Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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5.1
Synchronous machines
5.2
Armature reaction
5.3
5.4
5.5
Transient analysis
5.6
Asymmetry
5.7
Machine reactances
5.8
5.9
5.11
Chapt 5-46-77
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Chapt 5-46-77
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Weak
Strong
Weak
Strong
S
Direction of rotation
(a)
(b)
Figure 5.2: Distortion of flux
due to armature reaction
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5 . 3 A R M AT U R E R E A C T I O N
Armature reaction has the greatest effect on the
operation of a synchronous machine with respect both to
the load angle at which it operates and to the amount of
excitation that it needs. The phenomenon is most easily
explained by considering a simplified ideal generator
with full pitch winding operating at unity p.f., zero lag
p.f. and zero lead p.f. When operating at unity p.f., the
voltage and current in the stator are in phase, the stator
current producing a cross magnetising magneto-motive
force (m.m.f.) which interacts with that of the rotor,
resulting in a distortion of flux across the pole face. As
can be seen from Figure 5.2(a) the tendency is to weaken
the flux at the leading edge or effectively to distort the
field in a manner equivalent to a shift against the
direction of rotation.
Et(=V)
I
ATe
ATar
ATf
(a)
ATar
ATe
ATf
ATe
Et=1=V
I
ATe
ATar
ATf
(b)
Eo
IXad IX
d
EL
IXL
V
I
(c)
5 . 4 . S T E A DY S TAT E T H E O R Y
The vector diagram of a single cylindrical rotor
synchronous machine is shown in Figure 5.3, assuming
that the magnetic circuit is unsaturated, the air-gap is
uniform and all variable quantities are sinusoidal.
Further, since the reactance of machines is normally very
much larger than the resistance, the latter has been
neglected.
The excitation ampere-turns, ATe, produces a flux
across the air-gap thereby inducing a voltage, Et, in the
stator. This voltage drives a current I at a power factor
cos-1 and gives rise to an armature reaction m.m.f. ATar
in phase with it. The m.m.f. ATf resulting from the
combination of these two m.m.f. vectors (see Figure
5.3(a)) is the excitation which must be provided on the
rotor to maintain flux across the air-gap. Rotating the
rotor m.m.f. diagram, Figure 5.3(a), clockwise until
coincides with Et and changing the scale of the diagram
so that ATe becomes the basic unit, where ATe = Et =1,
results in Figure 5.3(b). The m.m.f. vectors have thus
become, in effect, voltage vectors. For example
ATar /ATe is a unit of voltage that is directly proportional
to the stator load current. This vector can be fully
represented by a reactance and in practice this is called
Chapt 5-46-77
VE
sin
Xd
Equation 5.1
49
Chapt 5-46-77
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Xad
5 . 5 S A L I E N T P O L E R OTO R
IqXq
IdXd
EO
IXd
E 'O
Flux
Lead
Armature
reaction M.M.F.
Flux
Quadrature axis
Quadr
Lag
Direct
ect axis po
pole
XL
Et
Eo
Iq
Id
Pole axis
Figure 5.5: Variation of armature reaction m.m.f.
with pole position
50
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5 . 6 T R A N S I E N T A N A LY S I S
XL
Xad
Xf
Xad
This voltage will be generated by a flux crossing the airgap. It is not possible to confine the flux to one path
exclusively in any machine, and as a result there will be
a leakage flux L that will leak from pole to pole and
across the inter-polar gaps without crossing the main
air-gap as shown in Figure 5.7. The flux in the pole will
be + L.
Xad
Xf
Xkd
Eg
Xd
Equation 5.2
51
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Eo
X 'd
where X ''d = X L +
X ad X f X kd
X ad X f + X kd X f + X ad X kd
Xd = XL + Xkd
or
Equation 5.3
Equation 5.4
X ad X f
+XL
X ad + X f
Current
I''d =
Eo
X ''d
I'd =
Eo
X'd
Id =
Eair gap
Xd
Time
Figure 5.9: Transient decay envelope
of short-circuit current
52
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5.7 ASYMMETRY
Type of machine
Short circuit ratio
Direct axis synchronous reactance Xd (p.u.)
Quadrature axis synchronous reactance Xq (p.u.)
Direct axis transient reactance Xd (p.u.)
Direct axis sub-transient reactance Xd (p.u.)
Quadrature axis sub-transient reactance Xq (p.u.)
Negative sequence reactance X2 (p.u.)
Zero sequence reactance X0 (p.u.)
Direct axis short circuit transient time constant Td (s)
Direct axis open circuit transient time constant Tdo (s)
Direct axis short circuit sub-transient- time constant Td (s)
Direct axis open circuit sub-transient time constant Tdo(s)
Quadrature axis short circuit sub-transient time constant Tq (s)
Quadrature axis open circuit sub-transient time constant Tqo (s)
5 . 8 M A C H I N E R E A C TA N C E S
Table 5.1 gives values of machine reactances for salient
pole and cylindrical rotor machines typical of latest
design practice. Also included are parameters for
synchronous compensators such machines are now
rarely built, but significant numbers can still be found in
operation.
5.8.1 Synchronous Reactance Xd = XL + Xad
The order of magnitude of XL is normally 0.1-0.25p.u.,
while that of Xad is 1.0-2.5p.u. The leakage reactance XL
can be reduced by increasing the machine size (derating),
or increased by artificially increasing the slot leakage,
but it will be noted that XL is only about 10% of the
total value of Xd and cannot exercise much influence.
The armature reaction reactance can be reduced by
decreasing the armature reaction of the machine, which
in design terms means reducing the ampere conductor or
electrical (as distinct from magnetic) loading - this will
often mean a physically larger machine. Alternatively
the excitation needed to generate open-circuit voltage
may be increased; this is simply achieved by increasing
the machine air-gap, but is only possible if the excitation
system is modified to meet the increased requirements.
In general, control of Xd is obtained almost entirely by
varying Xad, and in most cases a reduction in Xd will
mean a larger and more costly machine. It is also worth
Salient
pole synchronous
condensers
0.5-0.7
1.6-2.0
1.0-1.23
0.3-0.5
0.2-0.4
0.25-0.6
0.25-0.5
0.12-0.16
1.5-2.5
5-10
0.04-0.9
0.07-0.11
0.04-0.6
0.1-0.2
1.0-1.2
0.8-1.0
0.5-0.65
0.2-0.35
0.12-0.25
0.15-0.25
0.14-0.35
0.06-0.10
1.0-2.0
3-7
0.05-0.10
0.08-0.25
0.05-0.6
0.2-0.9
Hydrogen
Cooled
0.4-0.6
2.0-2.8
1.8-2.7
0.2-0.3
0.15-0.23
0.16-0.25
0.16-0.23
0.06-0.1
0.6-1.3
6-12
0.013-0.022
0.018-0.03
0.013-0.022
0.026-0.045
0.4-0.6
2.1-2.4
1.9-2.4
0.27-0.33
0.19-0.23
0.19-0.23
0.19-0.24
0.1-0.15
0.7-1.0
6-10
0.017-0.025
0.023-0.032
0.018-0.027
0.03-0.05
Hydrogen/
Water Cooled
0.4-0.6
2.1-2.6
2.0-2.5
0.3-0.36
0.21-0.27
0.21-0.28
0.21-0.27
0.1-0.15
0.75-1.0
6-9.5
0.022-0.03
0.025-0.035
0.02-0.03
0.04-0.065
4 Pole
0.4-0.6
1.75-3.0
0.9-1.5
0.26-0.35
0.19-0.25
0.19-0.35
0.16-0.27
0.01-0.1
0.4-1.1
3.0-9.0
0.02-0.04
0.035-0.06
0.025-0.04
0.13-0.2
Multi-pole
0.6-0.8
1.4-1.9
0.8-1.0
0.24-0.4
0.16-0.25
0.18-0.24
0.16-0.23
0.045-0.23
0.25-1
1.7-4.0
0.02-0.06
0.03-0.1
0.025-0.08
0.1-0.35
53
Chapt 5-46-77
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Rotor
construction
Salient
Cylindrical
Rotor Cooling
motors
generators
indirect
synchronous
condensers
motors
generators
direct
synchronous
condensers
indirectly cooled (air)
all
indirectly cooled (hydrogen)
all
<=350
351-900
directly cooled
901-1250
1251-1600
5 . 9 N E G AT I V E S E Q U E N C E R E A C TA N C E
Negative sequence currents can arise whenever there is
any unbalance present in the system. Their effect is to
set up a field rotating in the opposite direction to the
main field generated by the rotor winding, so subjecting
the rotor to double frequency flux pulsations. This gives
Machine
Type (SN)
/Rating
(MVA)
Note 1: Calculate as
I2
S -350
= 0.08- N
IN
3 x 104
Note 2: Calculate as
()
Maximum
Maximum
I2/IN for
(I2/IN)2t for
continuous operation during
operation
faults
0.1
0.08
20
20
0.1
20
0.08
0.05
15
15
0.08
15
0.1
0.1
0.08
Note 1
Note 1
0.05
15
10
8
Note 2
5
5
I2 2
t = 8-0.00545(SN-350)
IN
54
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5 . 10 Z E R O S E Q U E N C E R E A C TA N C E
If a machine is operating with an earthed neutral, a
system earth fault will give rise to zero sequence
currents in the machine. This reactance represents the
machine's contribution to the total impedance offered to
these currents. In practice it is generally low and often
outweighed by other impedances present in the circuit.
5.11 DIRECT AND QUADRATURE AXIS VALUES
The transient reactance is associated with the field
winding and since on salient pole machines this is
concentrated on the direct axis, there is no
corresponding quadrature axis value. The value of
reactance applicable in the quadrature axis is the
synchronous reactance, that is, Xq = Xq.
