CHAPTER 2 — IS MATTER AROUND US PURE PURE SUBSTANCE A pure substance is one which is made up of only one kind of particles. These particles may be atoms or molecules. For example sulphur is made up of only one kind of particles (called sulphur atoms), therefore sulphur is a pure substance. Similarly, water is made of only one kind of particles (called water molecules) therefore water is a pure substance. Infact, all the elements and compounds are pure substance because they contain only one kind of particles. A pure susbstance is homogenous throughout its mass. A pure substance cannot be separated into other kinds of matter by any physical process. A pure substance has a fixed composition as well asa fixed melting point and boiling point. MIXTURES ‘A mixture is a substance which consists of two or more elements or compounds not chemically combined together. For example, air is a mixture of gases like oxygen, nitrogen, argon and water vapor etc. A mixture cannot be separated into other kinds of matter by physical process. A mixture does not have a fixed composition or fixed melting point and boiling point. All the solutions are mixtures. Example: Salt solution, sugar solution. Mixtures may be homogenous or heterogeneous. 1 | A homogenous mixture has a uniform | A heterogeneous mixture does not have a composition throughout its mass uniform composition throughout its mass ‘A homogenous mixture has no visible | A heterogeneous mixture has a visible 2 | boundary of separation between its | boundary of separation between its various various constituents. constituents, 3 | The constituents of a homogenous |The constituents of a heterogeneous mixture cannot be seen easily mixture can usually be seen easily Eg: | Sugar solut ‘Suspension of chalk in water ELEMENTS ‘An element is a substance which cannot be split up 10 two or more simpler substances by the usual chemical methods. An element is made up only one kind of atoms. Example : Oxygen is an element because it cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical methods. Elements can be normally divided into metals, non-metals and metalloids. 4, | Metals are malleable and ductile. Non-Metals are neither malleable ductile. Metals are good conductors of heat and | Non-Metals are bad conductors of heat 2 | electricity. and electricity. en en IS MATTER AROUND US PURE Page 1019ous and can be polished. Non-Metals are non-lustrous and cannot be polished. Solids at room temperature Non-Metals may be solid, liquid or gases at room temperature. Non-Metals are not strong. sonorous. Non-Metals are not sonorous. hhigh melting point and boiling Non-Metals fave comparatively melting point and boiling point. Tow 7 Gold Carbon, sulphur are elements having properties of both metals and non-metals. Eg. Boron, Silicon, jum ete. JRES AND COMPOUNDS Elements or compounds mix together to | Elements react to form new compounds. form a mixture and no new compound is formed. ‘A mixture can be separated into its| A compound can be separated into its 3 _| constituents by physical process. constituents by chemical or electro chemical reactions. A mixture shows the properties of its | Acompound does not show the properties 3. | constituents. of ts constituents. Energy 1S usually neither given out nor | Energy is usually given out or absorbed in 4 | absorbed in the preparation of a mixture. _| the preparation of a compound. | The composition ofa mixtures variable | The composition ofa compounds fixed ‘A mixture does not have a fixed melting | A compound has a fixed melting point or 6 _| point or boiling point. boiling point. Eg: | Air, Sugar solution Water, Common Salt (NaCl) SOLUTIONS A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances. Example: Salt solution, sugar solution. SUSPENSION ‘A suspension Is a heterogeneous mixture in which the small particles of a solid are spread throughout a liquid without dissolving in it. Example: sand particle suspended in water. a ae RAEN TS MATTER AROUND US PURE Page 20f9COLLOID Colloid is a kind of solution in which the size of solute particles true solutions and those in suspensions. mediate between those in Ei ‘A solution is a homogenous | A colloid appears to be | Asuspensionisa 1 | mixture homogenous but actually it | heterogeneous mixture is heterogeneous. The size of solute particles in a | The size of solute particles in| The size of solute solution is extremely small a colloid is bigger than that les in a suspension 2 of solution but smaller than | is quite large that in a suspension. A solution cannot be separated | Particles of a colloid cannot | Particle of a suspension 3. | byfiltration. be separated by filtration, | can be separated by filtration Solutions are very stable. The | Colloids are quite stable. The | Suspensions are particles of