12MA251

QUESTION BANK
UNIT- 1 : MATRICES AND GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION
1
2

For the equations x + y = 4 , 2x 2y = 4 draw the row picture and column picture
Do the three planes x + 2y + z = 4 , y z = 1 and x + 3y = 0 have at least one common
point of intersection ? Explain. Is the system consistent if the last equation is changed to
x + 3y = 5 ? If so, solve the system completely.

2
4
Find an LU factorization of A =
2

Solve for the columns of A-1 =

4 1
5 3
5 4
0 7

x u
y v

5
8
1
3

2
1
. What is the rank of A ?
8

given the systems of equations

10 2 x 1

2 05 y 0

and

10 2 u 0

2 05 v 1

. Also find the matrix B such that A-1 B = I .

Find the factors L and U for the matrix A =

1
2

1
2
1
2

0
0
4
6

3
8
. Write down the
2

permutation matrices, if any, that need to be used in the process of elimination.

6

1 a b

If the inverse of A = 1 a 2

1 0 b

1 1 1
1 0 1
is known to be

1 1 0

, use Gauss Jordan

elimination on [ A I ] to find the values of a and b.

When is a system of equations called singular? Explain the different types of singular
systems of two equations in two unknowns with a suitable example for each case. Also
provide a neat sketch of the row picture of these cases.

8
9
10
11

Apply elimination & back substitution to solve the equations 2x + 3y + z = 8,

4x + 7y + 5z = 20,
-2y + 2z = 0.
Apply elimination & back substitution to solve the system : 2x 3y = 3,
4x 5y + z = 7, 2x y 3z = 5.
Which number q makes this system singular and which right-hand side t gives it infinitely
many solutions? Find the solution that has z = 1
x + 4y 2z = 1, x + 7y-6z = 6, 3y + qz = t.
Find the pivots and the solution for these 4 equations
2x + y = 0, x +2y + z = 0, y +2z + t = 0, z + 2t = 5.

12

Under what conditions on their entries are A and B invertible?

a b c

A= d e 0

f 0 0

13

Use Gauss Jordan method to invert

1 0 0

A = 1 1 1

0 0 1

1

14
15

2 1 0

A = 1 2 1

0 1 2

0 0 1

A = 0 1 1

1 1 1

3

Find the pivots and the solution for the equations x + 4y -2z + 8t = 12, y -7z + 2t = -4,
5z - t = 7 and z + 3t = -5.
Given a system of three equations in three unknowns, mention any five singular cases of
the row picture of the system. Also write down the number of solutions in each case.

16

Given A =

17

a b 0

B= cd 0

00 e

0 a b
0 0 c

d e f

, what conditions apply on the entries of A to get a full set of

pivots? Write down the permutation matrices that need to be used to reduce A to an upper
triangular form.
Sketch these three lines and decide if the equations are solvable : x + 2y = 2, x y = 2
and y = 1 . What happens if all right hand sides are zeros? Is there any nonzero choice of
right hand sides that allows the three lines to intersect at the same point ? Also, draw the
column picture for the first two equations.

18

If

1 1 0
4 6 1
A =

2 2 0

which three matrices E21 , E31 , E32 put A into triangular form

U? Multiply these three matrices to get one matrix M that does the elimination
M A = U.
19

20
21

22

1 2 1

Apply elimination to produce the factors L and U for A = 2 4 2 . Find also the LDU

1 1 1
factorization and explain why A = LU is not possible.
Describe the intersection of the three planes x + y + z + t = 6, x + z + t = 4 and x + z = 2 in
four dimensional space. What is the intersection if the fourth plane x = - 1 is included
Find a fourth equation that makes the system inconsistent.
For which values of a will elimination fail to give three pivots for the system of equations
ax + 2y + 3z = b, ax + ay + 4z = c and ax + ay + az = d ? Give the reason in each case.

Which three elimination matrices put A into upper triangular form U?

A =

2
1

1
2
1
0

0
1
2
1

0
0
1

23

Find the factors L and U for A =

24
25
26

a r r r
a b s s

. Find the four conditions on the entries

a b c t

a b c d

of A to get A = L U with four pivots.

Use elimination and back substitution to solve the system of equations 2x + y + 5z + u = 5,
x + y -3 z - 4 u = -1 , 3x + 6 y -2z + u = 8 and 2x + 2y + 2z - 3u = 2.
Write down all the permutation matrices of order 3 and identify their inverses. If P is any
such permutation matrix, find a nonzero vector x such that ( I P ) x = 0. What is the
inverse of I P and what can you say about its determinant value?

1 3 5

Factor the matrix A into LDU where A = 3 12 18 . How are L and U related and why?