The damper winding (or its equivalent) is more widely
spread and hence the sub-transient reactance associated
with this has a definite quadrature axis value Xq, which
differs significantly in many generators from Xd.
5.12 EFFECT OF SATURATION
ON MACHINE REACTANCES
In general, any electrical machine is designed to avoid
severe saturation of its magnetic circuit. However, it is
not economically possible to operate at such low flux
densities as to reduce saturation to negligible
proportions, and in practice a moderate degree of
saturation is accepted.
Since the armature reaction reactance Xad is a ratio
ATar /ATe it is evident that ATe will not vary in a linear
manner for different voltages, while ATar will remain
unchanged. The value of Xad will vary with the degree of
saturation present in the machine, and for extreme
accuracy should be determined for the particular
conditions involved in any calculation.
55
Chapt 5-46-77
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Z1 = Z11 Z12
Z2 = Z22 Z12
Z3 = Z12
B C
~
A'
B' C '
Z11
Zero bus
(c) 'T' equivalent circuit
A
Z22
Z12
B'
Zero bus
(b) Equivalent circuit of model
r2+jx2
r1+jx1
A
B
R
B'
A'
Z3=Z12
A'
Load
Equation 5.5
A'
Zs
Secondary
jXM
Zero bus
(d) '' equivalent circuit
ZT =Z1+Z2
Zp
Primary
B'
Tertiary
Zt
B
T
B'
Zero bus
(e) Equivalent circuit: secondary winding s/c
A'
Zero bus
56
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57
Chapt 5-46-77
Chapt 5-46-77
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Page 58
ZT
b
b
Zero bus
ZT
b
b
Zero bus
ZT
b
Zero bus
ZT
b
b
Zero bus
ZT
b
b
Zero bus
ZT
b
b
Zero bus
ZT
Zero bus
Zs
a
Zp
b
a
Zt
a
b
Zero bus
Zs
Zp
b
a
Zt
a
b
Zero bus
Zs
a
Zp
b
a
Zt
a
b
Zero bus
Zs
a
Zp
b
a
Zt
a
b
Zero bus
Zs
a
Zp
b
a
Zt
a
b
Zero bus
Table 5.3: Zero sequence equivalent circuit connections
58
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5 . 1 6 A U TO - T R A N S F O R M E R S
The auto-transformer is characterised by a single
continuous winding, part of which is shared by both the
high and low voltage circuits, as shown in Figure 5.14(a).
The 'common' winding is the winding between the low
voltage terminals whereas the remainder of the winding,
belonging exclusively to the high voltage circuit, is
designated the 'series' winding, and, combined with the
'common' winding, forms the 'series-common' winding
between the high voltage terminals. The advantage of
using an auto-transformer as opposed to a two-winding
transformer is that the auto-transformer is smaller and
lighter for a given rating. The disadvantage is that
galvanic isolation between the two windings does not
exist, giving rise to the possibility of large overvoltages
on the lower voltage system in the event of major
insulation breakdown.
ZT
2
ZT
2
Ze
Zs
Zp
Zt
Ze
IH
1
(Z scc + Zct Z sct )
2
1
Z H = (Z scc + Z sct Zct )
2
1
ZT = (Z sct + Zct Z scc )
2
IH
ZL =
L
IL
IL
IT
IL-IH
N
VH
IL-IH VL
IN
where:
Zsc-t = impedance between 'series common' and tertiary
windings
ZH
L
ZN
IH N IL
(a) Circuit diagram
Equation 5.8
ZL
ZX
H
IL1
IH1
IL0
T
(c) Positive sequence impedance
H
IH0
T
IT0
IT1
ZY
ZZ
ZT
ZLH
IL0
IH0
ZHT
ZLT
T
IT0
59
Chapt 5-46-77
Chapt 5-46-77
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Page 60
( N +1)
N
Z y = Z H 3 Zn
( N +1)2
Z z = ZT +3 Zn
( N +1)
Z x = Z L +3 Zn
Equation 5.9
Z LT = Z st N
N
Z HT = Z st
(1 + N )
Z LH = Z st
MVA
Z% HV/LV
X/R
<0.630
0.631-1.25
1.251 - 3.15
3.151 - 6.3
6.301-12.5
12.501- 25.0
25.001 - 200
>200
4.00
5.00
6.25
7.15
8.35
10.00
12.50
1.5
3.5
6.0
8.5
13.0
20.0
45.0
by agreement
Tolerance on Z%
10
10
10
10
10
7.5
7.5
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MVA
Primary
Primary Taps
Secondary kV
Z% HV/LV
X/R ratio
MVA
Primary kV
Primary Taps
Secondary kV
Z% HV/LV
X/R ratio
7.5
7.5
8
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
12
12
12
15
15
16
16
16
19
30
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
66
66
33
33
33
33
33
+5.72% -17.16%
+5.72% -17.16%
+5.72% -17.16%
+5.72% -17.16%
+5.72% -17.16%
+5.72% -17.16%
+5.72% -17.16%
+4.5% -18%
+5% -15%
10%
10%
+9% -15%
+9% -15%
10%
+5.72% -17.16%
+5.72% -17.16%
+5.72% -17.16%
+5.72% -17.16%
11
11
11
6.6
6.6
11
11
6.6
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11
6.6
11
11
7.5
7.5
8
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
12
12
12
15
15
16
16
16
19
30
15
17
9
24
24
24
26
24
27
27
25
14
16
16
30
31
37
40
24
30
30
30
30
40
45
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
65
90
90
33
33
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
140
132
132
10%
+5.72% -17.16%
+10% -20%
+10% -20%
+10% -20%
+10% -20%
+10% -20%
+10% -20%
+10% -20%
+10% -20%
+10% -20%
+10% -20%
+9.3% -24%
+9.3% -24%
+7.5% -15%
+10% -20%
+10% -20%
6.9
11
11
11
11
11
33
33
33
33
66
11/11
11/11
11/11
11
33
66
24
30
21.3
25
23.5
27.9
11.8
16.7
17.7
14.5
11
35.5
36
35.9
12.3
24.4
15.1
25
40
43
30
46
37
18
28
26
25
25
52
75
78
28
60
41
MVA
Primary
kV
Primary
Taps
Secondary
kV
Tertiary
kV
20
220
+12.5% -7.5%
6.9
20
57
74
79.2
120
125
125
180
255
230
275
345
220
275
230
230
275
230
+12.5% -7.5%
10%
+14.4% -10%
+10% -15%
+10% -15%
16.8%
not known
15%
+10%
6.9
11.8
96
11.6
34.5
66
150
66
16.5
7.2
12
11
13
-
Z%
HV/LV
X/R
ratio
MVA
Primary
kV
9.9
18
10-14
18.2
8.9
18.9
22.5
13.1
10-14
22.2
14.8
13
34
25
35
63
52
22
38
43
95
140
141
151
167
180
180
247
250
290
307
346
420
437.8
450
600
716
721
736
900
132
157.5
400
236
145
289
132
432
300
420
432
435
432
144.1
132
420
525
362
245
525
MVA
100
180
240
240
240
250
500
750
1000
1000
333.3
X/R
ratio
28
55
83
51
61
50
51
90
89
91
101
MVA/
phase
266.7
266.7
277
375
375
Primary
Taps
Secondary
kV
10%
11
10%
11.5
5%
15
5%
15
+7.5% -16.5%
15
5%
16
10%
15
+3.75% -16.25%
15.5
+11.2% -17.6%
15
10%
15
+3.75% -16.25%
15.5
+5% -15%
17.5
+5.55% -14.45%
22
+10.8% -21.6%
21
10%
19
11.25%
21
10%
19
+6.25% -13.75%
22
+7% -13%
22
+7% -13%
23
(a) Three-phase units
Primary
Primary
Secondary
kV
Taps
kV
432/3 +6.67% -13.33%
23.5
432/3 +6.6% -13.4%
23.5
515/3
5%
22
525/3 +6.66% -13.32%
26
420/3 +6.66% -13.32%
26
(b) Single-phase units
61
Z%
HV/LV
X/R
ratio
13.5
12.7
14.7
13.6
25.7
13.4
13.8
15.2
28.6
15.7
15.3
16.4
16
14.6
14
16.2
15.7
15.2
15.5
15.7
46
41
57
47
71
34
40
61
70
43
67
81
87
50
49
74
61
83
73
67
Z%
HV/LV
15.8
15.7
16.9
15
15.1
X/R
ratio
92
79
105
118
112
Chapt 5-46-77
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Page 62
5 . 1 9 C A L C U L AT I O N O F S E R I E S I M P E D A N C E
The self impedance of a conductor with an earth return
and the mutual impedance between two parallel
conductors with a common earth return are given by the
Carson equations:
De
dc
Equation 5.11
De
D
Z p = R +0.000988 f + j0.0029 f log10
where:
R = conductor a.c. resistance (ohms/km)
dc = geometric mean radius of a single conductor
D = spacing between the parallel conductors
f = system frequency
De = equivalent spacing of the earth return path
R
G
R
G
sinh ZY
Z
ZY
Y
2
tanh ZY 2
ZY 2
Y
2
tanh ZY 2
ZY 2
(b) Equivalent
5
Z
2
tanh ZY 2
ZY 2
Z
2
tanh ZY 2
ZY 2
sinh ZY
Y
ZY
Z1 = Z2 = Z p Zm
Zo = Z p + 2 Zm
(c) T Equivalent
=1+
ZY
tanh
ZY
ZY
= 1-
ZY
Z2Y2
120
ZY
Z2Y2
12
120
Z3Y3
Z1 = Z2 = R + j0.0029 f log10
+ ...
5040
+
17Z3Y3
Equation 5.12
D
dc
+ ...
