DEPARTMENT OF QUANTITY SURVEYING

KULIYAH OF ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN

INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA

ASSIGNMENT
AWARD OF MARKS
GROUP MEMBERS

SEMESTER
SESSION
SUBJECT
COURSE CODE
TOPIC
EVALUATORS NAME
AZRIN MOHD DIN
DATE OF SUBMISSION

: ABDUL RAFIQ BIN ADMARA

1117885
AWANGKU NAZREEN BIN AWG NAPRI
1218835
ISMAIL BIN RAZALI
1214767
KAMARUL HAZLAM BIN SAIPOL BAHRI 1310551
MUHAMMAD ADLI BIN ROSS LAN
1312659
MUHAMMAD FARIS BIN ZAINAL ABIDIN 1219873
MUHAMMAD RIDHWAN BIN JAMALUDIN 1225643
MUHAMMAD SHAHMI MOHD ADNAN
1319145
:1
: 2014/2015
: ADVANCED BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
: AQS 2291
: METAL CLADDING
: ASST. PROF. DR. MOHD FAIRULLAZI AYOB / SR.

To be filled by the evaluator

Score
Remarks

: 7TH MAY 2015

:
:

Received at the KAED counter on: ___________________

at: ___________________

CONTENTS

Page No
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
INTRODUCTION

1
2

1.0 Types of Cladding

1.1 Stone Cladding

1.2 Glass Cladding

1.3 Timber Cladding

1.4 Metal Cladding

10

1.5 Vinyl Cladding

13

1.6 Precast Concrete Cladding

15

2.0 Proposed Type of Cladding: Metal Cladding

17
3.0 Details of Metal Cladding

18

2.1 Technology

19

2.2 Cost

21

2.3 Time

22

2.4 Workmanship

23

2.5 Life Expectancy

4.0 Case Study

27
28

4.1 KLCC Twin Tower

29

4.2 Bangsar Shopping Centre

31

CONCLUSION

33

BIBLIOGRAPHY

34

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The accomplishment of this assignment can be attributed to contributions from
infinite sources, but unfortunately space does not grant credit to them all. First and
foremost, our full gratitude we wish to our respectful lecturers, Sir Azrin and Sir
Fairullazi, who provided insight and expertise that greatly assisted the research, and
for their comments that greatly improved this report documentation. Great
appreciation also credited to our cooperative classmates as well as seniors for
sharing their pearls of wisdom with us, thus making this assignment simply done.
Last but not least, we are especially grateful to our diligent group members, without
whose

perseverance

this assignment would

never have

been

successfully

accomplished.

INTRODUCTION
The exterior wall surfaces of a building form the skin of the building. In building
terminology, these surfaces or building components are referred to as cladding. Wall
cladding can be made from aluminum, steel, brick, stone, fiber cement, vinyl,
timber and weatherboard, among other materials, each with their own pros and
cons.1
Factors to consider when choosing wall cladding include strength and
durability, appearance, weather-resistance, maintenance, insulation value and cost.
Different type of wall cladding gives buildings a different look. The best wall
claddings are resistant to wind, water and snow, as well as having high resistance to
physical, mechanical damage and load-bearing properties. Furthermore, differences
in cost and the amount of cleaning and maintenance you're willing to perform may
help narrow the selection further.
For the sake of this assignment, well be discussing in detail about the most
sophisticated and elegant cladding type; metal cladding, in the following sections.
Justifications and elaborations will be given on why we prefer this type of cladding,
among all, to be installed over the large-scale building surfaces. Besides, we will
also cover briefly the types of cladding materials available in the country specifically
and the world at large.

