Vol.21 No.

1 (24~34)

ACTA SEISMOLOGICA SINICA

Article ID: 1000-9116(2008)01-0024-11

Jan., 2008
doi: 10.1007/s11589-008-0024-8

Numerical simulation of dynamic Coulomb

stress changes induced by M6.5 earthquake
in Wuding, Yunnan and its relationship with
aftershocks
HU Xiong-lin1,2), () WU Xiao-ping2) () YANG Run-hai1) ()
FU Hong1) ( ) HU Jia-fu2) () HUANG Yong1) ( )
1) Earthquake Administration of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650224, China
2) Department of Geophysics, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China

Abstract
Based on the discrete wavenumber method, we calculate the fields of dynamic Coulomb rupture stress changes and
static stress changes caused by M6.5 earthquake in Wuding, and study their relationship with the subsequent aftershocks. The results show that the spatial distribution patterns of the positive region of dynamic stress peak value
and static stress peak value are similarly asymmetric, which are basically identical with distribution features of
aftershock. The dynamic stress peak value and the static stress in the positive region are more than 0.1 MPa and
0.01 MPa of the triggering threshold, respectively, which indicates that the dynamic and static stresses are helpful
for the occurrence of aftershock. This suggests that both influences of dynamic and static stresses should be considered other than only either of them when studying aftershock triggering in near field.
Key words: Wuding earthquake; dynamic Coulomb rupture stress changes; aftershock; dynamic stress triggering
CLC number: P315.72+7
Document code: A

Introduction
Interaction among earthquakes is one of basic features of seismic activities. One mechanism
of the interaction is stress triggering; many researches have proved the existence of seismic stress
triggering (Stein, 1999; King and Cocco, 2000). The early research of stress triggering was just on
static stress triggering. Owing to the limits of static stress triggering, many issues of seismic stress
triggering cannot be explained by static stress triggering, just like the problem of earthquakes remote triggering (Hill et al, 1993; Mohamad et al, 2000). From the beginning of 1990s, some
scholars abroad have studied seismic stress triggering from the view of dynamic stress, observed
and proved the existence of dynamic stress triggering, and then developed the related research on
triggering earthquake by dynamic stress. For example, Cotton and Coutant (1997) calculated the

Received 2007-03-14; accepted in revised form 2007-08-31.

Foundation item: National Natural Science Foundation of China (40364001) and Joint Seismological Science Foundation of China
(605014).
Author for correspondence: maoxiong666@yahoo.com.cn

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Coulomb rupture stress change caused by source model which is similar to Lauders earthquake in
the USA. By comparing the movement features of dynamic and static stresses with distance, they
believed that the focal fault produced more dynamic stress changes than static stress changes in
magnitude in far field, when in the near field, there is nearly no difference between them. Kilb et
al (2000) studied the relationship between dynamic Coulomb rupture stress change caused by
Landers earthquake and the seismicity after earthquake, and found that dynamic Coulomb rupture
stress changes is consistent spatially with static Coulomb stress changes for Landers earthquake.
Because of the asymmetry of dynamic Coulomb rupture stress changes peak value, it can be better
to explain the changes of the seismic activities after earthquake, and the activities of aftershock as
well as small-moderate earthquake in far field.
The current researches on static stress triggering are much more than that on dynamic stress
triggering. The recent papers on this issue are just some reviews, theoretical investigations and on
triggering mechanism (WAN et al, 2000, 2002; WAN, 2002; SHI, 2001; ZHENG and LU, 2005;
LU et al, 2006). Related researches on dynamic stress triggering by practical examples are much
fewer, except HAO et al (2006), who studied the dynamic stress triggering effects of Indonesia
MS8.7 earthquake on three subsequent moderate earthquakes on Chinese mainland from the angle
of far-field dynamic Coulomb rupture stress triggering. But there is no related report about calculation method of dynamic Coulomb rupture stress changes and the subsequent aftershocks triggered by dynamic stress in China. As for the middle and near field, the method of dynamic Coulomb rupture stress change produced by the shear fault source of arbitrary tensor in the layering
homogeneous medium by Cotton and Coutant (1997) is usually used abroad on the research on
dynamic stress triggering. In China there is no forthcoming calculation program as the calculation
of static stress published publicly (Okada, 1992), so no related paper about dynamic stress in middle and near field is published in China.
Bouchon and Aki (1997) and Bouchon et al (1981, 2003) proposed the discrete wavenumber
method (abbreviated as DWN) which has been applied widely to many calculation problems of
electrodynamics because it can solve Green function accurately. One of the important features of
the discrete wavenumber method is that it can calculate full wave field, including dynamics (transient) and static (steady state). Based on the DWN, we program to implement a method to calculate dynamic stress changes and field, and apply it to Wuding MS6.5 earthquake, finally study the
relationship between Wuding MS6.5 earthquake and the activities of aftershock.

