EN1994 4 Hanswille

G.
Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
Eurocodes
Background and Applications
Dissemination of information for training
18-20 February 2008, Brussels
Eurocode 4
Composite Columns
Univ. - Prof. Dr.-Ing. Gerhard Hanswille

Institute for Steel and Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal
Germany
1
Contents
G. Hanswille
Part 1: Introduction
Part 2: General method of design
Part 3: Plastic resistance of cross-sections and interaction curve
Part 4: Simplified design method
Part 5: Special aspects of columns with inner core profiles
Part 6: Load introduction and longitudinal shear
2
G. Hanswille
Part 1: Introduction
G. Hanswille
Composite columns
concrete encased
sections
concrete
filled hollow
sections
partially concrete
encased sections
4
G. Hanswille
Concrete encased sections
advantages:
high bearing resistance

high fire resistance
economical solution with regard to
material costs
disadvantages:
high costs for formwork
difficulties in case of later

strengthening of the column
in special case edge protection is

necessary
difficult solutions for connections

with beams
Partially concrete encased sections
G. Hanswille
advantages:
high bearing resistance, especially in case

of welded steel sections
no formwork
simple solution for joints and load
introduction
easy solution for later strengthening and
additional later joints
no edge protection
disadvantages:
lower fire resistance in comparison with

concrete encased sections.
Concrete filled hollow sections
G. Hanswille
advantages:
high resistance and slender columns

advantages in case of biaxial bending
no edge protection
disadvantages :
high material costs for profiles

difficult casting
additional reinforcement is needed for fire
resistance
Concrete filled hollow sections with

additional inner profiles
G. Hanswille
advantages:
extreme high bearing resistance in

combination with slender columns
constant cross section for all stories is
possible in high rise buildings
high fire resistance and no additional
reinforcement
no edge protection
disadvantages:
high material costs

difficult casting
G. Hanswille
Composite columns with hollow sections Institute
for Steel and
and additional inner core-profiles
Commerzbank
Frankfurt
9
Design of composite columns

according to EN 1994-1-1
G. Hanswille
Verifications for composite columns

Resistance of the member for
structural stability
General method
Simplified method
Resistance to local Buckling
Introduction of loads
Longitudinal shear outside the areas of load

introduction
10
Methods of verification in accordance

with EN 1994-1-1
G. Hanswille
Methods of verification
general method:
any type of cross-section and any
combination of materials
simplified method:
double-symmetric cross-section
uniform cross-section over the member length
limited steel contribution factor
related Slenderness smaller than 2,0
limited reinforcement ratio
limitation of b/t-values
11
G. Hanswille
Resistance to lokal buckling
cy
concrete encased cross-sections

Verification is not necessary where
bc
b
cz
40 mm
cz
b/6
hc
cz
concrete filled hollow section
d
max = 90 2
t
cy
t
d
max = 52
t
partially encased I sections
fyk,o
fyk
fyk,o = 235 N/mm2
d
max = 44
t
t
b
12
G. Hanswille
Part 2:
General design method
13
General method
G. Hanswille
Design for structural stability shall take account of
geometrical
imperfection
wo =
wo
L
1000
E
+ residual
stresses due
to rolling or
welding
second-order effects including residual stresses,

geometrical imperfections,
local instability,
cracking of concrete,
creep and shrinkage of concrete
yielding of structural steel and of reinforcement.
The design shall ensure that instability does not occur for the
most unfavourable combination of actions at the ultimate limit
state and that the resistance of individual cross-sections
subjected to bending, longitudinal force and shear is not
exceeded. Second-order effects shall be considered in any
direction in which failure might occur, if they affect the structural
stability significantly. Internal forces shall be determined by
elasto-plastic analysis. Plane sections may be assumed to
remain plane. Full composite action up to failure may be
assumed between the steel and concrete components of the
member. The tensile strength of concrete shall be neglected.
The influence of tension stiffening of concrete between cracks
on the flexural stiffness may be taken into account.
14
G. Hanswille
General method of design
F e
0,4 fc
plastic zones in structural steel
ftm
fsm
stresses in concrete and reinforcement
fc
-
c1u
reinforcement
fs
stresses in structural steel section
c1
Es
concrete
Ecm
fct
cracked concrete
fy
fcm
fu
fy
- Ea
Ev
structural
steel
a
15
Typical load-deformation behaviour of

composite columns in tests
F [kN]
1600
A
1200
A concrete encased section and
w
e=160mm
B
800
concrete encased section and

bending about the weak axis :
Failure due to exceeding the
ultimate strain in concrete.
concrete filled hollow section:

cross-section with high ductility
and rotation capacity. Fracture
of the steel profile in the tension
zone at high deformations and
local buckling in the
compression zone of the
structural steel section.
400
bending about the strong axis:

