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Monday, November 3, 2014

10:03 PM

Test 3 Review
Be able to apply the concepts; merely memorizing definitions will not be enough
to do well on the exam.
Also, dont forget to read any handouts you were provided.
Chapter 10 (16 Qs)
Primary sex characteristic development (Wolffian v. Mullerian)
If there's a Y, it releases androgens which make the wolffian develop the male sex characteristics
and the gonads turn into testes/balls. Mullerian deteriorates.
If there's no Y (XX), estrogen is released and the mullerian ducts develop into female stuff and the
gonads become ovaries. Wolffian deteriorates.

Intersex children
Intersex children/Hermaphrodite - child born but you can't determine whether it's male or
female (the other gland didn't deteriorate); the genitalia by physical appearance is either both or
indeterminate

Gender Dysmorphic (Identity) disorder


Gender identity/dysmorphic disorder - those who become or are thinking of becoming
transgender. Feel like female trapped in male body or male trapped in female body. Gender does
not align with sex.

2 theories of gender development (be able to distinguish them in scenarios)


Biological influences - hormones and chromosomes
Male hypothalamus and amygdala are more activated by visual sexual stimuli
Environmental influences - parenting, surroundings, and culture

Androgyny and its advantages


Androgyny - the characteristic of possessing the most positive personality characteristics of males
and females, regardless of actual sex; not confined by gender roles
Advantages
More flexible
More competent
More autonomous
Less depressed

Gender differences (regarding communication and cognitive ability)


Cognitive differences - there is no longer a significant difference
Males are better at math and science
Females are better at verbal
One area... men are still better at spatial rotation (show an object and it's turned, what's it
look like?) because of the nature of play. Boys are outside playing
Emotional expression
Guys engage in report talk. Tell me what you need to tell me, I'll see you then. This is what
you do. Just want to fix
Girls relate. The girl wants to talk about her feelings

4 Stages of sexual response


Excitement - first response
Heart beats faster when you see the person you're in love with. Pupils dilate.
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Heart beats faster when you see the person you're in love with. Pupils dilate.
Plateau - excitement fades and you keep going
Tantric sex - hours and hours of teasing. Staying in the excitement and plateau phase
Orgasm - rhythmic contractions of muscles of the vaginal walls or the penis; 3rd and shortest
phase
Seminal fluid - contains sperm; how you get pregnant
Resolution - sleep, body goes back to its normal state
Refractory period - period before you can have sex again, before you can be physically
aroused again
Longer refractory period the older you get (positive correlation: age goes up,
refractory period goes up)

3 major sex studies and the main contribution of each


Masters and Johnson - Used volunteers (some were prostitutes) then observed and measured
their physiological responses during all phases of sexual intercourse
Masters of Sex
Originally took prostitutes and hooked them up and studied them while they had sex. Then
started recruiting college volunteers
Kinsey Studies - Series of sexual behavior surveys in late 1940s / early 1950s, US
Many surveys were done in face to face interviews
Highly controversial findings about common sexual behavior including:
Homosexuality
Sexual orientation can be on a continuum (experimentation)
Premarital sex
Extramarital sex
Problem: it was a large sample but they were all white middle-class educated people
Janus Report - large-scale survey of sexual behavior in 1990s, US
Similar to Kinsey but looked at more types of sexual behavior and included sexual deviances
Beastiality, S&M, fetishes, incest, swingers

Organic v. sociocultural v. psychological sexual dysfunction


You can't perform and you want to OR you just dont want to
Organic dysfunction:
Caused by a physical disorder
Age causes some of the disorders
Sociocultural dysfunction:
Caused by negative attitudes about sex
Religion/culture make women feel like they shouldn't enjoy it
Psychological dysfunction:
Caused by personality, trauma, or relationship problems
PTSD of the vagina (shuts down and won't open)

Paraphilias (be able to recognize in scenario) and possible causes


Pedophilia - sexual arousement and fulfillment through kids; attracted to pre-pubescent children
Very difficult to treat. Ask to be castrated sometimes (doesn't help with the fantasies)
You can be a pedophile and not act on it
You are NOT a pedophile if you didn't know they were underage. There is not a distinction in
the law and you will still be labeled as a pedophile. You're 23 in a bar, meet a girl who looks
of age, says she's 19, ends up she's 16.
Fetishism - an object or body part that must be central to arousal; usually from the first
experience
"I can't get excited without _____"
The "furries" - stuffed animals > then gets out of hand
Foot fetish
Exhibitionism - have to make a public "showing" before they can get excited
Local neighborhood flasher "beware the man in the raincoat"
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Local neighborhood flasher "beware the man in the raincoat"