1 Calculation principle
1.1

DWN principle
DWN method (Bouchon, 2003) treats single-source as multi-source. Any type of elasticity
hypocenter can be described by a set of point-source. In seismology, the point-source is usually
expressed by its moment tensor mij, of which, mxx, myy, mzz are respectively the strengths of three
dipole along the Cartesian coordinates, mxy=myx, mxz=mzx, myz=mzy is the intensity of each couple in
the couples.
For a shear fault, (sx, sy, sz) denotes unit vector along the fault-slip, (nx, ny, nz) denotes the unit
vector of fault normal direction, correspondent moment tensor component is
mij = U slip ( )S ( si n j + s j ni )
(1)
Where, is rigidity, S is the proportion of area with shear-slip to whole fault plane, Uslip() is
slip vector. The earthquake fault is divided into discrete 2D array composed of the dislocation

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point, and each contribution of all points is summed up in frequency-wavenumber domain, therefore multi-source problem in frequency domain is returned to single-source.
1.2 Model
The crustal model of Wuding in the paper can be seen in Table 1. We refer to the information
of deep seismic sounding project (1982) by Institute of Geology, State Seismological Bureau and
the articles of Yunnan continental crust structure in recent years (KAN and LIN, 1986; HU et al,
1986; WU et al, 2001; WANG et al, 2002; HU et al, 2003), in addition, suppose a elastic
half-space in upside.
Table 1

Crustal model of Wuding area in this paper

Layer No.

Thickness of layer/km

vP/kms1

vS/kms1

/kgm3

1
2
3
4

1.50
18.50
6.00
6.67

4.30
5.79
6.31
6.54

2.50
3.35
3.65
3.78

2.73
2.78
2.83
2.96

5
6

8.50
0.00

7.04
7.70

4.07
4.45

3.06
3.40

The velocity of S wave in Table 1 is determined using experiential relation

vP=1.73vS, the density is from the result of
research on petrological structure of Yunnan lithosphere and upper mantle by
ZHOU et al (2001). The research area is a
11 area with center at epicenter of
Wuding MS6.5 earthquake as shown in
Figure 1. S1, S2 and S3 are three receivers
in difference direction of earthquake fault,
the circle is the position of epicenter, and
double-arrow stands for projects of the
earthquake fault on the ground. The fault
is composed of 1020 point sources.
Considering measuring accuracy
from near-field data is superior to that
Figure 1 Research area of Wuding earthquake sequence
in the paper
from far-field data, we select source locaThe research area is composed of 1111 receivers; doution obtained from Kunming Regional
ble-arrow shows the strike of earthquake fault; the circle
Seismic Network by MA and ZHAO
represents the epicenter of Wuding M6.5 earthquake; the
small rectangles are receivers of which S1, S2, S3 are
(1997) as (102.32E, 25.83N) and focal
three ones in different direction of fault
depth as 15 km. We apply the focal
mechanism of Wuding earthquake obtained by SONG and HUANG (1997, Figure 2) using first
motion of P wave as well as WANG Shao-jin, with fault strike 187, dip angle 77 and rake 23
for study, and simultaneously refer to focal mechanisms determined by MA and ZHAO (1997,
Figure 2) and Harvard CMT (1997, Figure 2) to make error analysis, error analysis results are

WANG Shao-jin. Personal communication. According to SONG and HUANG (1997), the fault strike is 7. We discussed with WANG
Shao-jin and redetermined the fault strike as 187.