20160
De
dcD 2
Equation 5.13
62
Chapt 5-46-77
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Page 63
D
a
Conductor
Radius r
h
D'
Writing Dc =
the sequence impedances in
ohms/km at 50Hz become:
dcD2,
Earth
ABC
dc
De
Zo = ( R +0.148 ) + j0.434 log10
Dc Equation 5.14
Z1 = Z2 = R + j0.145 log10
5 . 2 0 C A L C U L AT I O N O F S H U N T I M P E D A N C E
It can be shown that the potential of a conductor a
above ground due to its own charge qa and a charge -qa
on its image is:
Va =2 qaloge
2h
r
a'
Figure 5.16 Geometry of two parallel conductors
a and b and the image of a (a')
Equation 5.15
D'
D
Zo = j0.396 log10
Equation 5.16
D'
Z'm = j0.132 log10
D
D
r
D'
rD 2
Z1 = Z2 = j0.132 log10
8 ha hbhb
Z0 = j0.132 log10
r 3 A 2 B 2 C 2 Equation 5.19
Z1 = Z2 = j0.132 log10
Equation 5.17
Equation 5.18
63
Chapt 5-46-77
21/06/02
9:50
Page 64
3.80
0.50
6.0
U n (kV)
A=3.5m
a (m)
3.3
6.6
0.67
11
0.8
22
33
1.25
R2
0.55
R1
W
X
Y
Single circuit
Un= 63kV/66kV/90kV
Single circuit
1.75 - K
2.00 - N
6.6
2
2
2.50
a
2.50
3.30
3.30
b
d
4.00
3.50
2.70
Un(kV) a (m)
R1
W
63
1.4
90
1.85
Single circuit
Un= 90kV
63 kV(K) 3.0
3.7
3.0
90 kV (N) 3.1
3.8
3.8 1.85
1.4
3.50
2.8
2.8
3.5
3.5
R1
3.0
3.0
a (m)
63
1.40
66
1.40
90
1.85
Single circuit
Un= 63kV/90kV
Double circuit
Un= 63kV/66kV/90kV
Double circuit
Un= 63kV/90kV
3.4
6.60
U n (kV)
2
2
6.20
a
2.75
4.1
3.9
3.9
5.80
3.7
2.75
3.10
a
4.2
a=3.7m
b=4.6m
R1
8.0
8.0
R1
Single circuit
Un= 110kV
4.2
Double circuit
Un= 138kV
Double circuit
Un= 170kV
Chapt 5-46-77
21/06/02
9:50
Page 65
8.45
12.2
2.5
d
5.0
1.75
5.20
7.5
5.0
a
6.0
b
7.50
6.0
c
n1
a
R1
R2
R1
n2
n
n1
n2
9.5
5.0 4.5
6.3
9.8
5.0 4.8
6.3
Single circuit
Un= 245kV
Double circuit
Un= 245kV
9.74
16.4
Double circuit
Un= 245kV
25.1
8.5
7.0
2.40
9.2
11.3
8.5
7.7
R1
R1
6.7
6.7
7.4
7.4
8.5
32.4
8.5
7.8
Double circuit
Un= 420kV
Single circuit
Un= 245kV
7.8
Double circuit
Un= 420kV
7.5
20.0
0
10.0
12.0
8.0
5.0
9.5
9.5
8.0
12.0
9.5
16.0
37.0
23.0
Single circuit
Un= 550kV
Double circuit
Un= 550kV
65
Single circuit
Un= 800kV
Chapt 5-46-77
21/06/02
9:51
Page 66
5 . 21 O V E R H E A D L I N E C I R C U I T S
WITH OR WITHOUT EARTH WIRES
Equation 5.20
where:
Zaa = R +0.000988 f + j0.0029 f log10
Zab = 0.000988 f + j0.0029 f log10
De
dc
De
D
and so on.
The equation required for the calculation of shunt
voltage drops is identical to Equation 5.20 in form,
except that primes must be included, the impedances
being derived from Equation 5.17.
Figure 5.18: Typical overhead line tower
66
21/06/02
9:51
Sequence impedance
Z00 = (Z00)
Z11 = Z22 = (Z11)
(Z00 =Z00)
Z01 = Z20 = (Z01 = Z20)
Z02 = Z10 = (Z02 = Z10)
Z12 = (Z12)
Z21 = (Z21)
(Z11=Z11 = Z22 = Z22)
(Z02 = Z02 = Z10 = Z10)
(Z02 = Z02 = Z10 = Z10
(Z12 = Z12)
(Z21 = Z21)
Page 67
132kV
Single circuit line
(400 mm2)
1.0782 7354
0.3947 7854
0.0116 -16652
58
0.0255 -409
0.0256 -1391
-
380kV
Single circuit line
(400 mm2)
0.8227 7036
0.3712 7557
0.0094 -3928
0.0153 2853
0.0275 14726
0.0275 2729
-
132kV
Double circuit line
(200 mm2)
1.1838 716
6619
0.6334 712
0.0257 -6325
0.0197 -9458
0.0276 16117
0.0277 3713
0.0114 886
0.0140 -9344
0.0150 -4411
0.0103 14510
0.0106 3056
275kV
Double circuit line
(400 mm2)
0.9520 7646
0.3354 7435
0.5219 7543
0.0241 -7214
0.0217 -10020
0.0281 14946
0.0282 296
0.0129 8844
0.0185 -9116
0.0173 -772
0.0101 14920
0.0102 2731
1
1
Z11 = ( J aa + J bb + J cc ) ( J ab + J bc + J ac )
3
3
1
2
2
2
Z12 = ( J aa + a J bb + aJ cc ) + (aJ ab + a J ac + J bc )
3
3
1
2 2
2
Z21 = ( J aa + aJ bb + a J cc ) + (a J ab + aJ ac + J bc )
3
3
1
1
2
2
Z20 = ( J aa + a J bb + aJ cc ) (aJ ab + a J ac + J bc )
3
3
1
1
Z10 = ( J aa + aJ bb + a 2 J cc ) (a 2 J ab + aJ ac + Jbc )
3
3
Z22 = Z11
Z01 = Z20
Z02 = Z10
Z00 =
Zea
Z
Z
I a + eb I b + ec I c
Zee
Zee
Zee
Zne Zme
Zee
Equation 5.21
For example:
J aa = Zaa
2
Zae
Zee
J ab = Zab
Zae Zbe
Zee
and so on.
So Equation 5.20 can be simplified while still taking account
of the effect of the earth wire by deleting the fourth row and
fourth column and substituting Jaa for Zaa, Jab for Zab , and
so on, calculated using Equation 5.21. The single circuit line
with a single earth wire can therefore be replaced by an
equivalent single circuit line having phase self and mutual
impedances Jaa , Jab and so on.
It can be shown from the symmetrical component theory
given in Chapter 4 that the sequence voltage drops of a
general three-phase circuit are:
V0 = Z00 I 0 + Z01 I1 + Z02 I 2
1
2
J aa + J bb + J cc ) + ( J ab + J bc + J ac )
(
3
3
Equation 5.23
Equation 5.22
Chapt 5-46-77
Chapt 5-46-77
21/06/02
9:51
Page 68
F
Line
Source
E
(a) Actual circuit
3E
Z1
Ib
Z1
Ia
Z1
(Z0-Z )/3
E
X2
Z1 = Z2 = Rc + Rs 2 cs 2
Rs + X s
X2
+ j X c X s 2 cs 2
Rs + X s
2 Z +Z
Ze = 1 0
3
Equation 5.24
3E
Ib = Ic =
2 Z1
_
where 3E is the voltage between phases and 2Z is the
impedance of the fault loop.
1
C = 0.0241
log d + 2 T
d
F / km
Equation 5.25
Chapt 5-46-77
21/06/02
9:51
Page 69
0.0555
F / km
G
Number of Strands
7
19
37
61
91
127
169
Solid
Equation 5.26
GMR
0.726r
0.758r
0.768r
0.772r
0.774r
0.776r
0.776r
0.779r
Number of Layers
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
GMR
0.5r*
0.75r*
0.776r
0.803r
0.812r
0.826r
0.833r
0.778r
0.794r
0.799r
0.81r
0.827r
0.789r
0.793r
0.801r
* - Indicative values only, since GMR for single layer conductors is affected by cyclic
magnetic flux, which depends on various factors.
Ic
Xcs Per unit length
Is
Rs'Xs Per unit length
V
Number of Al Strands
6
12
18
24
26
30
32
36
45
48
54
66
72
76
84
5 . 2 4 O V E R H E A D L I N E A N D C A B L E D ATA
69
Chapt 5-46-77
21/06/02
9:53
Stranding
area (mm2)
Wire
10.6
21.2
26.7
33.6
42.4
53.5
67.4
85.0
107.2
126.6
152.0
177.3
202.7
228.0
253.3
278.7
304.3
329.3
354.7
380.0
405.3
456.0
506.7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
19
19
19
19
37
37
37
37
61
61
61
61
61
61
Stranding
area (mm2)
Wire
11.0
13.0
14.0
14.5
16.1
18.9
23.4
32.2
38.4
47.7
65.6
70.1
97.7
129.5
132.1
164.0
165.2
1
1
1
7
1
1
1
1
7
7
7
1
7
19
7
7
19
Page 70
Overall
Diameter
(mm)
RDC
Diameter
(mm)
(20C)
(Ohm/km)
1.38
1.96
2.20
7.00
2.77
3.12
3.50
3.93
4.42
2.91
3.19
3.45
3.69
2.80
2.95
3.10
3.23
2.62
2.72
2.82
2.91
3.09
3.25
(a) ASTM Standards
4.17
5.89
6.60
7.42
8.33
9.35
10.52
11.79
13.26
14.58
15.98
17.25
18.44
19.61
20.65
21.67
22.63
23.60
24.49
25.35
26.19
27.79
29.26
1.734
0.865
0.686
0.544
0.431
0.342
0.271
0.215
0.171
0.144
0.120
0.103
0.090
0.080
0.072
0.066
0.060
0.056
0.052
0.048
0.045
0.040
0.036
Overall
Diameter
(mm)
3.73
4.06
4.22
1.63
4.52
4.90
5.46
6.40
2.64
2.95
3.45
9.45
4.22
2.95
4.90
5.46
3.33
(b) BS Standards
RDC
Diameter
(mm)
3.25
4.06
4.22
4.88
4.52
4.90
5.46
6.40
7.92
8.84
10.36
9.45
12.65
14.73
14.71
16.38
16.64
(20C)
(Ohm/km)
1.617
1.365
1.269
1.231
1.103
0.938
0.756
0.549
0.466
0.375
0.273
0.252
0.183
0.139
0.135
0.109
0.109
Designation
Aluminium
Sparrow
Robin
Raven
Quail
Pigeon
Penguin
Partridge
Ostrich
Merlin
Lark
Hawk
Dove
Teal
Swift
Tern
Canary
Curlew
Finch
Bittern
Falcon
Kiwi
6
6
6
6
6
6
26
26
18
30
26
26
30
36
45
54
54
54
45
54
72
2.67
3
3.37
3.78
4.25
4.77
2.57
2.73
3.47
2.92
3.44
3.72
3.61
3.38
3.38
3.28
3.52
3.65
4.27
4.36
4.41
Sectional area
(mm2)
Total Approx.
