Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
USER GUIDE
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Using PRO/II........................................................................................1
Before Starting PRO/II .....................................................................................1
Starting PRO/II..................................................................................................2
PRO/II Main Window Components .................................................................3
Using the Menus ..............................................................................................6
Using the Floating Palettes.............................................................................9
Using the Toolbar ............................................................................................9
Using the PRO/II Main Window.....................................................................14
Chapter 2 Simulation Basics ...........................................................................15
General Approach..........................................................................................15
Run the Process Simulation ........................................................................17
Analyze the Simulation Results...................................................................17
Building the Flowsheet .................................................................................17
Unit Operations............................................................................................17
Streams .......................................................................................................17
Required Data.................................................................................................18
Components ................................................................................................18
Thermodynamic Methods............................................................................18
Stream Information ......................................................................................19
Unit Operations............................................................................................19
Miscellaneous Data .....................................................................................19
Default Data ....................................................................................................20
Optional Data..................................................................................................21
Chapter 3 Managing PFD Files ........................................................................23
Opening a New Simulation ...........................................................................23
Opening an Existing Simulation...................................................................24
Saving the Current Simulation .....................................................................25
Closing a Simulation .....................................................................................26
Deleting a Simulation ....................................................................................27
Table of Contents - I
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Cyclone .........................................................................................................203
Depressuring Unit........................................................................................211
Dissolver.......................................................................................................217
Excel Unit......................................................................................................219
Data Transfer Sheet ..................................................................................222
Expander.......................................................................................................225
Flash..............................................................................................................227
Flash With Solids .........................................................................................231
Flowsheet Optimizer....................................................................................233
Heat Exchanger, LNG ..................................................................................239
Heat Exchanger, Rigorous..........................................................................241
Heat Exchanger Materials of Construction ...............................................246
Heat Exchanger, Simple..............................................................................251
Heating/Cooling Curves ..............................................................................255
Mixer..............................................................................................................259
Multivariable Controller...............................................................................261
Phase Envelope ...........................................................................................265
PIPEPHASE Unit Operation ........................................................................267
Pipe ...............................................................................................................271
Line/Fitting Data ........................................................................................273
Line Sizing Data ........................................................................................274
Polymer Reactor ..........................................................................................277
Procedure Data ............................................................................................279
Procedure Code ........................................................................................280
Pump .............................................................................................................287
Reaction Data ...............................................................................................289
Reactor..........................................................................................................293
Conversion and Equilibrium Reactors ......................................................295
Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor ..............................................................295
Plug Flow Reactor .......................................................................................295
Boiling Pot Reactor .....................................................................................299
Gibbs Reactor ..............................................................................................300
Table of Contents - V
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March 2007
Chapter 1
Using PRO/II
This chapter describes how to start and exit PRO/II. In addition, it reviews some
basic Windows features as they appear in PRO/II and briefly describes how to
use them.
Chapter 1
Using PRO/II 1
Starting PRO/II
To start PRO/II:
Double-click on the PRO/II icon or launch from the Start menu. The
PRO/II welcome window appears. This window contains information on
opening files and on the color codes used in the program.
Click OK to exit the window. The PRO/II main window will appear.
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Description
Title Bar
Minimize Button
Maximize/Restore
Button
Chapter 1
Using PRO/II 3
Component
Description
Menu Bar
Toolbar
Status Bar
Border Handles
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Significance
Green
Blue
Yellow
Chapter 1
Using PRO/II 5
Color
Significance
Gray
Black
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Chapter 1
Using PRO/II 7
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Description
View/Palettes/PFD
View/Palettes/Run
Menu Item
View/Palettes/PFD
Chapter 1
Description
Displays or hides the PFD palette.
Using PRO/II 9
Menu Item
Description
Input/Problem
Description
Input/Units of
Measure
Input/Component
Selection
Input/Component
Properties
Input/Thermodynamic Data
Input/Assay
Characterization
Input/Reaction
Data
Input/Procedure
Data
Input/Casestudy
Data
Input/Calculation
Sequence
Input/Recycle
Convergence
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Menu Item
Description
View/Pan View
View/Unit List
View/Stream List
Menu Item
Description
Tools/Flash
Stream
Tools/Binary VLE
Chapter 1
Using PRO/II 11
Button
Menu Item
Description
--------
--------
Output/Data
Review WIndow
--------
Output/Generate
Text Report
--------
--------
Menu Item
Description
Edit/Delete or
<Delete>
Input/Toggle
Stream Property
List
View/Zoom/Zoom
Full or <Home>
View/Zoom/Zoom
In, Zoom Out
View/ Zoom/Zoom
Area
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Button
Menu Item
View/Zoom/Redraw
or <Shift+Home>
Description
Clears the PFD of any extraneous object by
redrawing the flowsheet.
Menu Item
What Is?
Description
Displays help for the object you point to.
Chapter 1
Using PRO/II 13
Use the PRO/II main window to see the contents of your simulation.
You can choose to view the entire flowsheet or only a portion of it. You control
the view using scroll bars, pan options, the zoom bar, or arrow keys.
Note: See Chapter 5, Manipulating Objects, for information about
placing, selecting and changing the size of objects in the PFD.
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Chapter 2
Simulation Basics
In the previous chapter, you learned some of the basic window features of
PRO/II. In this chapter, you will learn simulation basics; that is, how to set up
simulation problems, solve them, and analyze the results.
General Approach
This chapter provides a quick overview of the use of PRO/II for solving
engineering problems. A suggested basic approach is given as well as helpful
explanations of the information flow in PRO/II. Sample data entry windows are
given to illustrate data entry for PRO/II. Step-by-step examples are available in
the PRO/II Tutorial Guide. Online help is also available.
You have already learned that PRO/II gives you great flexibility and numerous
options when supplying simulation data. For many items of data, default values
are supplied. A color code informs you when data are required, supplied by
default, out of normal ranges, or missing.
Note: You must supply data for all red-bordered fields or red-linked text
(including data required) before running your simulation.
Problem data may be supplied in almost any order: PRO/II warns you when
required data are missing. However, it is still best to follow a logical path when
supplying simulation data. For example, some options such as stream
compositions are dependent upon the components selected. Some unit
operations, such as the flash drum, have features that are dependent on the
thermodynamic data. For some other unit operations, performance specifications
based on the components in the system are the preferred way to define the
operation.
For these reasons, the following approach is recommended when
building a simulation flowsheet.
Chapter 2
Simulation Basics 15
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Streams
Click the Streams button on the top of the floating PFD palette. The PFD is now
in stream mode and a small S is attached to the cursor. You will notice that all
possible exit ports for each unit operation are now marked. Required outlet ports
are colored in red; green is used to mark optional ports. PRO/II adds each
stream to the flowsheet in an orthogonal manner, following a rectangular grid
pattern.
As soon as a valid flowsheet has been built, i.e., all required inlet, outlet, and
connector streams have been added for all the process units, the red border
around the Streams button on the PFD palette changes to blue.
Chapter 2
Simulation Basics 17
Required Data
Now that the flowsheet has been built, its time to supply the required data for the
calculations: the components and thermodynamic methods must be defined, inlet
feed streams and, optionally, recycle streams must be supplied, and the
operating conditions for the unit operations must be specified.
Components
To define the components, select Input/Component Selection from the menu bar
or click on the benzene ring toolbar icon to open the Component Selection main
window. Note that this icon has a red border, indicating that components have
not yet been defined.
Library components for which the library access names are known may be
directly typed into this window, where they are transferred to the List of Selected
Components for the problem. A convenient search procedure is also provided
which may be used by clicking Select From Lists . Petroleum (PETRO)
components are defined in the Petroleum Components window, which is reached
by clicking Petroleum. Non-library components can be defined in the Userdefined window which is reached by clicking User-defined.
Note that petroleum pseudocomponents defined by PRO/II from petroleum
stream assay data do not appear in the Component Selection main window.
Thermodynamic Methods
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included in the predefined method sets. If they are required for the problem, you
must add them to the predefined thermodynamic method set in this window.
Stream Information
The identifiers for feed streams requiring input data are marked with red borders
indicating that information is missing. Stream information is supplied in the
Stream Data main data entry window which is reached by double-clicking a
stream identifier. The predefined stream identifier may also be changed in this
window.
Three types of information must be supplied in this window: the thermal condition
of the stream, the flowrate for the stream, and the composition of the stream. For
petroleum assay streams, the assay data are provided instead of the composition
data, and PRO/II defines the stream composition for you in terms of petroleum
pseudocomponents.
Although optional, it is good practice to provide reasonable estimates for recycle
tear streams in order to accelerate convergence of problem recycle calculations.
Unit Operations
Unit operation identifiers for which data entries are needed are marked with red
borders. To enter information for a unit operation, double-click its icon to retrieve
the Unit data entry window. Various input options and numeric values are
supplied via this parent window and its child windows. Required information is
always bordered in red; data entry fields for items with supplied defaults are
always bordered in green. After you have supplied information in a data entry
field, the border color changes to blue. Information you have supplied which lies
outside the normal range for the field is marked with a yellow border.
You may also change the default unit identifier in this window and furnish a
longer, more descriptive name for the unit operation. Notice that when you return
to the flowsheet, the unit identifier on the PFD has a black instead of red border,
signifying that all data entry requirements are satisfied. If the border is still red,
you must return to the data entry window for that unit operation and supply the
missing data.
Miscellaneous Data
All data entries in this category are optional. PRO/II provides default entries. In
some cases, global values may be used to supply the defaults, as explained in
Chapter 4, Building a Flowsheet.
Chapter 2
Simulation Basics 19
Default Data
To simplify data input, PRO/II supplies default options and values wherever
practical. Default values supplied by PRO/II are printed in black in a data entry
field with a green border, or in the case of linked text, in green. For example, the
default number of iterations for a column unit operation using the IO method is
supplied as 15. Entries which you must always supply are indicated with a color
red because they have no default values.
While you do not need to replace a default entry to satisfy the input requirement
for PRO/II, default data should be inspected carefully to ascertain that they meet
your requirements. When you replace a default value, the border color for the
data entry field changes to blue, indicating that you have supplied this value. For
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linked-text strings, the color of the linked text is also changed to blue, indicating
that you have replaced the default value.
Optional Data
Optional data, which are displayed in black, are data or options not specifically
necessary for the unit operations to proceed. For example, the Description entry
is optional for all unit operations. A reboiler is optional for the Column unit
operation, since the calculation requirements may also be satisfied by a vapor
feed to the bottom tray of the column.
Data options which do not apply to a particular combination of input data appear
in the color gray, and are not available for data entry. For example, when the
kettle reboiler option is selected for a column reboiler, the data entry fields for a
thermosiphon reboiler are colored gray.
Chapter 2
Simulation Basics 21
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Chapter 3
Managing PFD Files
This chapter describes how to open, save, close, delete and copy simulation
files. In addition, this chapter outlines how to import a PRO/II keyword input file or
export a flowsheet.
Choose File/New. . . from the menu bar. PRO/II clears the main window
for a new simulation and opens the initial viewport window, View 1.
Chapter 3
Choose File/Open... from the menu bar. PRO/II displays the Open
Simulation window.
Note: PRO/II 7.x provides a file converter for import of PRO/II 4.x files with the
exception of Add-On Module files.
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Choose File/Save from the menu bar. If you have not previously saved
this simulation, PRO/II displays the Save As window.
Note: PRO/II 5.x automatically compresses the three PRO/II database
files (*.pr1, *.pr2, *.pr3) and the simulation flow diagram file (*.sfd) into a
single *.prz file. Beside reducing the size of stored files, PRO/II file
compression assures that a complete set of files for each simulation has
been saved.
Chapter 3
Closing a Simulation
You should save a simulation before closing it, although PRO/II will prompt you
to save changes for an existing simulation.
To close a simulation:
If you close a simulation without first saving the simulation files, you lose any
changes you made to the simulation since the last save.
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Deleting a Simulation
You can delete any simulation except the current (active) simulation at any time.
Choose File/Delete... from the menu bar. PRO/II displays a list of existing
PRO/II simulation files.
Type or select the name of the file you want to delete. (You may not
delete the current simulation.)
Click Open or press <Enter>. PRO/II deletes all files associated with this
simulation.
Chapter 3
Copying a Simulation
You can copy all files associated with a simulation (one flowsheet and three
database files) to a target simulation you name. You can copy to new or existing
file. If you copy to an existing file, PRO/II verifies if you want to overwrite the
existing file.
Choose File/Copy... from the menu bar. This opens the dialog illustrated
in Figure 3-5.
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Description
*.sfd
Graphics file
*.prz
*.out
*.ot1
*.ot3
*.sr1
*.ix3
Output index
*.hs2
Calculation history
*.inp
*.plt
*.txt
*.csv
*.clp
*.prc
Chapter 3
Type or select the name of the keyword file that you want to import.
Click Open or press <Enter>.
PRO/II converts the selected keyword input file into a flowsheet and displays it in
the PFD main window automatically.
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BVLE Data
Stream Report Writer
Hydrate Unit Operation
HEXTRAN Property Data Generator.
If you attempt to import a keyword input file that contains PRO/II program
features not supported by the graphical user interface, the unsupported features
will be automatically listed in a status window. You have the option to save or
delete the unsupported features. If you choose to save the unsupported features,
PRO/II will run the file in Run-Only Mode.
Review and modify the PFD graphic image. You may move unit
operation icons and streams around to improve the appearance of your
PFD.
Add drawing elements to the PFD.
Add stream property tables to the PFD.
Have access to all the capabilities on the Run palette (perform all
interactive execution functions available on the Run palette for both
supported/unsupported units, review the calculated results on the PFD
for all streams and supported/unsupported units, generate output reports
for all features, generate plots for supported features only).
Export the flowsheet and stream property table information to other
Windows applications.
Edit the keyword file, reimport, and rerun (without leaving PRO/II).
Use the stream flash icon.
Chapter 3
View simulation data with the data entry windows. This includes
Component and Thermodynamic data. Double-clicking on a unit
operation or stream will cause a short warning message to be displayed.
Perform any input mode functions, including changing the calculation
sequence. All buttons and menu options that access simulation data will
be disabled.
Perform any of the following functions: adding/deleting units,
adding/deleting streams, and reconnecting streams.
Export the PRO/II keyword input file.
Removing all unsupported features in the dialog boxes allows PRO/II to start
normally. However, leaving even one unsupported feature present results in
PRO/II operating in Run-Only mode. The Title bar of the main PFD window
reveals this condition, as illustrated in Figure 3-9.
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Once the flowsheet solves, you may double-click a unit or stream to view the
results.
Choose File/Export from the menu bar. PRO/II displays the Export
window which lists the data export options. Refer to Figure 3-10.
Chapter 3
Note: In the current version, a *.sfd file is generated when the simulation
(PFD) is saved and exported. After generation of the *.sfd file, users can
restore the PFD layout using the (exported) *.inp file.
PRO/II converts the current simulation flowsheet data into a PRO/II keyword
input file in ASCII format. The name of the keyword file will be YYY.INP, where
YYY.PR1 is the name of the simulation flowsheet PRO/II database file.
Navigate to the destination drive and directory of choice using the Save
In: field.
Enter the name of the output file in the File Name: field.
Press the Save button to complete the operation.
The exported keyword file then may be imported into any compatible version of
the PRO/II program to rerun the simulation, even on another computer. Keyword
files also are a very compact way to archive the data. Note that the keyword file
contains all the appropriate data sections (General, Thermodynamics, etc.).
In v6.0 and later, the "Simulation Data to Keyword File" option is expanded to
include check boxes to control exporting stream and column solution data to the
keyword file.
If output data exists, even if the solution is unconverged, the two "Include" check
boxes are enabled (See figure 3-10). If the Run command was never executed,
or not executed since the last time "Restore Input Data" was performed, these
checkboxes are disabled.
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Note: Beginning with PRO/II version 5.5, exported flowsheets write all unit
operations in the flowsheet to the keyword file. Previously, for keyword input files
that include a User-Defined Sequence List, only unit operations listed in the
Sequence List were exported.
This change was necessary to support the new Included/ Excluded functionality.
PRO/II now generates a SEQUENCE statement with a list of Available Unit
Operations that excludes unit operations marked Excluded at the time of export.
Additionally in these instances, PRO/II writes a warning into the keyword file
advising that the list of unit operations and the SEQUENCE statement do not
match. These files may cause input processing problems if read into earlier
versions of PRO/II (i.e., versions prior to 5.5).
Chapter 3
Choose File/Export from the menu bar. PRO/II displays the Export
window (Figure 3-10).
Choose one of the following options
Flowsheet to AutoCAD .DXF
Flowsheet to AutoCAD DesignXML
Flowsheet to Post-Script
Click OK. The Save As window appears.
Enter a name for the .DXF or .EPS file.
Click Save to export the data to the file.
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All tagged data in the simulation can be exported to a plain text (ASCII)
file for later use in other applications.
Choose File/Export from the menu bar. PRO/II displays the Export
window (Figure 3-10).
Choose Tag data to file
Click OK. The Save As window appears.
Enter a name for the *.RAW file.
Click Save to export the data to the file.
From the Tools menu, choose Spreadsheet. The list of currently installed
tools will appear in a side menu.
Click the desired tool to export data and automatically launch Excel.
Note: Microsoft Excel must be installed on your system to use these tools.
Additionally, since these tools use macros to export the data, macros must be
enabled in Excel. If Excel displays a security dialog, choose Enable macros.
PRO/II comes pre-installed with some default spreadsheet tools. They can be
used to create tables of stream properties, component flowrates, or distillation
reports. They also can generate property tables and other reports for a limited
number of supported unit operations.
Chapter 3
You can copy the information in a stream or unit operation property table to the
clipboard. This table can then be pasted into any other Windows application.
Note: Ctrl+C, Ctrl+V, Ctrl+X can be used a shortcut to COPY, PASTE and CUT
respectively.
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Chapter 4
Building a Flowsheet
This chapter describes how to construct a flowsheet. It begins by describing the
various defaults that may apply to your simulation on a global, simulation, or unit
level. This chapter also includes instructions for placing unit operations,
connecting units, and drawing objects that enhance the presentation of your
flowsheet without affecting calculations.
Chapter 4
Building A Flowsheet 39
You can enter up to ten problem description lines (80 characters each), that will
appear on the first page of a results printout.
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Select the desired default units of measure set for entering simulation
data. The default choice is ENGLISH-SET1, i.e., the data input will be in
English units.
Select the desired default units of measure set for generating the first
output report. The default choice is Same as Input, i.e., the first output
report will be printed in the default English units.
If any choice other than the default is selected, the second output report will no
longer be available, and the list-box for selecting the alternate units of measure
set for the second output report will be disabled.
Select the desired default units of measure set for generating the second output
report. The default choice is None, i.e., no second output report in alternate units
will be generated.
Chapter 4
Building A Flowsheet 41
Figure 4-3: Default Units of Measure for Problem Data Input Window
Select different dimensional units for data input for each individual
category or choose Initialize from UOM Library... to automatically fill in
the defaults from another set.
Click Standard Vapor Conditions... to enter the Problem Standard Vapor
Condition window. The default temperature and pressure basis are
shown in the data entry fields and may be replaced or the standard vapor
volume per mole may be replaced, not both. PRO/II default values are:
Temperature
Pressure
Vapor Volume
English
60F
14.696 psia
379.48 ft 3 /lbmol
Metric
0C
1.0332 kg/cm2
22.414 m3 /kgmol
SI
273.15 K
101.32 kpa
22.414 m3 /kgmol
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Click TVP and RVP Conditions... to select the Problem TVP and RVP
Conditions window. The temperature for true vapor pressure
specifications may be replaced in this window. The PRO/II default for
TVP calculations is 10F. The calculation method for Reid vapor
pressure may be selected in a drop-down list box on this window.
Choices are:
Click OK .
The Units of Measure Library window appears and may be used to create, copy,
edit, rename, and delete dimensional unit sets. The Units of Measure Set Name
and Description list box contains the names of the dimensional unit sets currently
in the library. The program provides three initial dimensional unit sets: English
(the default), Metric, and SI.
Click Create... on the Units of Measure Library window to get the Create
Units of Measure Set window.
Chapter 4
Building A Flowsheet 43
Supply a name for the new set in the data entry field provided, and select
the basis for the set with the appropriate radio button: English, Metric, or
SI.
Click OK to continue.
The units for the standard dimensional unit sets in PRO/II are assigned to the
new set and the edit feature may be used to customize the set.
Note: An alternate way to create a new set is to highlight an existing set in the
Units of Measure Set Name and Description list box and click Copy on the Units
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of Measure Library window. The name for the new set is then entered in the
Copy Units of Measure Set window. The Edit feature may be used to customize
the set.
Select the set in the Units of Measure Set Name and Description list box.
Click the Delete, Rename, or Edit button on the Units of Measure Library
window.
The dimensional unit set for the output report is initialized from the global set, as
previously explained. However, a different set may be chosen from the units of
measure library while in the Default Units of Measure for Problem Output Report
window. To use a different dimensional unit set:
Click nitialize from UOM Library... The Initialize Units of Measure from
UOM Library window appears.
Select the desired set from the drop-down list box.
Click OK to continue. This set now becomes the output report set. The
newly selected output report set may be edited in this window as desired.
The edited set is saved with the problem.
The Print Option for output reports may also be selected using the Output
Report(s) to be Printed drop-down list box where options are:
One Output Report in Input Units (the default): When this option is selected,
an output report based on the units of measure used for the problem data input
will be generated. The currently specified input units of measure will be displayed
for informational purposes, but they cannot be changed. With this option, the
Chapter 4
Building A Flowsheet 45
output units of measure can only be changed by selecting the Units of Measure
option from the Input menu.
One Output Report in Output Units: When this option is selected, an output
report based on the output units of measure specified will be generated. The
currently specified output units of measure will be displayed, and they can be
changed if desired.
Two Output Reports, one in Input Units, one in Output Units:
When this option is selected, two output reports will be generated, one each,
based on the input and specified output units of measure will be generated. The
currently specified output units of measure will be displayed, and they can be
changed if desired.
For the second and third cases discussed above, the displayed output units of
measure set can be copied from the specified input units, or initialized from one
of the units of measure sets stored in the units of measure library.
To copy the input units of measure set to be used for the output report, or
to reset the explicitly specified output units to the previously specified
input units:
Click Copy from Input UOM on the Default Units of Measure for Problem
Output Report window.
Click OK to continue.
To initialize the output units of measure set from a units of measure set
stored in the units of measure library:
Click Initialize from UOM Library... on the Default Units of Measure for
Problem Output Report window.
Click OK to continue.
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Note: This global default will not become effective until the next time File/New is
selected.
Chapter 4
Building A Flowsheet 47
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Chapter 4
Building A Flowsheet 49
Choose the icon from the PFD palette (see Chapter 9 for unit
descriptions).
Position the cursor where you want the unit icon to appear and click the
left mouse button.
Snapping
When connecting two units with a stream PRO/II will adjust or snap the unit
icon positions to straighten the connecting stream. By default, units you add to or
move in the PFD main window snap to an invisible grid. You can turn grid
snapping off.
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Deleting a Unit
To delete a unit already on the flowsheet:
Relabeling a Unit
PRO/II automatically labels each unit icon you place on the PFD main window.
You can change the label for a unit by modifying the label on its data entry
window. By default, the label consists of a character and a one-digit auto
incrementing number.
Double-click on the unit you want to rename. The data entry window for
that unit appears.
Chapter 4
Building A Flowsheet 51
Drawing Streams
Streams mode is used to lay out the connections between units and feed and
product streams. The product ports for each unit automatically appear when you
depress the Streams button. Required product ports are red, while optional
product ports are green. For some unit operations, an entire side of the unit will
be red or green denoting multiple connections to that port.
Select Streams
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Drawing a Connection
To connect units:
Click the left mouse button on a port to anchor or start a stream. The
ports and port colors for some unit operations change depending on the
port you selected.
Chapter 4
Building A Flowsheet 53
Click the mouse again at the other unit you want to connect. PRO/II
draws an orthogonal line to connect the ports.
Canceling a Connection
To cancel a stream connection:
Changing a Connection
To change a connection:
Click the end (port) of the stream and hold down the mouse button.
Drag the end of the stream to a new port.
Release the mouse button.
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Labeling a Stream
PRO/II automatically labels each stream you place on the PFD main window. By
default, the label consists of an S followed by an auto incrementing number. You
can change the label for a stream by changing the label on its data entry window.
To relabel a stream:
Double-click on the stream you want to relabel. The Stream Data window
appears.
Type over the default name for Stream.
Choose OK.
This stream will now show the new label; other streams retain the original
labeling scheme.
Moving Streams
You can change the route of the stream between two connections whenever you
wish.
To move a stream:
Rerouting Streams
As you add new connections, PRO/II automatically performs a stream route
calculation. When you move a stream or a unit operation icon, this calculation
may no longer be valid. You can recalculate an unobstructed, orthogonal path for
selected streams.
Chapter 4
Building A Flowsheet 55
To reroute a stream:
PRO/II calculates the best route for these streams and automatically reroutes
them.
Note: These search tools are only available on the toolbar if the Standard
Toolbar is active.
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Single Line
Multi-line Type 1
Multi-line Type 2
Chapter 4
Building A Flowsheet 57
Text
Line
Polygon
Rectangle
Ellipse
Page
Entering Text
You use the text option to include notes on your drawing. Once you choose text
mode, you remain in text mode as long as you continue to choose the OK or
Cancel button on the Draw Text window; choosing Cancel exits text mode.
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To place text:
Drawing Lines
You use the line option to add connected lines to the diagram without interfering
with simulation data. PRO/II provides an orthogonal polyline feature.
To draw a line:
Chapter 4
Building A Flowsheet 59
Drawing Shapes
You can draw shapes to enclose figures on a diagram without interfering with
simulation data.
To draw a polygon:
Drawing Pages
You can divide your PFD into pages and define separate page setup options for
each page. Pages can be individually printed or copied to the clipboard (see
Chapter 3, Managing PFD Files).
To add a page:
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Double-click anywhere along the page border. This brings up the Page
Setup window.
Select your page setup options.
Click OK to continue.
After you have set up a page, you can resize it or make this page one cell in a
grid of pages.
Chapter 4
Building A Flowsheet 61
The grid can be resized and moved on the PFD in the same manner as a single
page.
March 2007
Chapter 5
Manipulating Objects
This chapter describes how to select unit icons, streams, and other objects on
the PFD main window and how to move, resize, rotate, or flip them. In addition,
this chapter describes how to edit and align text.
Chapter 5
Manipulating Objects 63
Handles appear for the set of objects. For example, although five objects appear
to be selected as part of this set (Figure 5-1), when you move the selection, the
fourth and fifth objects (the valve and the compressor) do not move with the set
(Figure 5-2).
Click on an unoccupied area of the PFD adjacent to one of the items you
want to select and begin dragging the cursor by moving your mouse.
Drag the cursor until all desired objects are inside the selection rectangle
outline.
Release the mouse button to end the selection.
Handles appear for the selected group of objects.
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Deselecting Objects
If you change your mind after selecting objects, you can reverse any selection.
To deselect or unselect all objects in the layout, do one of the following:
Resizing an Object
You can change the height, width, or overall size of any object or a group of
objects on your flowsheet.
Click and drag the cursor until the object is the desired size.
Release the mouse button.
Chapter 5
Manipulating Objects 65
Choose Restore Icon Size from the Edit menu. You can also click the
right mouse button on a selected icon, and then choose Restore Icon
Size from the Icon pop-up menu.
March 2007
Choose Rotate from the Edit menu. The Rotate degrees cascade menu
appears to the right of the Edit menu.
Choose 90, 180, or 270.
Rotating an Icon
You can also click the right mouse button on a unit icon, then choose Rotate from
the Pop-up Unit menu to display the rotation degrees.
Chapter 5
Manipulating Objects 67
Select an object(s).
Choose Flip from the Edit menu. The Flip options menu appears to the
right of the Edit menu.
Choose Horizontal or Vertical.
Flipping an Icon
You can also click the right mouse button on a unit icon, then choose Flip from
the Pop-up Unit menu to display the flip options.
Editing Text
You can change the text, size and or rotation of any text object you placed on the
PFD main window.
To edit text:
Double-click on the text object you want to change. The Draw Text
window appears.
Edit as desired and choose OK.
Aligning Text
You can align text in two or more text boxes to the left, right or center of the box
they are drawn in.
To align text:
Select the text you want to align (you must select at least two) by clicking
on the first text box, then click on the other box(es) while holding down
the <Shift> key.
Choose Align Text from the Edit menu. The align menu pop-up appears
to the right of the Edit menu.
Choose Left, Center or Right.
March 2007
Chapter 6
Viewing Flowsheet Contents
PRO/II offers a variety of tools that aid you in viewing your flowsheet contents:
Horizontal and vertical scroll bars allow you to change the visible portion
of the process flow diagram in the PFD main window.
You may open additional viewport windows of your current flowsheet to
display different views of your simulation.
The Pan View window is a special feature of PRO/II that enables you to
see a thumbnail of the entire flowsheet and use a bounding box in the
thumbnail to move the visible area.
This chapter describes how to use the PRO/II scroll, pan, and multiple viewport
features to display portions of your flowsheet diagram in the PFD.
Zooming
You can access the PRO/II zoom features from the View menu, using the zoom
buttons on the toolbar, or using the keyboard.
To zoom in or out, do one of the following:
Click
on the toolbar.
Choose Zoom In or Zoom Out from the View menu.
Choose <PgUp>or <PgDn> to Zoom in or Zoom out the PFD.
Chapter 6
Click
on the toolbar or choose Zoom Area from the View menu.
Click and drag the mouse to encompass the desired area within the
selection rectangle outline.
Release to complete the zoom area operation. The selected area fills the
PFD.
Click
on the toolbar.
Choose Zoom Full from the View menu.
Press <Home>.
March 2007
Click
on the toolbar.
Choose Redraw on the View menu.
Press <Shift+Home>.
Panning
You can pan the contents of the PRO/II main window using the Pan window or
the Small Pan or Large Pan options on the View menu.
Chapter 6
The Pan View window is a thumbprint of the entire flowsheet. A bounding box
identifies the area of the flowsheet currently visible in the PFD main window. You
move the bounding box or change its size to change how much or what portion of
the flowsheet you see in the PFD.
From the View menu, you can pan in large or small increments: up, down, left, or
right. You can change the settings for the pan increment in the General Drawing
Defaults window.
Click
March 2007
window. The flowsheet in the PFD view changes to match the area
encompassed by the bounding box.
Note: For a large flowsheet, use the Pan View window to quickly switch from one
area of the flowsheet to another.
Click and drag the bounding box border handle to enlarge or reduce the
bounding box. The area enclosed fills the PFD.
Choose Large Pan or Small Pan from the View menu. The pop-up menu
appears.
Choose Left, Right,Up, or Down.
Chapter 6
March 2007
Chapter 7
Data Entry Windows
PRO/II offers a wide variety of data entry windows for entering the data
associated with your PRO/II simulation. There are a number of libraries from
which you can extract sets of data. This chapter provides an introduction to these
data entry windows.
