Fiber-Reinforced Composites - Textinfo

16/3/2015
Fiberreinforcedcomposites|Textinfo
Textinfo
Fiber-reinforced composites
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Fiber-reinforced composites (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_material) (or fibrous
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber) composites) are the most commonly used form of the
constituent combinations. The fibers of such composites are generally strong and stiff and
therefore serve as the primary load-carrying constituent. The matrix holds the fibers together
and serves as an agent to redistribute the loads from a broken fiber to the adjacent fibers in the
material when fibers start failing under excessive loads. This property of the matrix constituent
contributes to one of the most important characteristics of the fibrous composites, namely,
improved strength compared to the individual constituent.
Woven (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woven_fabric) fabrics that are used in composites can
be grouped as two-dimensional (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimension) (2-D) and three
dimensional (3-D) structures. 2D-weaving (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaving) is a
relatively high-speed economical process. However, woven fabrics have an inherent crimp or
waviness in the interlaced yarns (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarn), and this is undesirable
for maximum composite properties.
In 2D-structures, yarns are laid in a plane and the thickness of the fabric is small compared to
its in-plane dimensions. Single layer designs include plain, basket, twill and satin weaves
which are used in laminates. Two-dimensional woven fabrics are generally anisotropic, have
poor in-plane shear resistance and have less modulus than the fiber materials due to existence
of crimp and crimp interchange. Reducing yarn crimp in the loading direction or using high
modulus yarns improves fabric modulus. To increase isotropy, in-plane shear rigidity and
other properties in bias or diagonal direction, triaxially woven fabrics are developed in which
three yarn systems interlace at 60 angles as shown in Fig. 2. Other
mechanical properties required in relation to different loading conditions are: through
thickness stiffness and strength properties, enhanced impact resistance, fatigue resistance,
dimensional stability, fraction thickness, damage tolerance, and subtle conformability.
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(https://textlnfo.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/image10.png)
In 3D-fabric structures (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabric_structure), the thickness or Zdirection dimension is considerable relative to X and Y dimensions. Fibers or yarns are
intertwined, interlaced or intermeshed in the X (longitudinal), Y (cross), and Z (vertical)
directions. For 3D-structures, there may be an endless number of possibilities for yarn spacing
in a 3-D space.
Fig. 2: Triaxial weaving
3-D fabrics are woven on special looms with multiple warp and/or weft layers. Fig. 3 shows
various 3D-Woven structures. In polar weave structure, fibers or yarns are placed equally in
circumferential, radial and axial directions. The fiber volume fraction is around 50%. Polar
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weaves are suitable to make cylindrical walls, cylinders, cones and convergent-divergent
sections. To form such a shape, prepreg yarns are inserted into a mandrel in the radial
direction.
5-Direction construction Polar weave Orthogonal
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonality) weave
Fig.3: Schematics of various 3D-woven fabric structures for composites
Circumferential yarns are wound in a helix and axial yarns are laid parallel to the mandrel axis.
Since the preform lacks the structural integrity
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_engineering), the rest of the yarns are impregnated
with resin and the structure is cured on the mandrel. Polar weaves can be woven into nearnet
shapes. A near-net shape (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_net_shape) is a structure that
does not require much machining to each
the final product size and shape. Since fibers are not broken due to machining, net shapes
generally perform better than machined parts.
In orthogonal weave, reinforcement yarns are arranged perpendicular to each other in X, Y and
Z directions. No interlacing or crimp exists between yarns. Fiber volume fraction is
between 45 and 55 percent. By arranging the amount of yarn in each direction, isotropic or
anisotropic preform can be obtained.
Except for the components that are fundamentally Cartesian
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system) in nature, orthogonal weaves
are usually less suitable for net shape manufacturing than the polar weaves. Unit cell size can
be smaller than polar weaves which results in superior mechanical properties. Since no yarn
interlacing takes place in polar and orthogonal structures, they are also referred to as
nonwoven 3-D structures in the composites industry. However, it is more proper to label
these structures as woven structures with zero level of crimp.
In angle interlock type of structures, warp (or weft) yarns are used to bind several layers of
weft (or warp) yarns together as shown in Fig. 4. In place of warp or weft yarns, an additional
third yarn may also be used as binder. Stuffer yarns, which are straight, can be used to increase
fiber volume fraction and in-plane strength. If the binder yarns interlace vertically between
fabric layers, the structure is called orthogonal weave.
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Fig. 4: Angle interlock fabric; (A) with and (B) without added stuffer yarns.
Fig. 5: Schematic of Kings 3-D machine
Angle interlock or multi-layer fabrics for flat panel reinforcement can be woven on traditional
looms, mostly on shuttle looms. The warp yarns are usually taken directly from a creel. This
allows mixing of different yarns in the warp direction. Other more complex 3D-Fabrics such as
polar and orthogonal weaves require specialized weaving machines. Several weaving
machines were developed to weave complex 3D-structures as illustrated in Fig. 5. Multilayer
weaving into a three-dimensional preform consists of interlocking warp yarns in many layers.
Whereas in conventional weaving all of the warp yarns are oriented essentially in one plane, in
the structure.
A typical step for weaving a multilayer preform includes two, three, or more systems of warp
yarns and special shedding mechanism that allows lifting the harnesses to a many levels as the
number of layers of warp yarns. By this weaving method, various fiber architectures can be
produced, including solid orthogonal panels, variable thickness solid panel, and core
structures simulating a box beam or truss-like structure.
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The most widely used materials in 2D- or 3D-weaving are carbon/graphite, glass, and aramid.
Any material that can be shaped as a fiber can be woven into preforms, more or
less complicated. Woven preforms can be made of a single type of fiber material or different
fiber and yarn materials can be used as a hybrid structure. Due to the nature of woven
structure geometry and weaving process, when selecting a fiber for weaving or for any other
textile manufacturing process, fiber brittleness and bending rigidity need to be considered. or
example, carbon and graphite fibers, which account for 90% of all 3D-woven preforms, are
prone to break and fracture during weaving. Fig. 2.6 shows preform and composite samples
made of carbon fibers.
Fig. 6: Woven 3D-preform and composite samples made of carbon fibers
Ref:Development of the Weaving Machine and 3D Woven Spacer Fabric Structures for Lightweight
Composites Materials- Book
By:Von der Fakultt Maschinenwesen
der
Technischen Universitt Dresden
zur
Erlangung des akademischen Grades
Doktoringenieur (Dr.-Ing.)
angenommene Dissertation
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3d fabrics , Cartesian coordinate system , Composite material , Fabric Structure ,

Fiber , fiber reinforcement , Near net shape , News , Orthogonality ,
Technical Textiles , Textile , Weaving , Weft , Woven fabric , Yarn
This entry was posted on November 7, 2011, 11:38 AM and is filed under Composites, News.
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COMMENTS (1)
#1 by compositebuild on July 8, 2013 - 7:56 PM
Reblogged this on CompositeBuild.com and commented:
Fabrics Used in Composite Materials
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3d fabrics , Cartesian coordinate system , Composite material , Fabric Structure ,

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