Failure due to exceeding the
ultimate strain in concrete, buckling
of longitudinal reinforcement and
spalling of concrete.
e=100mm
G. Hanswille
20
e=130mm
40
60
Deflection w [mm]
80
100
16
General Method Safety concept based

on DIN 18800-5 (2004) and German
national Annex for EN 1994-1-1
c
0,4 fc
fcm
Ecm
c1
fct
fu
fy
ftm
fsm
concrete
Es
c1u c
G. Hanswille
a
Ev
reinforcement
s
Ea
u : amplification factor for ultimate

system capacity
R =
Verification u R
E
Rpl,m
geometrical
Imperfection
u Ed
structural
steel
a
Rpl,m
Rpl,d
Residual
stresses
+-
e
Ed
Rpl,d
NEd
wo=L/1000
Ed
M
MEd
wu
wo
+
17
G. Hanswille
Composite columns for the

central station in Berlin
800
550
t=25mm
S355
buckling curve a
1,0
700
t=50mm
1200
S235
buckling curve b
buckling curve c
0,5
buckling curve d
-
Residual stresses
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
18
G. Hanswille
Part IV-3:
Plastic resistance of cross-sections and
interaction curve
19
G. Hanswille
Resistance of cross-sections
fcd
fyd
Npla,Rd
y
z
Nplc,Rd
fsd
Npls,Rd
Npl,Rd = Npla ,Rd + Nplc ,Rd + Npls,Rd
Design value of the plastic

resistance to compressive forces:
Npl,Rd = A a fyd + A c fcd + A s fsd
Characteristic value of the plastic

resistance to compressive forces:
Npl,Rk = A a fyk + A s fsk + A c fck
Design strength:
Increase of concrete
strength due to better
curing conditions in case
of concrete filled hollow
sections:
fyd =
fyk
a
fsd =
= 1,0
fsk
s
fcd =
fck
c
= 0,85
20
G. Hanswille
Confinement effects in case of concrete

filled tubes
structural steel
c,r
fck ,c
fck
concrete
2
a2,Rd + a2, a,Rd a2, = fyd
a,Rd = a fyd
a fyd
c,r
2.0
1.5
1.25
1=1,00
2= 5,0
1=1,125
2= 2,5
fck,c
c,r
1.0
0.5
a
t
a
d
d-2t
0
0
fck ,c = 1 fck + 2 c ,r
0.05 0.10
c ,r
fck
0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
For concrete stresses c>o,8 fck the Poissons ratio of concrete is higher than the
Poissons ratio of structural steel. The confinement of the circular tube causes radial
compressive stresses c,r. This leads to an increased strength and higher ultimate
strains of the concrete. In addition the radial stresses cause friction in the interface
between the steel tube and the concrete and therefore to an increase of the
longitudinal shear resistance.
21
G. Hanswille
Confinement effect acc. to Eurocode 4-1-1
Design value of the plastic resistance to compressive forces

taking into account the confinement effect:
t fyk
Npl,Rd = a fyd A a + A c fcd 1 + c

d
f
ck
t
y
z
Basic values for stocky columns
centrically loaded:
influence of
slenderness for
0,5
influence of load
eccentricity :
ao = 0,25
co = 4,9
MEd
e=
MEd
NEd
NEd
a, = ao + 0,5 K 1,0
c, = co 18,5 K (1 0,92 K
a = a, + 10 (1 ao )
e
d
) 0
c = c, 1 10
d
fc
fy
e/d>0,1 : a=1,0 and c=0
22
Plastic resistance to combined bending and

compression
N
Npl,Rd
The resistance of a cross-section to combined

compression and bending and the corresponding
interaction curve may be calculated assuming
rectangular stress blocks.
interaction curve
NEd
The tensile strength of the concrete should be

neglected.
Mpl,N,Rd= Mpl,Rd
Mpl,Rd
fyd 0,85 f
cd
zpl
y
+
z
(1-) fyd
G. Hanswille
fsd
NEd
VEd
Mpl,N Rd
The influence of transverse shear forces on the

resistance to bending and normal force should be
considered when determining the interaction curve, if
the shear force Va,Ed on the steel section exceeds 50%
of the design shear resistance Vpl,a,Rd of the steel
section. The influence of the transverse shear on the
resistance in combined bending and compression
should be taken into account by a reduced design
steel strength (1 - ) fyd in the shear area Av.
Va,Ed 0,5 Vpla,Rd = 0
Va,Ed > 0,5 Vpla,Rd
2 V
= a,Ed 1
Vpla,Rd
23
G. Hanswille
Influence of vertical shear
Va,Ed
Vc,Ed
fyd
zpl
fsd
fyd
0,85fcd
VEd
-
MRd= Ma + Mc+s
-
Ma
fsd
Na
Unless a more accurate analysis is

used, VEd may be distributed into
Va,Ed acting on the structural steel
and Vc,Ed acting on the reinforced
concrete section by :
Mc,+s
fsd
Verification for vertical