Chapter 7
Menu Item
Description
Problem Description
Units of Measure
Component Selection
Component
Properties
Thermodynamic Data
Assay
Characterization
Procedure Data
Case Study
Specification
Reaction Data
Calculation Sequence
Recycle Convergence
March 2007
Selecting Components
Use this option to select the components and pseudocomponents that you want
to include in this simulation.
Select a component from the available lists or type the name of the
component. Each component you select appears in the List of Selected
Components box on the right side of the window.
Chapter 7
Click
on the toolbar or choose Component Properties from the Input
menu. The Component Property Modification window appears.
March 2007
Click
menu.
Chapter 7
Click
menu.
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Click
Chapter 7
Click
March 2007
Chapter 7
Click
menu.
March 2007
Click
menu.
Chapter 7
Button
Description
Displays context-sensitive help for the active data entry
field, or for the window itself (if there is no active field).
Displays the main help window for the data entry window.
Displays the results of the data consistency checks
performed for the main window after you choose OK.
Selects a units of measure set for the selected data entry
field.
References one stream or unit parameter value to another
stream or unit parameter.
Displays the valid range of values for the active data entry
field.
Displays the notes, associated with the unit.
March 2007
Chapter 7
March 2007
Linked text
Linked text is used to input information in a sentence format. Numeric values,
mathematical operators, stream or unit names, or various options may be
supplied as linked text. Linked text may serve to access another data entry
device. The Feedback Controller data entry window containing linked text is
shown in Figure 7-12.
Figure 7-12: Feedback Controller Main Data Entry Window - Initial Display
Linked text is used on this window to define the Specification and Variable. Note
that the Parameter and value link texts are red, denoting that you must click
these strings and provide data entries. The text string the default tolerance is
green, denoting a default value.
Optionally, a different tolerance may be provided by clicking the afore-mentioned
text string to open the Specification Tolerance window, where the appropriate
radio button may be clicked to select a new tolerance type, i.e., relative
tolerance. Click OK to return to the Feedback Controller window. Notice that the
relative tolerance text string becomes blue indicating a user-supplied value.
When the value text string is clicked, a floating point entry field for the
specification value is displayed with a red border signifying mandatory input. The
value you supply is now displayed in blue numbers instead of the value text
string.
Chapter 7
Clicking the Parameter text string retrieves the Parameter window in which the
unit or stream and its parameter are defined. The unit or stream identifier and the
parameter for the specification are now displayed in blue, replacing the
Parameter text string.
March 2007
Chapter 8
Specifying Component,
Thermodynamic and Stream
Data
This chapter describes several types of optional component, thermodynamic and
stream information which may be supplied for PRO/II. In many cases, the default
values are satisfactory and it may not be necessary for you to visit these
sections.
Component Data
General Information
PRO/II provides considerable flexibility in the definition of component data. No
limit is set on the number of components which may be used for any problem.
Furthermore, component data may originate from a variety of sources such as
SIMSCI databanks, user-prepared databanks, user-defined components, and
components derived from petroleum assay data for feed streams. Moreover, you
may stipulate a preferential search order when multiple databanks are used.
The SIMSCI databanks, SIMSCI and PROCESS, contain more than 1700
components and are adequate for nearly all simulation models. The AIChE
DIPPR databank is also available as an add-on to PRO/II. User databanks of
thermophysical data can be created, using SIMSCI LIBMGR and DATAPREP
programs, and maintained through PRO/II graphical user interface. SIMSCI
REGRESS is also fully supported in PRO/II, allowing you to carry out regression
of experimental thermo-physical data to model equations.
Chapter 8
Click
on the toolbar, or select the menu bar item Input/Component
Selection. The Component Selection window appears.
If you know the library access name for a component, you may enter it directly
into the data entry field. Click Add-> or press <Enter> to retrieve the component
from the component databank and add it to the List of Selected Components. If
the component cannot be located by the name you have entered, a warning will
recommend that you use the Select from Lists feature to locate the component
in the SIMSCI and PROCESS databanks:
Click Select from Lists on the Component Selection main data entry
window to open the Component Selection -List/ Search window.
Select a Component Family from the like-named drop-down list box. A
large number of component families are provided to speed the search. A
brief description is given below:
For all families listed above, except for Hydrocarbon Lightends, you may define
specific search criteria by selecting radio buttons and entering a search string.
March 2007
Use part or all of the component name, alias, or chemical formula as the search
string. As components are located, transfer them to the Additions to Component
List box. When you have located all the components, click OK to return to the
Component Selection main window and to transfer the components to the List of
Selected Components.
The priority order for databanks may be defined by pushing the Databank
Hierarchy button on the Component Selection main window to access the
Component Selection Databank Search Order window.
This window initially displays the default search order and may be modified to
search the databanks in any order. Components are always selected from the
first databank in the search order in which they appear.
Note: The newly added libraries and databank names in TDM can be recognized
in this dialog box by Library Name:Databank Name.
Note: At this point, you have only entered the name of the user-defined
component in the database. Next, you must supply the properties for the
component by the steps described below in Modifying Component Properties.
Chapter 8
If the flowsheet will include unit operations that require particle size distributions
(e.g., Cyclone, Dissolver, Crystallizer), Input/Component Property Data from the
menu bar. In the like-named window, click Particle Size Distribution to open the
Particle Size Distribution for Solids window. Enter PSD cutpoints for all relevant
solid components. Particle size grades are bounded by the cutpoints that are
entered here. Grades will not be created on the open ends of the first and last
cutpoints (i.e., if the cutpoints are 10 and 20 microns, there will be one grade of
10 to 20 microns, not three grades of less than 10, 10 to 20, and greater than 20
microns).
To change the units of measure for the particle size distribution, click in any of
the Distribution Ranges entry fields to enable the UOM button in the toolbar at
the top of the window.
March 2007
on
The Component Properties window is the master navigation point for changing all
component properties.
Note: Component properties cannot be defined before the component names
have been entered.
There are three methods available for component property modification:
Chapter 8
For PRO/II library components, the values in the database will appear in the
various property windows. In cases where there is no library value to serve as
the default, the default displayed will be the text Missing. You may reassign
values for any of these properties.
March 2007
If you choose the Correlation Coefficients option, you may display the form of the
equation by selecting the appropriate Correlation Number in the like-named dropdown list.
Note: The full range of equations can be found in the online PRO/II Reference
Manual accessible via the Help system. If you choose an equation that is not
standard, a message to that effect appears, and the border of the drop-down list
box will be yellow.
If you choose the Tabular Data option, the Component Properties Tabular Data
window appears.
Enter temperature and property data. You must enter at least one data
pair.
PRO/II will pick up the data from both TDM-defined libraries and edlib.lb.
PRO/II users can launch TDM GUI in different modes to define new
library/Databank.
PRO/II users will now use DATAPREP and REGRESS functionality
within TDM, which is already a part of TDM program.
Chapter 8
Apart from the above, working with TDM will provide the following advantages to
PRO/II users.
In the keyword input file, the newly added libraries and databank names in TDM
can be recognized by Library Name:Databank Name.
In Component Selection and Thermodynamic Data - Databank search order
dialog box, the newly added and existing libraries and databank names in TDM
can be viewed. Users can select and add the libraries for the current simulation.
Note: Use Thermo Data Manager User guide for detailed explanation on its
functionalities.
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Assay Data
General Information
For many petroleum-based streams, the composition is not fully known in terms
of defined components. These stocks must be characterized by
pseudocomponents for which the necessary physical and thermodynamic
properties have been estimated. PRO/II has extensive procedures for the
translation of petroleum stream laboratory assay data into pseudo components.
Pseudocomponents are based on boiling point or cutpoint ranges on the true
boiling point (TBP) distillation for the stock. The normal boiling point for a
pseudocomponent is defined as the weighted average temperature of its cutpoint
range. The TBP distillation must often be derived from another type of laboratory
distillation, using a conversion procedure. PRO/II accepts the following types of
laboratory distillations: TBP, ASTM D1160, ASTM D86, and ASTM D2887. While
laboratory distillations are usually reported on a 760 mm Hg basis, PRO/II has
procedures to correct distillations for other laboratory pressures.
Estimated values for the standard liquid gravity and molecular weight for each
pseudocomponent are also needed for the characterization process. The
standard liquid gravity for each pseudocomponent is derived from the gravity
curve for the stream, in similar fashion to the normal boiling point. The gravity
curve for the stream is often not available, and it must be estimated, based on
the average stream gravity and the distillation curve. The molecular weight curve
is seldom available, and the molecular weight for each pseudocomponent is
usually predicted from its normal boiling point and standard liquid gravity. All
other required physical and thermodynamic properties may be estimated from
the normal boiling point, standard liquid gravity, and molecular weight.
The use of assay data in PRO/II is divided into two logical steps. The first step
involves the definition of the cutpoint ranges and selection of the characterization
options used in development of the pseudo components.Characterization options
include distillation curve fitting and conversion methods, gravity curve generation
procedure, methods for prediction of molecular weight, and methods for
estimation of critical properties and ideal gas enthalpies. If the default cutpoint
ranges and methods furnished by PRO/II are acceptable, this step may be
omitted.
The properties for all pseudocomponents derived from the same cutpoint set are
averaged, based on the stream flows, to develop a common set of blend
components. This technique provides reasonable results when the streams have
similar chemical natures. For example, all of the assay specifying streams are
products from the crude distillation unit. However, when assay streams are
dissimilar chemically, such as virgin materials and cracked materials, there may
Chapter 8
be serious errors in the characterizations for the streams when a single set of
blend components is used.
For this reason, you are allowed to define additional cutpoint sets. For example,
an additional cutpoint set may be defined to represent the products from an FCC
reactor. Note that it is not necessary or desirable to define a separate cutpoint
set for each assay stream. Similar streams may be grouped by using the same
cutpoint set without a serious loss of accuracy. This also minimizes the number
of components in the simulation, keeping calculation times smaller.
The second step is supplying the petroleum stream laboratory assay data to
PRO/II. This step is accomplished in the setup of initial feed streams and is
discussed in the Stream Data section of this chapter.
Click
with the distillation pseudocomponent curve on the toolbar, or
select the menu bar item Input, then select the menu item Assay
Characterization.
No of Cuts
28
8
4
The default cutpoint ranges are usually reasonable for crude oil problems. They
may be modified in the Assay Data Primary TBP Cutpoints Definition window
which is accessed by clicking Modify... on the Assay Cutpoints and
Characterization main data entry window. A convenient tabular form is provided
for editing of the primary cutpoint set.
Additional or Secondary cutpoint sets may be added to the problem by clicking
Define New Cutpoint Set... on the Assay Cutpoints and Characterization main
data entry window to access the Assay Data Secondary Set of TBP Cuts. A
cutpoint set name is supplied on this window and a tabular entry form is provided
for definition of the cutpoints. This window is also used to modify existing
secondary cutpoint sets and is accessed by clicking Modify on the Assay
Cutpoints and Characterization main data entry window and highlighting a
March 2007
secondary cutpoint set in the Defined Secondary Sets list box, on the Assay
Cutpoints and Characterization main data entry window.
Highlighted secondary cutpoint sets in the Assay Cutpoints and Characterization
main data entry window may be deleted by clicking Delete.... This action
removes the secondary cutpoint set from the problem.
The Default Cutpoint Set is used for all streams for which a cutpoint set is not
specified. Initially, it is defined as the Primary Cutpoint Set by PRO/II. After one
or more Secondary cutpoint sets have been defined, the default cutpoint set may
be changed via the drop-down list box on the Assay Cutpoints and
Characterization main data entry window. It is convenient to define the cutpoint
set which is used the most often as the default cutpoint set.
Chapter 8
Thermodynamic Data
General Information
The selection of appropriate thermodynamic methods is an important and
necessary step in the solution of flowsheet problems. PRO/II provides a wide
range of methods to allow solution of the wide variety of systems which occur in
the chemical process industries.
Thermodynamic properties are an integral part of the flowsheet calculations. The
equilibrium K-values (both VLE and LLE) are used to determine the phase
separations. The enthalpies for the streams are used to determine the energy
required to take a system of components from one set of thermal conditions to
another. Entropies are used in the calculation of the isentropic operations and the
Gibbs free energy minimization reactor. Liquid and vapor densities are used in
heat transfer, pressure drop, and column tray sizing.
Transport properties are selected in conjunction with the thermodynamic
methods in PRO/II and are comprised of liquid and vapor viscosities, liquid and
vapor thermal conductivities, and liquid diffusivities. While not strictly a transport
property, liquid surface tension is also included. Transport properties find use in
rigorous heat transfer calculations, pressure drop determination, and column
sieve tray and packing calculations. Transport properties are also reported in the
stream properties reports and may be requested in Heating/Cooling Curves
reports.
In PRO/II, the selection of thermodynamic methods has been simplified by the
concept of the method set. Method sets consist of predefined thermodynamic
methods for K-values (VLE and LLE), liquid and vapor enthalpies, entropies,
vapor fugacities, and densities. Numerous predefined sets are provided. Multiple
thermodynamic method sets may be selected for each flowsheet. For example, a
default set may be specified for the overall flowsheet and other method sets used
for individual units.
A facility is also provided to modify the thermodynamic methods in the predefined
method sets. Certain parameters for some of the thermodynamic methods may
also be supplied.
March 2007
with the phase diagram on the toolbar or select the menu bar
Click
item Input/Thermodynamic Data.
For convenience, several Categories of method sets can be selected in the list
box on the Thermodynamic Data window. The Primary Method, i.e., the method
used for calculation of equilibrium K-values, for each method set in the selected
Category appears in a drop-down list box and may be selected to add the
method set to the Defined Systems for the problem.
The Defined Systems appear in a list box and each may be selected for further
action by highlighting the desired method and clicking Modify..., Delete..., and
Rename... on the Thermodynamic Data window. The method set for which action
is to be taken is selected (highlighted) in the Defined Systems list box. Delete
removes the selected method set from the problem. The Rename option is used
to change the name of the selected method set. This is useful when it is desired
to use a method set more than one time in a problem, perhaps with different
parameters. Modification of method sets is discussed later in this section.
The following Categories of method sets are provided:
Most Commonly Used: These method sets may be used for a wide variety of
problems. Nearly all gas processing and oil refining calculations are handled
satisfactorily. Method sets in this category are: Soave-Redlich- Kwong (SRK),
Peng-Robinson (PR), Grayson-Streed (GS), Braun K-10 (BK10), Ideal, NRTL,
UNIQUAC, and UNIFAC.
Equations of State: Equations of state are applicable to wide ranges of
temperatures and pressures. They can be used to calculate all thermodynamic
properties, using the ideal gas state as the reference state. The cubic equations,
in particular, are able to accurately predict critical and supercritical conditions.
Equation of state method sets are: Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK), SRK-KabadiDanner (SRKKD), SRK-Huron-Vidal (SRKH), SRK-Panagiotopoulos-Reid
(SRKP), SRK-Modified-Panagiotopoulos-Reid (SRKM), SRK-SIMSCI (SRKS),
SRK-Hexamer (HEXAMER), Peng-Robinson (PR), PR-Huron-Vidal (PRH), PRPanagiotopoulos-Reid (PRP), PR-Modified-Panagiotopoulos-Reid (PRM), BWRS
(BWRS), Lee-Kesler-Plcker (LKP), and Uniwaals (UNIWAALS).
Liquid Activity: Liquid activity methods use liquid phase activity coefficient
models to represent the liquid mixture in phase equilibrium calculations. This
Chapter 8
Any or all of the thermodynamic methods may be changed for the method set
being modified, including: K-value (VLE), K-value (LLE), liquid enthalpy, vapor
March 2007
enthalpy, liquid entropy, vapor entropy, liquid density, vapor density, and vapor
fugacity (where applicable).
Note: The newly added libraries and databank names in TDM can be recognized
in this dialog box by Library Name:Databank Name.
Some property-specific data may also be supplied and/or modified in this window
for the thermodynamic methods by clicking Enter Data... in the Property-specific
Data field. Many of the methods use specific parameters, such as binary
interaction factors, modified acentric factors, etc. A priority search order may be
defined for the selection of these parameters from more than one thermodynamic
databank. Note that thermodynamic databanks are supplied by SIMSCI and may
also be prepared by the user with the SIMSCI LIBMGR program.
Property-specific data which apply only to the liquid activity methods include: fill
options for missing parameters, Henrys Law options, and Poynting correction
options. For the liquid activity methods, a vapor fugacity method may also be
selected.
Other property-specific data which may be modified include the dimensionless
residence time correction factor for amines DGA and MDEA and the key (or
dominant) components in each liquid phase for K-value (LLE) methods. Key
component selection is optional and PRO/II will determine them when not
supplied. However, convergence time may be enhanced by preselecting the key
components.
Chapter 8
Henrys Law
The Henrys Law window is used to specify whether or not Henrys Law is to be
used in conjunction with a liquid-activity K-value method. This window is brought
up by clicking Enter Data... on the Thermodynamic Property ModificationProperty Specific Data window. Checking the box on the Henrys Law window
causes Henrys Law to be used to determine the solubility of certain components.
Designation of solute components may either be determined by the program or
selected explicitly by choosing the appropriate radio button. If the solute
components are to be designated explicitly, the desired solute components must
be selected from the list box on the Henrys Law window.
Poynting Correction
The Poynting Correction window is used to specify the use of the Poynting
correction factor for liquid-phase fugacities. The Poynting Correction window is
brought up by clicking the appropriate Enter Data... button on the
Thermodynamic Property Modification-Property Specific Data window. There are
three options to using the Poynting correction:
1. Default: This choice specifies that the Poynting correction will be used only if
a vapor fugacity method is chosen.
2. Use Poynting Correction to Liquid Activities: Use the Poynting correction
factor for the liquid phase fugacity.
3. Do Not Use Poynting Correction: Do not use Poynting correction factor.
If either of the first two options is selected, then the molar volume calculation
method may be selected from the following choices: Standard (25C) Volumes,
Rackett, Rackett One-Fluid, or Library Density Correlations. The default method
is Standard (25C) Volumes.
March 2007
Chapter 8
the Thermo Properties - User supplied K-values dialog box.This dialog box is
opened by clicking Enter Data... next to User supplied K-values on the
Thermodynamic Property Modification-Property Specific Data window.
The K-values are supplied through Thermodynamic Data - User supplied
K-values dialog box by selecting either the correlated or tabular form.
Correlation Coefficient : Antoine equation is used as a default correlation with
1 atm as reference pressure. The coefficients have default values of 0.0.
Tabular Data : User needs to supply K-value for at least 2 temperature points for
all the relevant components.
Detailed information on default correlations is available in PRO/II Reference
Manual.
Selecting the User Supplied option for KVLE/KLLE in the Thermodynamic
Property Modification window can also overwrite the entire KVLE/KLLE method.
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Property Calculations
When a Property Package is selected for stream calculations or unit operation
calculations, thermo properties like transport properties,enthalpy, entropy etc. will
be calculated from the property package. For flash calculations, CalcEquilibrium
will be called on property package. But, if the function CalcEquilibrium to property
package fails, flash algorithm of PRO/II will be used with properties like fugacity
coefficients from property package.
Chapter 8
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Chapter 8
Vapor
Enthalpy
Liquid
Enthalpy
Vapor
Entropy
Liquid
Entropy
Vapor
Density
Liquid
Density
Vapor
Fugacity
SoaveRedlich-Kwong
(SRK)
SRK
SRK
SRK
SRK
SRK
API
NONE
PengRobinson (PR)
PR
PR
PR
PR
PR
API
NONE
GraysonStreed (GS)
CP
CP
CP
CP
SRK
API
NONE
Braun-K10
(BK10)
JG
JG
CP
CP
IDEAL
API
NONE
NRTL (NRTL)
IDEAL
IDEAL
NONE
NONE
IDEAL
IDEAL
IDEAL
UNIQUAC
(UNIQUAC)
IDEAL
IDEAL
NONE
NONE
IDEAL
IDEAL
IDEAL
UNIFAC
(UNIFAC)
IDEAL
IDEAL
NONE
NONE
IDEAL
IDEAL
IDEAL
Vapor
Enthalpy
Liquid
Enthalpy
Vapor
Entropy
Liquid
Entropy
Vapor
Density
Liquid
Density
Vapor
Fugacity
Braun-K10
(BK10)
JG
JG
CP
CP
IDEAL
API
NONE
Chao-Seader
(CS)
CP
CP
CP
CP
SRK
API
NONE
Chao-SeaderErbar (CSE)
CP
CP
CP
CP
SRK
API
NONE
GraysonStreed (GS)
CP
CP
CP
CP
SRK
API
NONE
GraysonStreed-Erbar
(GSE)
CP
CP
CP
CP
SRK
API
NONE
ImprovedGraysonStreed (IGS)
CP
CP
CP
CP
SRK
API
NONE
Ideal (IDEAL)
IDEAL
IDEAL
NONE
NONE
IDEAL
IDEAL
NONE
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Liquid
Enthalpy
Vapor
Enthalpy
Vapor
Entropy
Liquid
Entropy
Vapor
Density
Liquid
Density
Vapor
Fugacity
BWRS (BWRS)
BWRS
BWRS
BWRS
BWRS
BWRS
BWRS
NONE
Peng-Robinson
(PR)
PR
PR
PR
PR
PR
PR
NONE
PR-Huron-Vidal
(PRH)
PRH
PRH
PRH
PRH
PRH
API
NONE
PRPanagiotopoulosReid (PRP)
PRP
PRP
PRP
PRP
PRP
API
NONE
PR-ModifiedPanag.-Reid
(PRM)
PRM
PRM
PRM
PRM
PRM
API
NONE
Soave-RedlichKwong (SRK)
SRK
SRK
SRK
SRK
SRK
API
NONE
SRK-KabadiDanner (SRKKD)
SRKKD
SRKKD
SRKKD
SRKKD
SRKKD
API
NONE
SRK-Huron-Vidal
(SRKH)
SRKH
SRKH
SRKH
SRKH
SRKH
API
NONE
SRKPanagiotopoulosReid (SRKP)
SRKP
SRKP
SRKP
SRKP
SRKP
API
NONE
SRK-ModifiedPanag.-Reid
(SRKM)
SRKM
SRKM
SRKM
SRKM
SRKM
API
NONE
SRK-SIMSCI
(SRKS)
SRKS
SRKS
SRKS
SRKS
SRKS
API
NONE
SRK-Hexamer
(HEXA)
HEXA
HEXA
HEXA
HEXA
HEXA
API
NONE
LKP
LKP
LKP
LKP
LKP
API
NONE
Uniwaals (UNIW)
UNIW
UNIW
UNIW
UNIW
UNIW
UNIW
NONE
Chapter 8
Lee-KeslerPlcker
Vapor
Enthalpy
Liquid
Enthalpy
Vapor
Entropy
Liquid
Entropy
Vapor
Density
Liquid
Density
Vapor
Fugacity
NRTL (NRTL)
IDEAL
IDEAL
NONE
NONE
IDEAL
IDEAL
IDEAL
UNIQUAC
(UNIQUAC)
IDEAL
IDEAL
NONE
NONE
IDEAL
IDEAL
IDEAL
UNIFAC
(UNIFAC)
IDEAL
IDEAL
NONE
NONE
IDEAL
IDEAL
IDEAL
Wilson
(WILSON)
IDEAL
IDEAL
NONE
NONE
IDEAL
IDEAL
NONE
van Laar
(VANLAAR)
IDEAL
IDEAL
NONE
NONE
IDEAL
IDEAL
IDEAL
Margules
(MARGULES)
IDEAL
IDEAL
NONE
NONE
IDEAL
IDEAL
IDEAL
Regular
Solution
(REGULAR)
IDEAL
IDEAL
NONE
NONE
IDEAL
IDEAL
IDEAL
Flory-Huggins
(FLORY)
IDEAL
IDEAL
NONE
NONE
IDEAL
IDEAL
IDEAL
UNIFAC
TDep-1
(UNIFAC
TDep-1)
IDEAL
IDEAL
NONE
NONE
IDEAL
IDEAL
IDEAL
UNIFAC
TDep-2
(UNIFAC
TDep-2)
IDEAL
IDEAL
NONE
NONE
IDEAL
IDEAL
IDEAL
UNIFAC
TDep-3
(UNIFAC
TDep-3)
IDEAL
IDEAL
NONE
NONE
IDEAL
IDEAL
IDEAL
UNIFAC Free
Volume
(UNIFAC
Free Volume)
IDEAL
IDEAL
NONE
NONE
IDEAL
IDEAL
IDEAL
Ideal (IDEAL)
IDEAL
IDEAL
NONE
NONE
IDEAL
IDEAL
NONE
March 2007
Chapter 8
Vapor
Enthalpy
Liquid
Enthalpy
Vapor
Entropy
Liquid
Entropy
Vapor
Density
Liquid
Density
Vapor
Fugacity
SRKM
IDEAL
SRKM
SRKM
SRKM
IDEAL
IDEAL
SRKM
AMINE
SRKM
SRKM
SRKM
IDEAL
NONE
SRKM
SRKM
SRKM
SRKM
SRKM
API
NONE
SRKM
IDEAL
SRKM
SRKM
SRKM
IDEAL
NONE
SRKM
IDEAL
SRKM
SRKM
SRKM
IDEAL
NONE
Stream Data
General Information
This section of data is used to specify the thermal conditions and compositions
for all feed streams in the flowsheet. It may also be used to furnish initial
estimates of the composition and thermal conditions for recycle tear streams to
enhance recycle convergence. Supplied data for tear streams or any other
streams which are products from unit operations are used as estimates only and
always replaced by the next calculated set of values. Finally, Reference streams
may be defined to eliminate thermal recycles.
Compositional streams may be of two types: composition fully defined in terms of
defined components, or pseudocomponents to be generated from petroleum
assay data. Reference streams are always assigned the composition of the
parent stream.
Compositions may be defined on a mole, weight, standard liquid volume or vapor
volume basis, corresponding to typical laboratory data. It is necessary to provide
both a laboratory distillation and stream average gravity for petroleum assay
streams. Light ends analyses, gravity curves, and molecular weight curves may
optionally be furnished to improve the characterization of petroleum assay
streams.
The stream thermal conditions may be specified in a variety of ways including:
defined temperature and pressure, bubble or dew point conditions, or fraction
liquid. For reference streams, only the temperature and pressure may be defined.
Double-click on the stream or right-click on the unit icon and select Data
Entry... or select the stream and choose Input/Data Entry... from the
menu bar.
Select the desired stream operation.
March 2007
Radio buttons are used to select the stream flowrate basis as: Total Fluid Rate,or
Individual Component Flowrates. A data entry box adjacent to the Total Fluid
Rate button is used to enter the total stream flow in mole, mass, standard liquid
volume, or standard vapor volume units.
The stream composition is supplied in a drop-down list box, and may be supplied
on a mole, mass, standard liquid volume, or standard vapor basis. Components
Chapter 8
not defined are assigned zero flowrates. If the total fluid rate was not given, the
flowrate for the stream is taken as the sum of the stream composition. PRO/II
displays a running total for the composition as it is entered.
When the total fluid rate is supplied and the composition does not sum to that
rate or a rate of 100.00 1.0 or 1.00 0.01 (indicating composition percentage or
fraction) an error is signaled. Optionally, a check box is provided to normalize the
composition based on the specified total fluid rate, in which case no error is
signaled for the above condition.
The flowrate for the assay stream is entered in the data entry field provided as
weight or liquid volume units. The cutpoint set for the blend may be selected by
clicking the hypertext string default set of TBP cutpoints to retrieve a list of the
problem cutpoint sets. The pseudocomponent blending option is selected by
clicking the text string included in. This option is the default and includes the
March 2007
pseudocomponents generated for the stream in the assay blending for the
cutpoint set. The excluded from option is used when the assay stream is a
recycle estimate and the effect of its estimated pseudocomponents on the assay
blend properties is not wanted. Entry of the various assay data is discussed
below. More information on the various laboratory tests is given in the PRO/II
help text and the PRO/II Reference Manual.
Laboratory Distillation
The basis for the distillation may be chosen as: Liquid Volume or Weight. Liquid
Volume is the default for all distillations except the ASTM D2887 which is
defaulted as weight. Note that gravity and molecular weight curves must be on
the same basis, volume or weight, as the distillation curve. The distillation data
for TBP, ASTM D86, and ASTM D1160 are assumed to be at a pressure basis of
14.696 psia. If not, enter the laboratory pressure in the data field provided. For
ASTM D86 distillations, a Correct for Cracking check box is provided for
application of the API Data Book cracking correction to the distillation
temperatures.
The distillation data are entered in the table provided. At least two points are
required when the cubic spline fitting method is used. When only two points are
given, PRO/II uses a probability density function to fill in the curve. For the
quadratic fitting option, at least three points must be given for TBPs and five
points for other types of distillations. PRO/II needs the entire distillation curve
from zero percent to one hundred percent and extrapolates and interpolates as
necessary. Wise engineers perform their own extrapolations outside of PRO/II,
using their knowledge of the stream being characterized.
Gravity Data
The type of gravity data is denoted by radio buttons on the Assay Definition
window as: API Gravity, Specific Gravity, or Watson K-Factor. The stream
average value must be supplied in the data entry window provided. Optionally, a
gravity curve for the stream may be given by clicking Gravity Curve... on this
window to access the Assay Gravity Curve window which provides a convenient
tabular form for entry of the gravity curve.
Chapter 8
Lightends Data
Lightends data may be optionally provided by clicking Lightends... on the Assay
Definition window to access the Assay Lightends Data window. The lightends
composition may be entered on a mole, mass, standard liquid volume, or
standard vapor volume basis. Any library component or petroleum component
that was defined as a PETRO component may be designated as a lightend.
Several choices are available for specification of the total lightends flow. These
choices are selected via radio buttons and are:
Match to TBP Curve: The lightends rate is determined such that the normal
boiling point for the mid percent of the highest boiling lightend exactly
matches the TBP curve. The lightend components are kept in the same
proportions as the supplied composition (the default).
Fraction of Assay: The lightends rate is a specified fraction of the total stream
rate. A basis of liquid volume or weight may also be selected in the Basis
drop-down list box. If no basis is selected, the basis for the distillation
curve is assumed. When this option is chosen and the lightends
composition does not add to the specified fraction or to 100.0 1.0 or
1.00 0.01 (indicating composition percentage or composition fraction)
an error is signaled.
Percent of Assay: The lightends rate is a specified percent of the total stream
rate. A basis of liquid volume or weight may also be selected in the Basis
drop-down list box. If no basis is selected, the basis for the distillation
curve is assumed. When this option is chosen and the lightends
composition does not add to the specified percent or to 100.0 1.0 or
1.00 0.01 (indicating composition percentage or composition fraction)
an error is signaled.
Use Compositions as Actual Rates: The supplied composition is assumed to
be component flows, not fractional composition or percentage
composition.
Lightends Rate: The lightends rate is supplied directly in the data entry field
provided. When this option is chosen and the lightends composition does
not add to 100.0 1.0 or 1.00 0.01 (indicating composition percentage
or composition fraction) an error is signaled.
