Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2012804736
No.
2012823072
: EH221(3A)
Title
Allocated Marks
(%)
Abstract/Summary
Introduction
Aims
Theory
Apparatus
Methodology/Procedure
10
Results
10
Calculations
10
Marks
Discussion
20
10
Conclusion
10
11
Recommendations
12
Reference
13
Appendix
TOTAL MARKS
100
Remarks:
Checked by :
Rechecked by:
---------------------------
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Date :
Date :
CONTENTS
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY...................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................3
AIMS............................................................................................................4
THEORY.......................................................................................................5
APPARATUS..................................................................................................8
METHODOLOGY/PROCEDURE.......................................................................9
RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS..................................................................10
Sample of calculation................................................................................11
DISCUSSION..............................................................................................18
CONCLUSION.............................................................................................20
RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................................21
REFERENCE...............................................................................................22
APPENDIX..................................................................................................23
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
This report is written out to determine the pressure drop pattern for
different type of material and diameter and also to determine the pipe
friction coefficient for different pipe material. For this experiment, we use
Gunt Humburg M100 as fluid friction apparatus. Different material is used
for the pipes, different pipes diameter , have flow junction in the pipe
which is 90 elbow and also have venture meter at the pipeline. The
material of the pipes are copper and galvanised iron. The friction factor for
copper is 0.0121 and the head loss due to friction is 0.33 m. For the
galvanised iron, the friction factor is 0.015 and the head loss is 0.409 m.
For this experiment we also assume the diameter of the pipe are 0.01 m
and 0.02 m. For the 0.010 m diameter pipe, the head loss due to 90
elbow fitting is 0.0224 m. For the valve, we have two valve which are fully
open globe valve where the head loss is 0.149 m and the closed gate
valve where the head loss is
pipe is 0.2528 m. For 0.02m diameter pipe the head loss due to sudden
contraction is
3.9953 X 10
diameter pipe which are fully open globe valve where the head loss is
0.0266m and the closed gate valve where the head loss is
6.9251 X 103 m . For the 0.02m diameter pipe the total head loss is
0.4391m.
INTRODUCTION
Fluid flow in circular pipes has wide in engineering applications.
Water distribution systems and industrial hydraulic system liquid are
generally transported from one point to another by forcing them through
pipes or tubes. The flow of a real fluid does cause frictional and other
losses. In flow through circular pipes the flow pattern constitutes a series
of thin shell that are sliding over one another. This condition is known as
laminar flow. When the velocity is relatively high, eddies are formed and
there is mixing of fluid particle. This situation is known as turbulent flow.
Reynolds conducted a series of experiment with different of pipes
diameter and variety of fluids. He concluded that the type of flow is
dependent on the average velocity of the fluid (v), the pipe diameter (d),
the fluid viscosity ( and the fluid density (p). He combined these and
forms a dimensionless parameter known as Reynolds Number (Re).
=
pvd
AIMS
To find the pressure drop pattern for different type of pipe material
and diameter
To determine the pipe friction coefficient for different pipe material
THEORY
The transition from laminar to turbulent flow depends on the
geometry, surface roughness, flow velocity, surface temperature, and
type of fluid, among other things. To decide that the flow is laminar,
transition or turbulent, a formula called Reynolds number is used. The
Reynolds number expresses the ratio of inertial (resistant to change or
motion) forces to viscous forces.
=
DV
Where,
D is the diameter of the pipe
is the density of the fluid
V is the velocity of the fluid
is the viscosity of the fluid
Density: This is the mass per unit volume of the fluid and is
generally measured in kg/m3.
ii.
hf = f
L V
D 2g
APPARATUS
Hydraulic bench
Fluid friction apparatus
1.
for
annular
chamber
pressure
measurement,
rotameter,
level indicator at measuring tank,
tank with submerged pump,
pipe section with bends,
pipe section with interchangeable valves and fittings,
pipe section with sudden contraction and enlargement,
interchangeable valves and fittings,
panel with Bourdon tube manometer, differential pressure sensor
and tube manometers,
10.
