4.

1 TENSILE STRENGTH
4.1.1 TENSILE STRENTH FOR VIRGIN PP :
Sample details
Specimen code
Ref. Standard
Grip Length
Sample Width

115
25

PT
GIVEN SAMPLE
Gauge Length
Sample
Thickness

Speed of testing
(mm/min)
3
* All dimensions are in mm.
Table 4.1

Fig 4.1 Graph for Tensile strength of virgin PP.

50
3

Obtained Results
Sr. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Results
Area
Yield Force
Yield Elongation
Break Force
Break Elongation
Tensile Strength at Yield
Tensile Strength at Break
% Elongation

Value
0.75
43.00
4.02
26.0
18.36
57.33
34.67
15.97

cm
Kg
mm
Kg
mm
Kg/cm
Kg/cm
%

Table 4.2
4.1.2 TENSILE STRENGTH FOR PP+CaCO3 :
Sample details
Specimen
code
Ref. Standard
Grip Length
115
Sample Width
25
Speed of testing
(mm/min)
*All dimension in mm

PT
GIVEN SAMPLE
Gauge Length
Sample Thickness
5

Table 4.3

50
3

Fig 4.2 Graph for Tensile strength of PP+CaCO3.

Obtained Results
Sr. No.
Results
1
Area
2
Yield Force
3
Yield Elongation
4
Break Force
5
Break Elongation
6
Tensile Strength at Yield
7
Tensile Strength at Break
8
% Elongation

Table 4.4

Value
0.75
30.00
1.69
30.0
1.69
40.00
40.00
1.47

cm
Kg
mm
Kg
mm
Kg/cm
Kg/cm
%

4.1.3 TENSILE STRENGTH FOR PP+TiO2 :

Sample details
Specimen
code
Ref. Standard
Grip Length
115
Sample Width
25
Speed of testing
(mm/min)
*All dimension in mm

PT
GIVEN SAMPLE
Gauge Length
Sample Thickness
5

Table 4.5

Fig 4.3 Graph for Tensile strength of PP+TiO2.

Obtained Results

50
3

Sr. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Results
Area
Yield Force
Yield Elongation
Break Force
Break Elongation
Tensile Strength at Yield
Tensile Strength at Break
% Elongation

Value
0.75
40.00
3.01
39.0
3.12
53.33
52.00
2.71

cm
Kg
mm
Kg
mm
Kg/cm
Kg/cm
%

Table 4.6
4.1.4 TENSILE STRENGTH FOR Al2SiO5 :
Sample details
Specimen code
Ref. Standard
Grip Length
Sample Width
Speed of testing
(mm/min)
*All dimensions are in mm.

115
25

PT
GIVEN SAMPLE
Gauge Length
Sample
Thickness

5
Table 4.7

50
3

Fig 4.4 Graph for Tensile strength of PP+Al2SiO5.

Obtained Results
Sr. No.
Results
1
Area
2
Yield Force
3
Yield Elongation
4
Break Force
5
Break Elongation
6
Tensile Strength at Yield
7
Tensile Strength at Break
8
% Elongation

Table 4.8

Value
0.75
38.00
2.96
37.0
3.12
50.67
49.33
2.71

cm
Kg
mm
Kg
mm
Kg/cm
Kg/cm
%

4.2 FLEXURAL STRENGTH

4.2.1 FLEXURAL STRENGTH FOR VIRGIN PP :
Sample details
1
2
3
4

Span Length (mm)

Thickness (mm)
Width (mm)
Ref. Standard

135
3
15
GIVEN SAMPLE

Table 4.9

Fig 4.5 Graph for Flexural strength of virgin PP.

Results
1

MOD 1 FORCE

1.20 Kg

MODE 1 DEFLECTION

1.91

mm

MOD 2 FORCE

1.00

Kg

MOD2 DEFLECTION

3.64

mm

Stress 1

1.80

Stress 2

1.50

FLEXURAL MODULES

153.01

N/mm2

Table 4.10
4.2.2 FLEXURAL STRENGTH FOR PP+CaCO3 :
Sample details
1
2
3
4

Span Length (mm)

Thickness (mm)
Width (mm)
Ref. Standard

Table 4.11

135
3
15
GIVEN SAMPLE

Fig 4.6 Graph for Flexural strength of PP+CaCO3.