March 2007
Chapter 8
March 2007
A tabular form is used to supply recycle loop information. Each line in the table
has drop-down list boxes which are used to select the Starting Unit and the
Ending Unit for each loop. The adjacent Enter Data... button is clicked to enter
additional recycle information via the Individual Recycle Loop Data window.
Information which may be entered in this window includes:
Number of Trials: Number of iteration trials before nonconvergence is signaled.
If not supplied, the global value is used.
Recycle Stream Convergence Tolerances: Tolerances may be supplied for the
Component, Temperature, and Pressure changes. A threshold component level
may be supplied by clicking the underlined (linked text) default. Note that the
global defaults are used when values are not supplied in this window.
Acceleration Options: The Direct Substitution, Wegstein Acceleration,or
Broyden Acceleration methods may be selected for acceleration of the tear
stream. The following additional options may be chosen with Wegstein by
clicking highlighted default values: first iteration to accelerate (default is 2),
iteration interval for acceleration (default is 1), Wegstein lower and upper factors
(defaults are -5.00 and 0.00). For Broyden, the first iteration to accelerate may
also be supplied by clicking the highlighted default value of 2.
Chapter 8
The rate for the scaled product stream, either the total stream or a specified
range of components, is supplied in the data entry field provided. The Units of
may be used to supply the scaling rate as moles, mass,
Measure feature
standard liquid volume units, or standard vapor volume units.
March 2007
Select the desired stream to copy by clicking on the stream label with the
mouse.
Choose Copy on the Edit menu.
Click the left mouse button on an unoccupied area of the PFD main
window or choose Select None on the Edit Menu to deselect the selected
stream.
The data for the selected stream can now be copied to a new stream as follows:
The cursor will change to an arrow with a small s visible to indicate that the
PFD is now in stream mode.
Chapter 8
Drag the mouse to the desired unoccupied area of the PFD or feed port
of another unit.
Release the mouse button to complete the creation of the stream.
Click the right mouse button or press <Esc> to exit stream mode.
The newly created stream(s) will have the same thermal conditions, composition,
and description as the original source stream.
Select the desired stream to copy by clicking on the stream label with the
left mouse button.
Choose Copy from the Edit menu.
Click the left mouse button on an unoccupied area of the PFD main
window or choose Select None on the Edit menu to deselect the selected
stream.
The data for the selected stream can now be copied to one or more existing
streams as follows:
Select the desired destination stream(s) with the left mouse button.
Choose Paste on the Edit menu.
The data from the original source stream will be copied to the destination
stream(s), overriding any existing. For compositionally-defined streams
containing calculated data, PRO/II allows the user to copy the calculated data
(temperature, pressure, and one of total composition, liquid composition, or vapor
composition) into the designated stream(s).
You may choose to paste only the input data of the selected stream or paste the
input data and calculated data (using the total composition, or vapor composition,
or liquid composition).
March 2007
Note:
Chapter 8
This brings up the Define Stream Data Link window as shown in Figure 7-15. In
this window you must select both the name of the previously-run database file,
and the stream from that simulation to be linked to your current simulation.
Note: You can link a stream in the current flowsheet to another stream in the
same flowsheet. This includes linking the input of the currently selected stream to
the calculated output data for that stream.
Check the Update Now check box in the Define Stream Data Link
window.
Click Modify.
Select Update Stream Data Links menu option from the Input menu.
Note: If the components are different in the two simulation databases, some
component rate information may be discarded during the data transfer. If the
source stream has rate information for a component which is not present in the
second database, that rate information will be ignored. If the source stream
contains assay pseudocomponents, no component data will be copied to the
target stream unless an identical assay exists in the current (target) simulation.
Note: All stream data link information will be lost if you export the simulation data
to a PRO/II keyword file and then re-import the keyword file.
March 2007
Chapter 8
system will be used in preference to the data provided globally wherever that
thermodynamic system is invoked.
Note: A property is available only if it has been specified for a thermodynamic
system through the Thermodynamic Data window and is available only in those
unit operations where that thermodynamic system is used.
Click
on the toolbar or select Input/Component Properties.... The
Component Properties window appears.
Click Refinery Inspection Properties to bring up the Component Property
Selection for Refinery Inspection Properties window.
Select a property from the Property Name drop-down list box.
Click Enter Data... to enter global values. If the property is Kinematic
Viscosity, the Component Data Entry for Kinematic Viscosity window will
open. Otherwise the Component Data Entry for Refinery Inspection and
User-defined Special Properties window will open.
For each component enter either a Data value or an Index value. For
some properties the index method is not applicable and no index values
may be entered. If the property is Kinematic Viscosity, enter values at
two temperatures.
The stream property value is calculated from the individual component values
using a chosen stream mixing method.
Note: The SIMSCI databank contains Refinery Inspection Properties for some
components; these data will be used if no value is entered in the input. If no data
are present for a component, a fill method can be chosen through the
Thermodynamic Data window (see below).
March 2007
Click
on the toolbar or select Input/Component Properties... from the
menu bar. The Component Properties window appears.
Click User-defined Special Properties to access the Component Property
Selection for User-defined Special Properties window.
Enter the name of a new Special Property in the Property Name dropdown list box or select a special property from the list.
Click Enter Data... to enter global values. The Component Data Entry for
Refinery Inspection and User-defined Special Properties window will
open.
For each component, enter either a Data value or an Index value.
Chapter 8
March 2007
i.
Click
or select Thermodynamic Data... on the Input menu bar item.
The Thermodynamic Data window appears.
Select the system for which modifications are to be made in the Defined
Systems box.
Click Modify... to access the Thermodynamic Data Modification
Window.
Click Refinery Inspection Properties. The Thermodynamic Method
Selection for Refinery Inspection Properties window appears. This
window has a table in which properties and associated parameters and
data will be entered. To eliminate the need to enter standard sets of
properties repeatedly, predefined lists of properties have been set up.
To load the table with a predefined list of properties, select from the
Predefined Lists list. Selecting None in this list removes all properties
from the table.
Select a property from the Property Name drop-down list box in the table.
The available options and their default selections, determined by the
property selected, are listed. Change these as required. The options are:
Stream Method, which defines the method used to mix component property values to produce a value for the stream. The available options are:
Summation: The stream property value is determined by summing the
product of the component property value and the component fraction.
The fraction may be molar, weight or liquid volume and is calculated from
the total stream dry composition except for kinematic viscosity when it is
from the dry liquid part of the stream. Any Index data supplied for the
property will be converted to property values before the summation,
using the equation:
Chapter 8
Index
Reference Index
ii.
Reference Value
This equation is then used to convert the stream index value to the
stream property value.
iii.
iv.
v.
SIMSCI: This method is only available for cloud point and kinematic
viscosity. It is an index method but uses specific index equations.
vi.
API: API procedures may be used to calculate flash point, cetane index,
mean average boiling point, cubic average boiling point, molal average
boiling point or net heating value. The API method requires no
component data.
vii.
viii.
ix.
March 2007
b. No fill: This produces warning messages for missing data and set to 0.0.
c.
d. A
PI: This estimates missing data by API methods for kinematic viscosity,
pour point or refractive index.
e. Nelson: This option estimates missing data by Nelson method for smoke
point.
x.
Component Blend, which defines the way in which missing data are
handled when calculating properties from blended assay streams. The
options are:
a.
Zero: The property value for the cuts in the assay with no data is set to
0.0.
b.
c.
Missing: For this option, the blended property is not calculated and is
reported as Missing.
Click Data... to enter data for this property, for this thermodynamic
system. If the Stream Method is defined as User-Formula, the User
Formula Data Entry window opens. Otherwise, if the property is
Kinematic Viscosity, the Kinematic Viscosity Data Entry window will open
and for other properties, the Refinery Inspection and User-defined
Special Properties Data Entry window will open.
In the User Formula Data Entry window, for each component, enter a
Data value, which will be passed to a linked User-added Subroutine. Up
to twenty real and integer values an also be passed to the subroutine.
The meaning of the data are determined by the calculation subroutine.
Chapter 8
Click
or select Thermodynamic Data... on the Input menu bar item.
The Thermodynamic Data window appears.
Select the system for which modifications are to be made in the Defined
Systems list box.
Click Modify... to access the Thermodynamic Data Modification Window.
Click User-defined Properties. The Thermodynamic Method Selection for
User defined Properties window appears. This window has a table in
which properties, associated parameters and data will be entered.
Enter the name of a new special property in the Property Name dropdown list box or select a special property from the list. Change the
available options and their default selections as required. The options
are:
March 2007
Select Report Format from the Output menu. Next, select the
Miscellaneous Data... menu option. The Miscellaneous Report Options
window appears.
In the Refinery Inspection and User-defined Special Properties box,
check one or both of the following options: Include Input Data for a
printout or data that has been input and/or Input Program Data for a
printout of data generated by PRO/II.
Select Report Format from the Output menu. Next, select the Stream
Properties... menu option. The Stream Property Report Options window
appears.
Enter two temperatures at which the kinematic viscosity results are
required.
K-values,
Liquid activity coefficients,
Vapor fugacity coefficients,
Vapor pressures, and
Poynting correction.
K-values,
Liquid fugacity coefficients, and
Vapor fugacity coefficients.
The validation is carried out in the PRO/II - Binary VLE/VLLE Data window which
is opened by selecting the Binary VLE option from the Tools menu or by clicking
BVLE toolbar. This window is only available when at least two components and a
thermodynamic method have been selected.
Chapter 8
Select
from the Tools menu or click BVLE toolbar to bring up the
PRO/II - Binary VLE/VLLE Data window.
Click TDM Calculated BVLE to view Component and Thermodynamic
dialog box. Users can view all the components that has been used in the
current flowsheet on the left-hand side of this dialog box. Use Diagram
Tab to calculate and view BVLE plot and its associated data in the excel
sheet format. Here, BVLE plots can be viewed similar to PRO/II, but this
plot uses TDM and Modthermo Data.
Select the required components for the equilibrium calculations from the
drop-down lists.
Next, select constant pressure or temperature operation and enter the
value.
Finally, click Calculate to generate plots (by default, all available plots will
be generated). If Excel is selected on the Plot Setup option, from the
Options menu, tabular data are available in the spreadsheet. Otherwise,
only the plots are shown.
Note: For complete technical details, see the Utilities topic in the PRO/II
Reference Manual.
March 2007
Chapter 9
Unit Operations and Utility
Modules
This chapter describes how to use unit operation models. Also described are the
use of utility modules such as the Calculator, Controller, Flowsheet Optimizer
and similar functionalities.
For ease of reference, both the unit operation models and the utility modules are
presented. Simply CTL+ left click the hyperlinked name to go to the proper page.
Calculator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Mixer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Pipe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Crystallizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Cyclone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Pump. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Dissolver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Reactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Expander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Flash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
SPEC/VARY/DEFINE . . . . . . . . . . 315
Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Chapter 9
March 2007
Calculator
General Information
The Calculator is a versatile utility module useful for a variety of purposes in
flowsheet simulation. Parameters may be retrieved from the flowsheet and
calculations performed using a FORTRAN-like language. Parameters may be
returned to the flowsheet for use by other unit operations. Some uses for the
Calculator include:
Chapter 9
Calculator Setup
Start Setup by clicking Edit/View Declarations on the Calculator main data entry
window to open the View Area:
Click Results to enter names for the Calculator results. These values
are accessed in the Calculator procedure as elements of array R. These
names will be used in the output report.
Click Arrays to declare the length of the storage arrays used by the
Calculator. These arrays include the P, C, R arrays defined above, and
the IS array that is used to hold stream variables. This array is described
in the Calculator Procedure discussion. Two additional arrays appear
here. In earlier versions of the Calculator, all local variables had to reside
in one of these arrays, V for real variables and IX for integers. Now that
any valid FORTRAN variable name can be used, these arrays are no
longer needed. Nonetheless, they are still available so that older
Calculators will work without rewriting.
Once Setup is complete, click Hide Declarations to close the View Area.
March 2007
Calculator Procedure
Note: The PROCEDURE section is required and must end with a RETURN
statement.
The FORTRAN procedure is entered directly into the Procedure field on the
Calculator main data entry window. The procedure may be checked as is it
composed by clicking Check Procedure.
The supported features of the language are discussed in the following sections.
Predefined Variables
Definitions of predefined variables, including default dimensions for arrays,
appear in the following table. Use a DIMENSION statement in the Calculator
setup section to reset the number of elements in each array.
Arrays C, P, V, and R store values in floating-point form. Array IX stores integer
values. Forms of use include:
An
where A is any of C, P, V, R, or B and n is an integer indicating a single
element of the array.
A(index)
where A is any of C, P, V, R, or B and (index) is an expression, such as (IX2 *
5). The parentheses are required. A(n) denotes the same element as An.
Instead of, or in addition to the supplied V and IX arrays, standard FORTRAN
variables may be used. They may be up to 8 characters long and may not
duplicate the names of any supplied variables; otherwise they follow the
conventional FORTRAN rules. The introduction of this feature in PRO/II 5.0
means that the V and IX arrays need not be used. If this is the case, the arrays
can be dimensioned to one word each to save memory.
Chapter 9
Default Size
and Form
(for arrays)
Cn or C(index)
1<=n<=50
Pn or P(index)
1<=n<=50
Vn or V(index)
1<=n<=200
Rn or R(index)
1<=n<=200
IXn or IX
(index)
0<=n<=9
ISn
0<=n<=9
ISOLVE
MAXC
MAXS
March 2007
FORTRAN Statements
Procedure
This statement marks the start of the FORTRAN-based procedure section of the
Calculator. It is required.
Declaration Statements
REAL
INTEGER
DIMENSION
These statements are used to define local scalars and arrays for use in the code.
Each subscript may be an integer constant, or two integer constants separated
by a colon to specify both the lower and upper array bounds. When defined by
the DIMENSION statement, variables assume the normal FORTRAN convention
that assigns names starting with I through N as integers, and all others as real.
Name lengths may be 8 characters long. Variables defined here may be changed
in the code. Variables not defined here are assumed to be real or integer
according to the first character.
Variable names must not conflict with any reserved words or predefined variables
(see table entitled Predefined Variables).
Examples:
DIMENSION A(20,20), B(20), X(20)
REAL MASS
INTEGER COUNT, TAB(100)
REAL REVENU(1990:1995), PROFIT(1990:1995),
LOSS(1990:1995)
Note: A variable may only appear once in these statements. The following
is valid in standard FORTRAN, but not in a Calculator Procedure:
REAL MOLWT
DIMENSION MOLWT(50)
Both standard FORTRAN and the Calculator accept this equivalent form:
REAL MOLWT(50)
Assignment Statements
nn variable =expression
Chapter 9
With the exception of exponentiation, calculations with the same precedence are
evaluated from left to right. Multiple exponentiations without parentheses to
explicitly specify the evaluation order are not permitted.
For example, the following is invalid:
BADVAL = A**B**C
Note: The Calculator-supplied arrays Cand P may not appear on the left side of
an assignment statement.
Description
Absolute Value
Positive Difference
Exponential e
Truncation
Natural Logarithm
Common Logarithm
Minimum Value
Maximum Value
Remainder
Nearest integer
Square Root
Sine (radians)
Cosine (radians)
Tangent (radians)
Arc Sine (radians)
Arc Cosine (rad)
Arc Tangent (rad)
Hyperbolic Sine
Hyperbolic Cosine
Hyperbolic Tangent
Result
Number
Type
Type
1
2
1
1
1
1
>=2
>=2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
real
real
real
real
real
real
real
real
real
real
real
real
real
real
real
real
real
real
real
real
real
real
real
integer
real
real
real
real
real
integer
real
real
real
real
radian
radian
real
real
real
real
March 2007
Description of Property
Pure Component Properties
CMW(cno)
CNBP(cno)
CSPGR(cno)
CTC(cno)
CPC(cno)
CVC(cno)
COMEGA(cno)
Molecular weight
Normal boiling temperature
Specific gravity (60F/60F)
Critical temperature
Critical pressure
Critical volume, cc/gm-mole
Acentric factor
Properties of Components in Streams
SCMF(cno,sid)
SCWF(cno,sid)
SCVF(cno,sid)
SCMR(cno,sid)
SCWR(cno,sid)
SCLVR(cno,sid)
SCGVR(cno,sid)
SMR(sid)
SWR(sid)
SLVR(sid)
SGVR(sid)
STEMP(sid)
SPRES(sid)
Chapter 9
Description
SMR
SWR
SLVR
SGVR
STEMP
SPRES
value
sid
The sid entry identifies the stream in which to store the property. It may
be any stream identifier listed on the SEQUENCE statement of the setup
section, or an element of array IS in the form Isn. For example:
Description
SCMR
SCWR
SCLVR
SCGVR
March 2007
array
sid
The sid entry identifies the stream in which to store the property. It may
be any stream identifier listed on the SEQUENCE statement of the setup
section, or an element of array IS in the form ISn.
i, j
These two entries are component id numbers. They indicate the first and
last components, respectively, for which the property is stored.
IF Statements
nn IF (expression) conditional clause.
This statement allows logical branching during calculations and conforms to
standard FORTRAN rules for IF statements. If the parenthetic expression is
true, it executes the conditional clause. The conditional clause may not be one of
the following:
IF
ELSEIF
ELSE
ENDIF
Chapter 9
Description
.EQ.
.NE.
.LT.
.GT.
.GE.
.LE.
.AND.
.OR.
.EQV.
.NEQV.
.NOT.
equal to
not equal to
less than
greater than
greater than or equal to
less than or equal to
both true
either true
equivalent
not equivalent
true/false toggle
nn IF (expression) THEN
ELSEIF (expression) THEN
ELSE
ENDIF
DO Loops
nn DO mm iname= i, j, k
This statement defines the beginning of a DO loop having a range extending
through statement label mm. i and j are initial and final indices, respectively.
The increment step kis optional and defaults to 1.
nn DO mm ISn= sid1, sid2
This statement defines the beginning of a stream DO loop having a range
extending through statement label mm.
ISn is a stream variable, and sid1 and sid2 must be stream ids appearing on the
SEQUENCE statement. No incremental step index (comparable to k) is allowed.
March 2007
OPEN Statement
nn OPEN(FILE=fileide, ACCESS=OVERWRITE orAPPEND)
The OPEN statement opens a file for CALCULATOR output. For PC, VAX, and
UNIX platforms, the default output name is fileid.CAL, where fileid is the current
input file name. A unique filename of up to 12 characters, can be specified, if
necessary. It must, however, have a .CAL extension. Underscore characters
are not allowed (e.g., FILE_01). Any OPEN statement automatically closes the
previously opened file.
OUTPUT Statement
nn OUTPUT {R(i :j ),P(i :j ),C(i :j ),V(i :j ),IX(i :j ),IS (i :j )}
This is a special OUTPUT statement provided with PRO/II. It outputs calculatorsupplied arrays or portions of these arrays to the currently open file. Entries i
and j refer to the first and last elements of the array to be output. If they are
absent, the entire array will be output.
Chapter 9
DISPLAY Statement
nn DISPLAY {R( i :j ),P( i :j ),C( i :j ),V( i :j ),IX(i :j ),IS(i :j )}
The DISPLAY statement prints out calculator-supplied array values to the
standard report file during calculations. Entries i and j are defined in the same
way as the OUTPUT statement.
TRACE Statement
nn TRACE option
TRACE statements control printing an historical trace as calculations proceed to
facilitate debugging the code in the procedure. Options are:
ON Prints line number, statement number, and (action taken/new variable value)
as each statement executes.
BRANCH Prints TRACE information only for branching statements such as IF,
GOTO or DO.
OFF Turns off all TRACE options.
Examples:
TRACE BRANCH Traces branching only.
TRACE OFF No trace at all.
TRACE ON Traces every statement.
March 2007
where the D86 points are in F. The final results in C are stored in R(1) through
R(6).
Before entering the procedure FORTRAN code, it is necessary to specify the
streams (V1 through V6) and establish the two pertinent parameters (the D86
10% and IBP temperatures) for each stream:
This completes the parameter specification for the D86(10%) point of the first
stream, V1. Repeat these steps to define the D86(Initial Point) for the first
Chapter 9
stream, V1, then define the D86(10%) and D86(Initial Point) for the remaining
five streams.
Enter the following code into the Procedure window (at this point, this
window should still be outlined in red).
DIMENSION D8610(6), D86IP(6)
DO10 I =1,6
$
$ COPY PARAMETERS TO LOCAL ARRAYS,
$ CONVERTING TO DEG F
D8610(I) = P(2*I-1) * 1.8 + 32.
D86IP(I) = P(2*I-1) * 1.8 + 32.
$
$ EVALUATE FORMULA
D86AVG = (D8610(I) + D86IP(I)) / 2.
FP = (D86AVG * .64 - 100.
$
$ CONVERT BACK TO DEG C AND STORE
R(I) = (FP - 32.) / 1.8
10 CONTINUE
RETURN
March 2007
When you have established the desired stream sequence, click Results
to display the Result Number and Print Name data entry table.
Enter 1 in the Result Number field of the first row to enable the Print
Name entry field. This integer is stored in the first position of the R()
array. For this sample problem, call the result Relative MB.
Enter the following code into the Procedure window, which should still be
outlined in red at this point:
Chapter 9
March 2007
CAPE-OPEN
General Information
The PRO/II CAPE-OPEN unit operation enables the users to add third party
CAPE-OPEN units. This will help the user to simulate and perform any type of
calculation for a specific unit operation placed in a flowsheet.
CO-LaN (the CAPE-OPEN Laboratories Network) is a neutral industry and an
academic association promoting open standards in process simulation software.
CAPE-OPEN has uniform standards for interfacing process modeling software
components developed specifically for the design and operation of chemical
processes. These standards allow integration of different software components
like unit operations and thermodynamic property packages from different vendors
into a single simulation.
PRO/II supports both versions of 0.9.3 and 1.0 of the CAPE-OPEN interfaces.
The CAPE-OPEN Unit Operation has access to the following:
Property values exchanged between PRO/II and CAPE-OPEN unit operation are
in SI units.
CAPE-OPEN interface descriptions and information are available at
http://www.colan.org/
Note: If transport properties are required in the CAPE-OPEN unit operation, you
must select a suitable method in the Thermodynamic Data if PRO/II
thermodynamics is selected.
Chapter 9
If the CAPE-OPEN unit operation does not have an installation program, follow
the steps mentioned below to manually register the unit operation .
1. Identify the DLL file of the CAPE-OPEN unit operation.
2.Type "regsvr32 myunitop.dll", where "myunitop.dll" is the name of the DLL of
the CAPE-OPEN Unit Operation.
3.Identify the "progid" of the CAPE-OPEN unit operation. The "progid" is a short
text string, such as "SimSci.Mixer" that Windows uses to identify the DLL.
Contact the developer of the unit operation to determine the "progid".
4.From the command prompt, type "CapeRegister.exe progid".
"CapeRegister.exe" is an utility available in the PRO/II "bin" directory.
March 2007
Calculation
During calculations, PRO/II calls the Validate() and Calculate() method of the
CAPE-OPEN unit operation. Property and flash calculations are delegated to
property package if property package is selected as unit thermodynamics. If
PRO/II thermodynamics is selected for a CAPE-OPEN unit operation, it may call
TP,TH,PH,TVf and PVf flashes(CalcEquilibrium) for input or output streams. The
following properties can be calculated using PRO/II thermodynamics.
CAPE-OPEN
identifier
Property meaning
Phases
Supported
vaporPressure
Liquid
surfaceTension
Surface Tension
Liquid
Compressibility Factor
Liquid, Vapor,
Overall
heatCapacity
Heat Capacity
Liquid, Vapor,
Overall
idealGasHea tCapacity
Vapor
viscosity
Viscosity
Liquid, Vapor,
Overall
Thermal Conductivity
Thermal Conductivity
Liquid, Vapor,
Overall
fugacity
Fugacity
Liquid, Vapor
logFugacityCoefficient
Liquid,Vapor
kvalues
Overall
dewPointPressure
Overall
dewPointTemperature
Overall
Chapter 9
CAPE-OPEN
identifier
Property meaning
Phases
Supported
temperature
Temperature
Liquid, Vapor,
Overall
pressure
Pressure
Liquid, Vapor,
Overall
volume
Volume
Liquid, Vapor,
Overall
density
Density
Liquid, Vapor,
Overall
enthalpy
Enthalpy
Liquid, Vapor,
Overall
entropy
Entropy
Liquid, Vapor,
Overall
gibbsFreeEnergy
Liquid, Vapor,
Overall
flow
Liquid, Vapor,
Overall
fraction
Liquid, Vapor,
Overall
phaseFraction
Liquid, Vapor
totalFlow
Liquid, Vapor,
Overall
molecularWeight
MolecularWeight
Liquid, Vapor,
Overall
boilingPointTemperature
Report Generation
If the custom reports is supported by CAPE-OPEN unit operation, select and
right-click the unit operation. This action will display a menu with Produce
Report as one of the options. Select Produce Report to open a text file.
If the custom reports are not supported, the menu will have View Results as
one of the options. Select View Results to display all input and output parameters
with their values.
Note:The standard report of PRO/II will have all input and output parameters with
their values for CAPE-OPEN units.
March 2007
Column, Batch
General Information
The Batch Column unit operation models a wide range of column operating
scenarios. The Batch Column unit may be run in a true batch simulation mode,
with the feedstock charged to the stillpot prior to distillation and products taken
from the accumulator at various times, or in a semi-batch mode where feedstock
may be introduced during distillation and products drawn from the column or
accumulator over some time interval. Batch distillation calculations may also be
integrated into a steady-state process simulation.
The unit configuration automatically considers the presence of implicit holding
tanks for continuous flow streams which provide the time-variant feedstock to the
batch unit. Implicit consideration of holding tanks for all product streams (as
drawn from the accumulator at different times, or as drawn from the column
during distillation) is also made because of the cyclic operation. A representation
of the product continuous flow stream comes from the amount of product divided
by the batch cycle time.
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system for the Batch Column may be specified for the unit
as a whole or for selected trays. Batch Column also allows the use of electrolyte
thermodynamic methods.
BATCHFRAC
Detailed Information
For detailed information about the use of BATCHFRAC and Batch Column unit
operations, consult the PRO/II Add-On Modules User Guide.
Chapter 9
Column, Distillation
General Information
The Column unit operation may be used to simulate any distillation or liquid-liquid
extraction process. Liquid-liquid extraction units are described in the LiquidLiquid Extraction Column section of this chapter. A column must contain at least
one equilibrium stage or theoretical tray. For purposes of this discussion, the
term trays is used to denote equilibrium stages. The trays are considered to
be linked with the vapor from each tray entering the next higher tray and the
liquid from each tray feeding the next lower tray. There is no limit on the number
of trays in a column model.
The condenser, when present, is always numbered as tray one and the reboiler,
when present, is assigned the highest tray number in the model. Any tray may
have a feed, product draw, or duty. The top and bottom trays must have either a
feed or a duty.
Distillation columns may simulate vapor/liquid, vapor/liquid/water or
vapor/liquid/liquid equilibrium processes.
March 2007
For products, the product type, phase, tray number, and flowrate are supplied in
this window. There is no limit on the number of products a distillation column may
have and products may be withdrawn from any tray of the column. Product types
include: Overhead, Bottoms, Fixed Rate Draw, Total Phase Draw, and
Pseudoproduct. Every column must have an overhead product leaving tray one
and a bottoms product leaving the highest numbered tray. The Sure, Inside-Out
(IO) and Enhanced IO algorithms may have a decanted water product from tray
one (the condenser).
The Sure algorithm may also have water draws from any tray. For
vapor/liquid/liquid equilibrium (VLLE) processes, either of the liquid phases may
be drawn from any tray in the column.
You must supply product rates for all fixed rate draw products in molar, mass, or
liquid volume units. You must also provide an estimated value for either the
overhead or bottoms product. For total draw products, the supplied rate is always
assumed to be an estimate. The estimated value for the overhead or bottoms
rate should be as accurate as possible to enhance convergence. You must use a
Performance Specification to set a desired flow for the overhead or bottoms
product.
Pseudoproducts
Pseudoproducts are used to create streams corresponding to column internal
streams, making them available for flowsheet calculations. Define
pseudoproducts in the Column Pseudoproducts window which you may reach by
clicking Pseudoproducts on the Column Feeds and Products window. The
following types of pseudoproducts are available:
Column Algorithm
Select the solution algorithm from the drop-down list box, on the Column main
data entry window. The available algorithms are: Inside-Out (the default), Sure,
Chemdist, Liquid-Liquid, Enhanced IO, and Electrolytic. Detailed information
about the column algorithms is available in the online help.
Chapter 9
Inside-Out: The Inside-Out algorithm is the preferred option for most distillation
problems, especially those involving systems of hydrocarbons, because of its
speed and insensitivity to the estimated solution profiles.
Sure: The Sure algorithm should be used for columns where free water exists on
multiple trays.
Chemdist: The Chemdist algorithm is well suited to highly nonideal systems and
VLLE processes.
Liquid-Liquid: The Liquid-Liquid algorithm is used to model liquid-liquid
extraction units described in the Liquid-Liquid Extraction Column section of this
chapter.
Enhanced IO: The Enhanced IO column algorithm extends the capabilities of the
default Inside-Out algorithm. Enhanced IO allows zero flowrates, water decant off
any tray, total draws from trays and pumparounds.
Electrolytic: The Electrolytic method is used to model non-ideal aqueous
electrolytic distillation columns involving ionic species. Refer to the PRO/II AddOn Modules User Guide for detailed information on this column algorithm.
Reactions
Reactions in the column can be modeled by the Chemdist or Liquid-Liquid
extraction algorithms found in the Algorithm drop-down list of the Column
window. Enter pertinent data in the Column Reaction Selection window
accessible via the Reactions button on the Column window. In the Column Reaction Selection window, you can select and modify column reactions, specify
stage-wise reacting volumes, designate non-condensible components, select
non-volatile catalysts and specify data for user-added subroutines or kinetic
proce-dures. The reactions specified here are limited in scope to the simulation
of reactive distillation and (reactive) liquid-liquid extraction.
March 2007
The selected reaction sets can also be assigned to individual trays (or ranges of
trays) by selecting reaction sets from a drop-down list under Column Reaction
Set and then entering a tray range, i.e., starting tray to ending tray.
Note: Although you can modify a local copy of a reaction set in the column, the
original reaction set specified in the Reaction Data section remains unchanged.
Reacting Volumes
The user can specify volume available for reaction (effective volume) per stage
for both liquid and vapor phase reactions in the Column Tray Effective Reaction
Volumes window accessible from the Reaction Selection window. A tabulation of
tray numbers and the respective volumes is provided for data entry. This
specification is used in calculating the rate of kinetic reaction.
Nonvolatile Catalyst
Components that catalyse a reaction without volatilizing can be selected and the
quantity of their charge specified as an amount or a fraction in the Column - NonVolatile Catalyst for Boiling Pot window accessible from the Column - Reaction
Selection window.
Noncondensibles
Noncondensing components can be specified in the Column - Non-Condensing
Components window accessible from the Column Reaction Selection window.