shear:
Va,Ed Vpla,Rd
NEd
NEd = Na +Nc+s
zpl fyd
MRd
fsd
The shear force Va,Ed should not exceed

the resistance to shear of the steel section.
The resistance to shear Vc,Ed of the
reinforced concrete part should be verified
in accordance with EN 1992-1-1, 6.2.
Vc,Ed Vc,Rd
Mpla,Rd
Ma
MRd Mpl,Rd
Vc,Ed = VEd Va,Ed
Va,Ed = VEd
Nc+s
Mpl,a,Rd
is the plastic resistance

moment of the steel section.
Mpl,Rd
is the plastic resistance moment

of the composite section.
24
G. Hanswille
Determination of the resistance to normal

forces and bending (example)
b
fyd
tf
Naf
0,85fcd
Naw,c
As
y
hw
zpl
- zaw,c
tw
Ns
VEd
Nc
zc
zaw,t
(1-) fyd
Naw,t
fsd
Ni
NEd
zs
Ns
Naf
Position of the plastic neutral axis:
zs
Mpl,N,Rd
= NEd
Nc + Naw,c Naw,t = NEd
(b t w ) zpl 0,85 fcd + t w zpl (1 ) fyd t w (h w zpl ) (1 ) fyd = NEd
zpl =
NEd + h w t w (1 ) fyd
(b t w ) 0,85 fcd + 2 t w (1 ) fyd
Naw,c = zpl t w (1 ) fyd
Plastic resistance to bending Mpl,N,Rd in case of the

simultaneously acting compression force NEd and the
vertical shear VEd:
Naw,t = (h w zpl ) t w (1 ) fyd
Mpl,N,Rd = Nc zc + Naw,c zaw,c + Naw,t zaw,t + Naf (hw + t f ) + 2 Ns zs
Nc = (b t w ) zpl 0,85 fcd
Naf = b t f fyd
Ns = 2A s fsd
25
G. Hanswille
Simplified determination of the interaction curve
A
Npl,Rd
fsd
0,85fcd
fyd
Npl,Rd
0,85fcd fsd
zpl
Npm,Rd
hn
fyd
-
+
fyd
Npm,Rd
0,85fcd
B
Mpl,Rd Mmax,Rd
zpl
fsd
2hn
MB,Rd = Mpl,Rd
fyd
-
MC,Rd = Mpl,Rd
+ Npm,Rd
fyd
As a simplification, the interaction
curve may be replaced by a polygonal
diagram given by the points A to D.
0,85fcd
D
zpl
fsd
fyd MD,Rd = Mmax,Rd

- fyd
+
0,5 Npm,Rd
26
G. Hanswille
Resistance at points A and D
Point A
Nplc,Rd
Npls,Rd
Npla,Rd
Npl,Rd = Npla ,Rd + Nplc ,Rd + Npls ,Rd
fcd
Point D
fsd
fyd
tf
tw
bc
0,5 Mplc,Rd
hc
M A ,Rd = 0
0,85 fcd
Mpls,Rd
zsi
zsi
Mpla,Rd
-
fsd
Mmax, Rd = Mpla ,Rd + Mpls ,Rd + 1 2 Mplc ,Rd

Wpl,a plastic section modulus of the
structural steel section
Wpl,s plastic section modulus of the crosssection of reinforcement
Wpl,c plastic section modulus of the concrete
section
hh
fyd
+
ND,Rd = 0,5 Nplc ,Rd

MD,Rd = Mmax, Rd
(h 2t )2 t
f
w + b t (h t )
Mpla,Rd = Wpl,a f yd =
f
f
4
f yd
Mpls,Rd = Wpl,s fsd = [ A si z si ] f ys

b h2
c c
Mplc,Rd = Wpl,c 0,85 fcd =

Wpl,a Wpl,s 0,85 fcd
4
27
G. Hanswille
Bending resistance at Point B (Mpl,Rd )
- 0,85fcd
0,85fcd
+
hn
fsd
2 fsd
hn
fyd
+
2fyd
Point D
+
MD,Rd
hn
fyd +
Mpl,Rd = MD,Rd Mp ln,Rd
Mpln,Rd
ND,Rd
zpl
At point B is no resistance to
0,85
compression forces. Therefore
fcd
the resistance to compression
forces at point D results from the
additional cross-section zones in
compression. With ND,Rd the
+
depth hn and the position of the
plastic neutral axis at point B can
+
be determined. With the plastic
fsd bending moment M
n,Rd resulting
from the stress blocks within the
depth hn the plastic resistance
+
moment Mpl,Rd at point B can be
calculated by:
hn
ND,Rd
zpl
hn
Mpl,Rd
Point B
28
Plastic resistance moment at Point C
0,85fcd
0,85 fcd
2hn
fsd
fyd
2hn
2 fsd
0,85fcd
2fyd
G. Hanswille
The bending resistance at point C

is the same as the bending
resistance at point B.
MC,Rd= Mpl,Rd
fsd
+
The normal force results from the

stress blocks in the zone 2hn.
NC,Rd = 2 ND,Rd = Ncpl,Rd = Npm,Rd
2hn
fyd
Point C
Point B
zpl
hn Mpl,Rd
2hn
NC,Rd
Mc,Rd
2hn
Nc,Rd
29
G. Hanswille
Part 4:
Simplified design method
30
G. Hanswille
Simplified Method
Methods of verification acc. to the simplified method