Harvard CMT are from http://www.seismology.harvard.edu/projects/CMT/

No.1 HU Xiong-lin et al: NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF DYNAMIC COULOMB STRESS CHANGES

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shown in Figures 4 and 5. The other fault parameters of Wuding earthquake are shown in Figure 3,
among which, the fracture velocity v is taken as 2.91 km/s, within the range of 0.68vS to 0.8vS; the
source time function is set as 4 s, rise time 2 s (MA and ZHAO, 1997), fault length 19 km, and
width 6 km (QIN et al, 1997); seismic moment is taken as M0=0.223641019 Nm (MA and ZHAO,
1997) and thus sliding amplitude of 1.5 m is used.
Table 2

Focal mechanisms of Wuding earthquake

Nodal plane 1

Nodal plane 2

Epicenter

Strike/

Dip angle/

Rake/

Strike/

Dip angle/

Rake/

E/

N/

106 (105.6)
13
282

90
75
70

180
9
161

196 (195.6)
105
7

90
81
77

0 (0.1)
165
23

102.32
102.54

25.83
25.87

Remark
MA and ZHAO (1997)
Harvard CMT
SONG and HUANG (1997)

Table 3 Fault parameters of Wuding earthquake

Rupture
velocity/
kms1

Rise
time/s

Source
time
function/s

Depth of upper
end/km

Depth of lower
end/km

Focal
depth/km

Length/km

Width/km

2.91

12.0

18.0

15.0

19.0

6.0

M0/
1019 Nm
0.22364

2 Computation of CFS(t) of Wuding main earthquake in arbitrary

point
According to the above source parameters of Wuding main earthquake and the crust model of
Wuding area, we firstly apply DWN method to synthesizing theoretical displacement seismogram
and calculate the earthquake wave displacement ui(x, t) caused by arbitrary receiver point and its
neighboring three points in Wuding main earthquake fault; Then we calculate the strain component from the displacement using difference principle and transform the strain to the stress adopting Hooks Law; Finally, we obtain the dynamic stress changes component ij(x, t) produced by
the fault failure in this point.
Supposing the normal unit vector of fault plane in arbitrary receiver point is n (n1, n2, n3) and
unit vector along fault-slip is s (s1, s2, s3); we can obtain the dynamic stress change vector of fault
plane in the receiver point by Cauchy formula as follows
Ti ( x, t ) = ij ( x, t )n j

(2)

DIAO et al (1999) studied the focal mechanisms of 156 aftershock of Wuding earthquake and
classified these mechanisms into seven types. Among them, types 1~3 are close to the main
earthquake mechanisms, the number of the mechanism solutions occupies 5/6 of the total; therefore they are taken as main type of focal mechanism of the earthquake sequence, types 4 and 6
dislocate reversely relative to main type; types 5 and 7 belong to dip-slip, of which type 5 is a
normal fault and type 7 is reversed fault, they belong to adjustment of focal area; the number of
focal mechanisms of types 4~7 is very few.
Based on above-mentioned classification, we take focal mechanism solution of main earthquake as projective plane and project separately the stress vector to the normal and sliding directions of fault in the receiver point, and then the normal stress variation (x, t) and shear stress

Harvard CMT are from http://www.seismology.harvard.edu/projects/CMT/

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variation (x, t) can be obtained

( x, t ) = ij ( x, t )n j ni

(3)

( x, t ) = ij ( x, t )n j si

(4)

According to definition of dynamic Coulomb rupture stress changes (WAN et al, 2002), we
can obtain dynamic Coulomb rupture stress changes

CFS ( x, t ) = ( x, t ) + '( x, t )