solute present in a | particles of a colloid do not | unstable. The particles 4 | solution do not separate out on | separate out on keeping. _| ofa suspension settle keeping. down after some time. {A true solution does not scatter | Colloids scatter a beam of | Suspension scatters a 5 | light. light that passes through it. | beam of light that passes through it. Eg: | Sugar Solution ‘Soap Solution Muddy Water ‘TYNDALL EFFECT ‘The scatter of light by colloidal is called Tyndall Effect. CONCENTRATION OF A SOLUTION i Mass of Solute Concentration of Solution = Pann ‘Mass of Solvent UNSATURATED. SATURATED AND UNSFAURATED SOLUTIONS Saturated Solution: solution in which no more solute can be dissolved is called a Saturated Solution. Example: If in an aqueous salt solution, no more salt can be dissolved at that temperature and ‘then that salt solution will be a saturated solution. Un-Saturated Soluti [>= 7772 nn TS MATTER AROUND US PURE Page 3 0f8SUBLIMATION The process of sublimation is used to separate those substances from a mixture which sublime on heating, The substance like ammonium chloride, iodine, camphor sublime on heating and can be recovered in the form of sublimate by cooling their vapors. SEPARATION OF MIXTURE OF A SOLID AND A LIQUID. All the mixtures containing a solid and a liquid are separated by one of the following processes: () By filtration (i) By centrifugation (ii) By evaporation (iv) By crystallization (vy) By chromatography (vi) By distillation Filtration Filtration is used for separating insoluble substances from a liquid. ‘What is the basic principle of centrifugation? Write its applications. It is a method of separating suspended solid particles from a liquid by rotating the mixture at a high speed. itis a method useful to separate the components of colloids. It is based on the principle that the denser particles are forced to the bottom and the lighter stay at the top when spun rapidly. Its applications are: ( Used in diagnostic labs for blood and urine tests. (i In washing machines, to squeeze out water from wet clothes (ii) tis used in dairies to separate butter from milk Evaporation Evaporation is used to separate a solid substance that has dissolved in water (or any other liquid). The use of process of evaporation for separating a mixture is based on that fact that liquids vaporize easily whereas solids do not vaporize easily. Example : Separation of common salt from sea water; separation of colored component (dye) from blue or black ink. What are the advantages of crystallization? The process of formation of crystals from a saturated solution is called crystallization. Crystallization is better than evaporation because te tant |S MATTER AROUND US PURE Page SofA solution in which more quantity of solute can be called an Unsaturated Solution. issolved without raising its temperature is Example: If in an aqueous salt solution, more salt can be dissolved without raising its ‘temperature and then that salt solution will be an unsaturated solution. SOLUBILITY ‘The maximum amount of a solute which can be dissolved in hundred grams of a solvent at a specified temperature is known as the solubility of that solute in that solvent. Effect of Temperature and Pressure on Solubility The effect of temperature and pressure on the solubility of a substance is as follows : (i) The solubility of solids in liquids usually increases on increasing the temperature and decreases on decreasing the temperature. (ii) The solubility of solids in liquids remains unaffected by the changes in pressure (ii) The solubility of gases in liquids usually decreases on increasing the temperature and increases on decreasing the temperature (iv) The solubility of gases in liquids increases on increasing the pressure and decreases on decreasing the pressure Differentiate between Physical and Chemical Change: |. Change in physical properties 2. Temporary . Permanent 3. Reversible 3. Irreversible 4, No new substance formed 4, New substance formed ‘Why do we need to separate the components of a mixture? (i) Tore move undesirable and harmful components (li) To obtain pure sample of a substance (iii) To obtain useful component SEPARATION OF MIXTURES Separation of mixtures of two solids (i) By using a suitable solvent, By the process of sublimation. (iii) By using a magnet. IS MATTER AROUND US PURE Page ¢0f9(i) Some solids decomposes on heating (ii) Some impurities remain dissolved in the solution even after filtration. On evaportifin these contaminates the solids. Chromatography Chromatography is a technique of separating two or more dissolved solids which are present in a solution in very small quantities. It is based on the fact that though two or more substances are soluble in the same solvent but their solubilities will be different. (i) tis