Comparative Study of Micro-Strip Patch Line Feed Antenna &

Coaxial Feed Antenna Designed Using Genetic Algorithms

Shibaji Chakraborty#1, Uddipan Mukherjee#2
#Department of Electronics & Communication, Institute of Engineering & Management
Y-12, Sector-V, Salt lake Electronics Complex,Kolkata-700 091
Email: (shibaji22@gmail.com, uddipanmukherjee24@gmail.com)
Abstract The comparative study of micro strip patch antenna
between line feed & coaxial feed is proposed by the optimization of
the resonant frequency & radiation resistance of the micro-strip
patch antenna & study the different antenna parameters of the
designed antenna. Though the resonant frequency optimization
process of the micro-strip patch using line feed & coax feed is
same, but there is huge difference in radiation resistance
optimization. Main problem of the micro strip antenna is low
band width is optimized in both the cases (line feed & coaxial feed)
but coaxial feed provides comparatively much higher band width.
For an example 17 GHz of line feed antenna provide only 9.4%
band width where as 17 GHz of coaxial feed antenna provide
24.11% of band width. Optimization of radiation resistance of
coaxial feed antenna is much more difficult & the equations are
much complex to work with. Here we applied Genetic Algorithms
for optimization of the parameters of the micro strip patch.

The simplest design of a micro-strip patch antenna is

rectangular patch of dimension W*L, over a substrate of
thickness of h backed by a ground plane. Simplest way of
modelling a micro-strip patch antenna is transmission line
modelling. Here we use both type of feeding method line
feed & coaxial feed for design purpose. In transmission line
model we consider patch contain two radiating slots of
height h & width W are separated by a distance L. Due to
the finite length & width the edges of the patch under goes
fringing. Some effects of fringing are shown bellow.

KeywordsGenetic Algorithm, Optimization, Two point

crossover, Micro-strip antenna, Transmission line model, Line
feed, Coaxial feed , Bandwidth, Return loss , Radiation
resistance, Duroid .

I. INTRODUCTION
Genetic algorithms are very different from most of
traditional optimization methods. Genetic algorithms need
design space to be converted into a genetic space. So,
genetic algorithms work with a coding variable. The
advantage of working with a coding variable space is that
coding converts the search space to a discrete one even
through the function may be continuous. GA uses a
population of points at one time in contrast to the single
point approach by the traditional optimization methods i.e.
GA process a number of designs at the same time. GA uses
a set of randomized operators which improve the search
space in adaptive manner.
To start with, the 1st generation or population generated
randomly. During random generation there are many points
which may be too small (near to zero). To handle these
values small physical values has been introduced. This will
produce some amount of error but as the algorithm goes on
running it automatically discard all those small errors. The
stop point of the algorithm depends on particular problem.
II. MICRO STRIP ANTENNA BASIC
CHARACTERISTICS & FUNDAMENTALS
&FEEDING METHODS & MODELING OF MICRO
STRIP PATCH

Fig1.Fringing fields at the edge of the micro-strip antenna using line feed.

Fig2: Fringing fields for the micro strip coaxial feed antenna.

III. EFFECTS OF FRINGING FIELD ON THE

RESONATING FREQUENCY OF THE ANTENNA &
OPTIMIZATION OF RESONATING FREQUENCY
Because the dimensions of the patch are finite along the
length and width, the fields at the edge of the patch undergo
fringing. Since for micro-strip antennas

, fringing is

reduced. Most of the electric field lines reside inside the

substrate and part of some lines exist in air. Thus an

effective dielectric constant

is introduced to account
for the wave propagation in the line. For a line with air
above the substrate, the effective dielectric constant has
values in the range of 1 <
< . The equation for
is given bellow:

Optimization of radiation resistance of coaxial feed antenna

is little difficult as the equations here are more complex.
The equations are given below.

Taking transmission line as a lossless we have,

We can consider the patch under goes fringing only along
length. So, the increase in length is
on the both sides
of the patch. The increase of length is dependent up on the
h, W and effective dielectric
of the material. The
is
given
bellow:
equation
of

Where,
Here equation (3) is the main equation to find out the value
of the resonant frequency of the antenna. Rest of the
equations are supporting one which is necessary to find out
the value of the resonant frequency.

IV. RADIATION RESISTANCE OPTIMIZATION OF

LINE FEED MICRO STRIP PATCH
The feed for a micro-strip patch is usually line through the
substrate connection or micro-strip transmission-line
connection printed monolithically on the same board. The
transmission line model shows the antenna as two identical
radiating slots in two different slots. Each radiating slot is
represented by a parallel equivalent admittance Y. Since the
slots are identical.
Thus
here
For that reason

It should be noted that susceptance given by the equation is

based on Hammers tads non dissipative static capacitance
relation. It is shown is in a subsequent section that equation
of
and the
lead to a prediction of resonant input
resistance and frequency which is good agreement with
measured results for aspect ratios 1< W/L < 2. Here we are
and the return loss should minimum.
trying to minimize
VI. BANDWIDTH CALCULATION OF DESIGNED
ANTENNA
Band width of an antenna is defined as the band of
frequencies having return loss less than -10 dB. Calculation
of band width is nothing but to find out the range of
frequency for a designed antenna having return loss less
than -10dB. It can be done either by return loss plot of
software or calculate it by C programming. Here we have to
calculate band width by the equation is given bellow:

And

<W<
Now we have to find out
Now for radiation resistance optimization we have to find
out the inset feed point y0, by the equation for which Rin

V. RADIATION RESISTANCE OPTIMIZATION OF

COAXIAL FEED MICRO STRIP PATCH

VII. USE OF GENETIC ALGORITHMS IN OUR

WORK
The main concept of GA is remained as it is but the
application of GA is different here. We create a nested loop
here to optimize the antenna dimension. In the outer loop we
calculate best possible set of W*L, here in both the cases
(Line feed & coaxial feed) fitness function is same we take
equation (3) as a fitness function. After solving this part that
W*L pair is moved into inner loop, resistance optimization
is done here, for line feed equation (7) & for coaxial feed
equation (11) is taken as a fitness function.
For coaxial feed we find out the feed position L1 from the
centre of the patch where as for line feed we find out the
inset feed position y0.