Design based on the
European buckling curves
Axial
compression
Design based on second order

analysis with equivalent geometrical
bow imperfections
Resistance
of member
in combined
compression
and bending
Design based on second order

analysis with equivalent geometrical
bow imperfections
wo
wo
31
Scope of the simplified method
G. Hanswille
double symmetrical cross-section

uniform cross-sections over the member length with rolled,
cold-formed or welded steel sections
steel contribution ratio
0,2 0,9
A a fyd
Npl,Rd
relative slenderness
Npl,Rk
=
2,0
Ncr
longitudinal reinforcement ratio
A
0,3 % s 6,0 % s = s
Ac
the ratio of the depth to the width of the composite crosssection should be within the limits 0,2 and 5,0
32
G. Hanswille
Effects of creep of concrete
Load
F [kN]
2000
short term test

wt
Fu = 1697 kN
wo
1500
long term test
30 cm
Fv = 534 kN
permanent
load
0
The horizontal deflection and

the second order bending
moments increase under
permanent loads due to creep of
concrete. This leads to a
reduction of the ultimate load.
30 cm
1000
500
L = 800 cm
Fu = 2022 kN
20
40
60
e=3 cm
The effects of creep of

concrete are taken into
account in design by a
reduced flexural stiffness of
the composite cross-section.
80 100
deflection w [mm]
33
G. Hanswille
Effects of creep on the flexural stiffness
The effects of creep of concrete are

taken into account by an effective
modulus of elasticity of concrete
Ecm
Ec,eff =
1+
NG,Ed
NEd
( t, t o )
notional size of the cross-section for

the determination of the creep
coefficient (t,to)
ho =
2 Ac
U
effective perimeter U of the crosssection

b
b
h
U = 2 (b + h)
Ecm
Secant modulus of concrete
NEd
total design normal force
NG,Ed
part of the total normal force that is

permanent
(t,to)
creep coefficient as a function of the time at

loading to, the time t considered and the
notional size of the cross-section
In case of concrete filled hollow section the drying of the

concrete is significantly reduced by the steel section. A
good estimation of the creep coefficient can be
achieved, if 25% of that creep coefficient is used, which
results from a cross-section, where the notional size ho
is determined neglecting the steel hollow section.
t,eff = 0,25 (t,to)
U 2 h + 0,5b
34
G. Hanswille
Verification for axial compression with the

European buckling curves
cross-section
buckling
curve
NRd
Npl,Rd
1,0
buckling about
strong axis
= 0,85
0,8
=
0,6
buckling about
weak axis
= 0,85
s 3% = 1,00
0,4
= 1,00
= 0,85
0,2
0,6
1,0
1,4
2,0
Npl,k
Ncr
1,8
Verification:
NEd
1,0
NRd
Design value of
resistance
NRd = Npl,Rd
Ncr
0,2
3% < s 6 %
= 1,00
Npl,Rk
Npl,Rd = A a fyd + A s fsd + A c fcd

35
G. Hanswille
Relative slenderness
fcd =
fck
c
= 0,85
relative slenderness:
=
Npl,Rk
2,0
Ncr
characteristic value of the plastic

resistance to compressive forces
Npl,Rk = A a fyk + A c fck + A s fsk
fcd =
fck
c
= 1,00
elastic critical normal force

Ncr =
2 (EJ)eff
2
( L )
- buckling length factor
effective flexural stiffness
(EJ)eff = (EaJa + K e Ec,eff Jc + EsJs )
Ke=0,6
36
G. Hanswille
Verification for combined

compression and bending
Npl,Rd
wo equivalent
geometrical bow
imperfection
NEd
Verification
max MEd MRd = M Mpl,Rd
wo
M Mpl,Rd
Mpl,N,Rd
MRd
fyd
(1-) fyd +
Mpl,Rd
0,85fcd
-
Mpl,N Rd
NEd
fsd VEd
The factor M takes into account the

difference between the full plastic and the
elasto-plastic resistance of the cross-section
resulting from strain limitations for concrete.
M= 0,9 for S235 and S355

M= 0,8 for S420 and S460
bending moments taking into
account second order effects:
max MEd = NEd w o
Ncr =
1
N
1 Ed
Ncr
2 (E J)eff ,II
2L2
Effective flexural stiffness