5 18 30
UNIT 2 : VECTOR SPACES

2 6 8

If A = 4 12 a

1 b 2

find the values of a and b so that the column space of A is

( i) the whole of R3
(ii) a 2-dimensional subspace of R 3
(iii) a 1-dimensional
3
subspace of R . Find a basis for N ( A ) in the second case choosing a = 22.
Define left null space of an m by n matrix. If the column space of A is spanned by the
vectors ( 1, 4, 2 ) , ( 2, 5, 1 ) and ( 3, 6, 0 ) find all those vectors that span the left null
space of A. Determine whether or not the vector b = ( 4, -2, 2 ) is in that subspace. What
are the dimensions of C ( AT ) and N ( AT ) ?

Find a basis and the dimension for the four fundamental subspaces of A =

1 2
3 6

Verify that C ( A ) is orthogonal to N ( AT ) and C ( AT ) is orthogonal to N ( A ).

4

Find a basis for the column space and the null space of A

2 4 6 4

= 2 5 7 6

2 3 5 2

11

For what value of will the vectors ( 1, 3, -5 ) , ( 0, 5, ) and ( -2, -1, 0 ) span a two
dimensional subspace ? For this value of ,
(i)
express ( -2, -1, 0 ) as a linear combination of the other two vectors and
(ii)
find a vector in R3 that is not in the span of these vectors.
Verify whether the set V = R 2 with the standard vector addition and scalar
multiplication defined as c(u1 , u2 ) (u1 , u2 ) is a vector space
Verify whether the set V = R 2 with the standard scalar multiplication and addition
defined as (u1 , u2 ) (v1 , v2 ) (u1 2v1 , u2 v2 ) is a vector space.
Suppose that the set V is the set of positive real numbers (i.e. x > 0 ) with addition
and scalar multiplication defined as follows x y xy, cx x c . Show that V is a vector
space.
Let the set V be the points on a line that does NOT go through the origin with the standard
addition and scalar multiplication. Then show that V is not a vector space
Let W be the set of all points, (u1 , u 2 ) , from R 2 in which x 0 . Is this a subspace of R 2
?
Determine the null space of each of the following matrices:

12

A=
, B=

4 10
3 21
By locating the pivots find a basis for the column space

6
7
8
9
10

U =

0 5 4 3
0 0 2 1

0 0 0 0

13

14
15

0 0 0 0

1 2 0 1

If A = 0 1 1 0

1 2 0 1

find the special solutions to Ax = 0.

Decide the dependence or independence of the vectors ( 1, 3, 2 ) , ( 2, 1, 3 ) and ( 3, 2, 1 ).

Find the dimension and construct a basis for the row space and left null space of the matrix

0 1 4 0

A= 0 2 8 0

16

Expand the set { ( 1, 2, 0 ) , ( 1, -2 , 4 ) } to a basis for R3 by choosing an appropriate

vector from the set { ( -2 , 4 , -8 ) , ( 2, -1, 2 ) , ( -3 , -6 , 0 ) }. Justify your choice.

17

Construct a matrix whose null space contains all combinations of ( 2, 2, 1, 0 ) and

( 3, 1, 0, 1 ).
Decide the dependence or independence of the vectors ( 1, -3, 2 ) , ( 2, 1, -3 ) and
( -3, 2 , 1 ). Find a basis and the dimension of the column space spanned by these vectors.
Describe the column space of a matrix A with columns ( 1, 0, 0, -1 ) and ( 0, 2, 0, 0 ). Give
an example in which the column space gets larger and an example in which it doesnt.
If S and T are both subspaces of a vector space V, explain with a suitable example , the
condition under which SUT will also be a subspace of V. What can be said about their
intersection S T?
Define the null space of an m by n matrix. If the column space of a matrix A is spanned by
(2, 2, 2), ( 4, 5, 3 ) , ( 6, 7, 5 ) and ( 4, 6, 2 ) find the special solutions to Ax = 0.

18
19
20
21

22

Determine whether the matrices

23
24

have the same

UNIT 3 : LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS AND ORTHOGONALITY

Determine the new point after applying the transformation to the given point.
rotated

in the counter-clockwise direction.

(b) x = ( -1, 3 ) rotated

in the counter-clockwise direction
Determine the new point after applying the transformation to the given point.
(a) Project
(b Rotate

1 2 3

and B = 2 3 4

7 12 17

column space. If so, what is C (A) or C ( B) ?

Find the condition on a, b, c so that the vector ( a, b, c ) R 3 belongs to the space spanned
by u = ( 2, 1, 0 ) , v = ( 1, -1, 2 ) and w = ( 0, 3, -4 ). Do the vectors u, v, w span R3?
Define the null space of an m by n matrix. Construct a matrix with ( 1, 0, 1 ) and ( 1, 2, 0 )
as a basis for its row space and column space. Why cant this be a basis for the row space
and null space?

(a)
2

1 3 5

A 1 4 3

1 1 9

on the x-axis and then rotate by

counter-clockwise.
counter-clockwise and then project on the x-axis.