used to separate solutions of colored substances (ii) tis used in forensic science to detect and identify trace amount of substances in the contents of bladder or stomach (ii) tis used to separate small amounts of products of chemical reactions. How can we separate (i) two immiscible liquids; (i) miscible liquids? ‘Two immiscible liquids can be separated by using a separating funnel depending on the difference in their densities. Eg : Kerosene oll can be separated from water using a separating funnel, (ii) Two miscible can be separated by (a) distillation (if their BP difference is more than 25° C) (b) fractional distillation (if their BP difference is more than 25° C) Page 15 : Question 1 & 2 Refer Notes Page 18 : Question 1 & 2 Refer Notes Page 18: Answer to Question 3 Mass of Solute Concentration of Solution = oe Mass of Solvent Here, Mass of Solute (sodium chloride) = 36 g Mass of Solvent (water) = 100 g So, Mass of Solution = Mass of Solute + Mass of Solvent ie. 36 +100 = 136 g Concentr: of Solution = 36/136 x 100 = 26.47% erent rn EE ISMATTER AROUND US PURE Page 60f9Page 24: Answer to Question 1 If the difference in the boi of 2 miscible liquids is more than 25° C, their mixtures can be separated by the process of simple distillation. The mixture of kerosene and petrol is taken in a distillation flask, fitted with a thermometer and a water condenser. Petrol having boiling point Is over first and is collected in a suitable container. Kerosene having a higher b distills over later and is collected in another container. Page 24: Answer to Question 2 Techniques to separate: (i) Centrifugation (ii) Evaporation (iil) Sublimation Page 24: Question 3 Refer Notes Page 24: Answer to Question 1 ‘Melting of butter in a pan Boiling of water to form steam Dissolving common salt in water Making a fruit salad with raw fruits pene 1. Cutting of trees 2. Rusting of Almirahs 3. Passing of electric current through water and water breaking into hydrogen and oxygen gases 4._ Burning of paper and wood Page 24: Answer to Question 2 Naphthalene Balls, Sodium Chloride Distilled Water Diamond Steam ‘Alum Alcohol Graphite Baking Soda Tap Water Milk Air Gold Ornaments Ice Cream Steel Salt Solution Kerosene Oil Vinegar Wood TS MATTER AROUND US PURE Page 7 ofPage 28, 29 & 30: Answer to Question 1 (a) Evaporation (b) Sublimation (o) Filtration (4) Chromatography (e) Centrifugation (f) Separating funnel (8) Filtration (h) Magnetic separation (i) Winnowing (i) Loading by using Alum. Answer to Question 2 Take a few cups of water in a pan and heat it on a gas burner. To the hot water, add some tea leaves and boil. The water acts as a solvent and extracts soluble substances from tea leaves giving a dark brown mixture. Then add sugar and milk. Sugar is a solute which dissolves in hot water to form a solution. After boiling for some more time, the mixture is filtered through a tea strainer. The prepared tea passes through the fine holes of the tea strainer and collects as a filtrate in the cup placed below. The used tea leaves, being insoluble, collect as a residue in the tea strainer. Answer to Question 3 (a) The solubility of potassium nitrate at 313 K is 62 g. This means that 62 g of potassium nitrate is needed to make a saturated solution of potassium nitrate in 100 g of water at 313, K. To make a saturated solution in 50 g of water, half of 62 g (31 g) of potas: needed. (b) When a saturated solution of potassium chloride at a 353 K is left to cool, then solid Potassium chloride will gradually separate out from the solution (solubility decreases on cooling). {c) Ammonium Chloride has the highest solubility (37 g) at temperature 293 K (d) The given data shows that solubility of a salt increases with the temperature. im nitrate is Answer to Question 4 Refer Notes Answer to Question 5 Soda Water i Wood i Soil Vinegar Filtered Tea ISMATTER AROUND US PURE ee = = Page 8 of 9Answer to Question 6 Pure water has 2 fixed boiling point of 100° C, under standard atmospheric pressure. Take the colorless liquid in a distillation flask, fitted with a thermometer. Heat the flask till the liquid starts boiling. If all the colorless liquid distills over, at the same temperature (100° C), without leaving behind any residue in the distillation flask, it will be pure water. Answer to Question 7 Pure substances are ice, iron, calcium oxide and mercury. Answer to Question & Sea water, air and soda water Answer to Question 9 Milk and Starch sol ion (because they are colloids) ‘Answer to Question 10 Sodium Calcium Carbonate Soil silver Soap Sugar Solution Tin Methane Coal Silicon Carbon dioxide Air Blood Answer to Question 11 Chemical Changes: Growth of a plant, rusting of iron, cooking of food, digestion of food and burning of a candle. ER IS MATTER AROUND US PURE Page 9019