Results
1 MOD 1 FORCE

1.59

Kg

2
3
4
5
6
7

4.06
1.32
5.29
2.39
1.97
205.80

mm
Kg
mm

MODE 1 DEFLECTION
MOD 2 FORCE
MODE 2 DEFLECTION
Stress 1
Stress 2
FLEXURAL MODULES
Table 4.12

4.2.3 FLEXURAL STRENGTH FOR PP+TiO2 :

N/mm2

Sample details
1
2
3
4

Span Length (mm)

Thickness (mm)
Width (mm)
Ref. Standard

135
3
15
GIVEN SAMPLE

Table 4.13

Fig 4.7 Graph for Flexural strength of PP+TiO2.

Results
1 MOD 1 FORCE

1.10

Kg

2
3
4
5
6
7

MODE 1 DEFLECTION
MOD 2 FORCE
MOD2 DEFLECTION
Stress 1
Stress 2
FLEXURAL MODULES

1.12
0.70
4.74
1.65
1.05
298.61

mm
Kg
mm

N/mm2

Table 4.14
4.2.4 FLEXURAL STRENGTH FOR PP+Al2SiO5 :
Sample details
1
2
3
4

Span Length (mm)

Thickness (mm)
Width (mm)
Ref. Standard

135
3
15
GIVEN SAMPLE

Table 4.15

Fig 4.8 Graph for Flexural strength of PP+Al2SiO5.

Results

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

MOD 1 FORCE
MODE 1 DEFLECTION
MOD 2 FORCE
MODE 2 DEFLECTION
Stress 1
Stress 2
FLEXURAL MODULES

2.40
7.20
1.81
8.75
3.60
2.72
439.85

Kg
mm
Kg
mm

N/mm2

Table 4.16
4.3 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
4.3.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH FOR VIRGIN PP :
Sample details
Specimen code
Ref. Standard
Grip Length
Sample Width
Speed of testing
(mm/min)
*All dimension in mm

PT
GIVEN SAMPLE
Gauge Length
Sample
Thickness

65
65
6

Table 4.17

50
9

Fig 4.9 Graph for Compressive strength of virgin PP.

Obtained Results
Sr. No.
Results
1
Area
2
Yield Force
3
Maximum Force
5
Total Deflection
6
Compre. Yield strength
7
Compressive strength
8
% Deflection

Table 4.18

Value
5.85
36.41
36.6
2.58
6.22
6.26
3.97
24.01

cm
Kg
Kg
mm
Kg/cm
Kg/cm
Mpa

4.3.2 COMPRSSIVE STRENGTH FOR PP+CaCO3 :

Sample details
Specimen code
Ref. Standard
Grip Length
Sample Width
Speed of testing
(mm/min)
*All dimension in mm.

PT
GIVEN SAMPLE
Gauge Length
Sample
Thickness

65
65

50
12

5
Table 4.19

Fig 4.10 Graph for compressive strength of PP+CaCO3.

Obtained Results

Sr. No.
1
2
3
5
6
7
8

Results
Area
Yield Force
Maximum Force
Total Deflection
Compre. Yield strength
Compressive strength
% Deflection

Value
7.80
119.70
120.5
4.83
15.35
15.45
7.43
34.38

cm
Kg
Kg
mm
Kg/cm
Kg/cm
Mpa

Table 4.20
4.3.3 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH FOR PP+TiO2 :
Sample details
Specimen code
Ref. Standard
Grip Length
Sample Width
Speed of testing
(mm/min)
*All dimension in mm

PT
GIVEN SAMPLE
Gauge Length
Sample
Thickness

65
65
6

Table 4.21

50
6

Fig 4.11 Graph for Compressive strength of PP+TiO2.

Obtained Results
Sr. No.
Results
1
Area
2
Yield Force
3
Maximum Force
5
Total Deflection
6
Compre. Yield strength
7
Compressive strength
8
% Deflection

Table 4.22

Value
3.90
1.10
40.0
2.80
0.28
10.26
4.31
31.43

cm
Kg
Kg
mm
Kg/cm
Kg/cm
Mpa

4.3.4 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH FOR PP+Al2SiO5 :

Sample details
Specimen code

PT

Ref. Standard
Grip Length
Sample Width
Speed of testing
(mm/min)

GIVEN SAMPLE
Gauge Length

65
65

Sample
Thickness

50
9

*All dimension in mm
Table 4.23

Fig 4.12 Graph for Compressive strength of PP+Al2SiO5.