Given
define
as, T ( x1, x2 ) = ( w1, w2, w3, w4 ).
Find (i) T ( -1, 3 ) (ii) T ( 1, 3 ) (iii) T ( -1, -3 ) (iv) T ( 1, -3 ). Is T linear ?

6
7
8

Define
as
.
Find (i) T ( 3, 2 , -1 ) (ii) T ( 1, 0, -2 ) (iii) ( 0, 2, -3 )
Determine whether or not T is linear
Determine the matrix induced by the following reflections.
(a) Reflection about the x-axis.
(b) Reflection about the y-axis]
(c) Reflection about the line
.
Determine the matrix induced by the composition of reflection about the y-axis followed
by reflection about the x-axis
Determine the matrix induced by the composition of reflection about the y-axis followed
by another reflection about the y-axis.
For each of the following compute
.
(a)
and
in
(b)
and
in
Find the equation of the line that runs through the four points

and

.by the least squares method.

Use least squares to find the equation of the line that will best approximate the points
by

10

and

11

Find the least squares solution to the following system of equations.

12
13

Compute the error for the solution from problem no. 9

Prove that the row space and null space are orthogonal complements ; the column space
and left null space are orthogonal complements
Let V be the subspace which consists of all vectors x = (x1, x2, x3) which satisfy
x1 + 3x2 + 2x3 = 0 (a plane in R3). Find the orthogonal complement of V.
Project b = (2, 4, 1) onto a = (3, 2, 5) and c = (3,1,2).

14
15
16

Let A =

0
1

Find the projection matrix P, and the projection of b = (1, 2, 3) onto

1 1

17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

the column space of A.

Let W be a subspace of a vector space V. Prove that the orthogonal complement of W is
also a subspace of V and the intersection of W and its orthogonal complement is just the
zero vector
Find a basis for the orthogonal complement of the space spanned by (1,0,1,0,2), (0,1,1,1,0)
and (1,1,1,1,1).
Let S be the 2-dimensional subspace of R3 spanned by the orthogonal vectors v1 = (1, 2, 1)
and v2 = (1, 1, 1). Write the vector v = (2, 2, 2) as the sum of a vector in S and a vector
orthogonal to S.
Consider the subspace V of R3 span by (1,1,1) and (1,0,1). Find all the vectors orthogonal
to V.
Find the projection of (1,2,3) onto the subspace of R3 spanned by (1,1,0) and (1,0,0).
Find the orthogonal complement V where V is the subspace of R3 spanned by
(1,1,0) and (1,0,0).
Let V = R4, W = Span { u = [1 1 0 2]; v = [2 0 1 1];w = [1 1 1 1] } . Find a basis of W .
In
, find the orthogonal complement of the plane

25

Find the orthogonal projection of the vector v onto this subspace P given

26
Show that the three vectors v1 = (1, 2, 1) ; v2 = ( 2, 1, -4 ) ; v3 = (3, -2, 1) are mutually
orthogonal. Express the the vector v = (7, 1, 9) as a linear combination of v1; v2; v3.
27
Project the vector b = (1, 2, 1) onto the line through a = (2, -3, 1). Also check that the
vector e = b p is orthogonal to a.
28

Solve Ax = b by least squares, and find p = A

the error b-p is perpendicular to the column of A

1
0

0
1

1
1

1 1 0
if A =
, b=

. Verify that

29

Find the best least squares solution x to 3x = 10, 4x = 5. What error E2 is mininmised?

30

Check the error vector (10 - 3 x , 5-4 x ) is perpendicular to the column (3,4).
Find the best straight line fit (least squares) to the measurements b = 4 at t = -2, b = 3 at
t = -1, b = 1 at t = 0, b = 0 at t = 2. Then find the projection of b = (4,3,1,0) onto the

1
1

1
column space of A =

2
- 1
0

UNIT 4 : ORTHOGONALIZATION, EIGEN VALUES AND EIGEN VECTORS

1

1/ 2

Let Q =

2/3

1/ 2 2 / 3
0

1
/
3

and x = (

2 , 3 ).

and Q x x
Project b = ( 1, 2, 3 ) onto the lines through a1 = ( 0, 0, 1 ) , a2 = ( 0, 1, 1 ) and a3 = ( 1, 1, 1 ).
Apply the Gram- Schmidt process to a1, a2, a3 to produce an orthonormal set of vectors and
write the result in the form A = QR.
Apply Gram Schmidt process to a = (0, 0, 1), b = (0, 1, 1) and c = (1, 1, 1) and write the
result in the form A=QR.

Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of A =

5
6

Show that Q has orthonormal columns

cos sin
sin cos

. Check that the sum of the

eigen values equals the trace of A and their product equals the determinant of A. What are the
eigen values of A2 ?
Find the matrix A whose eigen vales are 1 and 4 and whose eigen vectors are ( 3, 1 ) and
( 2, 1 ) respectively. What are the eigen values of A-1 ?
Let be an eigen value of A with x as the corresponding eigen vector. Show that
(i)
2
is an eigen value of A2 with the same eigen vector x.
1 / is an eigen value of A-1 with the same eigen vector x provided A is nonsingular.

Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of

A =

3 4 2
0 1 2 .Check that

0 0 0

the sum of the

eigen values equals the trace of the matrix A and their product equals the determinant of A. Is
A diagonalizable ? If so, write down the matrix S that diagonalizes A .

34

Find the eigen values and the corresponding eigen vectors of A = 0 1

0 0

Use the power method to compute the numerically largest eigen value of

1 3 1
3 2 4
A =

1 4 10

2 .

starting with an initial approximation of ( 0 , 0 , 1 ). ( Correct to 3

decimal places ) .
10

Diagonalize A =

11

5
4

4
5

and find one of its square roots a matrix R such that

R2 = A.
Find all the eigen values of the operator T : R 3 R 3 defined by
T ( x, y , z ) ( 2 x y , y z , 2 y 4 z )

12

1. Find eigenvalues and eigenvectors of A 0

0

1
0

2
0

and B 0
2

0
2
0

0 . Check that sum

0

of the eigenvalues equals to the trace and product of eigenvalues equals the determinant.
13
14
15

If x is a eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue ( 0 ), show that x is also the

eigenvector of A 1
3
4

Find eigenvalues and eigenvectors of A

5
4

Diagonalize the matrix A

a
and B
3
b

and find one of its square roots. (Square root of A is a

matrix R such that R2 = A). How many square roots will there be?

16
17

18

Factor these two matrices into A =

2
1

Diagonalize A

SS 1

1
0

for A

1
2

and A

1
.
2

1
1 3 k 1 3 k 1
and hence prove that A k
.
2
2 3 k 1 3 k 1

Using the power method determine the largest Eigen value and the corresponding Eigen
5
1

vector of the matrix: A

by considering the initial approximation as (1, 0).

192. Using power method, find the largest Eigen value & the corresponding Eigen vector of the

matrix
2
1

1
2
1

0
1
2

by choosing (1, 0, 0) as initial approximation

UNIT 5 : NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF LINEAR SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS AND LPP

Solve the following equations by gauss - Seidel method:

1.

5 x 2 y z 12

2x y 6z 9

x 4 y 2 z 15

8 x 3 y 2 z 13

x 2 y 5 z 20

x 5y z 7

4. 10 x 2 y z 9
2 x 20 y 2 z 44
2 x 3 y 10 z 22

2.

5.

3.

x 3 y 10 z 24
2 x 17 y 4 z 35

83 x 11 y 4 z 95

7 x 52 y 13 z 104
3x 8 y 29 z 71

28 x 4 y z 32

6. 1.2 x 2.1y 4.2 z

9.9

5.3 x 6.1 y 4.7 z 21.6

9.2 x 8.3 y z 15.2

Solve the following equations by Jacobis iteration method.

1. 5x+2y+z = 12

2. 3x+9y-2z = 11

X+4y+2z = 15

4x+2y13z = 24

8x+3y+2z = 13

X+2y+5z = 20

4x-4y+3z = -8

x+5y+z = 7.

4.

3. 2x+y+6z = 9

5x-y+z = 11
x+y+z = 12
2x+2y+z =-2.

An aeroplane can carry a maximum of 200 passengers. A profit of Rs. 400 is made on
each first class ticket and a profit of Rs. 300 is made on each economy class ticket . The

airline reserves at least 20 seats for first class. How many tickets of each class must be sold
in order to maximize profit for the airline? Formulate the problem

4
5
6

Maximize Z = 6 x1 10 x2 subject to
x1 2 x2 200, x1 x2 150, x1 60, x1 x2 0 using Graphical method.
Using graphical method solve the following LPP, Minimize Z =
20 x1 30 x2 subject to x1 2 x2 40,3 x1 x2 30, 4 x1 3 x2 60, x1 x2 0 .
Convert the following LPP to standard form; Maximize
Z 3 x1 2 x2 4 x3
subject to x1 2 x2 x3 8,
2 x1 x2 x3 2,
4 x1 2 x2 3 x3 6, x1 , x2 0.

Using simplex method solve, Maximize: Z 4 x1 5 x2, subject to

x1 2 x2 2, 2 x1 x2 6, x1 2 x2 5,
x1 x2 2, x1 x2 0 .

Minimize: Z x1 3x2 2 x3 , subject to

3 x1 x2 2 x3 7, 2 x1 4 x2 12,
4 x1 3 x2 8 x3 10, x1 , x2 , x3 0 .
Use simplex method