(EI)eff ,II = K o (EaJa + K e Ec,eff Jc + Es Js )
with
K e,II = 0,5
K o = 0,9
37
Equivalent initial bow imperfections
G. Hanswille
Buckling curve
3% < s 6%
s 3%
Member imperfection
wo= L/300
wo= L/200
wo= L/150
38
Imperfections for global analysis of frames
Global initial sway imperfection acc. to EN 1993-1-1:
sway imperfection
NEd,1
NEd,2
= o m h
basic value with o = 1/200
reduction factor for the height h in [m]
h =
m
equivalent forces
NEd,1 NEd,1
NEd,2
NEd,2
NEd,2
2
2
h 1,0
but
3
h
reduction factor for the number of columns in a row
m =
m
NEd,1
G. Hanswille
1
0,5 1+
m
is the number of columns in a row including only

those columns which carry a vertical load NEd not
less than 50% of the average value of the column
in a vertical plane considered.
39
Frames sensitive against second order effects
imperfections
NEd,1
> 0,5
L1
0,5
Npl,Rk
NEd,2
L2
w0
Npl,Rk
NEd,2
NEd,1 1
0,5
NEd,1
NEd,1
NEd,1 1
Within a global analysis, member imperfections in

composite compression members may be
neglected where first-order analysis may be
used. Where second-order analysis should be
used, member imperfections may be neglected
within the global analysis if:
NEd,2
NEd,2 2
equivalent
forces
NEd,2 2
w
4 o NEd,2
L2
q=8
G. Hanswille
wo
L22
NEd,2
w
4 o NEd,2
L2
Ncr =
Npl,Rk
NEd,i
Npl,Rk
Ncr
2 (EJ)eff
L2i
(EJ)eff = (EaJa + 0,6 Ec,eff Jc + EsJs )

40
G. Hanswille
Second order analysis
Bending moments including second order effects:
r MR
r MR
sin (0,5 )
M r cos (1 ) + cos
Vz ()= R
1
+ Mo
L
sin
cos
(
/
2
)
EJ
wo
r sin (1 ) + sin
cos (0,5 )
1
M() = MR
+ Mo
sin
cos ( / 2)
Mmax
Mo = (q L + 8 N w o )
1
2
= L
NEd
(E J)eff ,II
dM
=
0
Maximum bending moment at the point M: d
1+ c 2
Mmax = [0,5 M ( 1 + r ) + Mo ]
M0
cos(0,5 )
MR
MR
c=
M (r 1)
1
M (1 + r ) + 2 Mo tan (0,5 )
M = 0,5 +
arctan c
41
Simplified calculation of second order effects
r=1,0
Exact solution:
r MR N
4,0
1+ c 2
Mmax = 0,5 MR ( 1 + r )
cos(0,5 )
r 1
1
c=
1 + r tan (0,5 )
r MR
r=0,5
3,0
r=0
EJ
r= - 0,5
M Mmax
2,0
MR
1,0
MR
exact method
simplified method
0,25
0,50
0,75
1,00
N
Ncr
G. Hanswille
k=
arctan c
M = 0,5 +
= L
NEd
(E J)eff ,II
simplified solution:
Mmax
=
MR 1 NEd
Ncr
= 0,66 + 0,44 r
0,44
42
Background of the member imperfections
NRd
=L
(EJ)eff ,II
NEd=NRd
Bending moment based on second

order analysis:
M=
NRd
wo
Mpl,Rd
G. Hanswille
8 w o (EJ)eff ,II
1
L2
cos( / 2)
Resistance to axial compression

based on the European buckling
curves:
NRd = Npl,Rd
MRd Mpl,Rd
The initial bow imperfections were

recalculated from the resistance to
compression calculated with the
European buckling curves.
Bending resistance:
MRd = M Mpl,Rd
Determination of the equivalent bow
imperfection:
wo =
M d Mpl,Rd L2
1
8 (EJ)eff ,II
1
1 cos ( / 2)
43
Geometrical bow imperfections

comparison with European buckling
curves for axial compression
j
G. Hanswille
NRd ( )
NRd ( w o )
C20/S235
C40/S355
C60/S355
500
1,2
400
1,1
300
1,0
200
j=
L
wo
1,0
0,9
wo= l/300
0,8
2,0
The initial bow imperfection is a

function of the related slenderness
and the resistance of cross-sections.
In Eurocode 4 constant values for w0
are used.
0,4
0,8
1,2
1,6
2,0
The use of constant values for wo leads to

maximum differences of 5% in
comparison with the calculation based on
the European buckling curves.
44
Comparison of the simplified method with nonlinear calculations for combined compression
and bending
G. Hanswille
N
Npl,Rd
Resistance as a function of the