1 Sage Kalmus, Define Wall Cladding, http://www.ehow.com/info_7746591_definewall-cladding.html.

1.0 TYPES OF
CLADDING

1.1 STONE CLADDING

Stone cladding is often used to conceal a less appealing finish (like concrete), but
can also serve as an alternative to weatherboard or other options in external
cladding, perhaps even as a decorative feature to complement another style of
cladding. Stone exteriors look great and the cladding is available in a wide variety of
styles.2 Stone can help achieve almost any look, from cottage to castle.
Although it can be more expensive than other cladding options, properly
installed stone cladding is very durable and resists damage from fire and strong
weather conditions. Cladding often helps to create a tight building envelope with a
well-functioning vapour barrier, so moisture is kept out of home but can escape it if
necessary. Cladding is also a good start to creating a well-insulated home, but more
insulation will be needed to help regulate the temperature effectively.

1.1.1 Installation Method

Stone cladding can be more difficult to install than other types of cladding, as
it is heavier and puts more stress on foundations and walls.
Once the house frame is put up and sheathed with plywood or a similar thin,
flexible material, then only the cladding can be installed.
It generally comes in sheets, which are attached to the outside of the wall
studs and sheath, leaving a space between the cladding and the sheath to
allow water and air to circulate.
Before installing the stone veneers, the wall surface is usually first treated
with a waterproofing material.
This prevents water from getting inside the house but also allows
condensation from inside to escape, which helps prevent mold, mildew and
rot.

1.1.2 Maintenance

Stone cladding needs almost no maintenance aside from a yearly wash.

Stones with gaps or protrusions have a tendency to grow mold or mildew on
the sides that are shadowed from the sun.
'Efflorescence' also has a tendency to appear on stone and masonry walls.
This white powdery coating of salt is a product of water evaporating out of
the stone. It can easily be dealt with by scrubbing the stones gently with a
non-wire brush dipped in a diluted white vinegar solution.
If the cladding has mortar in between the stones, it is recommended to check
this annually and replace it as required.

2 Stone Cladding, http://www.build.com.au/stone-cladding

1.1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages

Stone cladding has its pros and cons which can be summarized as follows:

Advantages
Durable and strong
Generally very attractive

Low maintenance

Disadvantages
Can be expensive
Poor thermal regulation and
insulation
Risks looking tacky
(Source: http://www.build.com.au/stone-cladding)

1.1.4 Types of Stone Cladding

Vast variety of stone cladding is available in the global market. Some examples are:

(Source:
http://mastic.plygem.com/wps/portal/mastic/masticroot/products/stoneveneer)

1.2 GLASS CLADDING

Glass cladding might not sound very effective, particularly for architectural
purposes, but glass cladding does have certain advantages since the glass is
actually made specifically for the purpose of being protective. 3

1.2.1 Classifications of Glass Cladding

Traditional Glazing
Louvers
Toughened glass
Modern Glazing
Frameless glass curtain wall
Stick-frame glazing
Spandrel glass
Reflective glazing
Fin supported glazing
Cable stayed glazing

1: Frameless curtail wall

2: Stick-frame glazing
3: Spandrel glass

3 Neal Litherland, Glass Cladding Advantages,

http://www.ehow.co.uk/list_7466986_glass-cladding-advantages.html

1.2.2 Advantages
The benefits glass cladding could offer include:

Use of glass in construction work adds beauty to the building.

Its use fulfills the architectural view for external decoration.
By using glass in interior, it saves the space inside the building.
Glass cladding in building fulfill functional requirement of lighting, heat
retention and energy saving.
Its use appear a sense of openness and harmonious.
As toughened glass is available, one can have good interior design with the
use of glass in transparent staircase, colored shelves, ceiling etc.
Glass is an excellent material for thermal insulation, water proofing and
energy conservation.
Glass is bad conductor of heat; it saves energy in air conditioning of building.
For making glass partition on upper floors, no extra design is required for slab
as glass is light in weight.4

1.2.3 Disadvantages
Some inevitable drawbacks are:

As glass is very costly material, it may increase the budgeted cost of

construction work.
Use of glass also enhances the cost of security.
Its use in hilly area and desert may cause more maintenance cost.
Glass is also unsafe for earthquake proven area.