RDC
area overall at 20 C
2
(mm ) diameter (Ohm/km)
Aluminium Steel
(mm)
Steel
1
1
1
1
1
1
7
7
1
7
7
7
19
1
7
7
7
19
7
19
7
2.67
3
3.37
3.78
4.25
4.77
2
2.21
3.47
2.92
2.67
2.89
2.16
3.38
2.25
3.28
3.52
2.29
2.85
2.62
2.94
33.6
42.4
53.5
67.4
85.0
107.2
135.2
152.0
170.5
201.4
241.7
282.0
306.6
322.3
402.8
456.1
523.7
565.0
644.5
805.7
1100.0
5.6
7.1
8.9
11.2
14.2
17.9
22.0
26.9
9.5
46.9
39.2
45.9
69.6
9.0
27.8
59.1
68.1
78.3
44.7
102.4
47.5
39.2
49.5
62.4
78.6
99.2
125.1
157.2
178.9
179.9
248.3
280.9
327.9
376.2
331.2
430.7
515.2
591.8
643.3
689.2
908.1
1147.5
8.01
9
10.11
11.34
12.75
14.31
16.28
17.28
17.35
20.44
21.79
23.55
25.24
23.62
27.03
29.52
31.68
33.35
34.17
39.26
44.07
0.854
0.677
0.536
0.426
0.337
0.268
0.214
0.191
0.169
0.144
0.120
0.103
0.095
0.089
0.072
0.064
0.055
0.051
0.045
0.036
0.027
Designation
Gopher
Weasel
Ferret
Rabbit
Horse
Dog
Tiger
Wolf
Dingo
Lynx
Caracal
Jaguar
Panther
Zebra
1
1
1
1
7
7
7
7
1
7
1
1
7
7
Sectional area
(mm2)
Total Approx.
RDC
area overall at 20 C
2
(mm ) diameter (Ohm/km)
Steel
Aluminium Steel
(mm)
2.36
26.2
4.4 30.6
7.08
1.093
2.59
31.6
5.3 36.9
7.77
0.908
3
42.4
7.1 49.5
9
0.676
3.35
52.9
8.8 61.7 10.05
0.542
2.79
73.4
42.8 116.2 13.95
0.393
1.57
105.0
13.6 118.5 14.15
0.273
2.36
131.2
30.6 161.9 16.52
0.220
2.59
158.1
36.9 194.9 18.13
0.182
3.35
158.7
8.8 167.5 16.75
0.181
2.79
183.4
42.8 226.2 19.53
0.157
3.61
184.2
10.2 194.5 18.05
0.156
3.86
210.6
11.7 222.3 19.3
0.137
3
212.1
49.5 261.5
21
0.136
3.18
428.9
55.6 484.5 28.62
0.067
(b) to BS 215.2
70
Designation
35/6
44/32
50/8
70/12
95/15
95/55
120/70
150/25
170/40
185/30
210/50
265/35
305/40
380/50
550/70
560/50
650/45
1045/45
21/06/02
1
7
1
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
9:53
Page 71
Sectional area
(mm2)
Steel
Aluminium Steel
2.7
34.4
5.7
2.4
44.0
31.7
3.2
48.3
8.0
1.44
69.9
11.4
1.67
94.4
15.3
3.2
96.5
56.3
3.6
122.1
71.3
2.1
148.9
24.2
2.7
171.8
40.1
2.33
183.8
29.8
3
212.1
49.5
2.49
263.7
34.1
2.68
304.6
39.5
3
381.7
49.5
3.6
549.7
71.3
3
561.7
49.5
2.87
653.5
45.3
2.87 1045.6 45.3
Total Approx.
RDC
area overall at 20 C
(mm2) diameter (Ohm/km)
(mm)
40.1
8.1
0.834
75.6
11.2
0.652
56.3
9.6
0.594
81.3
11.7
0.413
109.7 13.6
0.305
152.8
16
0.299
193.4
18
0.236
173.1 17.1
0.194
211.8 18.9
0.168
213.6
19
0.157
261.5
21
0.136
297.7 22.4
0.109
344.1 24.1
0.095
431.2
27
0.076
620.9 32.4
0.052
611.2 32.2
0.051
698.8 34.4
0.044
1090.9 43
0.028
Total Approxi.
RDC
area overall at 20 C
2
(mm ) diameter (Ohm/km)
Aluminium Steel
Aluminium Steel
(mm)
CANNA 59.7
12 2
7
2
37.7
22.0 59.7
10
0.765
CANNA 75.5
12 2.25 7 2.25 47.7
27.8 75.5 11.25
0.604
CANNA 93.3 12 2.5
7
2.5
58.9
34.4 93.3
12.5
0.489
CANNA 116.2 30 2
7
2
94.2
22.0 116.2
14
0.306
CROCUS 116.2 30 2
7
2
94.2
22.0 116.2
14
0.306
CANNA 147.1 30 2.25 7 2.25 119.3
27.8 147.1 15.75
0.243
CROCUS 181.6 30 2.5
7
2.5 147.3
34.4 181.6 17.5
0.197
CROCUS 228 30 2.8
7
2.8 184.7
43.1 227.8 19.6
0.157
CROCUS 297 36 2.8 19 2.25 221.7
75.5 297.2 22.45
0.131
CANNA 288 30 3.15 7 3.15 233.8
54.6 288.3 22.05
0.124
CROCUS 288 30 3.15 7 3.15 233.8
54.6 288.3 22.05
0.124
CROCUS 412 32 3.6 19 2.4 325.7
86.0 411.7 26.4
0.089
CROCUS 612 66 3.13 19 2.65 507.8 104.8 612.6 32.03
0.057
CROCUS 865 66 3.72 19 3.15 717.3 148.1 865.4 38.01
0.040
Designation
Sectional area
(mm2)
Standard
Designation
ASTM B-397
ASTM B-397
ASTM B-397
ASTM B-397
ASTM B-397
ASTM B-397
ASTM B-397
ASTM B-397
ASTM B-397
ASTM B-397
ASTM B-397
ASTM B-397
ASTM B-397
ASTM B-397
ASTM B-399
ASTM B-399
ASTM B-399
ASTM B-399
ASTM B-399
ASTM B-399
ASTM B-399
ASTM B-399
ASTM B-399
ASTM B-399
ASTM B-399
Kench
Kibe
Kayak
Kopeck
Kittle
Radian
Rede
Ragout
Rex
Remex
Ruble
Rune
Spar
Solar
-
No.
Wire Sectional Overall
RDC
of Al diameter area
diameter at 20C
Strands
(mm) (mm2)
(mm) (Ohm/km)
7
7
7
7
7
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
37
37
19
19
19
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
2.67
3.37
3.78
4.25
4.77
3.66
3.78
3.98
4.14
4.36
4.46
4.7
3.6
4.02
3.686
3.909
4.12
3.096
3.233
3.366
3.493
3.617
3.734
3.962
4.176
39.2
62.4
78.6
99.3
125.1
199.9
212.6
236.4
255.8
283.7
296.8
330.6
376.6
469.6
202.7
228.0
253.3
278.5
303.7
329.2
354.6
380.2
405.2
456.2
506.8
8.0
10.1
11.4
12.8
14.3
18.3
18.9
19.9
19.9
21.8
22.4
23.6
25.2
28.2
18.4
19.6
20.6
21.7
22.6
23.6
24.5
25.3
26.1
27.7
29.2
(a) ASTM
Standard
BS 3242
BS 3242
BS 3242
BS 3242
BS 3242
BS 3242
BS 3242
BS 3242
BS 3242
BS 3242
BS 3242
BS 3242
BS 3242
BS 3242
BS 3242
BS 3242
BS 3242
BS 3242
BS 3242
BS 3242
BS 3242
(d) to NF C34-120
Table 5.14: Overhead line conductor data - aluminium
conductors steel reinforced (ACSR).
Designation
Box
Acacia
Almond
Cedar
Fir
Hazel
Pine
Willow
Oak
Mullberry
Ash
Elm
Poplar
Sycamore
Upas
Yew
Totara
Rubus
Araucaria
No.
