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SOLUTIONS
R
R R R R/(x) 0
is a free resolution of R/(x). Applying R R/(y) and taking homology, we
have
(
k j even
TorR
j (R/(x), R/(y)) =
0 j odd
Problem 5 Let R be a commutative ring and M an R-module. Prove that, if x1 , . . . , xn
is an M -sequence, then so is xe11 , . . . , xenn for all positive integers e1 , . . . , en .
Proof. It suffices to prove that, whenever x1 , . . . , xn is an M -sequence, so
is xe11 , . . . , xn for any positive integer e1 , for, assuming this and setting
= M/xe1 M , we get xe2 , . . . , xn is M
-regular for any positive integer e2 ,
M
1
2
and so on.
Use induction on e1 to prove that xe11 , . . . , xn is also an M -sequence.
When e1 = 1, it is clear. Assume that n 2 and that xe11 1 , . . . , xn is an M sequence. We need to prove that xj is a nonzerodivisor on M/(xe11 , . . . , xj1 )M
for j 2 (since it is clear that xe11 is a nonzerodivisor on M and that
(xe11 , . . . , xn )M 6= M ). It is equivalent to proving that, if there exists zj
M such that xj zj (xe11 , . . . , xj1 )M , then zj (xe11 , . . . , xj1 )M . Since
xj zj (xe11 , . . . , xj1 )M , we can write xj zj = xe11 x1 + + xj1 zj1 for
some z1 , . . . , zj1 M . We have zj (x1e1 1 , . . . , xj1 ) since xe11 1 , . . . , xj
0
0
is an M -sequence. Write zj = x1e1 1 z10 + +xj1 zj1
with some z10 , . . . , zj1
M . Then we get
0
xe11 1 (x1 z1 xj z10 ) + x2 (z2 xj z20 ) + + xj1 (zj1 xj zj1
)=0
M = M/(x1 , . . . , xn1 )M , and N = N/(x1 , . . . , xn1 )N . Then 0 L
i
i=0 I /I i+1
i
i+1
Proof. Let : R[Y1 , . . . , Yn ] grI (R) =
be defined by Yj 7
i=0 I /I
2
x
j I/I (this is a well-defined ring homomorphism since I i /I i+1 is generated by monomials in x
1 , . . . , x
n of degree i). It is clear that is a
surjection. It remains to prove that ker() = I[Y1 , . . . , Yn ].
It is clear that I[Y1 , . . . , Yn ] ker() (since II i = I i+1 ). We need to
show ker() I[Y1 , . . . , Yn ], i.e., if a polynomial P is contained in ker(),
then all coefficients of P are in I. Since grI (R) is a direct sum, each
homogeneous piece of P is also contained in ker(). Thus, we may assume
that P is homogeneous of degree d. It is clear that (P ) = 0 implies
P (x1 , . . . , xn ) I d+1 . Since x1 , . . . , xn is an R-sequence, Theorem 7 in
1.1 in your notes implies that all coefficients of P are in I. This finishes
the proof.