(5)

is apparent friction coefficient of medium in fault plane of the receiver point, it is generally
taken within 0.4 ~ 0.6 (WAN et al, 2002) and is equal to 0.5 in this paper. CFS(t) represents
the time-history of whole Coulomb stress changes.
The Wuding aftershock sequence mainly distributes in 10 km in depth and its average focal
depth is 10 km. In order to study the relation of the dynamic Coulomb rupture stress changes produced by the main earthquake and the aftershock, we calculate the dynamic Coulomb rupture
stress changes produced by Wuding main earthquake in 10 km depth. Figure 2 gives the dynamic
Coulomb rupture stress changes S1, S2, S3 in 10 km depth produced by the Wuding earthquake
fault.

Figure 2 CFS(t) of Wuding main shock in S1, S2, S3

3 Results
It can be seen from Figure 2 that the dynamic stress changes start at 9 s, 7 s, 7 s in S1, S2, S3
respectively, and reach to correspondent peak values at 17 s, 13 s, 17 s, which are 0.47 MPa, 0.3
MPa, and 1.1 MPa separately. And the dynamic Coulomb rupture stress change tunes to be stable
at 25 s, 20 s, 23 s in S1, S2, S3 respectively, at this time the correspondent stress values are 0.001
MPa, 0.1 MPa, and 0.1 MPa.
The distance from S1, S2, S3 to the epicenter is respectively about 41.5 km, 30 km and 41.5
km, the peak value of whole Coulomb rupture stress at S2 is three times greater than that of the

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static Coulomb rupture stress in magnitude; While at S1 and S3, the former is about two and one
order greater than the latter in magnitude. This suggests that the Coulomb rupture stress increases
with the increasing of distance from receiver point to epicenter. S1 and S3 have the same distance
away from the epicenter, and they have symmetry about the epicenter, but the peak value of whole
Coulomb rupture stress at S3 is much bigger than that at S1, which may suggest that the peak value
of whole Coulomb rupture stress do not distribute symmetrical; there are some relation between
the peak value of whole Coulomb rupture stress and orientation of receiver point. The peak value
of S1 is about 0.47 MPa, it exceeds the triggering threshold of dynamic stress which is 0.1 MPa,
therefore it has a triggering function to the earthquake; however the static stress value, which is
0.001 MPa, suppresses occurrence of the earthquake. The peak value of S2 is 0.3 MPa, which
suppresses occurrence of earthquake as the same as static stress, 0.1 MPa. For S3 the dynamic
stress peak value is 1.2 MPa, exceeds the triggering threshold, which is helpful for the occurrence
of the earthquake, reversely its steady state value, 0.1 MPa, has opposite function. It makes out
that the dynamic stress and the static stress produced by a main shock at same receiver point, dynamic one may has a springing function to the earthquake, and steady one may suppress the occurrence of the earthquake.
Based on above-mentioned source parameters and crustal model of Wuding area, we calculate and obtain the dynamic Coulomb rupture stress changes field CFS(r, t) produced by Wuding
earthquake at 10 km depth as shown in Figure 3. For discussing the relation between dynamic
Coulomb rupture stress and subsequent strong aftershock, we also marked out the epicenters of
main shock fault and subsequent strong aftershocks in the figure. It can be seen from Figure 3 that
the dynamic stress reaches to 1.1 MPa at 9.88 s in positive area (area represented by shallow color
in the figure, called positive area), exceeds the dynamic stress of springing threshold, 0.1 MPa;
And the positive area distributes on the left side of fault, which is in agreement with the distribution of aftershock, showing that the peak value of dynamic Coulomb rupture stress can trigger the
aftershock of Wuding earthquake.
9.88 s later, the distribution of positive area moves along with the changes of time, positive
area, which has wider scope, spreads to north and south; at this time, in most area of aftershocks
distribution, the dynamic Coulomb rupture stress is negative, reflecting that the dynamic Coulomb
rupture stress would obstruct the occurrence of aftershock except at the peak value. At 30.12 s, the
distribution of dynamic Coulomb rupture stress variation field turns to steady state, the positive
area distributes on the left side of fault with the maximum of positive area 0.2 MPa. In northwest
to the epicenter, the area spread by static stress is larger than that by dynamic stress, the length
along northwest is about 45 km and that along northeast is about 25 km; the static stresses in this
area exceed its threshold, 0.01 MPa, showing that the static Coulomb rupture stress can also trigger the aftershock of Wuding earthquake as well.
Figures 4 and 5 are dynamic Coulomb rupture stress field and static Coulomb rupture stress
field of Wuding earthquake after considering the uncertainty of source parameters. The uncertainty
of source parameter includes errors of strike, dip angle, rake and sliding quantum originated from
focal mechanism of main shock, as well as errors of strike, dip angle and rake of projection of
fault. Using standard error formula, we can compute the errors of dynamic Coulomb rupture stress
and static state Coulomb rupture stress at peak value, and then the dynamic Coulomb stress
changes add and subtract respectively the standard error, therefore we can obtain two boundaries
of uncertainty areas that can distinguish springing areas from stress shadow areas. As Figures 4