Wire Sectional Overall
RDC
of Al diameter area
diameter at 20C
Strands
(mm) (mm2)
(mm) (Ohm/km)
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
19
19
19
37
37
37
37
37
61
61
1.85
2.08
2.34
2.54
2.95
3.3
3.61
4.04
4.19
4.45
4.65
3.18
3.48
3.76
2.87
3.23
3.53
4.06
4.14
3.5
4.14
18.8
23.8
30.1
35.5
47.8
59.9
71.6
89.7
96.5
108.9
118.9
150.9
180.7
211.0
239.4
303.2
362.1
479.0
498.1
586.9
821.1
5.6
6.2
7.0
7.6
8.9
9.9
10.8
12.1
12.6
13.4
14.0
15.9
17.4
18.8
20.1
22.6
24.7
28.4
29.0
31.5
28.4
(b) BS
Table 5.15: Overhead line conductor data - aluminium alloy.
0.838
0.526
0.418
0.331
0.262
0.164
0.155
0.140
0.129
0.116
0.111
0.100
0.087
0.070
0.165
0.147
0.132
0.120
0.110
0.102
0.094
0.088
0.083
0.073
0.066
71
1.750
1.384
1.094
0.928
0.688
0.550
0.460
0.367
0.341
0.302
0.277
0.219
0.183
0.157
0.139
0.109
0.092
0.069
0.067
0.057
0.040
Chapt 5-46-77
Chapt 5-46-77
21/06/02
Standard
9:53
Design.
Page 72
No.
Wire Sectional Overall
RDC
of Al diameter area
diameter at 20C
Strands
(mm) (mm2)
(mm) (Ohm/km)
CSA C49.1-M87
10
1.45
11.5
4.3
2.863
CSA C49.1-M87
CSA C49.1-M87
CSA C49.1-M87
CSA C49.1-M87
CSA C49.1-M87
CSA C49.1-M87
CSA C49.1-M87
CSA C49.1-M87
CSA C49.1-M87
CSA C49.1-M87
CSA C49.1-M87
CSA C49.1-M87
16
25
40
63
100
125
160
200
250
315
400
450
7
7
7
7
19
19
19
19
19
37
37
37
1.83
2.29
2.89
3.63
2.78
3.1
3.51
3.93
4.39
3.53
3.98
4.22
18.4
28.8
46.0
72.5
115.1
143.9
184.2
230.2
287.7
362.1
460.4
517.9
5.5
6.9
8.7
10.9
13.9
15.5
17.6
19.6
22.0
24.7
27.9
29.6
1.788
1.142
0.716
0.454
0.287
0.230
0.180
0.144
0.115
0.092
0.072
0.064
CSA C49.1-M87
CSA C49.1-M87
CSA C49.1-M87
CSA C49.1-M87
CSA C49.1-M87
CSA C49.1-M87
CSA C49.1-M87
CSA C49.1-M87
CSA C49.1-M87
CSA C49.1-M87
CSA C49.1-M87
500
560
630
710
800
900
1000
1120
1250
1400
1500
37
37
61
61
61
61
91
91
91
91
91
4.45
4.71
3.89
4.13
4.38
4.65
4.01
4.25
4.49
4.75
4.91
575.5
644.5
725.0
817.2
920.8
1035.8
1150.9
1289.1
1438.7
1611.3
1726.4
31.2
33.0
35.0
37.2
39.5
41.9
44.1
46.7
49.4
52.2
54.1
0.058
0.051
0.046
0.041
0.036
0.032
0.029
0.026
0.023
0.021
0.019
Standard
Designation
NF C34-125
NF C34-125
NF C34-125
NF C34-125
NF C34-125
NF C34-125
NF C34-125
NF C34-125
NF C34-125
NF C34-125
NF C34-125
NF C34-125
NF C34-125
NF C34-125
NF C34-125
ASTER 22
ASTER 34-4
ASTER 54-6
ASTER 75-5
ASTER 93,3
ASTER 117
ASTER 148
ASTER 181-6
ASTER 228
ASTER 288
ASTER 366
ASTER 570
ASTER 851
ASTER 1144
ASTER 1600
No. of
Wire Sectional Overall
RDC
Al
diameter area
diameter at 20C
Strands
(mm) (mm2)
(mm) (Ohm/km)
7
7
7
19
19
19
19
37
37
37
37
61
91
91
127
2
2.5
3.15
2.25
2.5
2.8
3.15
2.5
2.8
3.15
3.55
3.45
3.45
4
4
22.0
34.4
54.6
75.5
93.3
117.0
148.1
181.6
227.8
288.3
366.2
570.2
850.7
1143.5
1595.9
6.0
7.5
9.5
11.3
12.5
14.0
15.8
17.5
19.6
22.1
24.9
31.1
38.0
44.0
52.0
1.497
0.958
0.604
0.438
0.355
0.283
0.223
0.183
0.146
0.115
0.091
0.058
0.039
0.029
0.021
(e) NF
Table 5.15 (cont): Overhead line conductor data - aluminium alloy.
(c) CSA
Standard
Designation
DIN 48201
DIN 48201
DIN 48201
DIN 48201
DIN 48201
DIN 48201
DIN 48201
DIN 48201
DIN 48201
DIN 48201
DIN 48201
DIN 48201
DIN 48201
DIN 48201
16
25
35
50
50
70
95
120
150
185
240
300
400
500
No. of
Wire Sectional Overall
RDC
Al
diameter area
diameter at 20C
2
Strands
(mm) (mm )
(mm) (Ohm/km)
7
7
7
19
7
19
19
19
37
37
61
61
61
61
1.7
2.1
2.5
1.8
3
2.1
2.5
2.8
2.25
2.5
2.25
2.5
2.89
3.23
15.9
24.3
34.4
48.4
49.5
65.8
93.3
117.0
147.1
181.6
242.5
299.4
400.1
499.8
5.1
6.3
7.5
9.0
9.0
10.5
12.5
14.0
15.7
17.5
20.2
22.5
26.0
29.1
2.091
1.370
0.967
0.690
0.672
0.507
0.358
0.285
0.228
0.184
0.138
0.112
0.084
0.067
(d) DIN
72
Standard
21/06/02
9:53
Page 73
Designation
Alloy
ASTM B711
ASTM B711
ASTM B711
ASTM B711
ASTM B711
ASTM B711
ASTM B711
ASTM B711
ASTM B711
ASTM B711
ASTM B711
ASTM B711
ASTM B711
ASTM B711
ASTM B711
ASTM B711
Sectional area
(mm2)
Steel
26
26
30
26
30
26
26
30
30
30
54
54
54
54
84
84
2.62
2.97
2.76
3.13
3.08
3.5
3.7
3.66
3.88
4.12
3.26
3.63
3.85
4.34
4.12
4.35
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
2.04
2.31
2.76
2.43
3.08
2.72
2.88
2.2
2.33
2.47
1.98
2.18
2.31
2.6
2.47
2.61
Alloy
Steel
140.2
180.1
179.5
200.1
223.5
250.1
279.6
315.6
354.7
399.9
450.7
558.9
628.6
798.8
1119.9
1248.4
22.9
29.3
41.9
32.5
52.2
40.7
45.6
72.2
81.0
91.0
58.5
70.9
79.6
100.9
91.0
101.7
Total
area
(mm2)
Approximate
overall diameter
(mm)
163.1
209.5
221.4
232.5
275.7
290.8
325.2
387.9
435.7
491.0
509.2
629.8
708.3
899.7
1210.9
1350.0
7.08
11.08
12.08
13.08
16.08
17.08
19.08
22.08
24.08
26.08
27.08
29.08
30.08
32.08
35.08
36.08
Total
area
(mm2)
Approximate
overall diameter
(mm)
81.3
109.7
157.8
173.1
211.8
213.6
261.5
260.8
297.7
344.1
431.2
488.2
611.2
764.5
11.7
13.6
16.3
17.1
18.9
19
21
21
22.4
24.1
27
28.7
32.2
36
Approximate
overall diameter
(mm)
RDC at 20 C
(ohm/km)
14
15.75
15.75
17.5
17.5
19.6
19.6
22.05
22.05
22.45
26.4
0.591
0.467
0.279
0.378
0.226
0.300
0.180
0.238
0.142
0.162
0.226
RDC at 20 C
(ohm/km)
0.240
0.187
0.188
0.168
0.151
0.135
0.120
0.107
0.095
0.084
0.075
0.060
0.054
0.042
0.030
0.027
(a) ASTM
Standard
Designation
Alloy
DIN 48206
DIN 48206
DIN 48206
DIN 48206
DIN 48206
DIN 48206
DIN 48206
DIN 48206
DIN 48206
DIN 48206
DIN 48206
DIN 48206
DIN 48206
DIN 48206
70/12
95/15
125/30
150/25
170/40
185/30
210/50
230/30
265/35
305/40
380/50
450/40
560/50
680/85
Sectional area
(mm2)
Steel
26
26
30
26
30
26
30
24
24
54
54
48
48
54
1.85
2.15
2.33
2.7
2.7
3
3
3.5
3.74
2.68
3
3.45
3.86
4
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
19
1.44
1.67
2.33
2.1
2.7
2.33
3
2.33
2.49
2.68
3
2.68
3
2.4
Alloy
Steel
69.9
94.4
127.9
148.9
171.8
183.8
212.1
230.9
263.7
304.6
381.7
448.7
561.7
678.6
11.4
15.3
29.8
24.2
40.1
29.8
49.5
29.8
34.1
39.5
49.5
39.5
49.5
86.0
RDC at 20 C
(ohm/km)
0.479
0.355
0.262
0.225
0.195
0.182
0.158
0.145
0.127
0.110
0.088
0.075
0.060
0.049
Chapt 5-46-77
(b) DIN
Standard
Designation
Alloy
NF C34-125
NF C34-125
NF C34-125
NF C34-125
NF C34-125
NF C34-125
NF C34-125
NF C34-125
NF C34-125
NF C34-125
NF C34-125
PHLOX 116.2
PHLOX 147.1
PASTEL 147.1
PHLOX 181.6
PASTEL 181.6
PHLOX 228
PASTEL 228
PHLOX 288
PASTEL 288
PASTEL 299
PHLOX 376
18
18
30
18
30
18
30
18
30
42
24
Sectional area
(mm2)
Steel
2
2.25
2.25
2.5
2.5
2.8
2.8
3.15
3.15
2.5
2.8
19
19
7
19
7
19
7
19
7
19
37
2
2.25
2.25
2.5
2.5
2.8
2.8
3.15
3.15
2.5
2.8
(c) NF
73
Alloy
Steel
Total
area
(mm2)
56.5
71.6
119.3
88.4
147.3
110.8
184.7
140.3
233.8
206.2