4 Amit Hasija, Advantages and Disadvantages in Using Glass in Construction,

http://www.gharexpert.com/ques_ans/ans_to_ques.aspx?qid=368 (accessed April
22, 2008)

1.3 TIMBER CLADDING

Timber cladding is an environmentally friendly method that is used to clad
buildings. Boards or planks of wood are used to form the exterior of a building.
Traditionally, timber cladding was synonymous with agricultural buildings such as
barns, and used rough cut, untreated planks of wood as the main building material.
With the advancement of technology and design, this cladding has evolved into a
sophisticated option. It is now a popular choice with architects and builders and is
used extensively in residential and commercial buildings.

1.3.1 Types of Timber Cladding

1: Tongue & Groove

5: Rain Screen

2: Channel

6: Bevel

3: Board & Batten

7: Trim

4: Shiplap
(Source:
http://www.silvatimber.co.uk/cladding.html)

1.3.2 Advantages

Its a lightweight material offering protective and decorative design functions

Dry installation means external envelope is quicker to install
Elimination of heavy masonry outer walls reduces size and cost of
foundations.
Cladding panels may be factory pre-fabricated complete with insulation and
breather membrane.
Wide choice of softwoods, hardwoods and modified woods to suite all
budgets.
Performance easily enhanced by preservative treatment, wood modification,
flame retardants and surface coatings
Outstanding thermal and sound insulation properties
Suitable for both new build and renovation projects
Ease of repair

1.3.3 Disadvantages

Timber cladding requires regular painting or staining to preserve its natural

beauty and protect it from the elements.
Even if timber cladding is painted or sealed, it still carries a risk of spreading
fire, as it is a flammable material.
Timber is a natural material, and as such is subject to a loss of quality or
damage after being exposed to the elements for a long time.
Timber can warp, crack or fade over time, especially if it has not been
installed properly to begin with. This can result in costly repair bills. 5

5 Ben Wakeling, The Disadvantages of Timber Cladding,

http://www.ehow.com/list_6881691_disadvantages-timber-cladding.html

10

1.4 METAL CLADDING

Metal cladding systems not only protect what they are covering, but they also add
an element of beauty to the piece of architecture on which they are placed.

1.4.1 Types of Metal Cladding

Painted Aluminum

Copper Anodized

Anodized Aluminum

Copper

11

Shadow

Perforated

Stainless Steel

Tapered

Embossed

Titanium Zinc

1.4.2 Advantages
Lightweight
It does not put unnecessary weight and pressure on the claddings structure.

12

Strong and Durable

Despite its lightweight, metal is extremely sturdy. Some metal cladding can
even sustain wind gusts up to 225 km/hour.
Many metals do not corrode or crack.
Some types of metal cladding have ability to withstand high shock or force.
Low Maintenance
Metal cladding does not need periodic, costly maintenance.
However it is good to check it every so often to make sure everything looks
normal.
Energy Efficient
Metal cladding reflects solar radiant heat, thus reducing the cooling cost by
10-25%.
Most metal claddings have 25-95% recycled content, and they are 100%
recyclable.
This makes it environmentally friendly.6

1.4.3 Disadvantages

All metal claddings are subject to denting if struck with excessive force.
Sharp objects can pierce metal, especially aluminum, which is softer than
steel.
Subject to scratching, which will reveal the underlying metal.
Subject to rusting if it is not immediately repainted after being scratched.
Metal are more expensive than most other types of cladding.
Metal does not insulate as good as other types of cladding. However, adding
insulation underneath the metal can rectify this problem. 7

6 Scullican, 7 Reasons to Use Metal Cladding, http://www.slideshare.net/Scullivan/7reasons-to-use-metal-cladding-for-your-roof-43100798?related=2 (accessed

December 30, 2014)
7 Emilio, The Pros and Cons of Metal Cladding,
http://www.unitedhomeexperts.com/the-pros-and-cons-of-metal-cladding (accessed
March 22, 2014)

