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BASICS OF FACTORS
Test links for this topic at the bottom of the page; scroll to the bottom of the page to take the
tests.
What are factors? What does the term mean? If we go by the Latin translation of the word, it means
who/which acts. Well, in our mathematical sense, factors are the ones that act for sure, but in this case
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q r
1. First write down the number in prime factorisation form i.e. in a b c (where a ,b,c, are prime numbers
and the p,q,r, are natural numbers as their respective powers.)
2. Number of factors now can be expressed as ( p+1)(q+1)(r+1).
VOCABULARY: GAMIFIED!
Now observe some facts about the number of factors (we will solve the problem step by step):
4,
Power of 2 as 2 , 2 ,2 ,2 ,2 ,2 ,2 ( 6+1=7)ways ,
0
Power of 3 as 3 , 3 ,3 ,3 ,3 ,3 ,3 ,3 ( 7+1=8)
Power of 5 as 5 , 5 ,5 ( 2+1=3)ways
4 1 2 2
Solution: In this case we have to find number of even factors, an even factor is divisible by 2 or smallest
(1 or 2 or 3 or 4) (0 or
power of 2 as 1 not 0, as in the case of total number of factors. Hence a factor must be 2
1 ) (0 or 1 or 2) (0 or 1 or 2)
Odd factors: Odd factors are those factors which are not divisible by 2
4 1 2 2
Alternate way: Since odd factors should have power of 2 as 0, the odd factors must be
(0 ) (0 or 1 ) (0 or 1or 3) (0 or 1 or 2 )
4 1 2 2
Example 4: Find the number of factors of 2 3 5 7 that end with 0 (Or in other words, are divisible by
10)
Solution: If a number is divisible by 10 then it must have minimum power of 2 and 5 as 1.
(1 or 2 or 3 or 4) (0 or 1 ) (1 or 2 ) (0 or 1 or 2 )
4 1 2 2
Example 5: find the number of factor of 2 3 5 7 .that are not divisible by 10?
Solution: We know that the total number of factors are 90 , out of that 48 are divisible by 10 so the
number of factors left which are not divisible by 10 i.e. 90 -48=42
4 1 2 2
2 1
Perfect square factors: If a number is perfect square then its prime factors must have even
powers.
4 1 2
Solution:We know that for a number to be a perfect square, its factor must have the even number of
powers. All we need to explore is the even powers of the factors in this case.
Therefore the perfect square factors can be2
( o or 2 or 4 ) (0 ) (0 or 2 )
(0 or 2 )
11
Hence, the total number of factors which are perfect square are 3x1x2x2=12
Perfect cube factors: If a number is a perfect cube, then the power of the prime factors should be
divisible by 3.
9 6 5
11
(0 or 3 or 6 )
Hence, the total number of factors which are perfect cube 4x3x2x3=72.
9 6 5
Example 9: How many factors of 2 3 5 11 are both perfect square and perfect cube?
Solution: If a number is both perfect square and perfect cube then the powers of prime factors
(0 or 6) (0 or 6) (0 ) (0 or 6)
9 6 5
Example 10: How many factors of2 3 5 11 are either perfect squares or perfect cubes but not both?
Solution:
Perfect Square (300) ,Perfect Cube (72), both(8)
Hence required number of factors is 292 + 64 = 356
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Remember
If number of factors is odd then the number is a perfect square
If number of factors is even then number is not a perfect square.
This is because if number is perfect square then p, q, and r are even and hence (p + 1) (q + 1) and
(r+ 1) are odd and so product of these numbers is also an odd number.
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