147.8
59.7
75.5
27.8
93.3
34.4
117.0
43.1
148.1
54.6
93.3
227.8
116.2
147.1
147.1
181.6
181.6
227.8
227.8
288.3
288.3
299.4
375.6
Chapt 5-46-77
21/06/02
9:53
Page 74
XAC at 50 Hz
66kV
33kV
Flat
circuit
Double
vertical
Triangle
132kV
Double
triangle
Sectional
area of
aluminium
RDC
(20C)
RAC at
50Hz
@ 20C
3.3kV
6.6kV
11kV
22kV
Double
vertical
Flat
circuit
mm2
/km
/km
/km
/km
/km
/km
X
/km
C
nF/km
X
/km
C
nF/km
X
/km
C
nF/km
X
/km
C
nF/km
X
/km
C
nF/km
X
/km
C
nF/km
X
/km
C
nF/km
13.3
15.3
21.2
23.9
26.2
28.3
33.6
37.7
42.4
44.0
47.7
51.2
58.9
63.1
67.4
73.4
79.2
85.0
94.4
2.1586
1.8771
1.3557
1.2013
1.0930
1.0246
0.8535
0.7647
0.6768
0.6516
0.6042
0.5634
0.4894
0.4545
0.4255
0.3930
0.3622
0.3374
0.3054
2.159
1.877
1.356
1.201
1.093
1.025
0.854
0.765
0.677
0.652
0.604
0.564
0.490
0.455
0.426
0.393
0.362
0.338
0.306
0.395
0.391
0.381
0.376
0.374
0.352
0.366
0.327
0.359
0.320
0.319
0.317
0.313
0.346
0.344
0.306
0.339
0.337
0.302
0.409
0.405
0.395
0.390
0.388
0.366
0.380
0.341
0.373
0.334
0.333
0.331
0.327
0.360
0.358
0.320
0.353
0.351
0.316
0.420
0.415
0.405
0.401
0.398
0.377
0.390
0.351
0.383
0.344
0.344
0.341
0.337
0.371
0.369
0.330
0.363
0.361
0.327
0.434
0.429
0.419
0.415
0.412
0.391
0.404
0.365
0.397
0.358
0.358
0.355
0.351
0.385
0.383
0.344
0.377
0.375
0.341
0.445
0.441
0.430
0.426
0.424
0.402
0.416
0.376
0.409
0.369
0.369
0.367
0.362
0.396
0.394
0.356
0.389
0.387
0.352
8.7
8.8
9.0
9.1
9.2
9.4
9.4
9.7
9.6
9.9
9.9
10.0
10.1
9.9
10.0
10.3
10.1
10.2
10.3
0.503
0.499
0.488
0.484
0.482
0.460
0.474
0.435
0.467
0.427
0.427
0.425
0.421
0.454
0.452
0.414
0.447
0.445
0.410
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
8.0
8.2
8.1
8.4
8.3
8.5
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.5
8.5
8.8
8.7
8.7
8.8
0.513
0.508
0.498
0.494
0.491
0.470
0.484
0.444
0.476
0.437
0.437
0.434
0.430
0.464
0.462
0.423
0.457
0.454
0.420
7.4
7.5
7.7
7.8
7.8
8.0
7.9
8.2
8.1
8.3
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.3
8.3
8.6
8.4
8.5
8.6
0.520
0.515
0.505
0.501
0.498
0.477
0.491
0.451
0.483
0.444
0.444
0.441
0.437
0.471
0.469
0.430
0.464
0.461
0.427
7.3
7.4
7.6
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.8
8.1
7.9
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.3
8.2
8.2
8.5
8.3
8.4
8.4
0.541
0.537
0.527
0.522
0.520
0.498
0.512
0.473
0.505
0.465
0.465
0.463
0.459
0.492
0.490
0.452
0.485
0.483
0.448
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.3
7.5
7.5
7.7
7.6
7.8
7.8
7.9
7.9
7.8
7.8
8.1
7.9
7.9
8.0
0.528
0.523
0.513
0.509
0.506
0.485
0.499
0.459
0.491
0.452
0.452
0.449
0.445
0.479
0.477
0.438
0.472
0.469
0.435
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.5
7.7
7.7
7.9
7.8
8.0
8.1
8.1
8.2
8.0
8.1
8.3
8.2
8.2
8.3
0.556
0.552
0.542
0.537
0.535
0.513
0.527
0.488
0.520
0.481
0.480
0.478
0.474
0.507
0.505
0.467
0.500
0.498
0.463
6.8
6.9
7.0
7.1
7.1
7.3
7.2
7.4
7.3
7.5
7.6
7.6
7.7
7.5
7.6
7.8
7.6
7.7
7.8
105.0
121.6
127.9
131.2
135.2
148.9
158.7
170.5
184.2
201.4
210.6
221.7
230.9
241.7
263.7
282.0
306.6
322.3
339.3
362.6
386.0
402.8
428.9
448.7
456.1
483.4
494.4
510.5
523.7
0.2733
0.2371
0.2254
0.2197
0.2133
0.1937
0.1814
0.1691
0.1565
0.1438
0.1366
0.1307
0.1249
0.1193
0.1093
0.1022
0.0945
0.0895
0.085
0.0799
0.0747
0.0719
0.0671
0.0642
0.0635
0.0599
0.0583
0.0565
0.0553
0.274
0.237
0.226
0.220
0.214
0.194
0.182
0.170
0.157
0.144
0.137
0.131
0.126
0.120
0.110
0.103
0.095
0.090
0.086
0.081
0.076
0.073
0.068
0.066
0.065
0.061
0.060
0.058
0.057
0.330
0.294
0.290
0.289
0.297
0.288
0.292
0.290
0.287
0.280
0.283
0.274
0.276
0.279
0.272
0.274
0.267
0.270
0.265
0.262
0.261
0.261
0.267
0.257
0.257
0.255
0.254
0.252
0.252
0.344
0.308
0.304
0.303
0.311
0.302
0.306
0.304
0.302
0.294
0.297
0.288
0.290
0.293
0.286
0.288
0.281
0.284
0.279
0.276
0.275
0.275
0.281
0.271
0.271
0.269
0.268
0.266
0.266
0.355
0.318
0.314
0.313
0.322
0.312
0.316
0.314
0.312
0.304
0.308
0.298
0.300
0.303
0.296
0.298
0.291
0.294
0.289
0.286
0.285
0.285
0.291
0.281
0.281
0.279
0.279
0.277
0.277
0.369
0.332
0.328
0.327
0.336
0.326
0.330
0.328
0.326
0.318
0.322
0.312
0.314
0.317
0.310
0.312
0.305
0.308
0.303
0.300
0.299
0.299
0.305
0.295
0.295
0.293
0.293
0.291
0.291
0.380
0.344
0.340
0.339
0.347
0.338
0.342
0.340
0.337
0.330
0.333
0.323
0.326
0.329
0.321
0.324
0.317
0.320
0.315
0.311
0.311
0.310
0.316
0.306
0.307
0.305
0.304
0.302
0.302
10.4
10.6
10.7
10.7
10.5
10.8
10.7
10.8
10.9
11.0
11.0
11.3
11.2
11.2
11.3
11.3
11.5
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.8
11.5
11.9
12.0
12.0
12.1
12.1
12.1
0.438
0.402
0.398
0.397
0.405
0.396
0.400
0.398
0.395
0.388
0.391
0.381
0.384
0.387
0.380
0.382
0.375
0.378
0.373
0.369
0.369
0.368
0.374
0.364
0.365
0.363
0.362
0.360
0.360
8.8
9.0
9.0
9.1
9.0
9.1
9.1
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.3
9.5
9.4
9.4
9.5
9.5
9.7
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.8
9.9
9.7
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.1
10.1
0.448
0.412
0.407
0.407
0.415
0.406
0.410
0.407
0.405
0.398
0.401
0.391
0.393
0.396
0.389
0.392
0.384
0.387
0.383
0.379
0.379
0.378
0.384
0.374
0.374
0.372
0.372
0.370
0.370
8.6
8.8
8.8
8.8
8.8
8.9
8.9
8.9
9.0
9.1
9.1
9.3
9.2
9.2
9.3
9.3
9.4
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.6
9.6
9.4
9.7
9.7
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
0.455
0.419
0.414
0.414
0.422
0.413
0.417
0.414
0.412
0.405
0.408
0.398
0.400
0.403
0.396
0.399
0.391
0.394
0.390
0.386
0.386
0.385
0.391
0.381
0.381
0.379
0.379
0.377
0.377
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.7
8.6
8.7
8.7
8.8
8.8
8.9
8.9
9.1
9.0
9.0
9.1
9.1
9.2
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.4
9.4
9.2
9.5
9.5
9.6
9.6
9.6
9.6
0.476
0.440
0.436
0.435
0.443
0.434
0.438
0.436
0.433
0.426
0.429
0.419
0.422
0.425
0.418
0.420
0.413
0.416
0.411
0.408
0.407
0.407
0.413
0.402
0.403
0.401
0.400
0.398
0.398
8.1
8.2
8.2
8.3
8.2
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.4
8.6
8.6
8.5
8.6
8.6
8.7
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.9
8.9
8.7
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.1
9.1
0.463
0.427
0.422
0.421
0.430
0.420
0.425
0.422
0.420
0.412
0.416
0.406
0.408
0.411
0.404
0.406
0.399
0.402
0.398
0.394
0.393
0.393
0.399
0.389
0.389
0.387
0.387
0.385
0.385
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.5
8.4
8.6
8.5
8.6
8.6
8.8
8.7
8.9
8.9
8.8
8.9
8.9
9.1
9.0
9.1
9.2
9.2
9.2
9.0