related slenderness
k = 0,50
1,0
Plastic cross-section
resistance
k = 1,00
=
0,8
Npl,Rk
k = 1,50
Ncr
k = 2,00
0,6
0,4
general method
0,2
simplified method
M
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
Mpl,Rd
45
G. Hanswille
Resistance to combined compression

and biaxial bending
N
Npl,Rd
NEd
Npl,Rd
Interaction
Mz, N
z,Ed
Interaction
My, N
y,Ed
dy
dz
A
The resistance is given by a threedimensional interaction relation. For

simplification a linear interaction
between the points A and B is used.
Interaction
My, Mz, NEd
Approximation:
y,Ed
dy
z,Ed
1,0
dz
My
Mz
Mpl,z,Rd
Mpl,y,Rd
Interaction
My, Mz
My,Rd (NEd ) = dy Mpl,y,Rd

Mz,Rd (NEd ) = dz Mpl,y,Rd
My,Ed = y,Ed My,Rd
Mz,Ed = z,Ed My,Rd
approximation for the

interaction curve:
y,Ed
dy
z,Ed
1,0
dz
My,Ed
dy Mpl,y,Rd
Mz,Ed
1,0
dz Mpl,z,Rd
46
Verification in case of compression an biaxial

bending
For both axis a separate verification
is necessary.
My,Ed
dy Mpl,y,Rd
Mz,Ed
M
dz Mpl,y,Rd
G. Hanswille
N
Npl,Rd
NEd
Npl,Rd
dy
My,Rd
Mpl,y,Rd
Verification for the interaction of biaxial

bending.
My,Ed
dy Mpl,y,Rd
Mz,Ed
1,0
dz Mpl,y,Rd
Imperfections should be considered

only in the plane in which failure is
expected to occur. If it is not evident
which plane is the most critical,
checks should be made for both
planes.
N
Npl,Rd
NEd
Npl,Rd
dz
Mz,Rd
Mpl,z,Rd
M= 0,9 for S235 and S355

M= 0,8 for S420 and S460
47
G. Hanswille
Part 5:
Special aspects of columns with inner core profiles
48
Composite columns General Method
G. Hanswille
Commerzbank Frankfurt
Millennium Tower Vienna
New railway station in Berlin

(Lehrter Bahnhof)
Highlight Center
Munich
49
Composite columns with concrete filled

tubes and steel cores special effects
Resistance based on stress blocks (plastic
resistance)
tube
fy
core
M =
concrete
fy
fc
M
N
Non linear resistance with strain limitation for concrete

strains
fy
fy
G. Hanswille
fc
M
MRd
Mpl,Rd
Cross-sections with
massive inner cores have
a very high plastic shape
factor and the cores can
have very high residual
stresses. Therefore these
columns can not be
design with the simplified
method according to EN
1944-1-1.
ED
r
50
G. Hanswille
Residual stresses and distribution of the

yield strength
ED
distribution of yield strenght
[N/mm2]
fyk
300
fy(r)
fyk characteristic value
of the yield strenght
250
U = dk
200
A = dk2 / 4
150
100
50
rk
fy (r )
fyk
dk
r
= 0,95 + 0,1
rk
U/A [1/m]
10
20
30
40
50
dK [mm]
400 200 130
100
80
dK d
residual stresses:
ED
2r2
E (r ) = ED 1
2
rK
r, rk
51
General method Finite Element Model
load introduction
cross-section
stresses in the tube
G. Hanswille
initial bow imperfection
stresses in concrete
52
G. Hanswille
Part 6:
Load introduction and
longitudinal shear
53
G. Hanswille
Load introduction over the steel section
NEd
load introduction by headed studs within the

load introduction length LE
2d
LE
L / 3
PD
LE < 2,0 d
minimum transverse dimension of

the cross-section
member length of the column
sectional forces of the cross-section :

Nc,Ed
Ns,Ed
Na,Ed
Aa
Na,Ed = NEd
Npl,a
Npl,Rd
Ns,Ed = NEd
Npl,s
Npl,Rd
Nc,Ed = NEd
Npl,c
Npl,Rd
As
Ac
required number of studs n resulting from the

sectional forces NEd,c+ NEd,s:
Npl,a
VL,Ed = Nc,Ed + Ns,Ed = NEd 1
Npl,Rd
VL,Rd = n PRd
PRd design resistance of studs

54
G. Hanswille
Load introduction for combined comression and

bending
sectional forces due to NEd
und MEd
MEd
sectional forces based on plastic theory
MRd = Ma,Rd + Mc + s,Rd
NEd
zpl -
N
Npl,Rd
fyd
Ma;Rd
Nc,Ed +Ns,Ed
Mc,Ed +Ms,Ed
Ma,Ed
fsd
-
0,85fcd
Mc,+s,Rd
MRd
=
Nc+s,Rd
+ Na,Rd
NRd
fsd
1,0
Na,Ed
NRd = Na,Rd + Nc + s,Rd
Ed Na,Ed Ma,Ed Nc + s,Ed Mc + s,Ed