Subroutine/Procedure Data
Data used for user-added subroutines and kinetic procedures can be specified in
the form of Integer, Real and Supplemental Data entries in the Column - User
Subroutine and Procedure Data window accessible from the Column - Reaction
Selection window via the Subroutine/Procedure Data button. See the Reaction
Data and Procedure Data sections, in this chapter, for detailed information on the
data requirements for these utility modules.
Chapter 9
completely specify any of the above reaction types (except stoichiometry) can be
changed in the data entry fields accessible via the Enter Data button under the
Additional Data column for the respective reaction.
Instructions for entering data for the three types of reactions (Kinetic, Equilibrium
and Conversion) are covered in detail, in the Reaction Data section of this
chapter.
Calculated Phases
Select the appropriate phase system in the drop-down list box on the Column
main data entry window. All distillation algorithms support the default phase
system of vapor/liquid. The Sure and Chemdist algorithms also support the
vapor/liquid/liquid system. In addition, the Sure and Enhanced IO algorithms
support the phase system vapor/liquid/water that allows a free water phase on
any tray of a column.
Number of Trays
Enter the number of trays in the model, in the data entry field provided on the
Column main data entry window. Every Column must have at least two trays.
There is no limit on the number of trays in a Column.
Number of Iterations
Supply the number of iterations in the data entry field provided on the Column
main data entry window. The number of iterations corresponds to the number of
outer loop trials for the Inside-Out algorithm and the number of trial solutions for
the other algorithms. A nonconvergence is flagged when this number of iterations
is performed and the column equations are not satisfied within the tolerances.
The default values are 15 for the Inside-Out algorithm, 10 for the Sure algorithm
and 20 for the Chemdist algorithm.
Pressure Profile
The pressure for every tray in a column model must be defined. All calculations
are performed at the defined tray pressures. Define the tray pressures in the
Column Pressure Profile window which you may reach by clicking Pressure
Profile on the Column main data entry window. Tray pressures may be
supplied on an overall or tray-by-tray mode by choosing a radio button in this
window.
For the overall mode, supply the top tray pressure (tray two for columns with
condensers) and either the pressure drop per tray or the total pressure drop
March 2007
aross the column. A default value of zero is supplied for the pressure drop per
tray and the column pressure drop. All tray pressures are derived by linear
application of the supplied pressure drop.
Individual tray pressures are supplied for the tray by tray mode. Note that the top
and bottom trays must be included when supplying a table of individual tray
pressures. Missing pressures are determined by linear interpolation of supplied
values. This method is useful for defining the pressure profile for columns with
irregular pressure profiles such as refinery vacuum units.
Condensers
The condenser is always a heat sink on tray one. It is defined in the Column
Condenser window, which you may access by clicking Condenser on the
Column main data entry window. The top products from columns with
condensers correspond to the products from the reflux accumulator drum. The
pressure for all types of condensers is supplied in this window.
The condenser type is selected with the appropriate radio button from the
following options:
Partial: This condenser is an equilibrium stage and may or may not have a net
liquid product as well as vapor product. The net liquid product, if present, is
defined as a Fixed rate liquid draw from tray one. The condenser temperature is
the dew point of the equilibrium vapor. An optional estimate for the condenser
temperature may be supplied in the Column Condenser window. The condenser
pressure and duty may also be supplied.
Bubble Temperature: The tray two vapor is cooled to a bubble point liquid
phase. While one portion is returned as reflux to tray two, the other portion is
withdrawn as the Overhead product from the column. An optional estimate for
the condenser temperature may be supplied in the Column Condenser window.
The condenser pressure and duty may also be supplied.
Subcooled, Fixed Temperature: The tray two vapor is cooled below its
bubble point as defined by a subcooled temperature provided in this window.
PRO/II ascertains that the product is subcooled, and if, not, signals a
nonconvergence condition with an appropriate diagnostic message. The
subcooled liquid product is designated the Overhead product from the column.
The condenser pressure and duty may also be supplied.
Subcooled, Fixed Temperature Drop: This condenser is the same as the
subcooled type described above except that the degrees of subcooling below the
product bubble point is defined, always resulting in a subcooled Overhead
product. The duty and pressure for the condenser may also be supplied in this
Chapter 9
Reboilers
Column reboilers are described in the Column Reboiler window which is entered
via the Reboiler button on the Column main data entry window. The reboiler type
is selected with a radio button on this form.
The default type is the Kettle (Conventional) reboiler, which corresponds to a
duty on the bottom tray of the column with the equilibrium liquid withdrawn as the
Bottoms product.
For both Inside-Out and Enhanced IO algorithm, following reboiler types are
available to the user.
For other algorithms, only default type is made available to the user.
The thermosiphon without baffles type corresponds to the case when the Column
bottom product and reboiler feed are withdrawn from a common sump.
Note: Thermosiphon reboilers with baffles in which the reboiler return flows into
the reboiler sump and overflows to the product sump are equivalent to the no
baffles type for simulation purposes and should be modeled as such.
One specification may be selected for thermosiphon reboilers by choosing the
appropriate radio button and entering a value in the field provided. Choices
include:
An estimate for the return fluid liquid fraction or circulation rate, as is applicable,
may be given to enhance convergence. The duty for the reboiler may also be
supplied in this data entry window, if desired. If the duty is designated as a
parameter to vary, any supplied duty is used as an estimate.
March 2007
Flash Zones
The Flash Zone calculation models a fired heater added to a tray in an Inside-Out
column. Flash zones are associated with column heaters when a feed stream
entering the column is heated in a separate furnace. The furnace is considered
as an additional theoretical stage. Liquid from the tray above the flash zone or
vapor from the tray below the flash zone could enter the flash zone or they can
bypass it. Data entry fields for flash zones can be accessed through the likenamed button on the Heater data entry window. Specification options include
fired heater efficiency, vapor and liquid by-pass fractions and transfer line
temperature drop.
Overall, or,
By Individual Trays
RATEFRAC
Chapter 9
For the Overall option, the heat leak duty for all of the trays except the reboiler
and condenser is given on a per tray basis or total column basis. A heat leak may
also be provided for the condenser and the reboiler, if desired.
For the By Individual Trays option, heat leak duties for ranges of trays are
supplied as tabular input. At least two values must be supplied. Heat leaks for
trays not given, but which lie between trays with defined heat leaks, are
determined by linear interpolation.
Note: If you are working with RATEFRAC routines, this option is disabled.
RATEFRAC
March 2007
Initial Estimates
All column algorithms use an iterative solution technique, starting from an initial
estimate of the tray temperature, flow and composition profiles. The initial
estimate may be produced internally using an initial estimate generator and/or
provided by the user as initial profile data. User-supplied profiles may also be
used to selectively replace values produced by an estimate generator.
Click Initial Estimates on the Column main data entry window to enter the
Column Initial Estimates window. To use an initial estimate generator, select the
generator method from the drop-down list box. Methods provided are:
Simple: Profiles are determined by a simple material balance. Temperatures are
determined from estimated product compositions. This model is quick and
adequate for simple column configurations.
Conventional: A general method designed to produce an adequate estimate for
most distillation problems. Shortcut calculations are used to estimate the product
flows and compositions. The compositions are used to estimate temperatures.
Internal flows are estimated by using the product flows and a reflux estimate.
This method works best for conventional fractionators with condensers and
reboilers in which classic Fenske techniques provide reasonable results. Special
techniques are also included for absorbers and strippers.
Refinery: This method is designed for complex refinery columns which have
bottom steam instead of reboilers such as crude and vacuum columns, F.C.C.
main fractionators, etc. These columns may also have side columns,
pumparound cooling circuits, and decanted water at the overhead accumulator. A
multi-product shortcut technique developed by SIMSCI is used for these
columns. The user-supplied estimates for the product rates are used in the
shortcut model. Adjustments in the profiles are made for side coolers.
Chemical: This generator should be restricted to highly nonideal chemical
distillation problems. The method is time-consuming and uses successive series
of adiabatic flashes up and down the column to establish the tray compositions.
When using an estimate generator, you may optionally provide temperature
estimates for the following trays: condenser, top tray, bottom tray of column, and
reboiler. You may also provide an estimate for the reflux rate or reflux ratio.
When no reflux estimate is provided by the user, PRO/II supplies a reflux ratio of
3.0 (which solves many columns). Any supplied data replaces values predicted
by the estimate generator.
Chapter 9
When an initial estimate generator is not used, the minimum data which must be
supplied as input profiles are tray temperatures and flows, either vapor, liquid, or
a combination thereof. Note that the minimum data which may be supplied are
the temperatures and flows for the top and bottom trays for the column. While
these are the minimum data required, they are rarely adequate to produce an
acceptable initial estimate. It may also be desirable to provide solution profiles
from a converged solution to speed future calculations with a column model.
Initial profiles are entered in tables accessed by clicking the following buttons on
the Column Initial Estimates window:
RATEFRAC
March 2007
Performance Specifications
Performance specifications or SPECs may be imposed on a column operation
such that product stream flows or properties, column internal flows, column tray
temperatures, etc., are at desired values in the solution. For each SPEC, a
degree of freedom or VARY must be calculated. For a column, a VARY may be a
feed stream rate, heat duty, or the draw rate for a fixed rate draw. Furthermore,
for convergence to be achieved, there must be a direct effect on all of the SPECs
by the collective set of VARYs.
To supply SPECs and define VARYs for a column, click
PerformanceSpecifications on the main Column data entry window to access the
Column Specifications and Variables window. SPECs and VARYs are entered or
edited by clicking on the hypertext strings. PRO/II requires that there be an equal
number of SPECs and VARYs. Thus, whenever you add or delete a SPEC, you
are required to add or delete a VARY.
SPECs and VARYs use the general form in PRO/II and are discussed more fully
in the SPEC/VARY/DEFINE section of this chapter. A list of the stream and
column parameters which may be used for SPECs and VARYs is also given in
that section.
Convergence Data
Convergence data include Convergence Parameters, Convergence Tolerances,
Homotopy Options for Convergence Specifications and Convergence History
(printout options) for Column iterations. These data are entered in the Column
Convergence Data window accessible via the Convergence Data button on the
Column main data entry window.
Chapter 9
Convergence Tolerances
Tolerances for the column equations may also be changed although this should
rarely, if ever, be done and never as a means to reach a converged solution.
Tolerances are:
Bubble Point: The maximum bubble point error for each tray.The default is 10 -3
Enthalpy Balance: The maximum heat balance error for each tray. The default
is 10-3 .
Equilibrium K-value: The maximum allowable relative change in a component
K-value generated in the outer loop of the Inside-Out algorithm versus
the last value used in the inner loop.The default is 10-3 . Not used for the
RATEFRAC routines.
Component Balance: The maximum relative component balance error for each
tray. Not used for the Inside-Out algorithm. The default is 10-3 .
RATEFRAC
March 2007
Convergence History
Printout of the column iterations is useful in the diagnosis of a convergence
failure. History printout for the iterations may be requested by selecting the
printout level desired for the following options.
RATEFRAC
Chapter 9
Tray Hydraulics
Tray hydraulic calculations may be used to size new columns and to rate existing
tray or packed columns. To perform sizing or rating calculations, click Tray and
Packing Data on the Column main data entry window. For sizing and rating
purposes, the column is divided into sections of trays or packing on the Column
Tray Hydraulics window. Enter tray/packing sizing and rating information in the
Column Tray/Packing Rating or Column Tray/Packing Sizing windows accessible
via the Enter Data button. The Glitsch valve tray method is used to perform the
tray calculations. The valve tray results are derated by five and twenty percent
respectively, to represent the performance of sieve and bubble cap trays.
For packed columns, random or structured packings are available, as are various
types of metallic and ceramic rings and saddles.
For sizing calculations, column diameter for each tray is sized independently to
meet the specified or default flooding criteria. The largest diameter in each
section is then selected and the entire section is rerated using the largest
required standard diameter.
For rating calculations, the percent of flood is calculated for each tray. The
feature of multiple sections of trays is useful in representing existing columns,
which often have a variety of tray and downcomer arrangements.
Column RATEFRAC routines tray options may be used to select the following
Vapor and liquid mixing characteristics
Correlation used to calculate Mass, Heat Transfer and Interfacial Area.
Base Segment: Enter the Tray number on which the characteristics need to be
set. Base Segment will be made available to the user only if you have selected
the following in the Column Tray Hydraulics dialog box:
Internal Tray
Calculation Type - Sizing
Liquid/Vapor Mixing: Select the appropriate Liquid/Vapor Mixing characteristics
from the drop list:
Complete
Linear
Logarithmic
The options are explained below:
RATEFRAC
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This option indicates that there is a linear concentration profile across the
tray.
Logarithmic
the tray.
Heat Transfer
Check Correlation and Select Chilton - Colburn Correlation from the drop-down
list to calculate Heat Transfer.
Mass Transfer
Check Correlation and select the appropriate correlation name from the dropdown list to calculate Mass Transfer:
Scheffe & Weiland (Internals - Trays and Sizing calculation type)
Chan & Fair (Internals - Trays and Rating calculation type)
RATEFRAC
Chapter 9
Rocha 1996 (Internals - Structured Packing and for both Sizing and
Rating calculation type)
Onda (Internals - Random Packing and for both Sizing and Rating
calculation type)
Interfacial Area
Select any of the listed correlation to calculate Interfacial Area:
Scheffe & Weiland (Internals - Trays and Sizing calculation type)
Chan & Fair (Internals - Trays and Rating calculation type)
Rocha 1996 (Internals - Structured Packing and for both Sizing and
Rating calculation type)
Onda (Internals - Random Packing and for both Sizing and Rating
calculation type)
Bravo (Internals - Random Packing and for both Sizing and Rating
calculation type)
If the user-defined correlation is available for any of the parameters mentioned
above, check Subroutine and select the user-defined correlation from the dropdown list.
Tray Efficiencies
All trays in a column model are treated as equilibrium stages or theoretical trays
unless one of the tray efficiency models is used. This implies that the user must
apply some type of tray efficiency to the actual number of trays in the column, to
determine the number of theoretical trays to use in the model. Engineers typically
use overall tray efficiency factors based on experience to convert actual trays to
theoretical trays. This is almost always the best manner in which to model tray
efficiency, since generalized correlations for overall tray efficiency are
nonexistent in the literature.
For the Inside-Out algorithm, PRO/II provides several tray efficiency models:
Murphree
Equilibrium
Vaporization.
For the Chemdist algorithm, only the Vaporization model may be used.
However, none of these models predicts the overall tray efficiency. All of the
models use an equation or factor to adjust the equilibrium vapor composition
leaving a tray. The models are useful for tuning a tray or a few trays in a Column
model, but their general application to all trays in a column is not recommended.
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To use tray efficiencies, click Tray Efficiencies on the Column main data entry
window to enter the Column Tray Efficiency window.Select the efficiency model
with a radio button and click Efficiency Data to begin the tabular entry of tray
efficiencies. Tray efficiencies may be given for all components on a tray or
selected components on a tray. An overall scaling factor may also be provided to
be applied to all tray efficiencies. This factor may be adjusted by a Controller unit
to meet a desired SPEC.
Side Columns
A column using the Inside-Out or Sure algorithm may have attached Side
Columns, where a Side Column is a stripper or rectifier. The Side Column draws
feed from the main Column and returns a product to the main Column. A finished
product is withdrawn from the Side Column.
Side Columns are attached as part of the flowsheet construction in the PFD main
window. They may be completed and edited by double-clicking on the side
column icon on the PFD. The side column data entry windows are identical to the
Column main data entry windows with the exception that irrelevant features are
eliminated.
The Inside-Out algorithm merges a side column with the main column, for
calculations. This simultaneous approach means that the SPECs and VARYs for
the main column and side columns need not be balanced provided that the
SPECs and VARYs for the total column configuration are balanced.
The Sure algorithm solves side columns as separate columns in recycle. This
approach is more time consuming, and demands that the SPECs and VARYs for
the main column and every side column are balanced.
The Chemdist algorithm does not permit side columns.
Print Options
Click Print Options on the Column main data entry window to enter the Column
Print Options data entry window. Select the desired report options with the check
boxes provided. To request plotted results, click Plot Column Results and
select the desired plots with the check boxes on the Column Plot Options data
entry window.
Chapter 9
Thermodynamic Systems
A thermodynamic system is required for the equilibrium calculations on each tray.
The thermodynamic system may be changed from the global default in the
Column Thermodynamic Systems data entry window, which is reached by
clicking Thermodynamic Systems on the Column main data entry window. A
single thermodynamic system may be defined for the complete column or
different systems may be used in individual sections of the column.
If a vapor/liquid equilibrium thermodynamic system is used for part of a column
with the Chemdist or RATEFRAC algorithm, additional checks may be performed
to determine which trays have two liquid phases by clicking the Test for VLLE or
VLE Trays check box. The thermodynamic system is then changed to a
vapor/liquid/liquid system for those trays.
If you are working with RATEFRAC routines, Test for VLLE or VLE Trays can
be performed by entering appropriate data in Column- VLLE Test Data window.
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Chapter 9
Overhead, Bottoms, Fixed Rate Draw, and Pseudoproduct. Every column must
have an overhead product leaving tray one and a bottoms product leaving the
highest numbered tray. The product phase may be Light Liquid (Liquid 1) or
Heavy Liquid (Liquid 2).
Product rates must be supplied for all draw products. Rates may be supplied in
molar, mass, or liquid volume units. An estimated value must also be provided for
either the overhead or bottoms product. The estimated value for the overhead or
bottoms rate should be as accurate as possible to enhance convergence. It is
necessary to use a Performance Specification to set a desired flow for the
overhead or bottoms product.
Pseudoproducts
Pseudoproducts are used to create streams corresponding to column internal
streams, making them available for flowsheet calculations. Pseudoproducts are
defined in the Column Pseudoproducts window accessible via the
Pseudoproducts button on the Column Feeds and Products window. The
following types of pseudoproducts are available:
Column Algorithm
The solution algorithm is selected in the drop-down list box on the Column main
data entry window. The Inside-Out (default), Sure, and Chemdist algorithms are
for distillation columns. To specify a liquid-liquid extraction column, select the
Liquid-Liquid option.
Calculated Phases
When the Liquid-Liquid algorithm is selected, the phase system will automatically
be set to liquid/liquid.
Number of Trays
The number of trays in the model is entered in the data entry field provided on
the Column main data entry window. Every Column must have at least two trays.
There is no limit on the number of trays in a Column.
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Number of Iterations
The maximum number of trial solutions is supplied in the data entry field provided
on the Column main data entry window. The default value is 30 for the LiquidLiquid algorithm.
Pressure Profile
The pressure for every tray in a column model must be defined. All calculations
are performed at the defined tray pressures. The tray pressures are defined in
the Column Pressure Profile window, which is reached by clicking Pressure
Profile on the Column main data entry window. Tray pressures may be
supplied on an overall or tray by tray mode by choosing a radio button in this
window.
For the overall mode, the top tray pressure must be supplied and either the
pressure drop per tray or the total pressure drop aross the column. A default
value of zero is supplied for the pressure drop per tray and the column pressure
drop. All tray pressures are derived by linear application of the supplied pressure
drop.
Individual tray pressures are supplied for the tray by tray mode. Note that the top
and bottom trays must be included when supplying a table of individual tray
pressures. Missing pressures are determined by linear interpolation of supplied
values.
Initial Estimates
The Liquid-Liquid algorithm uses an iterative solution technique, starting from an
initial estimate of the tray temperature, flow and composition profiles. By default,
the initial estimate is produced internally using the initial estimate generator.
Chapter 9
User-supplied profiles may be used to replace some or all of the values produced
by the estimate generator.
Click Initial Estimates on the Column main data entry window to enter the
Column Initial Estimates window.
When using the initial estimate generator, profiles are determined by a simple
material balance. Temperatures are determined from estimated product
compositions. You may optionally provide temperature estimates for the top and
bottom trays which replace values predicted by the estimate generator, as well
as an estimate of the ratio of the liquid flows on tray 1.
When the initial estimate generator is not used, the data which must be supplied
as input profiles are tray temperatures and flows, either light or heavy liquid, or a
combination thereof. Note that the minimum data which may be supplied are the
temperatures and flows for the top and bottom trays for the column. While these
are the minimum data required, they are rarely adequate to produce an
acceptable initial estimate. It may also be desirable to provide solution profiles
from a converged solution to speed future calculations with a column model.
Initial profiles are entered in tables accessed by clicking the following buttons on
the Column Initial Estimates window: Net Vapor Rate ,
Vapor Composition , Tray Temperature , Liquid Composition
and Net Liquid Rate . Composition estimates are rarely needed for
most problems.
Performance Specifications
Performance specifications or SPECs may be imposed on a liquid-liquid
extraction column operation such that product stream flows or properties, column
internal flows, column tray temperatures, etc., are at desired values in the
solution. For each SPEC, a degree of freedom or VARY must be calculated. For
a liquid-liquid extraction column, a VARY may be a feed stream rate, heat duty,
or draw rate. Furthermore, for convergence to be achieved, there must be a
direct effect on all of the SPECs by the collective set of VARYs.
To supply SPECs and define VARYs, access the Column Specifications and
Variables window via the Performance Specifications button on the main
Column data entry window. SPECs and VARYs are entered or edited via the
hypertext strings. PRO/II requires that there be an equal number of SPECs and
VARYs. Thus, when a SPEC is added or deleted, you are required to add or
delete a VARY.
SPECs and VARYs use the general form in PRO/II and are discussed more fully
in the SPEC/VARY/DEFINE section of this chapter. A list of the stream and
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liquid-liquid extraction column parameters which may be used for SPECs and
VARYs is also given in this section.
Convergence Data
Convergence data include algorithm tuning parameters, tolerances, and history
printout options for Column iterations. Open the Column Convergence Data
window via the Convergence Data button on the Column main data entry
window to enter these data. The tuning parameters are as follows:
Damping Factor: A damping factor of less than unity may be used to improve
convergence when the convergence is oscillating. A default value of 1.0 is
supplied by PRO/II.
Error Increase Factor: This factor limits the increase in the sum of the errors
from iteration to iteration. PRO/II supplies a default value of 100.
Note: The use of tuning factors usually increases the solution time. Tolerances
for the liquid-liquid extraction column equations may also be changed although
this should rarely, if ever, be done and never as a means to reach a converged
solution.
Tolerances are:
Liquid-liquid: The maximum liquid-liquid equilibrium tolerance (equal to the
bubble point tolerance for VLE) for each tray. The default is 10-3 .
Enthalpy Balance: The maximum heat balance error for each tray. The default
is 10-3 .
Component Balance: The maximum relative component balance error for each
tray. The default is 10-3 .
Printout of the liquid-liquid extraction column iterations is useful in
diagnosis of a convergence failure. History printout for the iterations may be
requested by clicking Convergence Data and selecting the printout level
desired.
Print Options
Click Print Options on the Column main data entry window to enter the Column
Print Options data entry window. Select the desired report options with the check
boxes provided. To request plotted results, click Plot Column Results and
select the desired plots with the check boxes on the Column Plot Options data
entry window.
Chapter 9
Thermodynamic Options
A thermodynamic system which supports liquid-liquid equilibrium is required for
the equilibrium calculations on each tray. The thermodynamic system may be
changed from the global default in the Column Thermodynamic Systems data
entry window which is reached by clicking Thermodynamic Systems on the
Column main data entry window. A single thermodynamic system may be
defined for the complete column or different systems may be used in individual
sections of the column.
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Column, Side
General Information
The Side Column unit operation models side strippers and side rectifiers
associated with a main Column. The Side Column model is currently restricted to
the Inside-Out, Enhanced I/O and Sure algorithms. See Column Algorithm in the
Distillation Column discussion (page 191) for further information on these
methods. Side Columns always use the same distillation algorithm as the main
Column. Multiple Side Columns attached to one main Column are possible and,
in fact, are common practice in the petroleum refining industry.
Solution Methods
Solution methods for Side Columns vary with the algorithm. The Inside-Out (and
Enhanced I/O) algorithm merges the Side Column with the main column and
solves the complex column arrangement simultaneously.
There are three benefits to this approach:
For example, the last benefit permits the use of both a D86 (5%) and a D86
(95%) specification for a side stripper product. To solve this same set of
specifications with the Sure method requires the use of a Multi-variable Controller
unit wrapped around the main column/side column units.
The Sure method solves each side column separately from the main column and
uses recycle streams to relate the side column and main column. While special
recycle logic is used to converge the column/ side column recycle problem, this
method has three disadvantages when compared to the Inside-Out column
simultaneous treatment:
Chapter 9
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Chapter 9
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Compressor
General Information
The Compressor simulates a single stage isentropic compression. Outlet
conditions and work requirements may be determined using either an adiabatic
or polytropic efficiency. Optional tabular input may be used to determine
performance from supplied curves for outlet pressure or pressure ratio, head,
work, and/or efficiency. An optional aftercooler calculation may be included. Both
VLE and VLLE calculations are supported. Multistage compressors may be
modeled by linking single stage compressor units.
Chapter 9
March 2007
ref
]3.0
Aftercooler Option
An aftercooler may be added via the Aftercooler icon on the Compressor main
data entry window and supplying the cooler outlet temperature and pressure drop
in the Compressor Aftercooler window.
Chapter 9
Calculation Method
The method used to calculate the Compressor head may be selected by clicking
Calculation Method on the Compressor main data entry window to access the
Compressor Calculational Mode window. The method may be chosen with the
radio buttons provided, with choices as follows:
GPSA Engineering Data Book: The GPSA Data Book equation is used to
compute head.
ASME Power Test Code 10: The ASME Power Test Code 10 equation is used
to compute head. This method, the default, is the most rigorous.
The compression ratio above which the head equation is used to compute the
isentropic/ polytropic coefficient may also be supplied in this window. This entry
only applies to the GPSA method, with a default value of 1.15 supplied. Below
this compression ratio, the GPSA temperature equation is used to compute the
isentropic/polytropic coefficients.
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system of methods to be used for compressor calculations
may be selected by choosing a method from the Thermodynamic Systems dropdown list box on the Compressor main data entry window.
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Controller
General Information
The Controller simulates the action of a feedback process controlled by adjusting
an upstream flowsheet parameter to achieve a specified result for a process
stream or unit operation. A controller must have one SPECification and one
VARY, where the SPEC may be a stream flowrate or property, a unit operating
condition, or a Calculator result. The control variable (VARY) must be a stream or
unit operation flowsheet parameter that is otherwise at a fixed value in the
flowsheet.
Specification
The SPECification is supplied via the appropriate underlined hypertext in the
Specification field of the Feedback Controller main data entry window (accessed
by double-clicking on the Controller flowsheet icon). By clicking the hypertext
string Parameter, the Parameter window appears in which you can select the unit
parameter or stream parameter to use as the SPEC. The SPEC may be a single
parameter or a mathematical expression that relates two flowsheet parameters.
You may next enter the value and the tolerance for the SPEC by clicking the
appropriate linked text. See the SPEC/VARY/DEFINE section of this chapter for
further details on the generalized SPEC form used in PRO/II.
Variable
The control variable (VARY) is selected by clicking the linked text string
Parameter in the Variable field of the Feedback Controller window. The
Parameter window is used to designate the stream or unit parameter to use for
the VARY in a manner analogous to that used in selecting the SPEC above. The
SPEC/VARY/DEFINE section of this chapter gives more information on the
VARY concept. You will also find tables of the flowsheet variables that may be
used for SPECs and VARYs in controller units.
Chapter 9
Parameters
Several parameters regarding the operation of the Controller may be supplied on
this section of the Feedback Controller window. You may change the maximum
number of iterations from the default value of 10. Use the radio buttons may to
select the action taken when the control variable exceeds the prescribed limits:
Nonconvergence of Controllers
The controller uses a Newton-Rhapson technique to search for the value of the
control variable that meets the specified flowsheet parameter result. Therefore, it
is important that there be a continuous and monotonic relationship between the
control variable and the specification. Control functions with discontinuities or
localized maxima and minima may fail to converge or converge to an undesired
result.
For some cases, the limits and step sizes entries may keep the control function
within a range of feasible solutions.
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Chapter 9
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Crystallizer
General Information
The Crystallizer unit operation simulates crystallization processes for the
manufacture of organics, inorganics, fertilizers, biochemicals and polymers. The
crystallizer transforms a supersaturated solution into a mixed solid/liquid crystal
slurry.
The crystallizer is modeled as a Mixed Suspension Mixed Product Removal
(MSMPR) crystallizer or Continuous Stirred Tank Crystallizer (CSTC). These
models assume ideal mixing in the unit and that the product conditions are the
same as the bulk conditions. The model also assumes that breakage or
agglomeration of solid particles is negligible. A feed heat exchanger may be
included in the model with recirculation if required.
The crystallization process depends on phase equilibria as well as kinetic or
nonequilibrium considerations. Solid-liquid equilibrium is defined in terms of
solubility, which is calculated from either the Van't Hoff equation or user-supplied
solubility data.
You must select Design or Rating calculations in the Crystallizer Calculation
Mode window. In design mode, a specification is required and the volume is
calculated. In the rating mode, the vessel volume is defined.
The formation rate relationships are expressed as power law expressions in the
Crystallizer Growth and Nucleation Rates window. These relationships are
similar to equations for power law kinetics used for chemical reactions. Full
details of the calculation method can be found in the PRO/II Reference Manual.
Chapter 9
Unit Specification
A Crystallizer unit operation is specified by filling in the appropriate data variables
for Solute and Solvent, Crystal Shape Factor, Calculation Mode, Design
Specification (in Design Mode) and Growth and Nucleation Rates in the
appropriate data entry windows that may be accessed through the Crystallizer
main data entry window that is accessed by double-clicking the Crystallizer unit
icon.
Calculation Mode
Click Calculation Mode to specify the Design or Rating calculation mode.
In Design mode, a specification is required and the vessel volume is calculated.
Specification options are:
Crystal Production Rate: Enter the production rate of the crystals in weight
units.
Fraction of Solute Crystallized: Enter the fraction of the total solute in the
combined feeds that is to be crystallized.
Magma Density in the Bottom Product: Enter the density of the bottom product
as weight of crystals per unit volume of slurry.
Supersaturation Ratio: Enter the supersaturation ratio which is defined as:
(Xexit-Xsat)/Xsat
where:
Xexit is the liquid phase mole fraction of the solute in the bottom product, and
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Xsat is the saturation mole fraction of the solute in the bottom product.
In Rating mode, the vessel volume is defined.
Operating Conditions
Click Operating Conditions to specify Crystallizer Operating Conditions. By
default, the crystallizer operates at the combined feed temperature and pressure
with no recirculation.
Pressure Specification: The pressure may be specified as a drop below the
combined feed pressure or you may specify the pressure value directly.
Second Specification: If an option other than At Merged Feed Temperature is
selected, the unit is assumed to include a feed heat exchanger. You may specify
either the crystallizer operating Temperature or the Duty of the exchanger.
Recirculation Flowrate: Some of the bottom product may be remixed with the
feed and passed through the feed exchanger. To specify this option, you must
either specify the recirculation Volumetric Rate or the Temperature Change
across the exchanger. A negative change denotes a temperature drop.
