be transported as bed load, however, but by its ability" to stay
ill suspension permanently
in the flow of the overbank areas.
Because of these difficulties it is absolutely- necessary to verify any such
This time scale changes much with the stages and it appears necessary to ex model and its scales. Such a verification consists in the reproduction of a
tend the flood stages percentagewise over the low stages, a fact well known to knownprototype development in the model by similar flows. Only if such a
the practical experime_nter.
i1verification is possible and successful can the model be depended upon for the
prediction of future developments.
It is common experience that the gr-eatest
Significance of the ). -Values
difficulty of most model studies of this type is the gathering of the necessary
prototype information for the construction, the operation, and particularly,
the
No use has been made so far of the.6. -values.
Their Significance may bes verification of the model. But it is felt that this method of designing model
be seen starting Ir om the solution found as the second approximation.
In this scales is able to shorten the time consuming trial and error method of finding
system a material is required for the model sediment of a specific gravity of the proper model scales so much that more effort can be spent on a. re lfahle
1.041. Let us assume no such material is available, but a material with the
verification and the determination of the underlying river Informatlon,
1
566-16
566-17
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work represents results of research carried
gineers, Missouri River Division, Omaha, Nebraska,
University of California.
friction factor
wetted perimeter
of the bed
wetted perimeter
of the banks
flow discharge
REFERENCES
1. Conformity Between Model and Prototype:
Vol. 109, 1944, p. 134.
.qB
qT
~
and N. L. Barbarossa,
TranS't--R.r
R
AT
V
V
x
section
hydraulic
rate
to the grain
hydraulic
hydraulic
hydraulic
to the bank
sedimentation
time
time
flow velocity
for transition
smooth - rough
Aw
A'
cross-sectional
pressure
cross-sectional
area pertaining
the thickness
qT/qBr
constant in the generalized
grain size
~/RT
D35
kinematic
D65
g
"hiding factor"
gravitational
vertical
~
~
total-load
slope
*
List of Symbols
corresponding
total sediment
hydraulic
APPENDIX
bed-load rate in weight under water per unit of time and width
to irregularities
characteristic
the apparent
Manning's equation
acceleration
lengths
correction
in transition
smooth - rough
law "a"
viscosity
of grains in a mixture
intensity of transport
roughness diameter
horizontal lengths
Subscripts
Manning's equation
566-18
indicating ratio
refers to prototype
refers to model
566-19
particle
4.3 I
If
t-
u,
c
~.2
l.Ll
~
c.n
a:>
O"l
I
t-
Cf)
4. I
--AT
= Pb Rb+
,...
Pw Rw
4.0
IL
I II?
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
AT
0.6
07
in SO. FT.
0.5
/.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Pb
Fig.2
Big
Sand
Thp
Creek
0.8
and
Model-Trial
Determination
Pw
in
FT.
and
Of R~
Error
Solution
For
4.0
II
FOR
1955
llQOCIEIEIDI N4GS
PRESIDENT
WILLIAM
ROY GLIDDEN
'\,(~CE'PRESIDENTS
Term ex-pires October, 1956:
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AMERICAN
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October,
1955:
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CHARLES
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OLIVER
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GEORGE
CIVIL
ENGINEERS
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DECEMBER, 1954
PAULSON
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B. MORRIS
DON
ERNEST
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GRAHAM
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P. WILLOUGHB
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SOCIETY
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Members
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of the Board
DANIEL
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AND PRESSURE
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