=
=
=
=
Rd Na,Rd Ma,Rd Nc + s,Rd Mc + s,Rd
NRd
Npl,Rd
NEd
Npl,Rd
Rd
M
Mpl,Rd
Ed
MEd MRd 1,0

Mpl,Rd Mpl,Rd
M
N
Rd = Ed + Ed
Mpl,Rd Npl,Rd
M
N
Ed = Rd + Rd
Mpl,Rd Npl,Rd
55
G. Hanswille
Load introduction Example
sectional forces based on stress blocks:

fyd
-
fsd fcd
-Ns,i
-Nc
Zs
zpl zc
Ma;Rd
Na,Rd
Zs
N
Mc + s,Ed Mc + s,Ed
+
c
s
,
Ed
xi +
zi
+
2
2
n
r
ri
PEd(N)
Ped,v
xi
zi
ri
Ped,h P (M)
Ed
Nc+s,Ed
Mc,+s,Rd
Mc + s,Rd = Nc zc + Nsi z si
-Nc+s,Rd
fsd Ns,i
shear forces of studs based on elastic theory
max PEd =
Nc + s,Rd = Nc + Nsi
Mc+s,Ed
shear forces of studs based on plastic theory

2
N
M
max PEd = c + s,Ed + c + s,Ed
n
eh 0,5 n
n number of
studs within the
load introduction
length
eh
Nc+s,Ed
Mc+s,Ed
56
Shear resistance of stud connectors welded

to the web of partially encased I-Sections
G. Hanswille
PRd
Dc
PRd / 2
PRd / 2
VL,Rd = PRd + VLR,Rd
VLR,Rd = PRd
Where stud connectors are attached to the web of a fully or

partially concrete encased steel I-section or a similar
section, account may be taken of the frictional forces that
develop from the prevention of lateral expansion of the
concrete by the adjacent steel flanges. This resistance may
be added to the calculated resistance of the shear
connectors. The additional resistance may be assumed to
be on each flange and each horizontal row of studs, where
is the relevant coefficient of friction that may be assumed.
For steel sections without painting, may be taken as 0,5.
PRd is the resistance of a single stud.
57

to the web of partially encased I-Sections
PRd
PRd PRd
PRd PRd
G. Hanswille
PRd
VLR,Rd/2
< 300
< 400
< 600
PRd,1 = 0,29 d2
VL,Rd = n PRd + VLR,Rd
VLR,Rd = PRd
PRd= min
fck Ecm
d2 1
PRd,2 = 0,8 fu
4 v
1
v
In absence of better information from tests, the clear distance between

the flanges should not exceed the values given above.
58
G. Hanswille

to the web of partially encased I-sections
F
F [kN]
3500
3000
2500
2000
test series S1
test series S2
1500
test S3/3
1000
test S1/3
500
w [mm]
0
10
12
14
16
59
Load introduction longitudinal shear

forces in concrete
NEd
NEd
G. Hanswille
Longitudinal shear force in section I-I:
Npl,a A c1 0,85 fcd + A s1 fsd

VL,Ed = NEd 1
Npl,Rd A c 0,85 fcd + A s fsd
Dc
Dc
Zs Zs
LE
Zs
D
c
I
I
I
cy bc
cy
not directly connected concrete

area As1
Longitudinal shear resistance of concrete struts:
VL,Rd,max = 4
c y 0,85 fcd
cot + tan
LE
=45o
= 0,6 (1 ( fck / 250 )) with fck in N / mm 2

longitudinal shear resistance of the stirrups:
VL,Rd,s = 4
As
fyd cot LE
sw
sw- spacing of stirrups

As- cross-section area of the stirrups
60
G. Hanswille
Load introduction longitudinal shear

forces in concrete test results
F [kN]
2000
Fu = 1608 kN
1500
1000
test I/1
w
500
w [mm]
0
10
12
14
61
Load introduction Examples

(Airport Hannover)
G. Hanswille
Load introduction with

gusset plates
62
Load introduction with partially loaded

end plates
G. Hanswille
Load introduction with

partially loaded end plates
63
Load introduction with distance plates for

columns with inner steel cores
G. Hanswille
distance plates
Post Tower Bonn
64
G. Hanswille
Composite columns with hollow sections

Load introduction
gusset plate
stiffeners and
end plates
distance plates
Stiffener
Distance
plate
65
G. Hanswille
Mechanical model
PcR,m = fc A1
Ac
A1
Effect of partially
loaded area
t fy
1+ cL
d
f
c
c
A1
Effect of
confinement by the
tube
Ac
c,r
c,L = 3,5
a,t
c,L = 4,9
a,t
66
G. Hanswille
Typical load-deformation curves
P [MN]
series SXIII
Pu
2.5
2.0
Pu,stat
1.5
P [MN]
5.0
0.5
10
15
20
25
30
[mm]
4.0
35
3.0
series SV
Pu
1.0
Pu,stat
2.0
1.0
10
[mm]
15
20
67
G. Hanswille
Test evaluation according to EN 1990

re [MN]
10,0
8,0
6,0
Pc,Rm
41 tests
Vr= 0.14
Pc,Rk = 0.78 Pc,Rm
4,0
2,0
Pc,Rd = 0.66 Pc,Rm