Alternatively, instead of entering a numeric value for the parameters in this
window, they may be referenced using the DEFINE system relative to any
available unit operation or stream parameter calculated elsewhere in the
simulation. See the table of Crystallizer Parameters available for CrossReferencing in the online help for more details.
Chapter 9
Print Options
Click Print Options to access the Crystallizer Print Options window.
Check the Include Crystal Size Distribution box to request additional output
including tables of fractions and population densities for the feed and product
streams as functions of the crystal size distribution.
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Cyclone
General Information
The Cyclone unit operation models the separation of particulate solids from a
solid and gas stream. The particulate collection efficiency is determined by the
solids loading, component characteristics, particle size distribution, stream
flowrate, and cyclone geometry. The Cyclone unit operation will calculate the
collection efficiency for every particle size range of each solid component as well
as the pressure drop through the unit. The Cyclone is assumed to operate
isothermally and mechanisms such as agglomeration and crumbling are
discounted.
Unit Specification
A cyclone unit operation is specified by filling in the appropriate real and integer
data variables for operating mode, geometry, pressure drop calculations,
efficiency calculations, and multiple cyclone configuration in the Gas/Solid
Cyclone main data entry window that is accessed by double-clicking the Cyclone
unit icon on the PFD.
Rating Mode
If you select Rating Mode, you must supply the diameter of the cyclone. The
other dimensions of the cyclone will be generated from the diameter. If you select
User Defined Geometry, you must also enter all of the geometric ratios as
described below. In Rating Mode, PRO/II will calculate: pressure drop, total
efficiency, component efficiencies, grade efficiencies and weight percent solids in
the overhead stream.
Chapter 9
Design Mode
If you select Design Mode, you need not provide the cyclone diameter. Again, if
you select User Defined Geometry, you must enter all of the geometric ratios as
described below. In addition, you must specify a target for total solids collection
(see entry for RPARM(13) below). You may also wish to override the default
maximum pressure drop of 10 inches of water by entering a value in whatever
input pressure units you prefer (see entry for RPARM(16) below). In addition to
the normal Rating Mode output, Design Mode will calculate the number and size
of identical cyclones that are necessary to meet the specification. There may be
many cyclone systems that meet the specification. In all cases, Design Mode will
return the system requiring the fewest cyclones.
Multiple Cyclones
The Cyclone can model a system of identical cyclones that are arranged either in
parallel or in series. In the case of parallel cyclones, the feed streams are split
evenly among the cyclones. The overhead products from all cyclones merge into
one overhead and the bottoms products from all cyclones merge into one bottom
stream. In the case of series cyclones, the overhead from the first cyclone is the
feed to the second and so on. The overhead product is the overhead product
from the final cyclone while the bottom product is the combined bottom product
from all the cyclones in the system. Both product streams are at the outlet
pressure of the final cyclone in the system. It is not possible to specify recycle
streams inside the unit or to reference intermediate stage data from the
flowsheet. For example, if you wish to set a specification on the second cyclone
in a three-cyclone series or set a recycle from the second cyclone to the first
cyclone, you should model the system as three separate units. Note that while
increasing the number of identical cyclones will increase efficiency and pressure
drop in a series system, it will decrease the efficiency and pressure drop in a
parallel system.
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(the diameter of the particles which are collected with 50% efficiency). The API
method is based on a ratio of particle diameter to critical diameter (the diameter
of particles which would be collected at 100%). The Koch & Licht method is not
based on a particle size ratio.
Pressure Model (IPARM(3)) This input is optional. Options for both Rating and
Design mode are:
1. Koch & Licht (default)
2. API
If the cyclone is inside another vessel, the API method allows values for the Inlet
Width Ratio and the Superficial Gas Velocity (described later in the section titled
Real Data for Unit) to be specified.
Cyclone Geometry (IPARM(4)) This input is optional. Options for both
Rating and Design mode are:
1. Stairmand (default)
2. High efficiency Swift
3. Lapple
4. General purpose Swift
5. Peterson & Whitby
6. User-defined geometry
If the user-defined geometry is used, values must be specified for the inlet height
ratio, inlet width ratio, cyclone dust outlet diameter ratio, cyclone gas outlet
diameter ratio, gas outlet tube length ratio, height of cylindrical section ratio, and
total cyclone height ratio as appropriate for the calculation method used as
shown.
Inlet Vane Flag (IPARM(5)) This input is optional. Options for both Rating and
Design mode are:
1. No (default)
2. Yes
Shape of Gas Inlet Flag (IPARM(6)) This input is optional. Options for both
Rating and Design mode are:
1. Tangential (default)
2. Scroll or volute
3. Axial
Cyclone is inside Vessel Flag (IPARM(7)) This input is optional. Options for
both Rating and Design mode are:
1. No (default)
2. Yes
Chapter 9
For a value of 2, the Inlet Width Ratio and the Superficial Gas Velocity must be
specified. Dipleg Size is calculated if the value of 2 is entered.
Efficiency Adjustment Due to Loading Flag (IPARM(8)) This input is optional.
Options for both Rating and Design mode are:
1. Adjust (default)
2. Do not Adjust
Automatically Switch Pressure Drop Model (IPARM(9)) This input is optional.
Options for both Rating and Design mode are:
1. Do not Switch (default)
2. Switch
This entry allows changes to be made automatically in the pressure drop model
between the Koch & Licht and API methods based on solids loading.
Configuration of Multiple Cyclones Flag (IPARM(10)) This input is optional.
Options for both Rating and Design mode are:
1. Parallel (default)
2. Series
Number of Identical Cyclones (Series or Parallel) (IPARM(11)) This input is
optional and is for Rating Mode only. The default value is 1 cyclone.
Number of Particle Size to be Specified (IPARM(12)) This input is optional and
is for Rating Mode only. This and the following entry can be used
together to specify the component and PSD size range whose weight
fraction in the overhead will be output to RPARM(64). This latter value
can be accessed by a Controller, MVC or Optimizer.
For example, if a solid with PSD data: 10, 20, 30, 40 (in default input units) is
required to have a weight fraction of 0.20 in size range 20 to 30, the
value for this entry would be 2 (the second size range) and the value for
a DEFINE statement would be 0.20. The default value is 1 (the first size
range).
Number of the Component to be Specified (IPARM(13)) This input is optional
and is for Rating Mode only. This optional input is the number of the
component with particle size distribution data to be used in the design.
The default is the first solid component with a PSD that the design mode
may evaluate.
Maximum Number of Cyclones (IPARM(14)) This input is optional and is for
Design Mode only. The value indicates the number of cyclones in parallel
or series as appropriate based on the value specified above for the
Configuration of Multiple Cyclones Flag. The default is 20 for parallel and
3 for series.
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Chapter 9
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Chapter 9
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Depressuring Unit
General Information
The Depressuring Unit simulates the time-pressure-temperature relationships
that occur when a vessel is depressured through a relief or control valve. Several
different valve models, vessel configurations and models for heat flow into the
unit are available. An optional external makeup stream may also be specified.
The initial phase of the vessel contents may be either a vapor or a vapor-liquid
mixture.
Calculation Options
Calculation options include procedures from API Standard 2000, API
Recommended Practice 520, and other industry standards.
Chapter 9
The default value for the Volume Tolerance per Time Step is 0.0001. The default
value for the Maximum Number of Time Steps allowed in the depressuring
simulation is 100.
The default value for the Time Step size is calculated using default values for the
sizing parameters. User-supplied values for the parameters used in this
calculation may be entered via the appropriate hypertext string. The step size
basis is selected from a pop-up list, which includes
a. total fluid quantity in increments of the amount* (a constant)
b. vapor quantity in increments of the amount* (a constant), or
c. the smaller of (1) or (2).
The default selection for time step size basis is (1). If either (1) or (2) is selected,
a user-supplied value for the constants can be entered in the pop-up float field.
For the time step size basis of (1), the default value of the constant is 0.04. For
(2), the default value of the constant is 0.50.
Valve Data
Data can be entered on the Depressuring Valve Data window to define the flow
characteristics of the relief valve or control valve. This window is brought up by
clicking Valve Data on the Depressuring Unit main data entry window. A Valve
Model must be selected from the four choices by choosing the appropriate radio
button. The available valve models are Supersonic Flow, Subsonic Flow,
Constant Flow, and User Model. The default is Supersonic Flow. The equation
for the selected model is displayed as an aid to entering the parameters in the
valve equation. The units displayed for the equation are consistent with the
default UOM for the problem and may not be changed.
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A Valve Constant (C) must be entered for all models except for the User Model.
For the Supersonic Flow model, the valve constant is the only entry allowed. For
the Subsonic Flow model, an optional back pressure may be entered along with
the required the valve constant. For the Constant Flow model, the only allowable
entry is the valve constant. For the User model, the control valve coefficient must
be entered. The default back pressure value is 0.0, while the default value for the
critical flow factor is 1.0 Different values for the back pressure and critical flow
factor may be entered.
Vessel Data
The Depressuring Vessel Data window is used to define the configuration of the
depressuring unit. This window is accessible via the Vessel Data button on the
Depressuring Unit main data entry window. One of the following,
Sphere
Horizontal Cylinder
Vertical Cylinder
Unspecified Shape
must be selected by choosing the appropriate radio button.
If Sphere is the selected vessel geometry, a value for the diameter must be
entered. If Horizontal Cylinder is the selected vessel geometry, the diameter and
tangent-to-tangent length must be entered. For the Vertical Cylinder vessel
geometry, the diameter and tangent-to-tangent height must be entered. For
vessels of any of these defined geometries, entering a value for liquid height is
optional. For vessels of the Unspecified Shape geometry, the vessel volume
must be entered. Liquid Holdup is optional only if the geometry is Unspecified
Shape. By default, the holdup liquid is saturated liquid of the combined feed
composition at the initial conditions. The remaining vessel volume contains vapor
in equilibrium with this liquid. The holdup may be on a mole, weight, or actual
volume fraction basis with the default being the mole fraction basis.
The Vessel Weight and the Vessel Specific Heat may be input for any vessel
geometry. If one of these two variables is entered, then both must be entered.
These items are required only if Blowdown appears on the Heat Input window,
otherwise they are optional. (See discussion on vessel Heat Input options below.)
The volume correction factor is an optional entry for the Sphere, Horizontal
Cylinder, and Vertical Cylinder vessel geometries only. This entry is used to
correct the vessel volume for pipes, fittings, and end plates and defaults to 1.00 if
not supplied.
Chapter 9
Heat Input
Click Heat Input on the Depressuring Unit main data entry window to open the
Heat Input window. A heat input model may be selected from the drop-down list
box, which includes the following options:
User-defined
API 2000
API 2000 Method with Scaling
API RP 520 with Scaling
API RP 520
Isothermal
Rigorous Blowdown
Semirigorous Blowdown
Fire Relief.
User-Defined is the default as this supplies no heat input to the vessel. The
difference between the Rigorous and Semirigorous Blowdown models is the
physical property calculations. The selected heat transfer equation is displayed,
along with the equations units of measure. Depending on the Heat Flow Model
selected, from one to five of the coefficients may be supplied. For the UserDefined or Semirigorous or Rigorous Blowdown models, values for these
coefficients default to 0.0.
For the Fire Relief Model only, the first two coefficients C1 and C2 are required.
The Initial Wetted Area field is made unavailable when a value has been entered
for Liquid Height on the Vessel Data window. Otherwise, a value for Initial Wetted
Area must be entered for the API 2000, Scaled API 2000, RP 520, Scaled RP
520, and Fire Relief Models. The Area Scaling Factor is an optional entry for
these same heat input models only when the Initial Wetted Area is input. It has a
default value of 1.0.
The Heat Input Scaling Factor may be input for any heating model except the
Semirigorous and Rigorous Blowdown and Isothermal models. It has a default
value of 1.0.
For the heat transfer coefficient used in the Semirigorous or Rigorous Blowdown
calculations, either a Calculated Using Scaling Factor coefficent, an Overall
coefficient, or individual phase vapor or liquid heat transfer coefficient may be
used by selecting the appropriate radio button. The default is to use the
Calculated Using Scaling Factor coefficent, with a default value for the scaling
factor of 1.0.
March 2007
Makeup Stream
One feed stream to the depressuring unit can be designated as a constant-rate
makeup stream. Click Makeup on the Depressuring Unit main data entry
window to open the Makeup Stream window, where a makeup stream can be
designated. Checking the box enables a drop-down list box which contains the
names of all feed streams to the depressuring unit shown on the PFD. One
stream may be selected as a makeup stream. The flow of this stream will always
begin at time = 0, regardless of when the depressuring begins. By default, no
makeup stream is included.
Thermodynamic System
For problems where more than one thermodynamic method has been specified,
a drop-down list box allows the selection of a thermodynamic method set to be
used for the Depressuring Unit.
Chapter 9
March 2007
Dissolver
General Information
The Dissolver unit operation models the dissolution of solids into liquid solutions.
This mass transfer operation is widely used in the chemical industry in both
organic as well as inorganic processes.
Calculation Method
The dissolver transforms crystals in solution from the solid to the liquid phase.
PRO/II models the most common type of dissolver which is the stirred tank
dissolver. A feed heat exchanger may be included in the model if required.
A Solid-liquid equilibrium method must be defined in terms of solubility, which is
calculated from either the Van't Hoff equation or user-supplied solubility data.
You must select Design or Rating calculations in the Dissolver Calculation Mode
window. In Design mode, a specification is required and the volume is calculated
for a given feed particle size distribution and operating conditions. In Rating
mode, the vessel volume is defined and the exit particle size distribution is
determined.
The mass transfer coefficient may be specified in the Dissolver Dissolution Rate
window. Alternatively, you may specify that the coefficient should be calculated
from diffusivity data entered in the Thermodynamic Data.
Full details of the calculation method can be found in the PRO/II Reference
Manual.
Chapter 9
March 2007
Excel Unit
General Information
The Excel unit operation can be used to include Microsoft Excel spreadsheet files
as general unit operations in the flowsheet. During calculation, PRO/II transfers
feed stream information to the spreadsheet, invokes a user-defined macro, then
reads the resulting product stream information back into PRO/II.
Before using an Excel unit operation, a user must first create and configure the
Excel spreadsheet file which will be used for calculations.
An Excel file usually contains several worksheets of information. One of these
worksheets will be used to exchange data between PRO/II and Excel. This data
transfer worksheet has a specific format which is described below in the section
Data Transfer Sheet. All other sheets in the workbook are ignored by PRO/II and
can be used for any other purpose.
When PRO/II is installed, an "empty" Excel file (ExcelTemplate.xls) is installed
which can be used as a starting point for developing custom spreadsheets.
Note: ExcelTemplate.xls does not perform any calculations.
A developer can copy and customize the spreadsheet by adding the required
macros and/or spreadsheet formulas to calculate the output stream conditions
based on the input feed streams and the unit operation data.
After the spreadsheet has been customized, a user can add it to a PRO/II
flowsheet using the Excel unit operation:
After starting PRO/II, select File/New from the menu. The PFD Icon
palette is displayed.
Scroll to the bottom of the PFD palette, click the Excel button, and click
an empty area of the flowsheet to add a new Excel unit operation.
Connect the required feed and product streams.
Double-click on the Excel icon to display the tabbed dialog box (see next
section Excel Configuration Dialog Box). This tabbed dialog box is used
to specify the name of the Excel file, the name of the worksheet used as
the data transfer area, and the name of the macro to invoke at
calculation time.
Chapter 9
Limitations
The Excel unit operation has the following limitations:
The Excel macro cannot make any direct function calls back into PRO/II.
All communication with PRO/II is done through the data transfer sheet.
Use of the PRO/II COM Server functions to access data in the current
flowsheet is not supported.
The Excel spreadsheet is not included in the .prz file in the current
version.
March 2007
Save Excel file after calculations: If checked, the state of the Excel
spreadsheet will be saved after PRO/II calculations.
Worksheet name: Specify the name of the worksheet in the Excel file
which will be used as the transfer area. The default value is "Sheet1".
Integer data: This tab contains an integer data array similar to the "Integer
Data" grid in the generic "User-added Unit Operation". This data will
be transferred to Excel during calculations; therefore, the values can
be used to supply additional data to the Excel spreadsheet. A user
can specify descriptions and values for this data.
Parameter data: This tab contains a double-precision data array similar to
the "Real Data" grid in the generic "User-added Unit Operation". This
data is accessible via PRO/II's SPEC/VARY/DEFINE mechanism,
which allows Excel spreadsheets to interact with controllers, MVC
units, Optimizers, and the Case Study feature. This data will be
transferred to Excel during calculations; therefore, the values can be
used to supply additional data to the Excel spreadsheet. A user can
specify descriptions and values for this data.
Double data: This tab contains a double-precision data array similar to the
"Supplemental Data" grid in the generic "User-added Unit
Operation". This data will be transferred to Excel during calculations;
therefore, the values can be used to supply additional data to the
Excel spreadsheet. A user can specify descriptions and values for
this data.
Thermodynamics: This tab contains a drop-down list box that can be used
to select the Thermodynamic set for the unit operation.
Notes: This tab contains two text boxes that can be used to specify the unit
description and the unit notes.
Chapter 9
Contents
D2
F2
H2
J2
W4
C5:G24
March 2007
Column
or Cell
Contents
stream information. The number of columns is defined by cell
F2; the maximum number of rows is defined by J2.
C25:Gnn
H5:L24
H25:Lnn
M, O
P, R
S, U
Chapter 9
Column
or Cell
Contents
PRO/II report is specified by the number in cell W4.
X, Y
Additional Customization
The Excel unit operation in PRO/II provides generic data attributes and GUI
capability. It is possible to perform additional customization using the capabilities
of the Modular User-Added Unit Operations. Specifically, the following items can
be customized:
March 2007
Expander
General Information
The Expander operation may be used to model any isentropic expansion such as
an expander unit in a natural gas processing plant or a steam turbine, etc. An
adiabatic expansion efficiency may be applied to the calculations. Rigorous
calculations may be performed for both VLE and VLLE systems.
Chapter 9
Outlet pressure
Pressure ratio (absolute outlet pressure/absolute inlet pressure)
Pressure drop
Work
Adiabatic Efficiency
The isentropic work is adjusted by application of the adiabatic efficiency supplied
in the Expander window. When not supplied, a default value of 100 percent is
used (perfect isentropic expansion).
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system of methods to be used for expander calculations
may be selected by choosing a method from the Thermodynamic System dropdown list box on the Expander main data entry window.
March 2007
Flash
General Information
The Flash unit may be used to model any equilibrium calculation where two of
the conditions are defined, e.g., temperature and pressure, pressure and
enthalpy, etc. The phase equilibrium is determined and the product may be
separated into product streams corresponding to the phases. The duty required,
if any, to bring the feed to the final conditions is also reported. Both VLE and
VLLE calculations are supported by this unit.
First Specification
The temperature, pressure, or pressure drop from feed conditions is supplied by
choosing the appropriate drop-down list box on the Flash main data entry window
and supplying the value in the data entry field provided. Only one entry is
allowed.
Chapter 9
Second Specification
This specification is used in conjunction with the First Specification given above
to define the equilibrium calculation desired. The Second Specification may be
either a Unit Specification or a Product Specification as denoted by the radio
buttons on the Flash main data entry window. These two types of specification
are discussed separately below.
Unit Specification
The desired second specification is chosen with the drop-down list box and the
data entry supplied in the field provided. Options are:
Pressure Drop or Pressure: These entries are only applicable when the
temperature is chosen as the primary specification and correspond to an
isothermal (constant temperature and pressure) flash. The Duty required
to bring the feed to the specified conditions is calculated by PRO/II.
Duty: This entry corresponds to an adiabatic (duty defined) flash. When the
temperature is supplied as the primary specification, the pressure is
computed. When the pressure or pressure drop is supplied as the
primary specification, the temperature is computed. The duty may be
positive (heating), negative (cooling), or zero (constant enthalpy
calculation).
Dew Point: The dew point pressure is computed when the temperature is
supplied as the primary specification. The dew point temperature is
determined when the pressure or pressure drop is provided as the
primary specification. The Duty required to bring the feed to the specified
conditions is calculated by PRO/II.
Hydrocarbon Dew Point: The dew point pressure for the hydrocarbon portion of
the stream is computed when the temperature is supplied as the primary
specification. The dew point temperature is determined when the
pressure or pressure drop is provided as the primary specification. This
option is only applicable for thermodynamic systems which support a
free water phase. The Duty required to bring the feed to the specified
conditions is calculated by PRO/II.
Water Dew Point: The dew point pressure for the water portion of the stream is
computed when the temperature is supplied as the primary specification.
March 2007
Product Specification
When this radio button is selected, the pressure is computed when the
temperature is provided as the first specification such that a calculated stream
parameter meets a specified value. When the pressure or pressure drop is
supplied as the first specification, the temperature is computed. The Duty
required to bring the feed to the final conditions is also calculated by PRO/II.
The stream parameter specification is entered by clicking on the hypertext strings
and uses the general PRO/II specification format. This format is further described
in the SPEC/VARY/DEFINE section of this chapter. The stream parameter
specification must correspond to one of the flash unit products and may be either
an absolute or relative value. An absolute or relative tolerance value may also be
supplied. Note that a default relative tolerance of 0.02 is used if none is given.
Chapter 9
Entrainment
Entrainment from one phase to another phase is requested in the Flash Drum
Entrainment window which is accessed by clicking Entrainment on the Flash
main data entry window. The From and To phases are defined and the quantity
entrained is supplied as a fraction or percent of the donor phase or as an
absolute rate of material. The entrained material is assumed to have the same
composition as the donor phase. Since entrainment calculations are performed
after the flash calculations, the resultant products may be different from the
original flash specifications. Multiple entrainments are permitted.
Pseudostream Flowrate
For Dew and Bubble Point calculations, an optional liquid and vapor product may
be defined which corresponds to the equilibrium liquid or equilibrium vapor,
respectively. The rate for this pseudostream may be supplied in the data entry
field provided on the Flash main data entry window.
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system of methods to be used for flash calculations may be
selected by choosing a method from the Thermodynamic System drop-down list
box on the Flash main data entry window.
March 2007
General Information
The Flash with Solids unit models a flash drum unit operation with a solid product
stream. If a solids product stream is to be present, you must use the Flash with
Solids unit rather than the conventional Flash unit operation.
The bottoms stream from the flash drum section feeding the solids separator is
internal to the Flash with Solids unit and is not subject to specification by the
user.
The main data entry window for the Flash with Solids unit is identical to that of
the ordinary Flash unit except that no specification of product phases by the user
is required. The phases for the product streams are automatically specified by
PRO/II and may be reviewed in the Flash Product Phases window accessible via
the Product Phases button on the Flash main data entry window.
For further instructions on unit and product specifications, see the
detailed discussions in the Flash section above (page 226, seq.).
Chapter 9
March 2007
Flowsheet Optimizer
General Information
The Flowsheet Optimizer maximizes or minimizes an objective function by
varying one or more flowsheet variables while meeting a number of
specifications. Optionally, you can place constraints on minimum and maximum
values on the flowsheet variables. The objective function may be an operational
criterion, such as maximum recovery or minimum loss, or an economic criterion,
such as maximum profit or minimum cost. In order to optimize an economic
function, you must first include a Calculator in the flowsheet in order to define the
profit or cost. Then use the Optimizer to minimize or maximize the Calculator
result.
Objective Function
Either you must choose either Maximize or Minimize as the objective function by
selecting the appropriate radio button in the main Optimizer window. Enter the
objective function by clicking the linked text string Parameter in the Objective
Function field to make the Parameter window available selecting the unit or
stream parameter to use as the Objective Function. This Parameter window is
similar to the SPEC Parameter window, except that there is no entry allowed for
the parameter value and tolerance. The Objective Function may be a single
flowsheet parameter or a mathematical expression that relates two flowsheet
parameters.
Variables
The optimizer variables (VARYs) are selected by clicking the linked text string
Parameter in the Variables grid of the Optimizer main data entry window. In the
Parameter window, designate the stream or unit parameter that will be varied,
selecting from the same choices given above for the Objective Function. For unit
or stream variables, you must also input minimum and maximum values. The
SPEC/VARY/DEFINE section of this chapter gives more information on the
VARY concept. The tables in that section list the flowsheet variables that may be
used for SPECs and VARYs for flowsheet optimizer units.
Chapter 9
Specifications
SPECifications may be entered for flowsheet parameters other than the control
variables. Click Specifications on the Optimizer main data entry window to
bring up the standard Specifications window. Check the Use Specifications box
to enable the grid which contains the standard specification linked text. Enter the
parameters for each SPECification by clicking the appropriate text strings in each
specification. Click the linked text string Parameter, to open the Parameter
window where you can select the unit or stream parameter to use as the SPEC.
The SPEC may be a single flowsheet parameter or a mathematical expression
that relates two flowsheet parameters. Next, enter the value and the default
tolerance for the SPEC by clicking on the appropriate text strings. See the
SPEC/VARY/DEFINE section of this chapter for details on the generalized SPEC
form.
Constraints
CONStraints may also be entered for flowsheet parameters other than the control
variables. Constraints limit a variable to a specified range. Click Constraints on
the main Optimizer window to open the Constraints window from the
SPEC/VARY system. Check the Use Constraints box to enable the constraint
grid. Enter the parameters for each CONStraint by clicking the appropriate text
strings. Click the hypertext string Parameter to open the Parameter window
where you can select the unit or stream parameter to use as the CONStraint. The
use of this window is analogous to the Parameter window used in selecting the
SPEC above. The Minimum Value, Maximum Value, and the default tolerance
values for the CONStraint are entered by clicking on the appropriate text strings.
March 2007
Calculation Options
Number of Calculation Cycles
Several options regarding the operation of the Optimizer may be specified by
clicking Options on the Optimizer main data entry window.
The default for the number of calculation cycles is set by PRO/II as 18 plus the
current number of variables. Alternatively, you may specify the number of cycles
by selecting the appropriate radio button on the Options window.
Chapter 9
Rigorous
This option specifies that PRO/II will use rigorous thermodynamic
calculation models. This is the default selection.
Local TP Model
This option specifies that PRO/II will generate local K-value models for T and P
derivatives.
Advanced Options
Click Advanced Options.. to specify additional options for the Optimizer.
The Optimizer Advanced Options are intended for experienced users of PRO/II. If
you are unsure how these features may apply to your simulation, consult SIMSCI
Technical Support or refer to the PRO/II Reference Manual.
March 2007
You may specify the number of independent variables to be eliminated during the
solution of the optimizer calculations.
Derivative Analysis
By default, this option is Off. Select On in the drop-down list to produce an
analysis printout of the derivative step sizes for each optimizer cycle; in addition,
a modified perturbation step size will be suggested, if appropriate.
Chapter 9
variables, specifications, and constraints, along with the shadow prices for all
active bounds and constraints.
Complete technical details may be found under the topic Flowsheet Solution
Algorithms in the PRO/II Reference Manual.
March 2007
General Information
The LNG Heat Exchanger simulates the exchange of heat between any number
of hot and cold streams. The exchanger is divided into cells representing the
individual cross-flow elements. Cells are designated as Hot, where the streams
are cooled or as Cold where they are heated. The unit must contain at least one
hot cell and one cold cell.
The number of cells is initially defined on the LNG Heat Exchanger Configuration
window that appears when the unit is first placed on the PFD. Cells may be
added or deleted in the main LNG Heat Exchanger window.
Performance Specifications
Any cell may have either a duty or an outlet temperature specification. However,
at least one cell must remain unspecified. The product streams from all
unspecified cells leave the exchanger at the same temperature.
Cell Data
The pressure drop for each cell defaults to zero. Pressure drop values are
entered in the LNG Heat Exchanger Cell Data window. The thermodynamic
system used for the calculations for an individual cell may also be changed in this
window.
Chapter 9
Zones Analysis
Zones Analysis may be requested in the LNG Heat Exchanger Zones Analysis
window accessible via the Zones Analysis button on the main data entry
window. This feature allows internal temperature crossovers and pinch points to
be identified by dividing the exchanger into a number of zones. Warnings are
issued if crossovers or pinch points are found.
The Zones Analysis calculations are normally performed when the exchanger is
calculated. However, if the exchanger is in a recycle, computation time may be
saved by performing the analysis at output time.
Zone Analysis will always be performed at calculation time if required by
Controller specifications on the LNG heat exchanger.
Print Options
The Print Options window is opened via the Print Options button on the main
data entry window. A number of different Y versus X plots may be generated for
temperature, duty and UA. The options are:
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system of methods to be used for LNGHX calculations may
be selected by choosing a method from the Thermodynamic System drop-down
list box on the LNG Heat Exchanger main data entry window.
Note: The thermodynamic system used for the calculations for an individual cell
(specified in the LNG Heat Exchanger Cell data window) overrides this
thermodynamic system for specific cells.
March 2007
General Information
The Rigorous Heat Exchanger simulates the operation of an existing heat
exchanger. The geometry of the unit has to be defined and the unit is rated to
determine the duty, exit temperatures, and pressure drops.
The exchanger duty, or one of the exit temperatures, may be defined. In this
case, the fouling resistance is calculated.
Calculation Type
The calculation type is selected from a drop-down list in the Rigorous Heat
Exchanger window. The available options are:
Rating: Determine the heat transferred with the defined area and fouling factors.
The default.
Fixed Duty: Determine the fouling factors and exit temperatures from the defined
duty.
Chapter 9
Tube Outlet Temperature: Determine the duty, fouling factors, and shell exit
temperature from the defined tube outlet temperature.
Shell Outlet Temperature: Determine the duty, fouling factors, and tube exit
temperature from the defined shell outlet temperature. If the selected
calculation type is not Rating, a value must be supplied for the duty or
exit temperature as appropriate.
Overall Configuration
The overall configuration is defined in the Rigorous Heat Exchanger window by
entering one or more of the configuration parameters:
Number of Tubes/Shell
Area/Shell
Shell Inside Diameter
A value for at least one of these parameters must be supplied. If any of these
parameters is missing, it will be calculated from the others.
March 2007
Configuration Data
The configuration details are defined in the Rigorous Heat Exchanger
Configuration Data window accessible via Configuration on the main data entry
window. All data in this window have default values:
Number of Shells in Series: This is the number of identical shells connected in
series in the unit. Both shell and tube sides are considered to be piped in
series. The default is 1 shell.
Number of Shells in Parallel: This is the number of identical shells connected in
parallel in the unit. Both shell and tube sides are considered to be piped
in parallel. The default is 1 shell.
Number of Tube Passes/Shell: This can be any integer value between 1 and
16. The default is 2. Odd numbered values are allowed, but are not
recommended.
Orientation: The exchanger orientation is selected from the drop-down list as
either Horizontal or Vertical. The default is Horizontal.
Configuration: The direction of fluid flow is selected from the drop-down list as
either Countercurrent or Cocurrent. The default is Countercurrent.
TEMA Type: The three characters for the TEMA type (front, shell and rear of the
exchanger) are selected separately from drop-down lists. The default is
AES.
Tube Data
Details of the exchanger tubes are entered in the Rigorous Heat Exchanger Tube
Data window which is accessed via Tubes on the main data entry window. All
tube data have default values.