9.3
9.3
9.4
9.4
9.4
9.4
0.491
0.455
0.451
0.450
0.458
0.449
0.453
0.451
0.449
0.441
0.444
0.435
0.437
0.440
0.433
0.435
0.428
0.431
0.426
0.423
0.422
0.422
0.428
0.418
0.418
0.416
0.415
0.413
0.413
7.8
7.9
8.0
8.0
7.9
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.1
8.2
8.1
8.3
8.3
8.2
8.3
8.3
8.4
8.4
8.5
8.5
8.6
8.6
8.4
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
74
21/06/02
9:53
Page 75
XAC at 50 Hz
Sectional RDC
RAC at
area of (20C) 50Hz
aluminium
@ 20C
3.3kV
6.6kV
11kV
22kV
33kV
Flat
circuit
Double
vertical
X
C
X
/km nF/km /km
Triangle
mm2
/km
/km
/km
/km
/km
/km
X
/km
C
nF/km
13.3
15.3
21.2
23.9
26.2
28.3
33.6
37.7
42.4
44.0
47.7
51.2
58.9
63.1
67.4
73.4
79.2
85.0
94.4
2.1586
1.8771
1.3557
1.2013
1.0930
1.0246
0.8535
0.7647
0.6768
0.6516
0.6042
0.5634
0.4894
0.4545
0.4255
0.3930
0.3622
0.3374
0.3054
2.159
1.877
1.356
1.201
1.093
1.025
0.854
0.765
0.677
0.652
0.604
0.564
0.490
0.455
0.426
0.393
0.362
0.338
0.306
0.474
0.469
0.457
0.452
0.449
0.423
0.439
0.392
0.431
0.384
0.383
0.380
0.375
0.416
0.413
0.367
0.407
0.404
0.363
0.491
0.486
0.474
0.469
0.466
0.440
0.456
0.409
0.447
0.400
0.400
0.397
0.392
0.432
0.430
0.384
0.424
0.421
0.380
0.503
0.498
0.486
0.481
0.478
0.452
0.468
0.421
0.460
0.413
0.412
0.409
0.404
0.445
0.442
0.396
0.436
0.433
0.392
0.520
0.515
0.503
0.498
0.495
0.469
0.485
0.438
0.477
0.429
0.429
0.426
0.421
0.462
0.459
0.413
0.453
0.450
0.409
0.534
0.529
0.516
0.511
0.508
0.483
0.499
0.452
0.490
0.443
0.443
0.440
0.435
0.475
0.473
0.427
0.467
0.464
0.423
8.7
8.8
9.0
9.1
9.2
9.4
9.4
9.7
9.6
9.9
9.9
10.0
10.1
9.9
10.0
10.3
10.1
10.2
10.3
0.604
0.598
0.586
0.581
0.578
0.552
0.569
0.521
0.560
0.513
0.513
0.510
0.505
0.545
0.543
0.496
0.536
0.534
0.492
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
8.0
8.2
8.1
8.4
8.3
8.5
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.5
8.5
8.8
8.7
8.7
8.8
0.615
0.610
0.598
0.593
0.590
0.564
0.580
0.533
0.572
0.525
0.524
0.521
0.516
0.557
0.554
0.508
0.548
0.545
0.504
7.4
7.5
7.7
7.8
7.8
8.0
7.9
8.2
8.1
8.3
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.3
8.3
8.6
8.4
8.5
8.6
0.624
0.619
0.606
0.601
0.598
0.572
0.589
0.541
0.580
0.533
0.533
0.530
0.525
0.565
0.563
0.516
0.556
0.554
0.512
105.0
121.6
127.9
131.2
135.2
148.9
158.7
170.5
184.2
201.4
210.6
221.7
230.9
241.7
263.7
282.0
306.6
322.3
339.3
362.6
386.0
402.8
428.9
448.7
456.1
483.4
494.4
510.5
523.7
0.2733
0.2371
0.2254
0.2197
0.2133
0.1937
0.1814
0.1691
0.1565
0.1438
0.1366
0.1307
0.1249
0.1193
0.1093
0.1022
0.0945
0.0895
0.0850
0.0799
0.0747
0.0719
0.0671
0.0642
0.0635
0.0599
0.0583
0.0565
0.0553
0.274
0.238
0.226
0.220
0.214
0.194
0.182
0.170
0.157
0.145
0.137
0.132
0.126
0.120
0.110
0.103
0.096
0.091
0.086
0.081
0.076
0.074
0.069
0.066
0.065
0.062
0.060
0.059
0.057
0.396
0.353
0.348
0.347
0.357
0.346
0.351
0.348
0.345
0.336
0.340
0.328
0.331
0.335
0.326
0.329
0.320
0.324
0.318
0.314
0.313
0.313
0.320
0.308
0.305
0.306
0.305
0.303
0.303
0.413
0.370
0.365
0.364
0.374
0.362
0.367
0.365
0.362
0.353
0.357
0.345
0.348
0.351
0.343
0.346
0.337
0.341
0.335
0.331
0.330
0.330
0.337
0.325
0.322
0.323
0.322
0.320
0.320
0.426
0.382
0.377
0.376
0.386
0.375
0.380
0.377
0.374
0.365
0.369
0.357
0.360
0.364
0.355
0.358
0.349
0.353
0.347
0.343
0.342
0.342
0.349
0.337
0.334
0.335
0.334
0.332
0.332
0.442
0.399
0.394
0.393
0.403
0.392
0.397
0.394
0.391
0.382
0.386
0.374
0.377
0.381
0.372
0.375
0.366
0.370
0.364
0.360
0.359
0.359
0.366
0.354
0.351
0.352
0.351
0.349
0.349
0.456
0.413
0.408
0.407
0.416
0.405
0.410
0.408
0.405
0.396
0.400
0.388
0.391
0.394
0.386
0.389
0.380
0.384
0.378
0.374
0.373
0.372
0.380
0.367
0.364
0.366
0.365
0.362
0.363
10.4
10.6
10.7
10.7
10.5
10.8
10.7
10.8
10.9
11.0
11.0
11.3
11.2
11.2
11.3
11.3
11.5
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.8
11.5
11.9
12.0
12.0
12.1
12.1
12.1
0.526
0.482
0.477
0.476
0.486
0.475
0.480
0.477
0.474
0.466
0.469
0.458
0.460
0.464
0.455
0.458
0.450
0.453
0.448
0.443
0.443
0.442
0.449
0.437
0.434
0.435
0.435
0.432
0.432
8.8
9.0
9.0
9.1
9.0
9.1
9.1
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.3
9.5
9.4
9.4
9.5
9.5
9.7
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.8
9.9
9.7
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.1
10.1
0.537
0.494
0.489
0.488
0.498
0.487
0.492
0.489
0.486
0.477
0.481
0.469
0.472
0.476
0.467
0.470
0.461
0.465
0.459
0.455
0.454
0.454
0.461
0.449
0.446
0.447
0.446
0.444
0.444
8.6
8.8
8.8
8.8
8.8
8.9
8.9
8.9
9.0
9.1
9.1
9.3
9.2
9.2
9.3
9.3
9.4
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.6
9.6
9.4
9.7
9.7
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
0.546
0.502
0.497
0.496
0.506
0.495
0.500
0.497
0.494
0.486
0.489
0.478
0.480
0.484
0.476
0.478
0.470
0.473
0.468
0.463
0.463
0.462
0.469
0.457
0.454
0.455
0.455
0.452
0.452
75
C
X
nF/km /km
Double
vertical
C
nF/km
132kV
Double
triangle
Flat
circuit
X
C
/km nF/km
X
C
X
C
/km nF/km /km nF/km
7.3
7.4
7.6
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.8
8.1
7.9
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.3
8.2
8.2
8.5
8.3
8.4
8.4
0.649
0.644
0.632
0.627
0.624
0.598
0.614
0.567
0.606
0.559
0.558
0.555
0.550
0.591
0.588
0.542
0.582
0.579
0.538
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.3
7.5
7.5
7.7
7.6
7.8
7.8
7.9
7.9
7.8
7.8
8.1
7.9
7.9
8.0
0.633
0.628
0.616
0.611
0.608
0.582
0.598
0.551
0.589
0.542
0.542
0.539
0.534
0.574
0.572
0.526
0.566
0.563
0.522
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.5
7.7
7.7
7.9
7.8
8.0
8.1
8.1
8.2
8.0
8.1
8.3
8.2
8.2
8.3
0.668
0.662
0.650
0.645
0.642
0.616
0.633
0.585
0.624
0.577
0.576
0.573
0.568
0.609
0.606
0.560
0.600
0.598
0.556
6.8
6.9
7.0
7.1
7.1
7.3
7.2
7.4
7.3
7.5
7.6
7.6
7.7
7.5
7.6
7.8
7.6
7.7
7.8
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.7
8.6
8.7
8.7
8.8
8.8
8.9
8.9
9.1
9.0
9.0
9.1
9.1
9.2
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.4
9.4
9.2
9.5
9.6
9.6
9.6
9.6
9.6
0.572
0.528
0.523
0.522
0.532
0.521
0.526
0.523
0.520
0.511
0.515
0.503
0.506
0.510
0.501
0.504
0.495
0.499
0.493
0.489
0.488
0.488
0.495
0.483
0.480
0.481
0.480
0.478
0.478
8.1
8.2
8.2
8.3
8.2
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.4
8.6
8.6
8.5
8.6
8.6
8.7
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.9
8.9
8.7
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.1
9.1
0.555
0.512
0.507
0.506
0.516
0.504
0.509
0.507
0.504
0.495
0.499
