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1.

WHAT IS CRITICAL THINKING ANYWAY


Beliefs and Claims (16)
Issues (19)
Arguments (20)
Cognitive Biases (27)
Truth and Knowledge (33)
What Critical Thinking Can and Cant Do (33)
A Word About The Exercises (34)
Exercises (36) (ans-464)

Writing Argumentative Essays (94)


Exercises (99) (ans-470)
4. CREDIBILITY (109)
The Claim and Its Source (111)
Assessing the Content of The Claim (112)
The Credibility of Sources (118)
Credibility and the News Media (125)
Advertising (133)
Exercises (138) (ans-471)

2. TWO KINDS OF REASONING


5. RHETORIC, THE ART OF PERSUASION (148)
Arguments : General Features (45)
Two Kinds of Arguments (47)
Beyond a Reasonable Doubt (50)
Telling a Difference Between Deductive and Inductive
Arguments (50)
Deduction, Induction, and Unstated Premises (51)
Balance of Considerations (53)
Inference to the Best Explaination (IBE) (54)
What Are Not Premises, Conclusions, or Arguments (54)
Ethos, Pathos, and Logos (56)
Techniques for Understanding Arguments (61)
Evaluating Arguments (65)
Exercises (66) (ans-466)
3. CLEAR THINKING, CRITICAL THINKING, AND CLEAR
WRITING (77)
Vagueness (79)
Ambiguity (81)
Generality (85)
Defining Terms (89)

Rhetorical Force (149)


Rhetorical Devices I (150)
Rhetorical Devices II (153)
Rhetorical Devices III (157)
Rhetorical Devices IV (158)
Proof Surrogates and Repetition (163)
Persuasion Through Visual Imagery (166)
The Extreme Rhetoric of Demagoguery (169)
Exercises (173) (ans-472)
6. RELEVANCE (RED HERRING) FALLACIES
Argumentum Ad Hominem (190)
Straw Man (192)
False Dilemma (Ignoring Other Alternatives) (193)
Misplacing the Burden of Proof (195)
Begging the Question (Assuming What You Are Trying To
Prove) (197)
Appeal to Emotion (198)
Irrelevant Conclusion (201)
Exercises (204) (ans-474)

10.DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS II (297)


7. INDUCTION FALLACIES (210)
Generalizations (210)
Weak Analogy (215)
Fallacious Appeal to Authority (217)
Fallacious Appeal to Popularity (Fallacious Appeal to Common
Belief) (217)
Fallacies Related to Cause and Effect (220)
Slippery Slope (226)
Untestable Explaination (227)
Line-Drawing Again (227)
Exercises (228) (ans-474)
8. FORMAL FALLACIES AND FALLACIES OF LANGUAGE
(235)
Three Formal Fallacies: Affirming the Consequences, Denying
the Antecendent, and Undistributed Middle (235)
The Fallacies of Equivocation and Amphiboly (238)
The Fallacies of Composition and Division (239)
Confusing Explainations with Excuses (241)
Confusing Contraries and Contradictories (243)
Consistency and Inconsistency (244)
Miscalculating Probabilities (245)
Exercises (249) (ans-474)
9. DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS I (256)
Categorical Claims (258)
Three Categorical Relations (268)
Categorical Syllogisms (276)
Exercises (287) (ans-475)

Truth Tables and Logical Symbols (298)


Symbolizing Compound Claims (306)
Truth Functional Arguments (312)
Deductions (321)
Exercises (338) (ans-479)
11.INDUCTIVE REASONING (344)
Argument from Analogy (344)
Generalizing from a Sample (352)
Scientific Generalizing from a Sample (355)
The Statistical Syllogism (356)
Casual Statements and Their Support (363)
Calculating Statistical Probabilities (381)
Causation in the Law (384)
Exercises (386) (ans-482)
12.MORAL, LEGAL, AND AESTHETIC REASONING (394)
Value Judgements (395)
Major Perspective in Moral Reasoning (401)
Moral Deliberation (409)
Legal Reasoning (414)
Aesthetic Reasoning (418)
Exercises (428) (ans-486)
GLOSSARY (455)

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