Length: The nominal tube length includes the thickness of both tube-sheets. For
U-tubes, it includes the thickness of the tubesheet and the last baffle.
The length defaults to 20 ft (6.1 m).
Outside Diameter: The tube outside diameter defaults to 0.75 inches (19.05
mm).
Thickness: The tube thickness may be defined as:
Inside Diameter
Wall Thickness
BWG
Chapter 9
Fin Data
The default is not to have finned tubes. If fins are specified, the surface area may
be entered directly or calculated from the fin data.
Extended Surface Area: This is the total surface area of the tubes including the
finned and bare surface areas. A value entered here, overrides the
calculated area.
Fins/Inch: This is the number of fins per inch of tube length. (Default is 19).
Thickness: The fin thickness defaults to a value in inches equal to 0.5/(Fins per
Inch).
Height Above Root: The fin height above the root defaults to a value equal to
(Tube Outside Diameter - Root Diameter)/2.
Root Diameter: The root diameter is the tube diameter at the base of the fins
and it defaults to 0.625 inches.
Baffle Data
Details of the exchanger baffles are entered in the Rigorous Heat Exchanger
Baffle Data window accessible via Baffles on the main data entry window. All
baffle data have default values.
Baffle Type: The type is selected from the drop-down list. The options are No
Baffles, Single (default), Single Baffles - No Tubes in Window and
Double.
Baffle Geometry Data: The baffle cut is the height of the window divided by the
shell inside diameter and it defaults to 0.2. Alternatively, the Net Free
Area Ratio may be entered instead. This is the area of the window
divided by the cross-sectional area of the shell.
March 2007
Chapter 9
Material Data
Tube and shell material property data are entered in the Rigorous Heat
Exchanger Material Data window accessible via Materials on the main data
entry window.
The default material is carbon steel. A different material may be selected from a
drop-down list which shows the materials in the library.
Individual properties of the selected material may be overridden. Alternatively,
the user may select User-added Material from the list and then supply the name
and properties of the material. The list of materials in the library is tabulated
below.
Heat Exchanger Materials of Construction
Material
Density
Conductivity
Label
lb/ft3
kkg/
m3
Btu/
hr.ft.F
kCal/
hr.m.C
W/m.K
Carbon Steel
CARB STL
490.8
7862
30.0
44.6
51.9
Carbon-moly Steel
0.1C, 0.5Mo
CARB MLY
493.2
7900
29.0
43.2
50.2
Chrome-moly Steel
1.0Cr, 0.5Mo
CHRM
MLY
490.1
7851
27.0
40.2
46.7
LOW
CHRM
487.0
7801
25.0
37.2
43.3
MED
CHRM
480.7
7700
21.0
31.2
36.3
STR CHRM
487.0
7801
14.0
20.8
24.2
304 S.S.
501.1
8027
9.3
13.8
16.1
Description
March 2007
Material
Density
Conductivity
Label
lb/ft3
kkg/
m3
Btu/
hr.ft.F
kCal/
hr.m.C
W/m.K
310 S.S.
501.1
8027
7.8
11.6
13.5
316 S.S.
501.1
8027
9.4
14.0
16.3
321 S.S.
494.2
7916
9.2
13.7
15.9
A1060H14
170.0
2723
128.3
190.9
222.1
Aluminum 1100
Annealed
A1100 AN
169.3
2712
128.3
190.9
222.1
A3003H14
171.1
2741
111.0
165.2
192.1
A3003H25
171.1
2741
111.0
165.2
193.1
Aluminum 6061 T4
Tempered
A6061 T4
169.3
2712
95.0
141.4
164.4
Aluminum 6061 T6
Tempered
A6061 T6
169.3
2712
95.0
141.4
164.4
Copper
COPPER
556.4
8913
225.0
334.2
389.4
Arsenical Copper AS
COPPER
560.0
8970
187.0
278.3
323.6
CUNI9010
559.0
8954
26.0
38.7
45.0
CUNI8020
558.5
8946
22.0
32.7
38.1
CUNI7030
585.0
9371
17.0
25.3
29.4
CUNI6040
554.7
8885
12.9
19.2
22.3
RED BRAS
546.0
8746
92.0
136.9
159.2
ADMRALT
Y
531.0
8506
64.0
95.2
110.8
Commercial Brass
55Cu, 34Zn
COM
BRAS
529.0
8474
67.0
99.7
116.0
MUNTZ
524.0
8394
71.0
105.7
122.9
510.0
8169
48.0
71.4
83.1
Description
Chapter 9
Material
Density
Label
lb/ft3
kkg/
m3
Btu/
hr.ft.F
kCal/
hr.m.C
W/m.K
AL BRASS
520.0
8330
58.0
86.3
100.4
NICKEL
556.4
8913
45.2
67.3
78.2
Description
Aluminum Brass 78Cu,
2Al
Conductivity
Nickel Annealed
Low Carbon Nickel
Annealed
L CRB NI
554.7
8885
35.0
52.1
60.6
MONEL NI
551.2
8829
14.5
21.6
25.1
INCNL600
525.3
8414
8.7
12.9
15.0
Titanium Grade 2
TITANIUM
281.6
4511
9.5
14.1
16.4
March 2007
Print Options
Additional output reports are selected in the Rigorous Heat Exchanger Print
Options window accessible via Print Options on the main data entry window.
Extended: By default, a standard TEMA data sheet is produced for the
exchanger. Checking the Extended check box produces an additional
data sheet with information about stream properties, heat exchanger
configuration and hydrodynamics.
Zones: Checking the Zones check box produces an additional table showing the
phase and zone boundaries used to calculate the duty-averaged logmean-temperature difference.
Zones Plot: Checking the Zones Plot check box produces a plot showing the
phase and zone boundaries used to calculate the duty-averaged logmean-temperature difference.
Nozzle Data
The default nozzle type and sizes can be overridden in the Rigorous Heat
Exchanger Nozzle Data window accessible via Nozzles on the main data entry
window.
The default is to use conventional nozzles with calculated inside diameters.
Nozzle data only affects the calculated pressure drop in the exchanger.
Use Tube Side Nozzle or Use Shell Side Nozzle: If either check box is
unchecked, the nozzle pressure drop will not be calculated for that side of the
exchanger.
Inside Diameter: The calculated diameters may be overridden. The Inlet and/or
Outlet diameter may be entered.
Use Annular Shell Side Nozzles: If this box is checked, the pressure drop will
be calculated for annular rather than conventional nozzles. In this case,
click Enter Data to open the Annular Nozzle Data window to enter the
nozzle details. The required data are:
Chapter 9
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system of methods to be used for each side of the rigorous
heat exchanger may be selected by choosing a method from the Thermodynamic
System drop-down list box on the Rigorous Heat Exchanger main data entry
window.
March 2007
General Information
The Simple Heat Exchanger may be used to heat or cool a single process
stream, exchange heat between two process streams, or exchange heat
between a process stream and a utility stream. Rigorous calculations may be
performed for VLLE systems. It is also possible to attach an exchanger to any
tray of a distillation column and exchange heat between a process stream and a
column internal stream, either liquid or vapor.
Chapter 9
Utility Streams
For simple heat exchangers with one process side, a hot or cold utility stream
may be defined. The required utility rate for the specified heat transfer is always
computed. Utility streams may be specified by clicking Utility Stream on the
Heat Exchanger main data entry window to access the appropriate hot or cold
utility window.
Cold utility streams are supplied in the Heat Exchanger Cold Side Utility window.
Options are:
Water: Temperature in and out must be supplied. Sensible heat transfer only.
Air: Temperature in and out must be supplied. Sensible heat transfer only.
Refrigerant: A designated component is vaporized at its saturation pressure or
temperature. Latent heat transfer only.
Hot utility streams are supplied in the Heat Exchanger Hot Side Utility window.
Options are:
Steam: Steam is condensed at its saturation temperature or pressure. Latent
heat transfer only.
Heating Medium: A designated component is condensed at its saturation
temperature or pressure. Latent heat transfer only.
Configuration Data
Configuration data are supplied in the Heat Exchanger Configuration Data
window accessed by clicking Configuration on the main data entry window.
These data only apply to exchangers with two sides and are optional for all
exchangers for which a Performance Specification is provided (see below).
Flow Direction: Countercurrent or cocurrent. Default is countercurrent.
Tube and Shell Passes: When supplied, an N -2N configuration is always
assumed, where the number of tube passes is twice the number of shell
passes. The FT LMTD correction factor is computed, based on a
correlation for N -2N exchangers. Default is two tube and one shell pass,
i.e., true countercurrent flow.
FT Factor: The LMTD correction factor for the exchanger. Note that this entry is
mutually exclusive with the Tube and Shell Passes.
March 2007
Performance Specifications
Exchanger performance is specified in the Heat Exchanger Specifications
window accessed via Specifications on the main data entry window.
Exchanger performance may be specified in a varity of ways:
Outlet Temperature: Temperature out for hot or cold process fluid. Temperature
Approach (Two-sided exchangers only)
Chapter 9
Zones Analysis
Zones analysis is requested by clicking Zones Analysis on the main data entry
window. The duty-weighted LMTD may be computed for exchangers in which
phase changes occur by dividing the exchanger into at least five zones of equal
duty. More zones may be requested as desired. Zones analysis is automatically
performed for exchangers with MITA specifications. For other types of
specifications, the zones analysis may be performed during exchanger
calculations or at the completion of all calculations, as requested. Warning
messages are given for temperature crossovers.
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system of methods to be used for each side of the simple
heat exchanger may be selected by choosing a method from the Thermodynamic
System drop-down list box on the Heat Exchanger main data entry window.
March 2007
Heating/Cooling Curves
General Information
The Heating/Cooling Curve utility module develops heating or cooling curves for
any stream in the flowsheet. The tables are a composite of equilibrium flashes,
and present the data typically required for the design of heat transfer equipment.
Curves may be generated by using equal temperature increments or equal duty
increments. Additional points are included when phase boundaries are crossed.
For the Flash, Heat Exchanger, and Column unit operations, a convenient means
is provided to retrieve the streams involved in heat transfer and generate curves
based on the actual duties for the units. For other flowsheet streams, you may
define the desired temperature or duty ranges for the curves.
In addition to the standard thermal properties, additional properties may be
requested for the reports. These properties include physical, critical,
thermodynamic, transport, and petroleum properties.
Chapter 9
based on liquid activity coefficients. The equilibrium K-values for the components
may also be selected for printout with a check box.
The appropriate window for the unit operation appears for selection of curve
options. In each case, the user may specify printout options for liquid activity
coefficients, vapor fugacities, and Poynting corrections for thermodynamic
systems based on liquid activity coefficients. The equilibrium K-values for the
components may also be selected for printout.
March 2007
Standard Reports
Standard reports include the data in the table below:
Property
Total Feed
Temperature
Pressure
Molar Flow
Enthalpy
Weight Flow
Molar Entropy
Vapor
Liquid
Chapter 9
Property
Total Feed
Vapor
Liquid
Molecular Weight
Actual Density
Volumetric Flow
Compressibility
Factor
Specific Gravity
Flowing Entropy
Latent Heat
Heat Capacity
Viscosity
Thermal Conductivity
Surface Tension
Critical Temperature
Critical Pressure
Critical
Compressibility
API Gravity
Watson K Factor
Molar Average
Boiling Point Temp.
Plots
Refer to Chapter 11, Printing and Plotting, for more information about generating
graphical plots of Heating/Cooling Curve results.
Thermodynamic System
You may select the thermodynamic system of methods to be used for
heating/cooling curves calculations by choosing a method from the
Thermodynamic System drop-down list box on the Heating/Cooling Curves main
data entry window.
March 2007
Mixer
General Information
The Mixer unit combines two or more streams into a single product stream. The
outlet pressure may be specified if desired. The outlet temperature and phase
condition are always determined with an adiabatic flash from the feed conditions.
This unit supports both VLE and VLLE calculations.
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system of methods to be used for mixer calculations may be
selected by choosing a method from the Thermodynamic System drop-down list
box on the Mixer main data entry window.
Chapter 9
March 2007
Multivariable Controller
General Information
The Multivariable Controller (MVC) is an expanded form of the Controller and
simulates two or more feedback process controllers. The MVC is capable of
adjusting an unlimited number of upstream variables to reach the same number
of specified objectives. Each of the SPECifications may be a stream flowrate or
property, a unit operating condition, or a Calculator result. The control variables
may be stream and unit operation conditions, thermodynamic parameters, and
Calculator results that are otherwise at fixed values in the flowsheet.
For the Multivariable Controller, the number of variables must equal the number
of specifications. The linked text above the Specifications grid in the Multivariable
Controller main data entry window indicates whether the current number of
specifications equals the number of variables. If they are unequal, the hypertext
string does not equal will appear in red.
Specifications
Establish the SPECifications by clicking the appropriate linked text in the
Specification grid of the Multivariable Controller window. MVC SPECifications are
established in the same manner as for the simple Controller SPECifications. See
the SPEC/VARY/DEFINE section of this chapter for further details on the
generalized SPEC form.
Variables
Establish the control variables (VARYs) by clicking the linked text string
Parameter in the Variable grid of the Multivariable Controller window. MVC
VARYs are established in exactly the same manner as simple Controller VARYs.
See the SPEC/VARY/DEFINE section of this chapter for more information on the
VARY concept. Tables are also given in that section listing the flowsheet
variables that may be used for SPECs and VARYs for multivariable controller
units.
Chapter 9
default percent change of 2.0% of the initial control variable for the second
iteration, the MVC has a default percent change of 10.0%.
March 2007
can be printed after the last cycle or after every cycle by selecting the appropriate
radio button. Select the Include Convergence Diagnostics check box to generate
a plot of the convergence diagnostics. Select the Include Convergence
Diagnostics check box to generate a plot of the convergence diagnostics.
Chapter 9
March 2007
Phase Envelope
General Information
The Phase Envelope utility module generates phase envelopes for
multicomponent streams using the Soave-Redlich-Kwong or Peng-Robinson
equations of state. The module is not available for other thermodynamic systems.
Phase envelope generation is performed after the completion of flowsheet
calculations and has no effect on flowsheet convergence. For systems with
noncondensible gases such as hydrogen, helium, and nitrogen it may not be
possible to converge bubble point calculations and results should be reviewed
carefully.
Selection of Streams
You may select feed and product streams from any of the unit Operationsin the
flowsheet for phase envelope generation. Up to five flowsheet streams may be
selected using drop-down list boxes in the Phase Envelope main data entry
window. You may optionally supply a liquid mole fraction for any of the selected
flowsheet streams to generate a curve at a constant liquid mole fraction. This
option is useful for generating liquid fraction curves to be superimposed on the
phase envelope. Normally, you would first select a flowsheet stream with no
liquid fraction entry to generate the phase envelope, followed by one or more
selections with specified liquid fraction entries to generate a family of curves. It is
not permissible to duplicate the same stream with the same liquid mole fraction in
a single phase envelope.
Plot Options
Select a plot option for the phase envelope in the Phase Envelope Plot Options
window which you can access by clicking Plot Options on the Phase Envelope
main data entry window.
For each selected stream, a default descriptive label is provided in this window.
The default label will contain the stream name and an L/F value if specified. You
may modify each label. Duplicate labels are not allowed. An example default
stream label with a specified L/F is: S100 - L/F= 0.9".
A drop-down list box contains plot options as follows:
None - The default. No plots are generated.
Chapter 9
Thermodynamic System
Select the thermodynamic system of methods to be used for Phase Envelope
calculations by choosing a method from the Thermodynamic System drop-down
list box on the Phase Envelope main data entry window.
March 2007
General Information
The PIPEPHASE Unit Operation (PPUOP) encapsulates a PIPEPHASE
simulation enabling it to be solved in sequential modular form within a
conventional PRO/II simulation. The PPUOP allows the user to link PRO/II
simulation streams to PIPEPHASE simulations streams so that stream properties
from a PRO/II simulation is passed to the PIPEPHASE simulation, and back to
PRO/II upon solution of the PIPEPHASE simulation. As with any unit operation in
PRO/II, the PPUOP can be accessed multiple times in calculation loops, and a
PRO/II simulation can have multiple instances of PPUOPs in the flowsheet.
The PPUOP is represented as an icon and is similar to other PRO/II unit
operations. It can be initialized with a PIPEHASE simulation.
Component mapping
Component mapping is allowed only if the number of components in both PRO/II
and PIPEPHASE are equal. The components can be mapped by either Name or
Index. These two options can be selected from the Component mapping dropdown list in the PRO/II PIPEPHASE window, which can be accessed by doubleclicking the PPUOP.
If the components are mapped by Name, the PRO/II component data is mapped
with the PIPEPHASE component of the same name.
Chapter 9
If the components are mapped by Index, then the first component in the PRO/II
component data list is mapped with the first component of the PIPEPHASE
component data list, irrespective of the component names.
Initialization
The PPUOP can be initialized with a PIPEPHASE simulation (.inp for
PIPEPHASE 8.2 and either a .inp or a .ppzip for PIPEPHASE 9.0) by clicking
Initialize from PIPEPHASE simulation in the PRO/II PIPEPHASE window. If the
user reinitializes a PIPEPHASE simulation with another simulation, then all the
information of the previous simulation will be removed.
Note: If PIPEPHASE version 8.2 files are used for initialization, it is necessary
that the GUI database files, (.pp0 and .pp1) be present. Otherwise, the user
needs to generate the PIPEPHASE GUI database files by importing the
corresponding keyword file.
PIPEPHASE GUI
The PIPEPHASE GUI can be launched from within the PRO/II flowsheet. The
user can commit the changes made to the simulation in the GUI, and export the
changes to the keyword input file. The user can launch the PIPEPHASE GUI by
clicking the PIPEPHASE GUI..button in the PRO/II PIPEPHASE window.
Note: If PIPEPHASE v8.2 GUI is launched, it is necessary that the PIPEPHASE
GUI files (.pp0 and .pp1) of that simulation are present. If not present, a
warning message is displayed. The user is then required to export the
keyword file. However, for version 9.0, changes made in the
PIPEPHASE GUI will be automatically exported to the keyword file while
saving the simulation.
Export
The user can export a copy of the PIPEPHASE simulation to an external location
by clicking Export to external PIPEPHASE simulation.
PIPEPHASE Reports
The PIPEPHASE Report displays only the results of the PIPEPHASE simulation
and not the PRO/II PIPEPHASE integration flowsheet.
You can view the results of a solved PIPEPHASE simulation by clicking
PIPEPHASE Reportbutton in the PRO/II PIPEPHASE window or right-click the
PIPEPHASE icon and select View Results.
March 2007
File Handling
When you drag and drop a new PPUOP on the PFD, and initialize it with a
PIPEPHASE simulation, a copy of the PIPEPHASE file along with its database
files is stored in the PRO/II Temp directory. This Temp folder is called the
Managed folder and it will be the working directory for that specific PPUOP. All
PIPEPHASE related files reside in this folder during the PRO/II simulation run.
The files in the Managed folder are under the control of PRO/II and any changes
made to these files by providing inputs through the PIPEPHASE GUI launched
by clicking PIPEPHASE GUI are saved to the files in the Managed folder and
not to the PIPEPHASE database files in the original location.
When a PRO/II session is saved, a new zip file PRZfileanme_UnitID.zip with all
the PIPEHASE files (.inp, .pp0, .pp1, .out and other intermediate files for version
8.2 and. ppzip for version 9.0) is created by copying all the PIPEPHASE files
from the Managed folder. This zip file will be archived into the PRO/II .prz along
with the conventional PRO/II (.pr1, .pr2, .sfd..) files.
Chapter 9
March 2007
Pipe
General Information
The Pipe unit is used to model single or multiphase pressure drops in pipes
and/or fittings which connect unit operations. This unit may be used in two
modes: Rating Mode where the pressure drop is computed based on a specified
line diameter, and Design Mode where the line diameter is calculated to meet a
specified pressure drop and/ or velocity criteria. Numerous algorithms are
provided for the pressure drop calculations to model a variety of piping
applications. A rigorous heat balance may also be performed for the calculations,
in which heat is transferred through the pipe to or from an ambient medium, or a
duty is uniformly applied to the length of the pipe. The phase equilibrium is
determined for the product and it may be separated into streams according to the
phases. Both VLE and VLLE calculations are supported by this unit.
Calculation Type
The Calculation Type may be selected with the radio buttons provided on the
Pipe main data entry window. Options are as follows:
Chapter 9
March 2007
The Moody friction factor for the pressure drop calculations may be supplied
directly in this window, if desired. If no value is entered, the Moody friction factor
is calculated using the modified Colebrook-White equations.
The check box may be used to include or exclude the pressure drop contribution
from acceleration. Under certain high velocity or high pressure drop conditions,
this term becomes unrealistically high for the Beggs-Brill-Moody equation.
Therefore, under these conditions, dropping this term results in a more
reasonable answer.
Note: The Beggs-Brill-Moody equation does not cover critical flow.
Line/Fitting Data
Line and fitting data are supplied in the Pipe Line/Fitting Data window which is
reached by clicking Line/Fitting Data on the Pipe main data entry window. For
fixed line diameter calculations, radio buttons on this window are used to select
the input mode for the pipe diameter. When the Inside Diameter radio button is
selected, the pipe inside diameter is supplied directly. When the Nominal Pipe
Size radio button is selected, a drop-down list box is used to select the desired
pipe nominal diameter from a table of common pipe sizes. For this option, the
pipe schedule may also be chosen with a drop-down list box. When no schedule
is chosen, schedule 40 pipe is assumed in most cases.
The line length is supplied directly in this window. The maximum allowable line
length is 900,000 feet (274,000 meters).
An elevation change over the line length may be entered in the Pipe Line/Fitting
Data window. A plus value indicates an increase in elevation; a minus sign
indicates a decrease in elevation. The absolute value of the elevation change
must not exceed the line length.
One fitting K-factor may be attached to a pipe unit and supplied in this window.
The K-factor is defined as the total resistance coefficient, and is limited to a
maximum value of 100.0. Note that the supplied K-factor may be used to
represent multiple fittings, valves, and exit losses. When a pipe unit is being used
to represent a fitting or fittings only, a negligible line length should be provided.
Radio buttons are used to select the pipe roughness in this window. The
Absolute roughness may be entered in length units or the Relative roughness
may be supplied. The roughness applies to both the line and the fitting. A default
absolute roughness of 0.0018 inches or equivalent (new steel pipe) is used when
no roughness is supplied.
The number of calculation segments is selected by clicking the text string at the
bottom of this window. A maximum of 50 segments may be used. The pressure
Chapter 9
Values for the maximum pressure drop or the minimum outlet pressure are
supplied directly in the data entry fields provided.
A Maximum Average Fluid Velocity constraint may also be defined. This
constraint can not be violated, and the primary sizing criterion will be relaxed as
needed to not exceed the supplied maximum velocity.
The Line Inside Diameter Selection Method is chosen with radio buttons as
follows:
A default inside pipe diameter table with ten diameters is provided. The default
values may be replaced as desired. Use Clear All to clear the pipe diameter
table. The Restore Defaults button restores the ten default diameters.
A table of nominal pipe sizes and corresponding schedule numbers may be
supplied in the Nominal Pipe Sizes window which is reached by clicking Enter
Data on the Pipe Line Sizing window. Up to ten pairs of data may be provided.
Nominal pipe sizes are selected from a table of supplied values via drop-down
list boxes. The corresponding schedule numbers are also selected via drop-down
list boxes. Pipe schedule numbers default to schedule 40 in most cases. The
Clear All button may be used to clear all selected nominal pipe sizes and
corresponding schedules.
March 2007
Fixed Duty
Ambient Heat Transfer
Isothermal Operation
For Fixed Duty calculations, the supplied duty is applied evenly over the entire
length of the line. A positive value is used for heating and a negative value
signifies cooling. This option with a duty of zero is used as the heat transfer
default option. This option may be used for both forward and backward
calculations.
An overall U factor and ambient temperature must be provided for the Ambient
Heat Transfer option. The U factor has units of energy/ (area)(time)(degree). A
default value of 6F is used for the ambient temperature. The heat transfer is
computed from the pipe segment inlet and outlet temperatures, U factor, pipe
inside area, and the ambient temperature. This option may not be used with
backward calculations.
The Isothermal Operation option performs all pressure drop calculations at the
inlet temperature to the pipe unit. This option is not allowed for backward
calculations.
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system for the pipe calculations may be selected with the
drop-down list box on the Pipe main data entry window. The problem Default
system is used when no other thermodynamic system is selected.
Chapter 9
March 2007
Polymer Reactor
General Information
The Polymer Reactor model simulates either a free radical or stepwise
polymerization process in an ideal Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) or
Plug Flow Reactor (PFR). The polymerization reactions are assumed to take
place in the liquid phase and the system is assumed to be homogeneous. The
reactors may be run in the isothermal or nonisothermal modes and the operating
pressure may be set.
The Polymer Reactor calculation model allows for up to 79 different reaction
mechanisms to be used in copolymer free radical kinetics. Not all are intended to
be used simultaneously, in fact, the fewer mechanisms specified for the polymer
system, the more realistic and reliable the model.
It is assumed that the polymerization reactions occur in the liquid phase. If the
reaction leads to a two phase situation, a warning message is given and the user
must then specify new operating conditions to keep the system in the one phase
region.
The CSTR mass and energy balances are solved to identify a single stable
operating point. The polymer which exists at this operating condition is then
characterized in terms of the method of moments to provide number and weight
average molecular weights.
The PFR mass and energy balances are solved to identify a sequence of stable
operating points along the axial dimension. The polymer which exists at each
point along the axial profile is then characterized in terms of the method of
moments to provide number and weight average molecular weights.
The user must supply the feed component temperature, pressure, and
composition along with an estimate of the temperature of the isothermal reactor
or a temperature estimate for the nonisothermal reactor. Kinetic and thermodynamic data for the reaction between chemical species must also be provided.
Detailed Information
For detailed information regarding operating modes, data requirements, and
range of applicability of the Polymer Reactor model, consult the PRO/II Add-On
Modules User Guide.
Chapter 9
March 2007
Procedure Data
General Information
Procedures provide a way to calculate the reaction rate based on a users own
calculation method. The reaction rate calculation is required by the plug, CSTR,
reactive distillation and batch reactor units. PRO/IIs default method for reaction
rate calculation is based on power law rate expressions. For any other rate,
expression type (such as Langmuir-Hishelwood) or any reaction rate which
deviates from the base rate (such as a reaction with a mass transfer limitation),
Procedures and the alternative User-Added Kinetic Subroutines (see PRO/II
User-Added Subroutines User Guide) can be used to calculate the proper rate for
reactor simulations.
Procedures are essentially in line routines written in a language based on
FORTRAN 77. There are two sections to a Procedure: Setup and Code. The
setup section allows for the definition of each Procedures name, description,
variables and parameters. The code section is where all calculations are
performed. This section resembles a subroutine written in a FORTRAN-like
language.
Procedure Setup
Procedures are entered in the Procedure Data data entry window, which is
accessed through the Input/Procedure Data menu option or by clicking the
. Each Procedure in this window has a
Procedure Data toolbar button
mandatory name and an optional description. As soon as the name for a
Procedure has been entered, its Enter Data button becomes available. The
button opens the Kinetic Procedure Definition window where you may click
Edit/View Declaration to access the Declarations of variables and parameters.
Chapter 9
Procedure Code
Note: The Procedure Code section is required and must terminate with a
RETURN statement.
The actual FORTRAN procedure is entered directly in the Code field on the
Kinetic Procedure Definition data entry window. You may check the procedure as
you compose it by clicking Check Code. The following predefined varibles are
provided from the calling reactor unit:
Kinetic data: These are the kinetic parameters are provided via K of
the Reaction Data section, and/or Unit Reaction Definitions of the
Reactor unit.
Reactor data: These data include the reactor sizing parameters and
operating conditions.
Property data: These data include the thermophysical property data of
the pure components (e.g., molecular weight or critical pressure), and
the property data of the individual components and mixture at the
reaction conditions.
User data: These are the integer, real, and supplemental data provided
by the user via Enter Data when the procedure name is specified for
rate calculations for a Reactor unit.
Procedure data: These are the defined procedure variables entered
during the Procedure setup. Their values are DEFINEd in the same
window as the User data.
Predefined Variables
The following variable names are reserved. They are used to pass values
between the procedure and the unit operation that uses the procedure.
March 2007
The first tables list variables that provide input values to the procedure. They may
not appear on the left side of an assignment statement.
Procedure Data Predefined REAL Scalar Variables
Property
Variable
Name
PFR
CSTR
Batch
RxDist
RTEMP
Pressure
RPRES
RMW
Vapor Phase
RVMW
Liquid Phase
RLMW
L1 Phase
RL1MW
L2 Phase
RL2MW
RSPGR
RMRATE
Vapor Phase
RVMRAT
Liquid Phase
RLMRAT
L1 Phase
RL1MRA
L2 Phase
RL2MRA
Weight Rate
RWRATE
Standard Volumetric
Rate
RSVRAT
RAVRAT
Vapor Phase
RVVRAT
Liquid Phase
RLVRAT
L1 Phase
RL1VRA
L2 Phase
RL2VRA
Liquid Fraction
RLFRAC
L1 Phase
RL1FRA
L2 Phase
RL2FRA
Vapor PhaseViscosity
RVVISC
RLVISC
Chapter 9
Variable
Name
PFR
CSTR
Batch
RxDist
RVCOND
Liquid Phase
Conductivity
RLCOND
RVCP
RLCP
Surface tension
RSURF
Absolute Temperature
RTABS
TDIAM
Tube Length
TLEN X
Cumulative Length
CUMLEN
DELX
VOLUME
RVVOLU
RLVOLU
L1 Phase Volume
RL1VOL
L2 Phase Volume
RL2VOL
Gas Constant
RGAS
1 Volumetric flowrates for CSTR and PLUGFLOW are calculated using bulk compositions
assuming the specified reactor phase, even if the phase is actually mixed. A warning is printed
if the actual phase is mixed.
March 2007
Variable
Name
PFR
CSTR
Batch
RxDist
Total # of components
NOC
Total # of reactions
NOR
Reaction phase
IRPHAS
ICPFA
Step #
ISTEP
IOUT
INDX
Maximum # of reactions
MAXNOR
Variable
Name
PFR
CSTR
Batch
RxDist
Dimension : NOC
Total Molar
Composition
XTOTAL
Total Molar
Concentration
XCONC
Vapor Phase
XVCONC
Liquid Phase
XLCONC
L1 Phase
XL1CON
L2 Phase
XL2CON
XVFUG
XLFUG
L1 Phase
XL1FUG
L2 Phase
XL2FUG
Chapter 9
Variable
Name
PFR
CSTR
Batch
RxDist
XLACT
L1 Phase
XL1ACT
L2 Phase
XL2ACT
XVAP
XLIQ
L1 Phase
XLIQ1
L2 Phase
XLIQ2
XVMFRA
XLMFRA
L1 Phase
XL1MFR
L2 Phase
XL2MFR
Dimension: 70 Real
numbers supplied on
RDATA statement
RDATA
SUPPLE
Dimension: NOR
Activation Energy*
Pre-exponential factor
Temperature Exponent
ACTIVE
PREEXP
TEXPON
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Dimension:
(NOC,NOR)
Stoichiometric factor
Reaction order
STOICH
ORDER
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
March 2007
thousands of energy units per mole units, whereas, in the case of procedures,
the user-supplied value is used without the above assumption. E.g., for the SI
system, a value of ACTIV=123 kJ/kmol in the RXDATA or local rxnset is used
as 123,000 kJ/kmol in calculations. A procedure using the same variable, say
ACTIV(1), would calculate based on a value of 123 kJ/kmol.
