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K.P.Satheesh
satheeshsithara@gmail.com
Dalton
Thomson
Rutherford
1857 - 1894
(1) An atom in which the negatively charged electrons were located within
a continuous distribution of positive charge.
(2) At its lowest energy state, the electrons would be fixed at their
equilibrium positions.
(3) In excited atoms, the electrons would vibrate about their
equilibrium positions.
Plum pudding
All the positive charge of the atom, and consequently essentially all its mass, are
assumed to be concentrated in a small region in the center called the nucleus
Rutherford : r = 10 14 m
(2) Maximum deflection angle:
Thomson : = 10 4 rad
Rutherford : = 1 rad
An apparatus for
measuring atomic spectra
n2
Balmer (1885) : = 3646 2
ex : n = 3( H ), n = 4( H )
n 4
1
1
1
Ryberg (1890) : = = RH ( 2 2 ) n = 3,4..
2
n
RH = 1.097 10 7 m -1 : Ryberg constant for H
For alkali elements (Li, Na, K,...) :
1
1
1
=
= R[
( m a )2 ( n b)2
Bohr's Postulates
N Bohr, Philos. Mag. Vol.26, pp.125,
pp.476500, pp.857875, 1913.
1. Atomic electrons move in circular orbits about a
massive nucleus under the influence
of the Coulomb attraction between the electron
and the nucleus,
2. Instead of the infinity of orbits which would be
possible in classical mechanics, an electron can in
fact only move in an orbit for which its angular
momentum L is quantized
3. Even though it is constantly accelerating, an electron moving in such an allowed orbit does not radiate electromagnetic energy.
4. Electrons can only gain or lose energy by jumping from one allowed orbit to another, absorbing or emitting electromagnetic radiation with a
Frequency obeying Plancks law.
n 2
n 2 2
Ze = 40 mv r = 40 mr (
) = 40
mr
mr
n 2 2
r = 40
mZe 2
n
1 Ze 2
v=
=
mr 40 n
2
Potential energy : V =
Ze 2
Ze 2
dr =
2
40 r
40 r
ground state
1
Ze 2
2
Kinetic energy : K = mv =
2
40 2r
Ze 2
mZ 2 e 4
1
Total energy : E = K + V =
=
E
=
(40 ) 2 2r
(40 ) 2 22 n 2
Ei E f
h
1
Pachen
mZ 2 e 4 1
1
=(
)
(
)
3
2
2
40
4
n f ni
Balmer
Lyman
me 4 Z 2 1
1
=(
)
(
)
3
2
2
40
4 c n f ni
1
= R Z 2 (
1
1
)
2
2
n f ni
me 4
for R = (
)
= RH
3
40 4 c
1
mM
m+M
M
R =
R , RM R , as
m+M
m
m
M
For hydrogen atom :
= 1836
m
1
RM
R
2000
RM =
V : accelerating potential
Vr : retarding potential
4.9 eV
Energy level
of Hg vapor
Some Mysteries:
Bohrs quantization of the angular momentum?
Plancks quantization of the energy?