Voyeurism - watching people that don't know you're watching
Peeping-Toms
Frotteurism - people take advantage of crowded places
Concerts/parties where people are rubbing on you
Necrophilia - sex with dead bodies
Jeffrey Dahmer - had sex with his victims, cut them up, cooked them and ate them
Transvestism - wearing the opposite gender's clothes gets them sexually excited
Typically men wearing women's clothes

STDs
STDs - can affect the sex organs, ability to reproduce, and may cause pain, disfigurement, or even
death
Bacterial STDs: Can be treated.
Chlamydia - "The Silent Disease"
75% women 50% men don't show symptoms
Untreated can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (infertility)
If you're ever exposed to aids 5x more likely to contract it
Syphilis
Sores, rashes, latent
If you don't address it in the beginning, after latency it is too far gone. Can spread to
the brain and cause blindness, insanity and death
Gonorrhea - "The Clap"
Gonorrhea superbug in Japan can spread 500x more resistant to antibiotics
If untreated, pelvic inflammatory disease (infertility), kidney failure for men, urinary
issues
Viral STDs: Doesn't go away. NO CURE, only treatment from symptoms
Genital herpes
Cold sores are not genital herpes!
1 in 6 people have it
Undiagnosed herpes can be deadly to newborn
Genital warts (HPV)
Can cause cervical cancer
Males have it in their mouths
1 in 15 have it in their mouths
Related to throat and neck cancer
Gardasil
AIDS or acquired immune deficiency syndrome - viral disease that causes deterioration of
the immune system
You don't die from aids, you die from lack of immune system (pneumonia, influenza)

Chapter 11 (14 Qs)


Types of stress
Distress - bad type of stress
Eustress - good type of stress; optimal amount of stress that you need (motivation)

Cognitive appraisal approach to stress (primary v. secondary stage)


Cognitive appraisal approach - how people think about a stressor determines how stressful it will
become
Primary appraisal
Is it a threat?
No > no stress
Yes > secondary appraisal
Secondary appraisal
Do I have resources to deal with my stress?
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Do I have resources to deal with my stress?


Yes > lower stress
No > high stress and anxiety

Sources of stress
Catastrophe - unpredictable, large-scale event creating intense feelings of threat + a tremendous
need to adapt/adjust
Natural disasters and terrorist attacks
Can lead to:
PTSD - flashbacks, night terrors, extreme vigilance
ASD (Acute Stress Disorder) - same symptoms as PTSD but goes away after 30 days
Major Life Events - cause stress by requiring adjustment; any kind of transition
Graduation, marriage, loss of a loved one, divorce, children, moving, losing your job, kicked
out of school
Hassles - daily annoyances of everyday life
Traffic, homework, gnats and mosquitos

Why we stress (pressure, locus of control)


Pressure
Everyone's expecting everything from you
Parents, teachers, peers, advisors, significant others
If your significant other causes you more stress than relieves it, it's time to extract
yourself.
Locus of Control
External - out of your control; very high stress
Internal - you can at least control parts of your life

Reactions to frustration
Frustration (external v. internal)
Aggression (physical and verbal) - take out stress on the object that is causing stress (yelling
at your boss because they got you mad)
"This won't work" = throw things
Displaced aggression - take out stress on something else (boss gets you mad, take it out on
your kids)
Escape or withdrawal
Drugs, not think about it
Depression (anhedonia)
Total withdrawal/escape
Whatever you do you can't get ahead
Anhedonia - Inability to take pleasure in things you used to like

Types of conflict
Approach-approach conflict - 2 things that you want, have to choose one
Do you want cake or pie?
Avoidance-avoidance approach Toothache, deal with the pain or go to the dentist?
Approach-avoidance conflict - one decision but the decision has good and bad aspects
Going to class, getting married
Double approach-avoidance conflict
Going to move out of dorm, do I buy a house in the city or suburbs?
There's 2 girls I wanna marry, which one?
Multiple approach-avoidance conflict
Getting accepted to multiple colleges

Physiological stress response and the immune system


Immune system - bodily system that responds to attacks from diseases, infections and injuries
Psychoneuroimmunology - study of effects of psychological factors on the immune system
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Psychoneuroimmunology - study of effects of psychological factors on the immune system


Natural killer cell - immune system cell responsible for suppressing viruses and destroying tumor
cells

Personality types (be able to distinguish in a scenario)


Type A personality
Ambitious, time conscious, extremely hardworking
PLUS high levels of hostility and anger
PLUS easily annoyed
Higher incidence of coronary heart disease
Type B personality
Relaxed, laid-back;
Not as driven and competitive than Type A;
Slow to anger
Type C personality
Pleasant but repressed
Internalizes anger and anxiety
Difficulty expressing emotions
Higher incidence of cancer
Hardy Personality
Thrives on stress, but lacks anger and hostility of Type A personality
Optimists versus Pessimists
Pessimists are a bit more accurate in their world view
Eeyore!
Optimists are happier and healthier
Pooh!
Pessimists are right but Optimists are happy