Procedure Data Predefined INTEGER Variable Arrays
Variable
Name
Dimension: 10 Integer
supplied on IDATA
statement
Dimension: NOR Base
Component
Calculation basis for
each reaction rate
(liquid phase)
0 = molar
1 = partial pressure
2 = fugacity
3 = mole-gamma
4 = mole fraction
5 = mass fraction
Calculation basis for
each reaction rrate
(vapor phase)
0 = molar
1 = partial pressure
2 = fugacity
3= mole-gamma
4 = mole fraction
5 = mass fraction
Dimension:
(NOC,NOR) Phase of
components in rxn
1 = Vapor
2 = Liquid
PFR
CSTR
Batch
RxDist
IDATA
IDBASE
ILBASI
X1
IVBASI
X1
IPHASE
The following variables are the PROCEDURE block results available to PRO/II
after control is returned to the PLUGFLOW, CSTR or Reactive Distillation unit
operation. RRATES must be defined for all reactions.
Chapter 9
PROCEDURE Results
Variable
Name
Values of solution flag:
0 Default value.
Assumes the
PROCEDURE step
has solved.
1 PROCEDURE solved.
2 PROCEDURE failed,
continue calculations if
in a recycle or control
loop.
3 PROCEDURE failed,
stop all flowsheet
calculations.
Reaction rates for each
reaction moles/ (liqvol*
time) for OPERATION
PHASE=L1 ,
moles/(vapvol*time) for
OPERATION
PHASE=V1
Temperature derivatives
for each reaction
RRATES
(NOR)
PFR
CSTR
Batch
RxDist
DRDT
X
(NOR)2
DRDX
Composition derivatives
X
(NOC,
for each reaction
NOR)2
1 CSTR and PLUGFLOW should not be used when multiphase reactions
are expected. Except for Reactive Distillation and the CSTR boiling pot
model, PRO/II assumes the phase is 100% liquid or vapor as defined on
the OPERATION statement.
2 The use of this is optional.
March 2007
Pump
General Information
The Pump may be used to compute the energy required to increase the pressure
of a process stream. This quantity of energy is added to the feed enthalpy to
determine the outlet temperature. Only the bulk liquid phase is considered in the
calculations.
Specifications
Outlet Conditions
The Pressure Specification for a pump is selected with the appropriate radio
button on the Pump main data entry window as:
Outlet pressure
Pressure rise (P)
Pressure ratio based on the lowest feed stream pressure.
Pump Efficiency
A pumping efficiency in percent may be supplied in the data entry field provided
on the Pump main data entry window. This value is used for the work and outlet
temperature calculations. If not supplied, a default value of 100 percent is used.
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system of methods to be used for pump calculations may be
selected by choosing a method from the Thermodynamic System drop-down list
box on the Pump main data entry window.
Chapter 9
March 2007
Reaction Data
General Information
Use the Reaction Data Sets data entry window to supply reaction stoichiometry,
heat of reaction, kinetic and equilibrium data, and to specify the base component
for each reaction. One or more reactions may be saved as separate reaction
data sets and used in all reactor types (conversion, equilibrium, Gibbs free
energy minimization, plug flow, CSTR, and boiling pot reactors). Multiple unit
operations can have common access to the same reaction data.
The PRO/II graphical user interface now supports multiple equilibrium
expressions for each Equilibrium Reactor.
Note: You may specify the base component of the reaction and provide heat of
reaction and equilibrium and kinetic data in the Reactor data entry window. For
conversion reactors, these data are considered to be local and are entered at the
unit operation level. See the Reactor section later in this chapter.
Note: Any data entered in the Reaction Data window will be passed to the Unit
Reaction Definitions window (a subwindow of the main Reactor window) and
used as default values.
This opens the Reaction Definitions window for that set. Here, you may enter the
following information for the reaction data set:
Chapter 9
March 2007
Chapter 9
Reaction Order and Activity Basis: The default reaction phase, reaction
activity bases for both vapor and liquid phases, component reaction
phase and kinetic orders that are used to define the kinetic rate
expression can be entered here. Click Reaction Order and Activity Phase
to specify the kinetic reaction order and activity phase for each
component, which appeared in the rate expression. The vapor activity
basis is used with all components specified with vapor activity phase
while the liquid activity basis is used with all components specified with
liquid activity phase.
March 2007
Reactor
General Information
The Reactor unit operation simulates the operation of many chemical reactors
including conversion reactors, equilibrium reactors, Gibbs (Free Energy
Minimization) reactors, Plug Flow Reactors (PFRs), Continuous Stirred Tank
Reactors (CSTRs), and Boiling Pot Reactors.
In addition to the above reactor types, PRO/II contains built-in Shift and
Methanation reaction data sets for either conversion or equilibrium reactors.
Reactor Type
For conversion, equilibrium, Gibbs, or plug flow reactors, select the reactor type
by choosing the appropriate reactor icon from the PFD palette. CSTR and boiling
pot reactors share the CST/Boiling Pot Reactors icon. Select the desired reactor
type from a drop-down list box on the main Reactor data entry window.
Reaction Set
For all reactor types other than the Gibbs reactor, you must select a reaction data
set from the Reaction Set Name drop-down list box (options include a built-in
reaction set, e.g., Shift reaction, or a user-defined set) on the Reactor main data
entry window. For the Gibbs reactor type, either no reaction data set may be
selected (option None), or a user-defined set may be specified. See the Reaction
Data section, earlier in this chapter, for more information on specifying reaction
data sets.
Chapter 9
Thermal Specifications
For most reactor types, the fixed operating temperature, the temperature rise
across the reactor, or the fixed reactor duty may be specified by using radio
buttons and entering values in the appropriate data fields. The available options
are:
Temperature Rise: This is the temperature increase across the reactor. This
option is available for conversion and equilibrium reactors only where it is the
default.
Combined Feed Temperature: The average temperature for all feed streams to
the reactor. This is available for plug flow and Gibbs reactors, and CSTRs only
where it is the default.
Fixed Temperature: You may specify the final reactor temperature for all reactor
types.
Fixed Duty: You may specify the reactor duty for all reactor types. A default
value of 0 will be used if a value is not specified. The following additional reactor
information may also be given via the main Reactor window:
External Heat: You may specify information on the external heating or cooling
source by selecting the External Heat option. This is for plug flow reactors only.
Click Enter Data and enter data in the External Heating/Cooling window.
Temperature Profile: You may enter the reactor temperature profile in tabular
form as a function of the actual reactor length, or as a function of percent or
fractional distance along the reactor. This is for plug flow reactors only.
Reactor Data
Click Reactor Data from the main Reactor data entry window to open the
Reactor Data window where you can supply reactor configuration information.
March 2007
For these reactor types, you may choose an error handling option by clicking the
Stop calculations hypertext. The options are:
Stop Calculations: This stops calculations if an error occurs (e.g., for
negative component flows). This is the default.
Continue Calculations with no Reaction: Continue calculations with no
reaction if an error occurs.
Add Makeup of Limiting Reactant: Reduce conversion by adding a makeup of
the limiting reactant if an error occurs.
Reduce Conversion: Reduce conversion if an error occurs.
You must provide the reactor volume for CSTRs in the Reactor Data window.
Optionally, you may also provide estimates of the product flowrate.
Enter the following data for PFRs in the Reactor Data window:
Reactor Length: The total length of the reactor. Data for this field is mandatory.
Tube Inside Diameter: The inside diameter of the PFR tubes. Data for this field
is mandatory.
Number of Tubes: The total number of tubes in the PFR. Default is 1.
Chapter 9
Number of Points for Profile: The number of equidistant locations along the
reactor length for the temperature profile. Default is 10.
Integration Options: You may select one of four integration options:
Open Pipe: Select this option, when the packing is not found in PFR.
Packed Pipe: Select this option, when the PFR is packed with catalyst
particles.
If you have selected Open Pipe under Reactor Type, the first three options
mentioned above will be made available to the user.
If you have selected Packed Pipe under Reactor Type, except Pressure Drop
Method all other options will be made available to the user.
Inlet and Outlet Pressure: Selecting this option will enable the Inlet and Outlet
section. User is prompted to enter data listed under the following section.
Inlet
Outlet
Pressure Profile: Selecting this option will enable the Enter Data button. Click
Enter Data to open the Pressure Profile dialog box. Select the
appropriate Location option from the drop-down list and start entering the
data for Location and Pressure.
March 2007
If you have selected Open Pipe in the Reactor Type section, Pressure Drop
Method will be made available for selection.
In case you have selected Packed Pipe in the Reactor Type section, Packed Bed
Pressure Drop will be made available for selection.
Pressure Drop Method: Selecting this option will enable the Enter Data button.
Click on it to open the Pressure Drop Method dialog box.
Pressure Drop Correlation: Select the appropriate pressure drop method listed
in the drop list.
Significance
Beggs-Brill-Moody
Olimens
Dukler-Eaton-Flanigan
Gray
Hagedorn-Brown
Mukherjee-Brill
Beggs-Brill-Moody-Palmer
Chapter 9
March 2007
Spherical
Cylindrical : If you have selected Cylindrical, enter the Length.
You may supply the following reactor calculation options for the boiling pot
reactor in the Reactor Data window:
Tolerances: The absolute temperature and relative mole fraction and enthalpy
tolerances for the reactor may be changed from their default values of
0.1, 10-5, and 10-4 respectively.
Note: If the Fixed Duty option is specified on the main Reactor data entry
window, an estimate of the reactor temperature may optionally be provided in the
Reactor Data window. The minimum and maximum temperature defaults of
- 457.87 F and 4940.33 F may also be overridden.
Maximum Liquid Volume: If a fixed volume is not supplied on the main Reactor
window, you may supply a maximum liquid reactor volume in this
window. A default of 3531.5 ft3 will be used if a value is not provided.
Initial Volume Estimate: An initial volume estimate may optionally be supplied
in this window.
Component product rate estimates may also be supplied by clicking Product
Estimates on the Reactor Data window.
The number of Broyden trials before the Jacobian matrix is updated may be
specified along with the derivative step size multiplier by clicking on the
appropriate underlined linked text. The defaults are 3 trials and a step size
multiplier of 0.01.
Chapter 9
Gibbs Reactor
For the Gibbs reactor, the user may provide a number of optional calculation
options in the Reactor Data window:
Maximum Iterations: The maximum number of iterations allowed. The
default is 50.
Convergence Tolerance: The relative convergence tolerance. The
default is 10-4 for isothermal conditions and 10-6 for adiabatic conditions.
Fibonacci Tolerance: The convergence tolerance for the Fibonacci
search calculations. The default is 0.01.
In addition, you may specify the physical property evaluation method by
clicking on the underlined hypertext. The options are:
Evaluated at each step: The physical property values are reevaluated
at each step of the search. This is the default.
Used from previous iteration: The physical property values from the
previous iteration are used.
You may select the product rate estimate option by clicking on the underlined
linked text. The available options are:
PRO/II default: The default generates an initial estimate of the product rates
using the PRO/II method.
Average of all feeds: This uses the average of all feed rates to generate an
initial product rate estimate.
Supplied reacting component rates: This option uses the values given for the
reacting component estimated rates. Supply reacting components and
estimated rates in the Reacting Components window, which is reached
by clicking Reacting Components and Estimates on the Reactor Data
window.
The options to specify the parameters for the free energy minimization phase
calculations are found in the Phase Split Parameters window. This opens by
clicking Phase Split Parameters on the Reactor Data window.
March 2007
Note: The Phase Split Parameters window is available only if the Reactor
Operation Phase is specified as Calculated on the Unit Reaction
Definitions window. See below for Unit Reaction Definitions.
Specfying Reactions: The number of chemical reactions (i.e., the number of
REACTION statements) must equal the number of chemical species
minus the number of effective atoms. Usually, the number of effective
atoms is the number of atomic species..
The number of effective atoms differs from the number of atomic species
when two or more atoms always occur together in the same proportion.
For example, consider the chlorination of ethylene:
Keq
C2H
+ Cl
C2H
+ Cl
There are 3 atomic species (C, H, Cl), but C and H always occur in a 1:2 ratio.
Therefore, the number of effective atoms is 2 (Cl and CH2). These two effective
atoms represent the three chemical species, so only one chemical reaction is
allowed.
The options available on the Phase Split Parameters window are:
Initial Phase Estimate: This entry is the phase used for the initial reactor
calculations. The user may select the vapor, liquid, vaporliquid, liquid
liquid,or vaporliquidliquid phase. The default is vaporliquid.
First Phase Evaluation at Iteration: Specify the first iteration where the phase
will be reevaluated. The phase should not be evaluated too early
because the reaction results may still be far from the final solution. The
default is 6.
Phase Evaluation Frequency: Specify the number of iterations between phase
evaluations. The default is 4.
Minimum Phase Tolerance: When the molar ratio of a phase to the total
quantity of material is less than this value, the phase is considered as
non-existent. The default is 10-6 .
Atomic groups can be provided in the Atomic Groups window. This window can
be reached by clicking the User-specified Atomic Groups button on the
Reactor Data window.
Chapter 9
Equilibrium Reactor
You may supply the operation phase of the reactor in the Unit Reaction
Definitions window. By clicking Equilibrium Data in this window, you gain
access to the fields where you may supply the following:
Equilibrium Coefficients: Eight coefficients (A-H) of the equilibrium equation.
Units: The temperature, weight, volume and pressure units of measure for the
equilibrium equation can be changed by clicking on the underlined linked
text. Options are restricted to R or K for the temperature units.
Conversion Reactor
You may overwrite the stoichiometric coefficients for the first reaction in the
selected reaction set by clicking the Define the Stoichiometry for the First
Reaction check box. The values of stoichiometric coefficients are to be
determined from the calculation results of the selected Calculator unit.
Frequently, this feature is applied to use a single reaction to represent the overall
reaction behavior in the reactor and, therefore, there is only a single reaction
defined in the entire reaction set. The stoichiometric data displayed in the grid
box are merely used to echo the reaction equation previously defined in the
Reaction Data section.
March 2007
Chapter 9
Activation Energy: The activation energy for the kinetic power law rate
equation. The default is 0.
Temperature Exponent: The temperature exponent for the kinetic power law
rate equation. The default is 0.
Base Component: A base component must be supplied for the kinetic reaction
rate report.
Reaction Order and Activity Basis: As is done in the Reaction Data section on
a global basis, the default reaction phase, reaction activity bases for both
vapor and liquid phases, component reaction phase and kinetic orders
that are used to define the kinetic rate expression can be entered here
as local data for this reactor. Click Reaction Order and Activity Phase to
specify the kinetic reaction order and activity phase for each component
which appears in the rate expression. The vapor activity basis is used for
all components specified with vapor activity phase while the liquid activity
basis is used for all components specified with liquid activity phase.
Gibbs Reactor
You may specify the phase of the reactor operation in the Unit Reaction
Definitions window. The reaction phase options are Calculated (default), Vapor,
Liquid, VaporLiquid, LiquidLiquid or VaporLiquidLiquid. If Calculated is
selected, PRO/II will determine the phase as part of the free energy minimization
calculation. If a phase is selected, the calculations wil be based on the selected
phase.
Extent of Reaction
To specify the extent of the reaction for a conversion, equilibrium and Gibbs reactors only.
Click Extent of Reaction on the main Reactor data entry window to open the Extent of
Reaction window.
Conversion Reactor
You may select the base component from which the conversion data were
determined. If the base component is not selected (select none), the
stoichiometric coefficients of the reaction will be taken as the absolute moles
reacted. You may supply constants for the second order temperature-dependent
fractional conversion equation in this window. Default values for the constants
are given in the table. Click on the underlined linked text to change the
temperature units of measure for the conversion reaction. If the temperature units
of measure are not specified locally, the problem temperature units are used.
March 2007
Equilibrium Reactor
The base component for user-supplied reactions must be specified in the Extent
of Reaction window. You may access this window via the Reaction Set window,
which contains a list of the reactions that have earlier been defined for the
flowsheet. Upon choosing the desired equation, the Extent of Reaction window
appears. (The base components of built-in reactions such as Shift and
Methanation are predetermined and need not be supplied by the user.)
You may specify the approach to conversion either as a temperature or a
fractional approach. As was the case with the Conversion reactor, you may
supply constants for the second order temperature-dependent fractional
conversion equation in this window. Default values for the constants are given in
the table. Click on the underlined linked text to change the temperature units of
measure for the conversion reaction. If the temperature units of measure are not
specified locally, the problem temperature units are used.
Gibbs Reactor
The extent of reaction can be provided on a global basis in the Extent of
Reaction window (as a component percent converted, or as a component
product rate). The extent of reaction can also be specified for each individual
reaction as a temperature approach or a base component product rate.
Amount of Catalyst
For boiling pot reactors only, you can specify the amount of a nonvolatile catalyst
componenton a weight or molar fraction, or total weight or mole basis in the
Catalytic Components window (which may be reached by clicking Catalysts on
the Reactor Data window). Before the button becomes active, the following
conditions must be met:
Chapter 9
Pressure
For conversion, equilibrium, Gibbs reactors and CSTRs, click Pressure on the
main Reactor window to enter the following reactor pressure options in the
Pressure data entry window:
Pressure Drop: The pressure drop across the reactor. This defaults to 0 if not
supplied.
Outlet Pressure: The pressure at the reactor outlet.
For the plug flow reactor, either the inlet and outlet pressure or a pressure profile
along the reactor length (actual length, or percent or fraction of tube length) may
be entered on the Pressure window:
Inlet: Either the pressure drop below feed (the default is 0 psi), or the inlet
pressure may be supplied.
Outlet: Either the pressure drop below inlet (the default is 0 psi), or the outlet
pressure may be supplied.
Print Options
For all reactor types, excepting the Gibbs reactor, the following print option is
available through the Print Options window:
Print Calculation Path for Enthalpy Balance: This option prints the calculation
path for the heat of reaction calculation.
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system of methods for the reactor calculations may be
selected by choosing a method from the Thermodynamic System drop-down list
box on the main Reactor window.
March 2007
Reactor, Batch
General Information
The Batch Reactor unit operation models material production as a result of
simultaneous and/or sequential reactions in the liquid contents of a reactor
vessel. Phase equilibrium analysis during the reaction allows for the tracking or
removal of vapor phase products. The Batch Reactor may be run in a true batch
simulation mode, with the reactants charged to the reactor vessel prior to the
onset of reactions, and product taken from the vessel at the end of reaction
process, or in a semi-batch mode where reactants may be introduced throughout
the reaction process. Batch reactor calculations may also be integrated into a
steady-state process simulation. The unit configuration automatically considers
the presence of holding tanks for steady flow streams to provide the time-variant
reactants to the batch unit. Implicit holding tanks are also considered for the
product streams to provide a coupling of the time-variant process to the
continuous process simulation environment. A representation of the product
steady flow stream comes from an overall process time average of the quantity
accumulated into a given product.
Currently, the Batch Reactor supports only liquid-phase reactions. A reaction
may produce one or more vapor constituents. Whether the vapor constituent(s)
will return to the liquid phase and again be available for reaction(s) will be
determined by equilibrium analysis done at the end of each time step.
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system for the unit is selected by using the Thermodynamic
System drop-down list box in the Batch Reactor dialog box. Batch Reactor also
allows the use of electrolyte thermodynamic methods.
Detailed Information
For detailed information about the use of the Batch Reactor unit operation,
consult the PRO/II Add-On Modules User Guide.
Chapter 9
Solid Separator
General Information
The Solid Separator unit models the separation of solid phase material from a
mixture of feed streams. The unit operates adiabatically at the lowest of the
individual feed stream pressures.
Calculation Method
The solid separator provides the option of specifying the fraction of the solid
components in the total feed that is removed in the bottoms stream. The default
fraction of the solid components removed in the bottoms stream is 1.00. An
adiabatic flash calculation is used to determine the product phases and the outlet
temperature based upon the thermal condition of the combined feed.
The solid separator unit supports both VLE (two phase) and VLLE (three phase)
calculations to determine the individual phase compositions. See the online
Technical Information discussion entitled VLE Model and VLLE Model for more
details. To access the main data entry window for VLE and VLLE calculations,
select Tools/Binary VLE from the menu bar.
March 2007
Splitter
General Information
This unit may be used to split a single feed or mixture of feeds into two or more
products of identical composition and phase condition. The outlet stream
pressure may be specified, if desired, and an adiabatic flash used to determine
the outlet temperature and phase. A choice of options is provided for splits in
which insufficient feed is available to meet the specified product rates.
Chapter 9
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system of methods to be used for splitter calculations may
be selected by choosing a method from the Thermodynamic System drop-down
list box on the Splitter main data entry window.
March 2007
Stream Calculator
General Information
The Stream Calculator unit blends any number of feed streams and splits them
into two product streams with defined compositions and thermal condition. It may
also be used to create a pseudoproduct stream based on the blended feeds or
by defining the amount of each component in the stream.
Mode of Operation
The mode of operation is specified by the number of feeds and products attached
to the unit so it is important to connect the streams correctly before entering the
unit data.
Chapter 9
Stream Splitting
In order to define the component splits, specifications must be entered in the
Product Specifications window to define how much of each component goes into
either the overhead or the bottoms product. Specifications may be on single
components or on ranges of contiguous components. Several specifications may
be required and some may specify the amount of components in the overhead
and others the amount in the bottoms product. Each component must appear in
one, and only one, specification. The component rates, recovery or composition
in a product may be specified.
The thermal condition of the products may optionally be defined in the Overhead
Product Conditions window and the Bottoms Product Conditions window.
Pressure defaults to the lowest feed pressure. If no temperature specification is
supplied for either product, the product temperatures are set equal at a value
calculated from the enthalpy balance, using the duty entered on the Stream
Calculator window. If one temperature is supplied, the other temperature is
calculated to meet the enthalpy balance. If both temperatures are given, duty is
calculated.
Temperature specifications may be a temperature value, the temperature rise
above the feed, dew or bubble point or an approach to dew or bubble point.
Stream Creation
In order to define the pseudoproduct, specifications must be entered in the
Pseudoproduct Specifications window to define how much of each component is
in the product. Specifications may be on single components or on ranges of
contiguous components and several specifications may be required. At least one
specification must be defined. Any component which does not appear in a
specification will be set to zero in the pseudoproduct. If the unit has feeds,
component rates, recovery or composition in the product may be specified,
Otherwise, the component rates must be defined.
If there is no feed to the unit, pseudoproduct thermal condition must be defined in
the Pseudoproduct Conditions window. If there is a feed, the temperature and
pressure specifications are optional. The pressure defaults to lowest feed
pressure and the temperature is calculated to satisfy the enthalpy balance. If a
duty is supplied, it will be used only for the stream splitting enthalpy balance.
Duty is not used for the pseudoproduct enthalpy balance.
Temperature specifications may be a temperature value, the temperature rise
above the feed, dew or bubble point or an approach to dew or bubble point. If
there is no feed, the temperature rise specification cannot be used.
March 2007
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system of methods to be used for the stream Calculator may
be selected by choosing a method from the Thermodynamic System drop-down
list box on the Stream Calculator main data entry window.
Chapter 9
March 2007
SPEC/VARY/DEFINE
General Information
PRO/II has an extensive system of cross-referencing for flowsheet parameters.
Flowsheet parameters include operating conditions for unit operations, calculated
results from unit operations, and stream flows, compositions, and properties. For
example, the supplied outlet pressure for a Pump, the calculated temperature for
a dew point Flash, and the simulated D86 ninety-five percent distilled
temperature for a Column product stream are all flowsheet parameters.
Most unit operation parameters may be either DEFINEd or SPECified relative to
any other flowsheet parameter in the problem. Some unit operations may VARY
a flowsheet parameter that would ordinarily remain constant at the input value.
The table below summarizes the methods for cross-referencing flowsheet
parameters:
SPEC: A unit operation or stream performance specification (calculated result)
must meet a desired value, either on an absolute basis or relative basis.
VARY: A unit operation or stream flowsheet parameter is varied from the
supplied value.
DEFINE: A unit operation parameter is defined by cross-reference to another
flowsheet parameter.
PRO/II uses a common format for the SPECification, VARY, and DEFINE
features. Each feature is discussed separately below. Tables are also presented
with cross-reference availabilities of the flowsheet parameters for streams and
the unit operations.
SPECifications
By definition, a SPECification must always be a calculated flowsheet result. The
following unit operations use the generalized SPEC format to define the
performance of the unit: Flash, Splitter, Column/Side Column, and Controller.
A SPEC has the following general form:
Parameter = value within the default tolerance
A choice for the Parameter and a numeric entry for the value must be supplied by
clicking on the underlined hypertext strings to gain access to the pertinent data
entry fields. Optionally, the tolerance basis may be changed from the default to
absolute or relative and the default tolerance value of 0.02 replaced by direct
entry.
Chapter 9
Select the = sign linked text and select an option from the pop-up
window. Choices are as follows:
No Operator
Primary parameter only (the default)
+ Operator
Primary parameter plus reference parameter
(SUM)
- Operator
Primary parameter minus reference parameter
(DIFFERENCE)
/ Operator
Primary parameter divided by reference parameter (RATIO)
x Operator
Primary parameter times reference parameter (TIMES)
Select the Reference Parameter and click on the Parameter text string,
and select the desired reference parameter from the list which is
displayed.
Note: Only those unit or stream parameters which are valid for a specification
are available.
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VARYs
For each SPEC in a flowsheet, there must be one VARY or degree of freedom.
The VARY for the Flash unit is implicitly defined, i.e., not defined explicitly by the
user. For Flash units with specifications, the degree of freedom is the
temperature when the pressure or pressure drop is given and the pressure when
the temperature is supplied. Other unit Operations which have VARYs are the
Column/Side Column and the Controller. A VARY is always a flowsheet
parameter that has a fixed versus calculated value in the flowsheet.
For Columns/Side Columns a VARY may be a feed stream rate, product draw
rate, or a heat duty. For example, the lean oil feed rate to a column may be
Chapter 9
Note: Only those unit or stream parameters which are valid for use as a VARY
are available.
The following example illustrates the use of VARYs:
March 2007
DEFINE
The DEFINE is used to dynamically define the value for a flowsheet parameter
that ordinarily has a fixed versus calculated value in the flowsheet. Thus, the
value for a unit operating condition may be set to a value that is based on a
calculated flowsheet parameter. For example, the DEFINE may be used to set
the temperature for an isothermal Flash to the temperature that is calculated for a
Compressor outlet stream plus 10 degrees. This concept greatly enhances the
flowsheeting capability of PRO/II, and, in fact, nearly every unit operation input
parameter may be DEFINEd in PRO/II.
To define a flowsheet parameter:
Select the parameter in the appropriate window for the unit operation. At
this point, the Define button on the toolbar is activated if the parameter
may be DEFINEd. Click Define to access the Definition window.
From this window, select the check box to enable the DEFINE options.
Click on the Parameter text string and select the desired parameter from
the window which is displayed.
Note: Only those unit or stream parameters which are valid for use as a DEFINE
are available.
For a constant:
Select Constant from the Constant/Stream/Unit drop-down list box in the
Parameter window.
Enter a numerical constant in the supplied data entry field.
The following example illustrates the use of a DEFINE:
Chapter 9
SPECS
VARY2
Flash
Splitter
Column
Controller
All
Units
Controller
Temperature
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Pressure
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Enthalpy
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Mole Weight
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Total Flow
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Component
Flow
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Composition
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Phase Fraction
Yes
Yes
Yes
Density/Volume
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Distill. Curve
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Vapor Pressure
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Transport
Property
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Refining
Property
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Special User
Property
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Parameter
March 2007
SPEC
VARY
External
DEFINE
Controllers
1
Reference
SPEC
VARY
Yes
Yes
Yes
Calculator
Result
Yes
Yes
Parameter
Yes
Yes
Stream Calculator
Temperature
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Pressure
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Delta T
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Temp. Below
Bubble Pt.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Temp. Above
Dew Pt.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Delta P
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Feed Cofactor
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Duty
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Frac. Overhead
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Frac. Bottoms
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Frac. Product
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Overheat Rate
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Bottoms Rate
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Product Rate
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Comp. Overhead
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Comp. Bottoms
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Comp. Product
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Chapter 9
SPEC
VARY
External
DEFINE
Controllers
1
Reference
SPEC
VARY
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Controller
Specification
Yes
Yes
Yes
MVC
Specification
Yes
Yes
Yes
Optimizer
Specification
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Constraint
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Column
Reflux
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Reflux Ratio
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Duty
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Feed Rate
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Draw Rate
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Specification
Yes
Yes
Yes
Percent of Flood
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Max % of Flood
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Downcomer B/U
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
CS Approach
Yes
Yes
Yes
Flood Approach
Yes
Yes
Yes
Tray Diameter
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Condenser Pres
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Tray Delta P
Yes
Yes
Yes
Column Delta P
Yes
Yes
Yes
Tray Temp
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Feed Tray No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Draw Tray No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Duty Tray No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
March 2007
External
SPEC
VARY
DEFINE
P/A Rate
P/A Return T
Product Moles
Circulation Rate
Yes
Vapor Fraction
Liquid Fraction
Outlet Temp
Delta T incr.