Obtained Results

Sr. No.
1
2
3
5
6
7
8

Results
Area
Yield Force
Maximum Force
Total Deflection
Compre. Yield strength
Compressive strength
% Deflection

Value
5.85
44.79
45.6
2.04
7.66
7.79
3.14
35.74

cm
Kg
Kg
mm
Kg/cm
Kg/cm
Mpa

Table 4.24
4.4 IMPACT STRENGTH
The impact strength values were given in the following table :
S.No

Virgin (PP)
(Joule/cm)

PP+CaCO3
(Joule/cm)

PP+TiO2
(Joule/cm)

PP+Al2 SiO5
(Joule/cm)

7.62

1.62

6.40

1.29

8.63

1.95

7.63

1.51

7.12

2.3

7.62

1.95

7.63

1.73

7.84

1.21

7.82

2.17

8.12

1.4

Table 4.25

IMPACT STRENGTH (IZOD TEST)

10
9
8
7
virgin (PP)

Impact strength

6
5

PP+CaCO3

PP+TiO2

PP+Aluminium Silicate

4
3
2
1
0

sample 1

sample 2

sample 3

sample 4

sample 5

Fig 4.14 Graph for impact strength.

Fig 4.14 represents the impact strength values of PP and filled PP with
various types of inorganic fillers. The graph also explain that impact strength of
PP+TiO2 was equal to the virgin PP, when compare to other fillers. . The impact
strength of PP+CaCO3, PP+Al2SiO5 was low, when compare to the virgin PP.
The impact strength of PP+TiO2 was equal to the virgin PP, when compare to
other fillers. The impact strength was good and material cost also reduced, by
adding titanium di oxide (TiO2) with PP.
Average value for impact strength of PP and filled PP :
Sample
Impact strength
(Joule/cm)

Virgin (PP)
7.764

PP+CaCO3
1.954

Table 4.26

PP+TiO2
7.522

PP+Al2SiO5
1.472

9
8

7.76

7.52

7
6
5

Impact strength

4
3
1.95

1.47

1
0

Virgin (PP)

PP+CaCO3

PP+TiO2

PP+Al2 SiO5

Fig 4.13 Chart for Impact strength

4.5 HARDNESS MEASUREMENT
The hardness values (Shore-D) were given in the following table :
S.NO
1
2
3
4
5

Virgin (PP)
75
73
81
74
77

PP+CaCO3
82
83
79
82
81
Table 4.27

PP+TiO2
64
65
68
66
69

PP+Al2 SiO5
78
77
79
78
75

90
80
70
60
50
Virgin (PP)40
Hardness

PP+CaCO3

PP+TiO2

PP+Aluminium Silicate

30
20
10
0

Sa mple 1

Sa mple 2

Sa mple 3

Sa mple 4

Sa mple 5

Fig 4.16 Graph for hardness measurement.

Fig 4.16 represents the hardness values of PP and filled PP with various
types of inorganic fillers. The hardness of PP+CaCO3 and PP+Al2 SiO5 was
increased than hardness of virgin PP. The hardness of PP+TiO2 was slightly
decreased than hardness of virgin PP.
Average value for hardness of PP and filled PP :
Sample
Hardness

Virgin (PP)
76

PP+CaCO3
81.4
Table 4.28

PP+TiO2
66.4

PP+Al2SiO5
77.4

90
81.4
80

77.4

76
66.4

70
60
50

Hardness

40
30
20
10
0

Virgin (PP)

PP+CaCO3

PP+TiO2

PP+Al2SiO5

Fig 4.15 Chart for hardness

4.6 WATER ABSORPTION
The water absorption values given in the following table :
Samples

Conditioned
weight (gm)

Wet
weight (gm)

Virgin (PP)
PP+CaCO3
PP+TiO2
PP+Al2 SiO5

1.14
1.47
1.27
1.35

1.14
1.49
1.28
1.3

Increase in
weight percentage
(%)
0
1.36
0.78
1.48

Table 4.29
Table 4.27 contains water absorption result for PP and filled PP with
various types of inorganic fillers. The samples were immersed in water for
48 hours and weighed. The increase in weight percentage is to be calculated.

1.6

1.48

1.36

1.4
1.2
1

0.78

0.8
0.6

INCREASE IN WEIGHT %

0.4
0.2
0

Fig 4.17 chart for water absorption

Fig 4.17 represents the water absorption values of PP and filled PP with
various types of inorganic fillers. The virgin (PP) weight does not increase.
So, it has good resistance to water. In the case of PP+CaCO 3, PP+TiO2, and
PP+Al2 SiO5 weight increased at 1%, this is acceptable amount of water
absorption. So, the filled PP materials also have better resistance to water.