0.487
0.490
0.493
0.485
0.488
0.479
0.483
0.477
0.473
0.472
0.472
0.479
0.467
0.463
0.465
0.464
0.462
0.462
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.5
8.4
8.6
8.5
8.6
8.6
8.8
8.7
8.9
8.9
8.8
8.9
8.9
9.1
9.0
9.1
9.2
9.2
9.2
9.0
9.3
9.4
9.4
9.4
9.4
9.4
0.590
0.546
0.541
0.540
0.550
0.539
0.544
0.541
0.538
0.529
0.533
0.522
0.524
0.528
0.519
0.522
0.514
0.517
0.511
0.507
0.506
0.506
0.513
0.501
0.498
0.499
0.498
0.496
0.496
7.8
7.9
8.0
8.0
7.9
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.1
8.2
8.1
8.3
8.3
8.2
8.3
8.3
8.4
8.4
8.5
8.5
8.6
8.6
8.4
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
Chapt 5-46-77
Chapt 5-46-77
21/06/02
9:53
Page 76
Series Resistance
3.3kV Series Reactance
Susceptance
Series Resistance
6.6kV Series Reactance
Susceptance
Series Resistance
11kV Series Reactance
Susceptance
Series Resistance
22kV Series Reactance
Susceptance
Series Resistance
33kV Series Reactance
Susceptance
Series Resistance
66kV* Series Reactance
Susceptance
Series Resistance
145kV* Series Reactance
Susceptance
Series Resistance
245kV* Series Reactance
Susceptance
Series Resistance
420kV* Series Reactance
Susceptance
R (/km)
X (/km)
C (mS/km)
R (/km)
X (/km)
C (mS/km)
R (/km)
X (/km)
C (mS/km)
R (/km)
X (/km)
C (mS/km)
R (/km)
X (/km)
C (mS/km)
R (/km)
X (/km)
C (mS/km)
R (/km)
X (/km)
C (mS/km)
R (/km)
X (/km)
C (mS/km)
R (/km)
X (/km)
C (mS/km)
25
0.927
0.097
0.059
0.927
0.121
0.085
0.927
0.128
0.068
-
35
0.669
0.092
0.067
0.669
0.113
0.095
0.669
0.119
0.074
0.669
0.136
0.053
0.669
0.15
0.042
-
50
0.494
0.089
0.079
0.494
0.108
0.104
0.494
0.114
0.082
0.494
0.129
0.057
0.494
0.143
0.045
-
70
0.342
0.083
0.09
0.342
0.102
0.12
0.342
0.107
0.094
0.348
0.121
0.065
0.348
0.134
0.05
-
95
0.247
0.08
0.104
0.247
0.096
0.136
0.247
0.101
0.105
0.247
0.114
0.072
0.247
0.127
0.055
-
120
0.196
0.078
0.111
0.196
0.093
0.149
0.196
0.098
0.115
0.196
0.11
0.078
0.196
0.122
0.059
-
150
0.158
0.076
0.122
0.158
0.091
0.16
0.158
0.095
0.123
0.158
0.107
0.084
0.158
0.118
0.063
-
185
0.127
0.075
0.133
0.127
0.088
0.177
0.127
0.092
0.135
0.127
0.103
0.091
0.127
0.114
0.068
-
240
0.098
0.073
0.146
0.098
0.086
0.189
0.098
0.089
0.15
0.098
0.1
0.1
0.098
0.109
0.075
-
300
0.08
0.072
0.16
0.08
0.085
0.195
0.08
0.087
0.165
0.08
0.094
0.109
0.08
0.105
0.081
-
400
0.064
0.071
0.179
0.064
0.083
0.204
0.064
0.084
0.182
0.064
0.091
0.12
0.064
0.102
0.089
-
*500
0.051
0.088
0.19
0.057
0.088
0.205
0.051
0.089
0.194
0.051
0.096
0.128
0.051
0.103
0.094
0.0387
0.117
0.079
0.0387
0.13
0.053
0.0487 0.0387
0.145 0.137
0.044 0.047
*630
0.042
0.086
0.202
0.042
0.086
0.228
0.042
0.086
0.216
0.042
0.093
0.141
0.042
0.1
0.103
0.031
0.113
0.082
0.031
0.125
0.06
0.0310
0.134
0.05
0.0310
0.172
0.04
*800
0.0254
0.109
0.088
0.0254
0.12
0.063
0.0254
0.128
0.057
0.0254
0.162
0.047
0.0215
0.102
0.11
0.0215
0.115
0.072
0.0215
0.123
0.057
0.0215
0.156
0.05
0.0161
0.119
0.063
0.0161
0.151
0.057
0.0126
0.113
0.072
0.0126
0.144
0.063
For aluminium conductors of the same cross-section, the resistance increases by 60-65 percent, the series reactance and shunt capacitance is virtually unaltered.* - single core cables in trefoil.
Different values apply if laid in spaced flat formation.
Series Resistance - a.c. resistance @ 90C. Series reactance - equivalent star reactance.
Data for 245kV and 420kV cables may vary significantly from that given, dependent on manufacturer and construction.
Table 5.18: Characteristics of polyethylene
insulated cables (XLPE)
R (/km)
X (/km)
C (mS/km)
R (/km)
X (/km)
C (mS/km)
R (/km)
X (/km)
C (mS/km)
R (/km)
X (/km)
C (mS/km)
R (/km)
X (/km)
C (mS/km)
10
206
87.7
16
25
35
50
70
95
120 150 185 240
1303 825.5 595 439.9 304.9 220.4 174.5 142.3 113.9 87.6
83.6 76.7 74.8 72.5 70.2 67.5 66.6 65.7 64.7 63.8
514.2 326
26.2 24.3
-
111
9.26
76.2
19.6
55.1
18.7
43.6
18.3
35.6
17.9
28.5
17.6
21.9
17.1
300
70.8
62.9
400
56.7
62.4
*500
45.5
73.5
*630
37.1
72.1
*800 *1000
31.2 27.2
71.2 69.8
17.6
16.9
14.1
16.5
11.3
18.8
9.3
18.4
7.8
18
6.7
17.8
0.87 0.63 0.46 0.32 0.23 0.184 0.15 0.12 0.092 0.074 0.059 0.048 0.039 0.033 0.028
0.107 0.1 0.096 0.091 0.087 0.085 0.083 0.081 0.079 0.077 0.076 0.085 0.083 0.081 0.08
17.69 12.75 9.42
2.89 2.71 2.6
-
4.19
1.16
6.53
2.46
4.71
2.36
3.74
2.25
3.04
2.19
2.44
2.11
1.87
2.04
1.51
1.97
1.21
1.92
0.96
1.9
0.79
1.84
0.66
1.8
0.57
1.76
2.9
1.09
2.09
1.03
0.181 0.147 0.118 0.09 0.073 0.058 0.046 0.038 0.031 0.027
0.107 0.103 0.101 0.097 0.094 0.09 0.098 0.097 0.092 0.089
0.104 0.116 0.124 0.194 0.151 0.281 0.179 0.198 0.22 0.245
Cables are of the solid type, 3 core except for those marked *. Impedances at 50Hz frequency
Table 5.19: Characteristics of paper insulated cables
76
21/06/02
9:53
3.3kV
Voltage Level
Un kV
Page 77
Um kV
11
12
24
30
33
36
66
72.5
132
145
220
245
380
420
R /km
X /km
1.380
0.870
0.627
0.463
0.321
0.232
0.184
0.150
0.121
0.093
0.075
0.060
0.049
0.041
0.035
0.030
0.106
0.100
0.094
0.091
0.086
0.084
0.081
0.079
0.077
0.076
0.075
0.075
0.089
0.086
0.086
0.084
5.25 REFERENCES
5.1 Physical significance of sub-subtransient
quantities in dynamic behaviour of synchronous
machines. I.M. Canay. Proc. IEE, Vol. 135, Pt. B,
November 1988.
5.2 IEC 60034-4.
Methods for determining
synchronous machine quantities from tests.
5.3 IEEE Standards 115/115A. IEEE Test Procedures
for Synchronous Machines.
5.4 Power System Analysis. J.R.Mortlock and
M.W.Humphrey Davies (Chapman & Hall,
London).
Cross Sectional
Area mm2
Conductors
per phase
Surge Impedance
Loading
MVA
Voltage Drop
Loading
MWkm
30
50
90
120
150
1
50
90
120
150
50
90
120
150
90
150
250
250
150
250
250
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
550
550
1
1
1
1
1
1.2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
4
2
4
2
3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.5
44
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.5
2.7
2.7
3.1
3.5
11
11
11
15
44
44
58
56
73
130
184
260
410
582
482
540
11
17
23
27
30
5.8
66
92
106
119
149
207
239
267
827
1068
1240
1790
4070
4960
7160
6274
9057
15600
22062
31200
58100
82200
68200
81200
77
Indicative Thermal
Loading
MV
A
2.9
3.9
5.1
6.2
7.3
151
7.8
10.2
12.5
14.6
11.7
15.3
18.7
21.9
41
59
77
153
85
115
230
160
320
247
494
988
850
1700
1085
1630
151
204
268
328
383
204
268
328
383
204
268
328
383
268
383
502
1004
370
502
1004
698
1395
648
1296
2592
1296
2590
1650
2475
Chapt 5-46-77