The flow chart of the algorithm is given bellow.

The height of the patch for all frequencies is constant which
is h = 1.578 mm & the dielectric constant of the material is
given as
and the probe radius of the coaxial feed
is 0.6mm.
TABLE II

Fig3: Flow Chart of the algorithm.

VIII. SIMULATED RESULTS FROM SOFTWARE

The results which are obtained from the C programming is
been simulated using IE3D (Zelands) software. It is nothing
but a simulator which generates one real time working
environment & calculates all the parameters viz. Return
loss, band width, radiation resistance, smith chart, 3D gain
pattern, axial ratio, E-plane 2D plot which are necessary
parameters for comparison of the antenna.
The designs are made on the basis of some facts that the
;
material is Duroid, height of the material is
feed width of the line feed
, and the dielectric
constant of the material

Frequency
in GHz

Width
in mm

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

55.8
42
33.2
26
22
20.4
17.5
15.4
13.2
12.01
10.3
10.1
9.6
9.2
9.05

TABLE I
Length
Inset
in mm
Feed
Position
in mm
30.8
10.8
23
8.9
18.2
6.5
15
5.2
12.85
4.3
11.02
4.1
9.8
3.15
8.78
3.0
8.0
2.7
7.3
4.2
6.8
3.2
6.15
2.9
5.7
2.6
5.25
2.4
4.85
2.3

Return
loss
in dB

Band
Width
(%)

-12
-16
-18
-16
-18
-25
-35
-33
-22
-20
-16
-26
-39
-22
-14

2.3
3.25
5
5
5.7
6.25
7.8
11
9
8.75
8.3
10.8
12
12.2
9.4

Frequency
(in GHz)

Patch
length
(in
mm)

Patch
width
(in
mm)

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

30.5
23
18
15
12.5
11.1
9.8
8.65
7.85
7.3
7.2
6.6
6.6
2.6
2.5
2.4

55.6
42
33
25.1
20.7
20
17.5
15
13
12
10.8
8.8
7.6
5.1
4.8
4.7

Feed
position
from
center
(in mm)
8.0
6.5
5.75
3.9
3.2
4.3
3.6
2.7
2.2
2.3
2.8
1.8
1.8
0.6
0.58
0.1

Return
losses
(in dB)

Band
width
(%)

-17
-21
-25
-36
-28
-29
-28
-39
-44
-32
-30
-35
-37
-16
-42
-23

4
4.5
5
6
7.8
9
10
12
13.5
14
15
20
22
24
24.11
27.5

For example different parameters of the designed antenna

by both the feed is shown below. The central frequency of
the antenna is 10 GHz. In both feeds we use same substrate
(Duroid
of same thickness (
). But
in line feed, feed width
where as in coaxial
feed the radius of the inner conductor is 0.6mm.

Fig4: Return loss plot for 10GHz line feed antenna with BW 11%

Fig5: Smith chart plot of the 10GHz line feed antenna.

Fig9: Smith chart plot of the 10GHz Coaxial feed antenna.

Fig6: 3D gain plot of a 10GHz Line feed antenna with max gain 4.1 dB

Fig10: 3D gain plot of a 10GHz Coaxial feed antenna with max gain 5.3 dB

Fig7: 2D polar plot of E-field of 10GHz line feed antenna

Fig11: 2D polar plot of E-field of 10GHz coaxial feed antenna

IX. APPLICATION

Fig8: Return loss plot for 10GHz line feed antenna with BW 12%

Micro strip antennas have a large number of applications in

communication and microwave field. They are usually
employed at UHF and higher frequencies because the size of
the antenna is directly tied to the wavelength at
the resonance frequency. These include Satellite
communication, Television broadcasting, Surveillance
RADAR, Mobile communication, Global Positioning
System (GPS) to name a few.

X. CONCLUTION
From the above results, tables, charts & graph of two
different type of micro strip patch antenna we can draw
some conclusions which gives an idea about the
characteristics of both type of antenna. From the above
graph we found that coaxial feed patch provides higher band
width, much more flat & wider 2D electrical plot, good
matching in smith chart & high gain or directivity over line
feed patch antenna.
The main advantages of the line feed patch are:
A. Easy to design.
B. Good matching of the input impedance.
But the advantages of the coaxial feed over line feed are
given bellow:
A. Better gain & directivity.
B. Better input impedance matching.
C. Better electrical field.
D. More importantly high band width than line feed.
But a main disadvantage of the coaxial feed is its complex
design. But over all performance of the antenna is much
better (coaxial feed patch antenna) & it also provide higher
band width.
XI. FUTURE SCOPE
All the work & this comparative study of micro-strip
antenna is done here on the basis of transmission line
modelling method & this high value of return loss &
percentage band with are obtained with out any complex
structure. All the study and the conclusion are drawn against
this study on the basis of software simulation modelling of
the antenna. Due to lack of infrastructure we unable to
fabricate the antennas & cant provide the parameter reading
of the fabricated antenna. In future we can apply rigorous
method for modelling the antenna & can make slots to get
higher band width & we can also fabricate the antenna to get
the practical results.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author would like to thank the authority of Electronics
department of Institute of Engineering & Management,
Kolkata -700 091 & Jadavpur University for their guidance
and valuable suggestions during the research work. Author
would like to thank Electronics & Telecommunication
department of Jadavpur University.
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