Long pipe section
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
METHODOLOGY/PROCEDURE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
[ ( )]
P1 P 2
V
A
+ Z1 Z 2= 2 1 1
2g
A2
Ideal,
Q = A2V2 = A2
2 1 /2
[ ( )] [
A
1 1
A2
P 1P
2g
+ Z 1Z2
2 1/ 2
)]
Actual,
Q= Cd x A2 x
2 1 /2
[ ( )] [
A
1 1
A2
1 /2
( )]
P 1P
2g
Hence,
Q = Cd x At x
2 1 /2
[ ( )]
A1
1
A2
[2g(P1 P2)/
Where,
Cd = Coeffient of discharge (0.98)
D2 = Throat diameter 16 mm
D1 = Inlet diameter = 26 mm
v2
2g
( )( )
L
h f =4 f
D
1/ 2
Sample of calculation
First pipe, diameter = 10 mm , velocity = 1ms-1
i.
vD
Re =
1000 ( 1 ) (0.010)
5
2.344 x 1 0
D
D
(v 2 )
( v 1) =
4
4
2
2
( 0.010)
0.035
( 1) =
( v 2)
4
4
v2
= 0.0816 ms-1
12
2g
P1 P 2
=
g
P = -496.671 kPa
Based on Colebrook Equation,
The information in the Moody diagram (See appendices) also exists
as a number of formulae. The formula used is Colebrook formulae,
1
D 2.51
=2.0 log
+
3.7 f
f
[(
f =0.0055 1+ 20000 +
10 6
1/ 3
1.5 x 1 0
1
0.016 D
2.51
=2.0 log
+
5
3.7
f
6.8260 x 1 0 f
f = 6.2889x10-3
v2
= 1.5
2g
0.54082
2 x 9.81
= 0.0224 m
Valve in this system is Fully Open Globe Valve, KL=10
2
h L=K L
v
0.5408
= 10
2g
2 x 9.81
=0.149m
h L=K L
v
0.5408
=0.26
2g
2 x 9.81
= 3.8757x10-3 m
hL,total = ( f
2
L
+ K L ) v
D
2g
hL,total = (6.2889x10-3
0.540 8 2
18.3
+ 11.76) 2(9.81)
0.016
= 0.2825 m
For pipe that have diameter = 0.02 mm, velocity = 1.0 ms-1
Re =
vD
= 0.3265 ms-1
v 2 v
2
12
2g
P1 P 2
=
g
P = -446.6989 kPa
[(
f =0.0055 1+ 20000 +
10 6
1/ 3
f = 0.0121
v2
= 1.5
2g
0.66332
2 x 9.81
= 0.0336 m
ii.
v2
0.66332
= 10
2g
2 x 9.81
=0.2242m
h L=K L
v
0.6633
-3
=0.26
2g
2 x 9.81 = 5.8303x10 m
hL,total = ( f
2
L
+ K L ) v
D
2g
2
0.66 33
18.3
+ 11.76) 2(9.81)
0.02
hL,total = (0.0121 x
= 0.512 m
[(
f =0.0055 1+ 20000 +
10 6
[(
1/ 3
106
f =0.0055 1+ 20000(1.5 x 1 0 )+
5
5.9727 x 1 0
6
1 /3
1/3
= 0.0121
hL,total = ( f
L
v2
D ) 2g
hL,total = (0.0121
18.3 0.54082
0.010 2(9.81)
= 0.3301
Galvanised Iron
[(
f =0.0055 1+ 20000(1.5 x 1 0 )+
10
5
5.9727 x 10
= 0.015
hL,total = ( f
L
v2
D ) 2g
hL,total = ( 0.015
= 0.4092
18.3 0.5408 2
0.010 2(9.81)
For copper
0.3301 =
P
P
1000 (9.81)
(1) (0.0816)
2(9.81)
= 2741.61 kPa
0.4092 =
P
1000 (9.81)
(1)2 (0.0816)2
2(9.81)
= 3517.58 kPa
DISCUSSION
This report was written to achieve several objectives. One of
the objectives
are to find the pressure drop pattern for different type of pipe material
and diameter. Another aim of the experiment is to determine the pipe
friction coefficient for different pipe material.