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Figure 3

Vol.21

Dynamic Coulomb rupture stress field CFS(r, t) of Wuding earthquake and its
aftershock distribution
Open circles means aftershock (2.0M<6.0); the white solid circle means main-shock

and 5 shown, white dash lines represent the boundary of the triggering area and stress shadow area,
T stands for the area with Coulomb rupture stress variation greater than 0.1 MPa after considering
uncertainty of focal mechanism and magnitude, L for the area with Coulomb rupture stress variation smaller than 0.1 MPa after considering uncertainty of focal mechanism and magnitude, uncertainty area with Coulomb rupture stress variation equal to 0.1 MPa.

No.1 HU Xiong-lin et al: NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF DYNAMIC COULOMB STRESS CHANGES

Figure 4

Dynamic Coulomb rupture stress field CFS(r, t) of Wuding earthquake at 10 km depth on

predominated rupture plane of aftershock and its aftershock distribution considering uncertainty of focal mechanism and magnitude
Open circles stand for the epicenter of aftershocks (2.0M<6.0), the white solid circle represents the epicenter of main earthquake. The white dash lines delimit the boundary of stress triggering area and stress shadow,
T stands for the area with Coulomb rupture stress variation greater than 0.1 MPa after considering uncertainty of focal mechanism and magnitude, L for the area with Coulomb rupture stress variation smaller than
0.1 MPa after considering uncertainty of focal mechanism and magnitude, N for uncertainty area with Coulomb rupture stress variation equal to 0.1 MPa

Figure 5

Static Coulomb rupture stress field CFS(r, t) of Wuding earthquake at 10 km depth on

predominated rupture plane of aftershock and its aftershock distribution considering uncertainty of focal mechanism and magnitude
Open circles stand for the epicenter of aftershocks (2.0M<6.0), the white solid circle represents the epicenter of main earthquake. The white dash lines delimit the boundary of stress triggering area and stress shadow,
T stands for the area with Coulomb rupture stress variation greater than 0.1 MPa after considering uncertainty of focal mechanism and magnitude, L for the area with Coulomb rupture stress variation smaller than
0.1 MPa after considering uncertainty of focal mechanism and magnitude, N for uncertainty area with Coulomb rupture stress variation equal to 0.1 MPa

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4 Discussion and conclusions