Controllers
1
Reference
SPEC
VARY
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Thermosiphon Reboiler
LLEX
Specification
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Feed Rate
Yes
Yes
Yes
Draw Rate
Yes
Yes
Yes
Duty
Yes
Yes
Yes
Pump
Temperature
Yes
Yes
Outlet Pres
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Delta P
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Pressure ratio
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Work
Yes
Yes
Head
Yes
Yes
Efficiency
Yes
Yes
Pipe
Diameter
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Max velocity
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Average velocity
Yes
Yes
Yes
Delta P
Yes
Yes
Yes
Duty
Yes
Yes
Yes
Rel Roughness
Yes
Yes
Yes
Abs Roughness
Yes
Yes
Yes
Chapter 9
Yes
External
Controllers
1
SPEC
VARY
DEFINE
Reference
SPEC
Friction Factor
Yes
Yes
Yes
Flow Efficiency
Yes
Yes
Yes
Length
Yes
Yes
Yes
Heat Transfer
Coeff.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Ambient Temp
Yes
Delta P Max
Yes
K-Factor
Yes
VARY
Yes
Simple Exchanger
Duty
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Cold Delta P
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Cold T Out
Yes
Yes
Yes
Cold Liq Fr
Yes
Yes
Yes
Cold Subcool
Yes
Yes
Yes
Cold Supheat
Yes
Yes
Yes
Hot Delta P
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Hot T Out
Yes
Yes
Hot Liq Fr ac
Yes
Yes
Hot Subcool
Yes
Yes
Hot Supheat
Yes
Yes
LMTD
Yes
Yes
Zoned LMTD
Yes
Yes
Yes
Overall U
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Area
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
U * Area
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Ft Factor
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Approach
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
MITA (Pinch)
Yes
Min. Approach
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
March 2007
SPEC
VARY
External
DEFINE
Controllers
1
Reference
SPEC
VARY
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Overall U
Yes
Yes
Yes
Estimated U
Area
Yes
Yes
Yes
U*Area
Yes
Yes
Yes
LMTD
Yes
Yes
Shell T Out
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Tube T Out
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Required Foul
Factor
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Cell i Duty
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Cell I Delta P
Yes
Yes
U*Area
Yes
Yes
LMTD
Yes
Yes
MITA
Yes
Yes
Yes
Splitter
Temperature
Yes
Yes
Yes
Pressure
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Delta P
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Specification
Yes
Valve
Temperature
Pressure
Delta P
Chapter 9
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
SPEC
VARY
External
DEFINE
Controllers
1
Reference
SPEC
VARY
Compressor
Outlet Temp
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Outlet Pres
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Delta P
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Compr. Ratio
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Actual Work
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Head
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Adiab. Effy
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Poly Effy
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Max. Press
Yes
Yes
Cooler DP
Yes
Yes
Cooler Temp
Yes
Yes
Temp Estimate
Yes
Yes
RPM
Yes
Yes
Yes
Curve RPM
Yes
Yes
Yes
Expander
Outlet Temp
Yes
Yes
Yes
Outlet Pres
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Pressure Drop
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Expans. Ratio
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Actual Work
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Head
Yes
Yes
Yes
Adiab. Effy
Yes
Yes
Yes
Min. Pressure
Yes
Yes
Yes
March 2007
SPEC
VARY
External
DEFINE
Controllers
1
Reference
SPEC
VARY
Flash
Temperature
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Pressure
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Delta Pres
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Duty
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Specification
Entrainment
Yes
Pseudo Prod.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Mixer / Splitter
Temperature
Yes
Pressure
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Delta Pres
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Specification
Yes
Pump
Temperature
Yes
Yes
Yes
Outlet Pres
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Delta Pres
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Press Ratio
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Work
Yes
Yes
Head
Yes
Yes
Efficiency
Yes
Yes
Equilibrium Reactor
Temperature
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Pressure
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Delta Pres
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Duty
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Conversion i
Yes
Stoic. Coeff.
Yes
Chapter 9
SPEC
VARY
External
DEFINE
Controllers
1
Reference
SPEC
VARY
Conversion Reactor
Temperature
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Pressure
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Delta Pres
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Duty
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Conversion i
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Gibbs Reactor
Temperature
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Pressure
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Delta Pres
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Duty
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Pressure
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Delta Pres
Yes
Yes
Inlet Pres.
Yes
Yes
Delta P In
Yes
Yes
Duty
Tube Diameter
Yes
Yes
Length
Yes
Yes
No. of Tubes
Yes
Yes
U (HTC)
Yes
Yes
Max Veloc.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Temp In
Yes
Yes
Yes
Temp Out
Yes
Yes
Pre-exp. Factor
Yes
Yes
Activation E i
Yes
Yes
Conversion i
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
March 2007
SPEC
VARY
External
DEFINE
Controllers
1
Reference
SPEC
VARY
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Pressure
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Delta P
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Duty
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Conversion i
Yes
Yes
Pre-exp factor i
Yes
Yes
Yes
Activation E i
Yes
Yes
Yes
Volume
Yes
Yes
Yes
Min. Temp.
Yes
Yes
Max. Temp.
Yes
Yes
Max. Veloc.
Yes
Yes
Depressuring
Final Pres.
Yes
Yes
Relief Pres.
Yes
Yes
Final Time
Yes
Yes
Relief Time
Yes
Yes
Relief Duration
Yes
Yes
Valve Constant
Yes
Yes
Valve Back P.
Yes
Yes
Valve Coeff.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Critical Flow
Factor
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
HT Area
Yes
Yes
Yes
HT Coeff
Yes
Yes
Yes
HTC Factor
Yes
Yes
Yes
Vapor HTC
Yes
Yes
Yes
Liquid HTC
Yes
Yes
Yes
Coeff C1
Yes
Yes
Yes
Coeff C2
Yes
Yes
Yes
Chapter 9
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
External
Controllers
1
SPEC
VARY
DEFINE
Reference
SPEC
VARY
Coeff C3
Yes
Yes
Yes
Coeff C4
Yes
Yes
Yes
Coeff C5
Yes
Yes
Yes
Final Temp
Yes
Yes
Yes
Final Duty
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
VesselVolume
Yes
Yes
Liquid Holdup
Yes
Yes
Vess. Diameter
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Ht. of Holdup
Yes
Yes
Vess Weight
Yes
Yes
Vessel Cp
Yes
Yes
Tan-tan Vess.
Length
Yes
Yes
Tan-tan Vess.
Height
Yes
Yes
Time Step
Yes
Yes
Isentropic Eff.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
March 2007
General Information
The PRO/II User-added Unit Operation capability enables users to add their own
FORTRAN subroutines to simulate any type of unit operation or to perform
calculations on flowsheet parameters. The subroutine must first be linked into the
PRO/II program and it is then accessed via the graphical user interface in the
same way as any other unit operation.
The User-added Unit Operation has access to the PRO/II physical property data
and may call the PRO/II flash and property calculation subroutines. Other
information, such as input and output dimensional units, is also available. See
the PRO/II Data Transfer System and User-Added Subroutine User Guide for
information on writing and interfacing User-added Unit Operation subroutines.
The developer of the User-added Unit Operation can also customize the Useradded Unit Operation Data window to request only data which may be required
for the calculations.
Note: If transport properties are required in the User-added Unit Operation, you
must select a suitable method in the Thermodynamic Data.
Chapter 9
Stream Reordering
If the User-added Unit Operation has more than one feed or product, they will be
shown in the order in which they were laid down on the PFD. The user may need
to reorder the streams so that they are presented in the correct order to the Useradded Unit Operation. For example, the User-added Unit Operation may always
feed vapor to the first product stream and liquid to the second.
Reordering is done in the User-added Subroutine - Stream Reordering window
accessible by clicking Reorder Streams on the User-added Unit Operation Data
window.
Entering Data
Data are supplied to the User-added Unit Operation in four tables:
Real Data
Supplemental Data
Integer Data
Heat Balance Data
March 2007
The variables in the Real Data table are also available to other unit operations by
means of SPECs, VARYs and DEFINEs. The other tables
File UASLIST.INI
This file contains the user-specified names for specific user-added calculation
subroutines that will be displayed in place of the default names US1 - US20,
corresponding to the subroutines USER41 - USER60. Each line in the file has
two entries; the entry number in the list of user-added subroutine names, and the
actual text that is to be displayed for the user-added subroutine. An example of a
typical UASLIST.INI file is shown below:
1. PIPE DP Routine
2. Stream Heating Value
These entries in the UASLIST.INI file will result in the following list of available
user-added calculational subroutines being displayed when a User-added Unit
Operation is laid down on the PFD:
File USERXX.INI
This file contains the variable names and array locations for all of the Real,
Supplemental, Integer, and Heat Balance Data values that the specific useradded calculation subroutine requires or that can be input by the user. For a
user-added subroutine with a customized data entry window, a user will only be
able to enter values for the data items specified in this file. The XX in the name
of the USERXX.INI file corresponds to the respective user-added subroutine
referenced, i.e. the user-added subroutine USER41 with a user-specified name
of PIPE DP Routine above would need a USER41.INI file to describe the
Chapter 9
iPPrint ControllN
iPDiameter (in)lm
iPLength (ft)lg
Required
Required
Required
No. Of Segments
Required
The first entry on each line indicates to which data array the variable belongs.
The second entry is the array number where the data value entered by the User
will be stored for access by the User-added calculational subroutine.
The third entry is the label to be displayed for the variable in the customized data
entry window. This entry must be enclosed in double quotes ().
The fourth entry on each line indicates whether or not data entry for the item is
Optional or is Required. The default is Optional, and this entry is not required.
The entries in the USER41.INI file shown above will result in the following
required data values and variable names being shown in the custom window
displayed for data entry, for any User-added Unit Operation where the userselected PIPE DP Routine as the user-added subroutine when the unit was laid
down on the PFD as shown below.
Real Data
Supplemental Data
Integer Data
Heat Balance Data
up to 500 elements
up to 10,000 elements
up to 250 elements
up to 10 elements
Each table shows the name(s) of the variable(s) for which values must be
entered. They will scroll if they contain more than four rows. All data entries
displayed using a customized data entry window are required. No checks on
March 2007
validity or completeness of the data are carried out until the User-added Unit
Operation is executed.
Real Data
Supplemental Data
Integer Data
Heat Balance Data
- up to 500 elements
- up to 10,000 elements
- up to 250 elements
- up to 10 elements
The user must know which elements of each array are used by the User-added
Unit Operation and enter the array element number along with the value. Values
may be entered for any or all of the elements in the arrays. The elements defined
need not be contiguous and may be entered in any order.
PRO/II knows nothing about the data requirements of a User-added Unit
Operation and so no restrictions are imposed in the data entry.
Note: Unless the user defines a custom Data Entry Window for a specified Useradded Unit Operation, the data entry for that unit will be via the developers data
entry window.
Chapter 9
User-defined units of measure, used for all data transfer between the
user-added subroutines and PRO/II.
Full GUI support, including unit lay-down and custom input windows.
User-developers may create these using the AutoGui feature with the
user-defined data structures and labels.
Detailed Information
Comprehensive discussion of modular user-added subroutines is beyond the
scope of this Guide. Please refer to the PRO/II User-Added Subroutines User
Guide.
March 2007
Electrolyte Module
General Information
The optional Electrolyte Module of PRO/II allows you to handle systems
containing electrolytes. See the PRO/II Add-On Modules User Guide for more
information. The following unit operations can be used with this electrolyte
version:
Flash
Pump
Valve, Mixer, Splitter
Pipe
Simple heat exchanger, LNG heat exchanger
Conversion reactor, Equilibrium reactor
Stream calculator
Heating/Cooling curve
Calculator
Controller, Optimizer
Column (Electrolytic Algorithm, see below)
Thermodynamic Models
Eight built-in electrolyte models in PRO/II simulate aqueous systems in a wide
range of industrial applications. The models apply to fixed component lists with a
predefined set of thermodynamic methods for K-values, enthalpies and densities.
It is not possible to define individual methods for K-value, enthalpy or density
when using electrolyte thermodynamic models.
Note: Electrolyte models may not be used to calculate the following properties:
(1) Nonaqueous electrolyte systems; (2) Free water decant;
(3) Water dew points; (4) Hydrocarbon dew points, (5) Entropy and heat capacity.
The following electrolyte models are available in this release:
Amine Systems
Acid Systems
Mixed Salt Systems
Sour Water Systems
Caustic Systems
Benfield Systems
Scrubber Systems
Chapter 9
32-390 F (0-200 C)
0-200 atm
0-30 mole %
0-30 ionic strength
0-30 atm
0-10 weight %
You may add your own models, specifically suited to your application, by using
the PRO/II and the Electrolyte Utility Package (EUP). If you wish to do this,
contact your nearest SIMSCI support office for more information.
Note: Take care when using nonelectrolyte and electrolyte thermodynamic
methods in the same application. The PRO/II electrolytic models use a different
enthalpy basis from that used for other thermodynamic systems. When both are
used, PRO/II automatically takes care of the difference but it may appear to be
confusing. To avoid this, select the electrolyte enthalpy method for all
nonelectrolyte thermodynamic systems in a mixed application. All systems will
then use the electrolyte model basis.
March 2007
Advantages
(1) Rigorously models ionic equilibrium systems.
(2) Solves highly nonideal distillation columns.
Disadvantages
(1) Side columns are not supported.
(2) Pumparounds and tray hydraulics are not available.
(3) Certain Column Specifications and Variables are not permitted.
Chapter 9
March 2007
This reactor unit has been added to PRO/II as part of the SIMSCI Add-on Models
(Polymer CSTR) and is available from SIMSCI as the SIMSCI Polymer CSTR
module.
Required Data for the Polymer Reactor Unit
This version of PRO/II does not allow you to enter the necessary Component,
Stream, or Thermodynamic Data via required the data entry windows. However,
you can enter the necessary Polymer CSTR data using the Polymer CSTR data
entry window for the SIMSCI Add-on Model.
To enter data for the Polymer CSTR:
Once you have entered your simulation data, including the data for the Polymer
CSTR, but excluding any polymer-specific thermodynamic, stream, or component
data, you will need to do the following:
Chapter 9
For additional information, refer to the PRO/II Add-On Modules User Guide.
The product stream pressure may also be supplied, but if it is not given, the
pressure will be set to the lowest feed stream pressure.
The unit thermodynamic method component properties will be recalculated from
the blend of the feed streams properties and will then be stored as part of that
thermodynamic method data storage. Only petroleum and assay generated
component properties will be recalculated; it is assumed that Library component
properties do not change in the flowsheet. The unit first recalculates the normal
boiling point, molecular weight and specific gravity for all the petroleum
components. These recalculated properties are then used to recharacterize all
the other petroleum fraction properties such as the critical temperature.
Using the Blend Unit with Refinery Inspection Properties
Any refinery inspection properties specified in the input will also be blended from
the feed streams properties using the specified blending method for that
property. It is necessary that every thermodynamic method must have the same
March 2007
refinery inspection properties specified and that these properties must use the
same property method and blending basis in order for the unit to work. A check is
done at input time to check that all the methods in the problem have the same
refinery properties, methods and bases specified. You can request this check to
be done, at calculation time, on the methods used in the current unit using the
IPARM entry.
Note: Requesting this check at calculation time should be used with care and is
not recommended.
Note: In this version, a warning message will alert you if the thermodynamic
method of the unit operation is different from the thermodynamic method of any
of the feed streams. This warning message applies to all unit operations except
for the RESET unit, the BLEND unit and any Profimatics reactor models.
Chapter 9
March 2007
Valve
General Information
The Valve is used to model the Joule-Thompson effect that occurs
across a pressure restriction such as a valve, orifice plate, etc. The temperature
for the exit fluid is computed by assuming that the operation is adiabatic.
Rigorous calculations may be performed for both VLE and VLLE systems.
Outlet Conditions
The outlet condition for a valve is selected with the appropriate radio button on
the Valve main data entry window as:
Pressure drop
Outlet pressure
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system of methods to be used for valve calculations may be
selected by choosing a method from the Thermodynamic System drop-down list
box on the Valve main data entry window.
Chapter 9
General Information
The Wiped Film Evaporator unit operation (WFE) provides the capability to model
the separation of solvents and/or monomers from a polymer melt. A Wiped Film
Evaporator should be used when the removal of volatiles from a viscous polymer
melt is diffusion limited. The blades inside the wiped film evaporator continually
mix and spread a thin film of the melt on the wall of the evaporator. As the melt
moves down the evaporator, the volatiles diffuse out of it and into the vapor
space of the evaporator. The volatiles are pulled out of the evaporator under
vacuum.
Detailed Information
For detailed information regarding operating modes, data requirements, and
range of applicability of the Wiped Film Evaporator model, consult the PRO/II
Add-On Modules User Guide.
March 2007
Chapter 10
Running and Viewing a
Flowsheet
This chapter describes how to run a simulation, interactively change the
calculation sequence, use breakpoints, and view calculation history and results.
Chapter 10
Description
Status
Check Data
Run
Step
Stop
Set Breakpoints
Goto
Messages
View Results
Show Breakpoints
March 2007
Choose Status from the Run palette. The Flowsheet Status window
appears. The Check Data results appear in a scrollable window.
Chapter 10
Significance
Yellow
Red
Green
Blue
Dark Blue
Purple
March 2007
If the run encounters problems, warnings will appear in the Flowsheet Status
window. You have the option to close the window and correct the warnings or
continue the run by clicking Run Simulation.
If the Messages window is open, you can observe that execution ceases after
completion of the current unit.
Chapter 10
The unit after the calculation stops becomes the current unit, as
indicated by its color.
Using Goto
Use Goto to start execution from a selected unit. This can be invoked at program
initiation or after execution pauses while stepping or stopping.
To start the execution from a specified unit:
The selected unit becomes the current unit. When execution completes on this
unit, its Goto status is removed.
Using Breakpoints
You can set a breakpoint on any unit. Breakpoints can be before the unit
operation, after it, or both. You can set breakpoints using the cursor or by utilizing
the Breakpoints window. In addition, you can set breakpoints before and after a
loop using the Breakpoints window.
To set breakpoints using a cursor:
Choose Set Breakpoints from the Run palette to turn on the Breakpoint
mode. This automatically brings up the Breakpoints window.
Select the unit for which you want to set a breakpoint.
Choose Close to exit the Breakpoints window.
PRO/II turns units selected as breakpoints purple and updates the values in the
Breakpoints window.
To delete a breakpoint in Breakpoint mode:
Select the unit. PRO/II will no longer show this unit as purple.
March 2007
PRO/II updates the values in the Breakpoints window to show that there is no
longer a breakpoint attached to this unit.
The Breakpoints window lists all unit operations in the calculation sequence and
identifies the breakpoint type for each unit: (before, after, both). Units without a
breakpoint are considered Off. Breakpoints are for use during the current
session. PRO/II does not save breakpoint information.
To set breakpoints using the Breakpoints window:
Choose Set Breakpoints from the Run palette. The Breakpoints window
appears.
Set the desired breakpoint type by clicking on the check boxes. You can
set before, after, or both.
Select a unit from the list.
The breakpoint for the unit is set based on the breakpoint placement you select.
To close the Breakpoints window:
Choose Close.
Note: Closing the Breakpoints window does not turn off Breakpoint mode.
Chapter 10
Viewing Results
Viewing Calculation History
Use Messages to view the calculation history that has been produced so far. This
can be used while the simulation is executing, after the simulation finally ends, or
when the simulation reaches a breakpoint.
To view the calculation history for the simulation thus far:
on the toolbar.
Alternatively, you can view process unit and stream results via the Unit List and
Stream List (Go To) windows:
.
Highlight the desired unit or stream.
March 2007
Double-click the stream properties icon on the PFD to display the Stream
Property Table window.
Choose the method for available stream selection by selecting the
appropriate radio button:
Include All Streams: This is the default. All the streams in the flowsheet are
displayed in the Available Streams list box.
Include Flowsheet Source/Sink Streams: Only those streams entering the
flowsheet as feeds and leaving the flowsheet as products are displayed
in the Available Streams list box, producing a material balance check for
the flowsheet.
The streams in the Displayed Streams list box may be sorted using the Up,
Down, Top and Bottom buttons.
Chapter 10
on the Stream Property Table window to access the Group Components window.
This window may be used to define and name component groups, as well as to
edit existing component groups.
The appearance of the steam property table itself may be altered by the user in
the Stream Property Table window. Options include multiple rows per table,
displaying the row grid lines, and setting the widths for the borders, lines, and
property cell characters.
Use the drop-down list box to select the property list name.
To create a new property list:
Click New to access the New List window and enter a name for the new
list in this window. This window also allows you to select an existing list
from a drop-down list box to be copied to create the new list.
Select the property in the Select Properties drop-down list box on the
Define Property List window and click the button to transfer the property
to the Property Description Format list box.
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The property that was selected is expanded in this window, with the addition of a
description and a format which may be edited in the data entry fields provided.
The description for the property may be changed from the default value and the
number of decimal places for printout may also be changed if desired.
When editing an existing property list, properties may be selected in the Property
Description Format list box and edited, deleted, or rearranged as desired.
In addition to such properties as temperature, pressure, enthalpy, etc., property
items such as double line, line, and text may be incorporated in a property
list to add blank lines and special headings.
Chapter 10
In this window, you can specify the changes you want to make to your input
Parameters and to define the Results you want to examine. You may define as
many parameters and results as you want.
Parameters: The table of parameters initially has one row. You may insert or
remove as many rows as you wish.
Parameter Identifier: The parameter identifier defines the way you want the
output data to be presented after the Case Study has been executed. A
default identifier (here PARAM1) is supplied. To change the parameter
identifier, click on the data field and enter a new name.
Parameter: You must identify a parameter to change. Click Parameter to open
the Parameter window. Select the parameter that you want to change.
When you close this window, the parameter you have specified appears
in place of the original text.
Start Value: Click Base Case Value to open the Parameter Start Value window
where you define the starting value for the parameter. The starting value
defaults to the value of the parameter in the base case. When you close
this window, the starting value will be displayed.
Start Cycle: The start cycle is the cycle after which the incremental changes are
implemented. Cycles before the start cycle use the value in the base
case. If necessary, enter a new start cycle number. By default, the
starting cycle is one (1).
End Cycle: Cycles after the end cycle use the value in the end cycle. If
necessary, enter a new end cycle number. The end cycle defaults to the
value of the start cycle.
Step Value: Next, define the value of the incremental step change per cycle. The
new step value will be displayed.
Results: The table of results initially has one row. You may insert or remove as
many rows as you wish. You may define a Result as one flowsheet
parameter or as a function of two flowsheet parameters or as a function
of one flowsheet parameter and a constant. See SPEC/ VARY/DEFINE
in Chapter 9 for details on using and changing mathematical operators
and composing specifications.
Result Identifier: The result identifier will be used when you define how you
want the output data to be presented after the Case Study has been
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Chapter 10
PRO/II displays a list of available existing keyword input files. The default file
type is keyword files (*.INP). You can change the file type to simulation files
(*.PR1, *.PRZ) using the Files of type drop-down list-box.
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Type or select the name of the file that you want to execute. You can
select multiple files within a given directory. Only the keyword input files
highlighted in the currently selected directory will be added to the list of
files to execute when you exit this window.
Click OK to validate your selection and return to the Run Batch - Input
and/or Simulation Files Selection window.
PRO/II displays a list of available existing execution list files. The default file type
is Run Batch List (*.LST). These files contain the complete path and name of
keyword input and simulation files in the execution order previously specified by
the user. An example of the typical contents of an execution list file is given
below:
C:\SIMSCI\PROII_W\USER\CASE1.INP
C:\SIMSCI\PROII_W\USER\CASE2.INP
C:\SIMSCI\PROII_W\USER\CASE3.INP
Execution list files may include comment lines (beginning with a semicolon ;),
and include list file directives given by #include followed by the .LST file name.
An example is given below:
Chapter 10
;This is a comment
C:\SIMSCI\PROII_W\USER\CASE1.INP
C:\SIMSCI\PROII_W\USER\CASE2.INP
; The following list file to be loaded
; contains flash problems
#include flash.LST
Note: The #include directives may be nested, e.g., in the example above,
flash.LST itself could contain the directives #include dewpt.LST and #include
bubpt.LST.
Type or select the name of the execution list file that you want to load.
You can select multiple list files within a given directory. Only the list files
highlighted in the currently selected directory will be used to create the
list of keyword input and simulation files to be executed.
Click OK to validate the selection and exit.
When you return to the Run Batch - Input and/or Simulation Files Selection
window, the contents of the previously selected execution list file(s) will have
been expanded and are now displayed in the File Sequence list box. Selected
files will be added to the bottom of the list of previously selected files displayed in
the File Sequence list box.
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PRO/II displays the Run Batch - Save File List As window containing the
execution file list options.
Click OK.
Chapter 10
The specified list will be executed in the order shown in the File Sequence box.
When the execution is complete, a message will be displayed to notify you that
the batch mode execution has been completed.
The problem execution will stop after the current unit calculations are complete.
Note: You can terminate an executing problem only during calculation.
To terminate batch mode execution completely:
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Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Printing and Plotting
This chapter describes how to generate, view and print reports, and generate
and print plots. Printer setup is also described.
Choose Output/Report Format from the menu bar. The Report Format
menu appears with options for Units of Measure, Miscellaneous Data,
Stream Properties, and Unit Operations.
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Chapter 12
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Choose the Units of Measure menu item from the Report Format menu.
The Default Units of Measure for Problem Output Report window
appears.
Chapter 12
Click Initialize from UOM Library to extract default values from another
set or replace the default values as necessary.
Optionally, click Standard Vapor Conditions to change the vapor
condition settings for this problem. The Problem Standard Vapor
Condition window appears.
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Chapter 12
March 2007
Click OK in the child windows, then Close to commit the entries and
return to the PFD.
Generating a Report
You can generate a report to a file. Use the Define Format option to define the
format of the report.
To generate a report from an executed simulation:
As PRO/II generates the report, a window appears, displaying the status of the
report as it runs. Once the report has been generated, the default editor window
appears displaying the contents of the report. PRO/II appends an .OUT
extension to the current simulation name and saves the file in the USER
directory.
Chapter 12
Viewing a Report
To view a previously generated report of the current simulation:
Printing a Report
To print the report:
Plotting
PRO/II generates and displays a variety of plots for input data and tabulated
results. The following plots can be generated:
Input Data
Assay stream analysis
Output Results
Distillation column profiles (temperature, flowrates, composition, and
separation factor)
Zones analysis for simple and rigorous heat exchangers
Phase envelopes
Heating/Cooling curves
Plots can be displayed using PRO/IIs Plot Viewer or Microsoft Excel. The section
Setting Up the Plot Driver later in this chapter describes how to select and
configure the plot driver.
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Generating a Plot
To generate an assay stream analysis plot, select View Curve... on the Stream
Assay Definition window. Three curves will be generated:
Choose Output/Generate Plot from the menu bar. PRO/II displays the
Generate Plot window as shown in Figure 11-10.
Chapter 12
Plotting a Column
To obtain a plot of vapor and liquid compositions:
Choose Options/Plot Setup on the menu bar to open the Plot Setup
window.
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Chapter 12
You can send a plot from the Plot window to your plotter.
To send a plot to the plotter:
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Chapter 12
Customizing the PFD
Workplace
This chapter surveys the customization of PFD appearance. You can control unit
and stream appearance, modify the stream property tables, and set the font style
used on your PFD.
Chapter 12
You may also choose the starting number for the particular unit. For example, if
the Auto Label Format for the Flash unit operation were FLASHUNIT%d05,
subsequent Flashes placed on the PFD would be labeled FLASHUNIT105,
FLASHUNIT205, FLASHUNIT305, and so forth.
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You can also modify the type face and type size used in the stream label as
discussed below under the topic Changing the Default Font.
Chapter 12
Select an alternative icon from the palette at the top of the window.
Choose OK to confirm the change.
You can also change the type face, type size and color of the unit label by
choosing Select to access a standard font editing window.
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Chapter 12
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Selecting a global property list for all stream labels in the flowsheet
Choosing from a group of predefined property lists
Chapter 12
The property list that you have selected will appear on all streams subsequently
drawn on the PFD.
Choose Options/Stream Property Lists from the menu bar to display the
Define Property List window (Figure 12-8).
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You can add or delete properties, modify the property description and
change the numerical format.
Choose New from the Define Property List window. The New List
window appears.
Chapter 12
Select the desired properties. (The usual Windows click, shift-click and
control-click selection options are supported.)
Choose Add-> .
The selected properties will be added to the bottom of the property list.
To change the order of the properties in a list:
Choose Clear.
Alternatively, drag a stream label to any of these positions from the PFD itself.
While in the Stream Styles window, you may also choose a text font and
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a border style for the labels from the corresponding drop-down lists.
Chapter 12
Choose Options/Editor from the menu bar to open the Set Text Editor
window.
Enter the full path name to the editor executable program file.
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Choose Options/Font from the menu bar to display the Font specification
window.
Choose the desired font, font style, and size.
Chapter 12
Index
Aligning Text, 68
Basics
Simulation, 15
Boiling Pot Reactor, 299
Border Handles, 5
Bounding Box
Changing the size, 73
Moving, 73
Button
PFD Palette, 9
Buttons
Delete, 12
Help, 13
Run/Results, 11
Toolbar, 9
Toolbar, customizing, 13
Using Data Entry, 10
Using Navigation, 11
View, 12
VLE tools, 11
Calculator
calculator, 141
cancel
Unit placement, 51
Cancel
Delete, 51
Changing Window Size, 4
Column, Side, 187
Components, 18
Define, 16
Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor, 295
Control Menu, 5
Convergence
Test for, 34
Conversion and Equilibrium Reactors,
295
Copy
stream property table, 38
to Excel, 38
Data
Default, 21
Miscellaneous, 19
Data Entry Window Buttons, 10
Default
global override, 40
units of measure, 41
Depressuring Unit, 211
Dissolver, 217
edit text, 68
Entering Text, 58
Excel Unit, 219
Expander, 225
Exporting
Drawing to clipboard, 35
keyword file, 33
stream property table, 35
to AutoCAD, 36
Features
Run-only mode, 31
Unsupported, 31
file
import keyword input, 30
Files
Types in PRO/II, 29
Fill from Structures, 78
Fixed Properties, 95
Flash, 227
Flash With Solids, 231
Floating Palettes. See
Flowsheet
Building, 17, 39
Connect Unit Operations, 16
Define Components, 16
Draw, 15
Flowsheet Optimizer, 233
Gibbs Reactor, 300
Go To Buttons, 11
Heat Exchanger, Lng, 239
Heat Exchanger, Rigorous, 241
Heat Exchanger, Simple, 251
Heating/Cooling Curves, 255
Help Button, 13
Henrys Law, 106
import
Keyword input file, 30
Importing a PRO/II keyword input file, 30
Linked text, 89
Main Window
Using, 14
Menus
Using, 6
Methods
Thermodynamic, 18
Minimize/Maximize Buttons, 4
Mixer, 259
mode
Index i
Analyze results, 17
Basics, 15
Building the flowsheet, 17
Closing, 26
Connect Streams, 16
Copying, 28
Copying to Excel, 38
Declaring components, 18
Default data, 20
Define Components. See
Components, Define
Deleting, 26, 27
Draw Flowsheet, 15
Exporting to AutoCAD, 38
File types, 29
Importing, 29
Miscellaneous data, 19
Opening, 23
Opening an existing simulation, 24
Run, 17
Run Only mode, 32
Save current, 25
Saving, 25
Savings to another file name, 26
setting preferences, 39
setting units of measure, 41
Simulation Data
Exporting to a keyword file, 34
Simulation defaults
Problem Description, 40
Units of measure, 40
Simulation Defaults, 39
Snapping, 50
Solid Separator, 308
Splitter, 309
Spreadsheet Tools
Using, 37
Starting PRO/II, 1, 2
Stream Calculator, 311
Stream Information, 19
Stream Property, 35
Temperature-Dependent Properties, 96
Thermodynamic Methods, 18
Toolbar
Buttons, 9
Customizing, 13
Navigation buttons, 11
Tools
Spreadsheet, 37
Transport properties, 110
turn off, 354
Unit data entry window, 19
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unit icon, 50
unit label, 382
unit opeartion
Cyclone, 203
unit operation, 139
Column, Batch, 161
compressor, 191
Controller, 195
Crystallizer, 199
Distillation, 162
Unit Operations, 19
Connect, 16
Units of Measure Library, 43
User defined special properties
Thermodynamic Data, 133
User-Added Unit Operations, 157, 331
Index iii