Types of acculturation and amount of stress associated with each (be able to
distinguish in a scenario)
Acculturative stress
Resulting from need to change or adapt to a new majority culture
Four Methods of Acculturation:
Integration - still maintain original culture but you form a positive relationship with new
culture
Least stress
Assimilation - lose old culture and learn new culture
Immigrants lose their roots; you're an American now
Moderate stress
Separation - not mingling with new culture
immigrated but find pockets of their culture and stick with it, don't learn language or
lose original culture
A lot of stress
Marginalization - not keeping original culture but not accepting of the new one either; no
social support (family, friends, network)
All alone
Most stress

Coping (problem focused v. emotion focused)


Coping strategies - actions to master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize effects of stressors
Problem-focused coping - you recognize what the stressor is and deal with it directly
Problem: exam; so much going on you don't know what to do
Solution: drop out of school; make a list
Emotion-focused coping - deal with the symptoms of the stress
Sleep, drink, drugs, exercise
Meditation: mental exercise meant to refocus attention and achieve a trancelike state
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Meditation: mental exercise meant to refocus attention and achieve a trancelike state
of consciousness
Can affect genes; epigenetics (turn beneficial ones on and harmful ones off);
after volunteers meditates twice a day for 8 weeks and those who meditated
were healthier

Defense Mechanisms (be able to recognize in a scenario)


Denial - denial when you get "bad news"; refuse to look at red flags because whatever you deny is
threatening
Repression - something traumatic happens and you can't really remember all of it to protect you
from dealing with the stress of the memory
Rationalization - reason out doing something slimy
"everyone else does it" "It's not hurting anybody" "It's not that big of a deal" "Other people
do worse" Ex: Enron
Projection - you have these unrespectable impulses that you project onto someone else;
Whatever you dislike on other people is really what you dislike about yourself
You want to steal a computer, it disappears
You're cheating on your spouse but all of the sudden you feel jealous like they might be
cheating on you
Reaction formation - when you express explicitly intense hatred towards an action or behavior
that in reality you feel
You're extreme right wing conservative family-man but has an affair with same-sex massage
therapist
Extreme homophobia; measured male sample's homophobia-ness then hooked them up to
measure sexual arousal; then they were shown male-on-male porn; the ones that scored
highest on homophobia were the most aroused
Displacement - see DISPLACED AGGRESSION ; take out your stress on something less threatening
Ex: bullying
Regression - regress to childlike patterns of behavior; if I don't deal with it I don't have to deal with
the stress; whiny, crying
Identification - instead of regressing, the person tries to become like someone else to deal with
stress
Ex: Batman
Compensation (Substitution) - you feel inferior in one way so you compensate in another area
Big monster trucks, short body builders
Sublimation - take socially unacceptable urges and channeling them into something that is
somewhat acceptable
You want to kill people so you join the army
Want to be an exhibitionist (flasher); be a stripper
Like to have sex in public; be a pornstar

Chapter 12 (20 Qs)


3 components of social influence
Conformity, compliance, obedience
Famous studies and main results of each (Asch, Milgram, Festinger, & Zimbardo)
Asch - early 1950's; what did it take for people to go along with strangers for silly stuff
Volunteers report to a room. Participant that reported was only participant. Everyone else
was in on it. Showed everyone the first line and then showed comparison lines. Everyone
said aloud "number 3" even though it looks least like it.
People will just conform so they won't stick out. The one thing that would keep people from
conforming was if one person out of the confederates chose the correct answer.
Milgram (Yale 1964) - wondered how all that bad stuff happened in Nazi Germany; why did these
people obey their government? Were they all sociopaths?
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people obey their government? Were they all sociopaths?


Recruited participants to be "teachers" who administered what they thought were real
shocks to a "learner" the learner was a confederate in on the experiment. Tells "teacher" to
administer the words. Each time the "learner" got a word wrong, the teacher was told to
turn up the voltage dial on the shocker (slight shock to danger death)
Every participant went all the way past 300 (severe shock). When they had some concern,
Milgram would say "you must continue" "the experiment requires that you continue" "We
will take all responsibility" 65% went all the way to 450v
Apparently really easy to get people to obey authority figure even if it harms others
Festinger's Experiment (Stanford): participants were asked to come in and do tasks. Takes some of
the participants to a different room and they're supposed to turn pegs in a box for an hour. After
this, half the people were paid a dollar to lie to them and tell them it was super interesting and
fun. The other half were paid $20 to do the same thing.
The people paid a dollar to lie said "it wasn't that bad" because they felt dissonance for lying
for only a dollar
The $20 people didn't feel any dissonance so they said it was boring
Zimbardo (Stanford prison experiment) - recruited people to participate for 2 weeks. Converted
the basement of psychology department to a prison. Randomly assigned to be prison guard or
prisoner. Prisoners were "arrested" and taken in.
Everyone got so into their social roles that they had to stop experiment at day 5
Prisoners revolted on day 2 (hunger strike). One hade a psychological break-down