Dynamic Coulomb rupture stress lasted about 26 s in Wuding earthquake sequence. The peak
value of dynamic Coulomb failure stress appeared at 9.88 s with maximum of 1.1 MPa, exceeding
threshold of dynamic stress triggering. We select 335 aftershocks sequence with latitude and longitude to discuss the relationship between distribution of dynamic stress and aftershocks activity.
From Figure 4, we can see that among all these sequence, 26 aftershocks appear in the region with
dynamic Coulomb failure stress negative and its variation smaller than 0.1 MPa; 12 aftershocks
appear in uncertain region; and the rest 200 aftershocks, accounting for 85% of total aftershocks,
appear in the region with dynamic Coulomb failure stress change bigger than 0.1 MPa. From the
distribution of dynamic Coulomb failure stress variation field as shown in Figures 3 and 4, we can
draw the conclusion as follows.
Firstly, at the peak value, the positive area of dynamic Coulomb failure stress variation is located to northwest in the left side of fault, showing asymmetric distribution, and in accordant with
distribution of aftershocks. At the same time, the dynamic Coulomb failure stress at this time exceeds the threshold value (0.1 MPa) of dynamic stress triggering. All of these suggest that, the
peak value of dynamic Coulomb failure stress caused by Wuding earthquakes has triggering effect
on aftershocks; in addition, the region distribution of stress variation bigger than 0.1 MPa also has
some relationship with aftershocks distribution.
Secondly, at other time except peak value, distribution of dynamic Coulomb failure stress
positive zone has little relationship with aftershocks distribution. Moreover, in the aftershock region, main dynamic Coulomb failure stress produced by main shock is negative. According to
triggering mechanism by dynamic stress, dynamic Coulomb failure stress should hinder aftershocks occurrence, but aftershocks appeared in these regions. Similarly, for static Coulomb failure stresss negative region, the so-called stress shadow, can defer faults slippage and failure. Not
only can stress shadow cause triggering effects for aftershocks, but also decrease the stress on
faultage to defer the aftershocks (Harris, 1998). We must make it clear that variation of negative
Coulomb failure stress decrease faultage stress and in the meantime has successive tectonic stress
in certain loading rate. Some research declares that most events affected by stress shadow in central California happened after that loading of tectonic stress had made up for variation of negative
Coulomb failure stress (Ziv and Rubin, 2000).
As Figure 5 shows, the change steady fields of complete Coulomb failure stress (static stress
fields) come in Wuding main shock, the maximum field was 0.2 MPa; there were 25 aftershocks
in the region of Coulomb failure stress change under 0.01 MPa, and the change value is negative
in the region; there were 19 aftershocks in uncertain region; there were more than 200 aftershocks
accounting for 85 percent in the region of Coulomb failure stress changed beyond 0.01 MPa. In
Figure 5, the regions of stress change beyond 0.01 MPa are located in the right side of the fault,
which was northwest to epicenter, its distribution was larger than dynamic range, this shows that
static Coulomb failure stress coming from Wuding has the effect of trigger to the occurrence of
aftershocks, and there are relations between its distribution and the occurrence of aftershocks.
But Wuding aftershock just happen in several months or several days after main earthquake ,
these differs greatly on the time of peak value of the dynamic Coulomb fracture stress change and
positive value of the static stress change produced by the main earthquake; this is because the fault
do not break immediately or within regular hour when it is affected by mechanic action and thus
the mechanic property change, but there are uncertain time delays that can be explained by the

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33

pattern of the rock constitutive property related with the fault slipped and nuclear course between
triggering and triggered of the earthquake (Kilb et al, 2000). The seismic wave can influence the
slip speed and state by changing the character slip distance in the fault nuclear and the delay trigger mechanism of the dynamic Coulomb rupture stress, which the earthquake wave produces, can
use the friction glide unstable pattern of the speed and the condition to fully explain (Kilb et al,
2000; Gomberg et al, 1997).
In summary, transient state and the stable state plus area of the dynamic Coulomb rupture
stress field producing by the main shock all promote action of aftershock in the near field, namely
the dynamic stress and the static stress have all triggered the aftershock and they all are helpful to
the aftershock occurrence, these are consistent to the findings of Kilb et al (2000). This indicates
that aftershock triggering only considering the dynamic stress or the static stress is one-sided in
near field, but both influences should be comprehensive considered.
Although the peak value of transient dynamic Coulomb rupture stress action shortly, its value
is great magnitude compared with the stable state Coulomb rupture stress and has exceeded its
triggering threshold value. It should be very large to the following faulting intensity and influence;
therefore it has a great influence on the occurrence of aftershock.
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