2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
t fy
PcR,m = fc A 1 1+ cL
d fc
Ac
A1
a,x
c
A1
rt [MN]
Ac
10,0
c,r
a,y
a,y
68
Load distribution by end plates
G. Hanswille
~1d
F [kN]
Fu
6000
ts
Fu = 6047 kN
Fu,stat = 4750 kN
u = 7.5 mm
4000
tp
2000
bc
[mm]
5,0
10,0
bc = t s + 5 t p
15,0
69
Design rules according to EN 1994-1-1
t fyk
c,Rd = fcd 1+ cL
d fck
fck
t
d
fyk
A1
Ac
c,L
Load distribution 1:2,5
ts
A c A c fcd
fyd
A1
A1
concrete cylinder strength

Ac
20
wall thickness of the tube
A1
diameter of the tube
yield strength of structural steel
loaded area
cross section area of the concrete
confinement factor
c,L = 4,9 (tube)
c,L = 3,5 (square hollow sections)
G. Hanswille
tp
A1
c,Rd
bc
bc = t s + 5 t p
bc
70
G. Hanswille
Verification outside the areas of load introduction

F
A
pure bond
(adhesion)
B
mechanical
interlock
C
friction
Outside the area of load introduction,

longitudinal shear at the interface
between concrete and steel should be
verified where it is caused by
transverse loads and / or end
moments. Shear connectors should
be provided, based on the distribution
of the design value of longitudinal
shear, where this exceeds the design
shear strength Rd.
In absence of a more accurate
method, elastic analysis, considering
long term effects and cracking of
concrete may be used to determine
the longitudinal shear at the interface.
71
G. Hanswille
Design shear strength Rd
cy
concrete
encased
sections
bc
b
Rd,o= 0,30 N/mm2
cy
Rd = Rd,o c
cz
h
cz
z
concrete filled tubes
Rd= 0,55 N/mm2
concrete filled
rectangular hollow
sections
hc
c = 1 + 0,02 c z 1 z,min 2,5

cz
cz- nominal concrete cover [mm]

cz,min=40mm (minimum value)
flanges of partially
encased I-sections
Rd= 0,20 N/mm2
webs of partially
encased I-sections
Rd= 0,0 N/mm2
Rd= 0,40 N/mm2

72
G. Hanswille
Thank you very

much for your kind
attention
73

EN1994 4 Hanswille

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G.

Univ. - Prof. Dr.-Ing. Gerhard Hanswille

Concrete encased sections

high bearing resistance

high costs for formwork

difficulties in case of later

in special case edge protection is

difficult solutions for connections

Partially concrete encased sections

high bearing resistance, especially in case

lower fire resistance in comparison with

Concrete filled hollow sections

high resistance and slender columns

high material costs for profiles

Concrete filled hollow sections with

extreme high bearing resistance in

high material costs

Design of composite columns

Verifications for composite columns

Longitudinal shear outside the areas of load

Methods of verification in accordance

Resistance to lokal buckling

concrete encased cross-sections

concrete filled hollow section

partially encased I sections

fyk,o = 235 N/mm2

Design for structural stability shall take account of

second-order effects including residual stresses,

General method of design

plastic zones in structural steel

stresses in concrete and reinforcement

stresses in structural steel section

Typical load-deformation behaviour of

A concrete encased section and

concrete encased section and

concrete filled hollow section:

bending about the strong axis:

General Method Safety concept based

u : amplification factor for ultimate

Composite columns for the

Npl,Rd = Npla ,Rd + Nplc ,Rd + Npls,Rd

Design value of the plastic

Npl,Rd = A a fyd + A c fcd + A s fsd

Characteristic value of the plastic

Npl,Rk = A a fyk + A s fsk + A c fck

Confinement effects in case of concrete

0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35

Confinement effect acc. to Eurocode 4-1-1

Design value of the plastic resistance to compressive forces

Npl,Rd = a fyd A a + A c fcd 1 + c

e/d>0,1 : a=1,0 and c=0

Plastic resistance to combined bending and

The resistance of a cross-section to combined

The tensile strength of the concrete should be

The influence of transverse shear forces on the

Influence of vertical shear

Unless a more accurate analysis is

Verification for vertical

The shear force Va,Ed should not exceed

is the plastic resistance

is the plastic resistance moment

Determination of the resistance to normal

Nc + Naw,c Naw,t = NEd