Groupthink
Groupthink - super cohesive group and you don't go against the group. Don't express dissenting
opinions; more importance is placed on maintaining group cohesieveness than on assessing facts
of a problem
Challenger disaster (1986)
Gangs, military, NASA, Mafia, Titanic ("It's unsinkable")

Compliance techniques (be able to distinguish in scenario)


Four ways to gain compliance:
Foot-in-the-door technique - traveling salesmen; knock on door, put foot there so you can't
shut door on them. Give them a moment. Takes way more than a moment.
Ask for a small commitment when you really want more
Happens at the mall when you see a kiosk. AVOID it or look at phone. DON'T answer
their questions.
Door-in-the-face technique - they ask you straight for a commitment
"Can I have some money"
Ask for big commitment then ask for what he's really trying to sell.
Do you want to buy a roll of raffle tickets? How much? $50; NO. How about just
one? How much? $1; sure.
Lowball technique - negotiate a price then ends up being a different price
When you buy a car and negotiate a low price then when you're about to sign it it's
way more
Buy tickets online for $30 then find out it's like $60 for convenience/processing fee
That's-not-all technique - Billy Mays commercials; you hear about something but "that's not
all" by the end you're like OMG it's such a good deal
Norm of Reciprocity - if you do something for someone, you kind of expect that they'll do
something back
"I'll get lunch" "Oh, I'll get lunch next time"

Task performance and how presence of others affects (facilitation v. impairment


v. loafing)
Social facilitation - presence of others positively impacts performance of an easy task
Exercise (cardio)
Social impairment - presence of others negatively impacts performance of a difficult task
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Social impairment - presence of others negatively impacts performance of a difficult task


Learning new music
Social Loafing - presence of others makes it more likely one will be a slacker

Attitude formation
Direct contact with person, situation, object or idea
Experience yourself and figure it out.
I found out I don't like beans when I put them in my mouth
Direct instruction from parents or others
"you would not like how it feels to smoke pot so don't do it"
Interacting with other people with certain attitudes
Observational learning
You go out to eat with a friend and they spit it out so you don't want to try it

The ELM (central v. peripheral route)


Elaboration likelihood model - people either elaborate (think carefully on a persuasive message or
not
Central-route processing - strong information, good message, good facts, want you to think
Peripheral-route processing - might have weak argument, talk for a really long time about
irrelevant things, give out free stuff, don't want you to think about it too much

Cognitive dissonance
Distress that occurs when a person's behavior does not correspond to that person's attitude
It pisses me off that my coffee's $5 every morning but it's so convenient
"this is too expensive" attitude doesn't match "I'm gonna do it anyway" behavior
Smoking
Know it's bad but you do it anyways
Affair
I have morals but a boyfriend on the side anyways
To relieve this distress: Basically rationalize your behavior
Change behavior
Change cognition
"eh, $5 isn't that bad" "I can afford it"
Form new cognition
"if I didn't stop at Starbucks, I'd be late every morning"
Festinger's Experiment

Attributions and the FAE


Attribution theory determine why they're doing whatever they're doing
Dispositional attributions
Situational attributions
Well maybe they're in a hurry to see their sick child
Fundamental attribution error: the tendency to overestimate the influence of internal factors
while underestimating situational factors in determining the behavior of others
You see a dad swat a kid on the corner of the street. We automatically assume they're
abusing him but dont stop to think that maybe the kid tried to run out into the street
That person cut in line 'cause they're a jerk, not because they didn't see me

Prejudice v. discrimination
Prejudice - negative attitude about the members of a particular social group
Discrimination - treating people differently because of prejudice
Basis is in-group v out-group. You're not part of my group therefore you're the out-group
Alien invasion or zombie attack would unite the world but once the aliens left we would all
hate each other again.

Scapegoating
Scapegoating - victimizing those with the least power
Rodney King riots - first incidence of mass media getting video of white racist cops beating
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Rodney King riots - first incidence of mass media getting video of white racist cops beating
up black man. Riots occurred in newly immigrated Asian neighborhoods where there
couldn't really be much done

Love triangle
Sternberg's three components of love:
Intimacy - emotional closeness, I know you and I like you
Passion - gotta have you, always thinking about you
Commitment - nobody but you

The bystander effect and diffusion of responsibility


The presence of others affects the decision to help or not help a person in need
Explained by:
Diffusion of responsibility - person's failure to take responsibility because of the presence of
others who are seen to share the responsibility
Kitty Genevese (1964) - attacked raped and killed in her neighborhood. Heard and seen by 38
witnesses but nobody did anything about it because they thought "someone else had done it"

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