If there is experiment conducted, it was undergoing by using the
GUNT HAMBURG HM 122 Pressure loss in pipe model. The part of model
included annular chamber for pressure measurement , rotameter, level
indicator at measuring tank, tank with submerged pump, pipe section with
bends, pipe section with interchangeable valves and fittings, pipe section
with sudden contraction and enlargement, interchangeable valves and
fittings, panel with Bourdon tube manometer, differential pressure sensor
and tube manometers, and long pipe section .
Calculation for this report was just assumption since our group did
not run the experiment due to damaged equipment, thus we had been
given task to make this report as an assignment. Thus, in order to
investigate the pressure drop pattern, calculation that involved were just
assumptions. For the first objective, we used the the venturi meter to
investigate the pressure difference where at each end of the venturi meter
were attached with different diameter pipe. We assumed the inlet
diameter of 0.010 m with velocity of 1 m/s and the outlet of 0.035 m.
Then we applied the value into the continuity equation, Q=A1V1 = A2V2, the
second velocity of outlet was calculated of 0.0816 m/s. Then proceed with
the Bernoullis equation,
P1 v 2
P v2
+ +Z 1= 2 + +Z 2
2g
2g
The pressure difference can be obtained between these two
velocities with the result of -496.671 kPa. However, when the diameter is
0.020 m with velocity 1.0 ms-1 and the outlet of 0.035 m, the velocity
outlet is 0.3265 ms-1. As the Bernoullis equation was again used with all
the value, the pressure difference will be -446.6989 kPa.
For this
situation, we compared the result where the inlet was different while the
inlet velocity and the outlet diameter being constant. Thus, based on the
result, a relationship can assumed that as the diameter increase in the
inlet , the pressure difference will be decreases.
The result for the pressure differences for copper will be 2741.61
kPa while for galvanized iron will be 3517.58 kPa. Significantly form the
result we can see that different type of material will have different
pressure drop.
We had chosen copper and galvanised pipe as our material. The
diameter of both pipeline was constant of 0.016 m . Friction coefficient,f
,for both pipe were needed to be calculated first before calculating the
pressure drop of both pipeline. Based on the calculation above, the copper
pipe had the f = 0.0121 and produced the result for total head loss ,
h=0.3301 m , while galvanized pipe have the f = 0.015 and thus the h=
0.4092. Throughout the result we can see that different type of material
will have different value of friction coefficient which led to different
calculation of pressure drop pattern.
CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, this experiment is conducted to measure the head
loss and friction loss in circular pipe. For the material of the pipe, when we
use material that has small value of relative roughness, the friction factor
will be lower and he head loss will be smaller than the material that have
larger value of relative roughness. So, it is better to used materials that
have small value of relative roughness such as plastic or stainless steel to
make the flow of the fluid become smooth. For the diameter of the pipe,
when we used large diameter of the pipe, the total head loss will be
bigger than the pipe that have small diameter so its better to use small
diameter of the pipe to avoid the large head loss in the pipe.
Recent study shown that no less than one third of a car's fuel
consumption is spent in overcoming friction, and this friction loss has a
direct impact on both fuel consumption and emissions. Therefore in order
to overcome the problem, new technologies such as new surface coatings,
surface textures, lubricant additives, low-viscosity lubricants, ionic liquids
and low-friction tyres inflated to pressures higher than normal are being
suggested (VTT Techical Researcg Centre of Finland, 2012).
Mainly the article showed how the friction loss happen in daily life
and how the problem being overcome. Comparing the friction loss that we
studied in this report was just only based on observation in the laboratory.
Few or less, there might be differences but however both situation can be
overcome if a serious precaution being taken.
RECOMMENDATIONS
In this report, we are not conducting experiment, therefore the
recommendations are on the the calculation itself. In this report, we are
recommend that
Use appropriate formula to find the outlet velocity, head loss and
pressure drop
In presenting a calculation, there are must have only one fixed and
manipulated variable
REFERENCES
VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (2012, January 12). One-third of
car fuel consumption is due to friction loss. ScienceDaily. Retrieved
October
19,
2013,
from
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120112095853.htm
Fluid
flow
through
Real
pipes.
(2001).
from http://www.library.ucsb.edu/internal/libwaves/apr04/sea
Retrieved
APPENDICES