13

1.5 VINYL CLADDING

Vinyl cladding is plastic exterior cladding for a house, used for decoration and
weatherproofing, imitating wood clapboard. It is an engineered product,
manufactured primarily from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin. Approximately 80
percent of its weight is PVC resin, with the remaining 20 percent being ingredients
that impart color, opacity, gloss, impact resistance, flexibility, and durability.
Vinyl cladding is manufactured by co extrusion. Two layers of PVC are laid
down in a continuous extrusion process; the top layer is weatherable capstock,
which comprises about a third of the cladding thickness. This capstock includes
about 10% titanium dioxide, which is a pigment and provides resistance to
breakdown from UV light. Vinyl cladding, like paint, will inevitably fade over time,
but the fade rate is somewhat slower with vinyl.

1.5.1 Advantages
Cost
Its cheaper than traditional wood.
This upfront savings is great. In addition to that, vinyl cladding also makes a
building more energy efficient. Therefore it continues to save you more
money down the line as well.
Durability
It is very durable and long lasting. Once it gets a high quality installation, it
can last for decades to come.
It is resistant to damage from weather conditions, rotting, or the other typical
concerns that come with a standard wooden paneling or cladding.
Ease of Installation
Vinyl siding is not difficult to access or even put up yourself. Its readily
available in home improvement stores across the country.
You can have it installed professionally or, if you are handy around the house,
you can even put it up yourself by following the manufacturers instructions.
Ease of Maintenance
Vinyl cladding doesnt really require any maintenance.
Repainting is not needed to keep it looking great. The color will always be just
as good as it was on day one.
Cleaning the material wont take long either, as everything should just rinse
off with ease.

14

The sun wont fade your colors and none of it will peel away. 8

8 Al Nunley, Pros & Cons of Vinyl Siding, http://clevelandvinylsiding.net/pros-cons-ofvinyl-siding/

15

1.5.2 Disadvantages
Choice of Quality
Some products are definitely of a higher quality than others. Vinyl cladding is not
created in similar quality from one manufacturer to another.
You need to make sure you find high quality materials, and high quality contractors to
get the job done.
Inability to Resurface
Unlike wood, vinyl cladding cant be stained.
That means it cannot be altered how a building is going to look like in a few
years.
While damage and colour fading isnt really a concern, if something odd does
happen, it can be difficult to make a necessary repair, since you cant just
stain one piece to look like the rest of the cladding.
Weak in Water Tightness
Vinyl siding is water resistant, not waterproof. Because of the way that it is
installed, water can sometimes get between the siding and the surface of
your home.
This can cause infestation and mold problems

Some applications of vinyl wall cladding.

16

1.6 PRECAST CONCRETE

CLADDING
Precast concrete panels are reinforced concrete units available in a wide range of
mixes, colors and finishes. Finishes can include acid-etched, smooth or coarse
ground, grit or sand-blasted, rubbed or polished. Mixes designed to resemble
natural stone can also be produced. Highly articulated designs can be
accommodated by the moldable concrete mix.

1.6.1 Advantages
Some benefits of using concrete cladding include:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Faster programme times - not affected by weather or labour shortages.

Improves buildability.
Early enclosure of dry envelope enables follow-on trades to start sooner.
Produces a high standard of workmanship in factory conditions - reduces
potential for accidents, addresses on-site skill shortage.
5. Has a high quality finish that can be left exposed - concrete's thermal
properties can be exploited in low-energy buildings.

1.6.2 How It Is Made

Precast concrete panels are cast face-downwards in purpose-built molds,

usually made of either timber or fibre glass.
A steel reinforcement cage is placed in the mold prior to the concrete being
poured.
Timber molds can be easily adjusted so that maximum use can be made of
each basic mold, further contributing to cost efficiencies.
By inserting mats or rods in the base of the mold different designs and effects
can be created - from false joints to intricate leaf patterns.
Once de-molded, the exposed surface of the unit can be treated in a variety
of ways - acid-etched, smooth or coarse ground, grit or sand-blasted, rubbed
or polished.

1.6.3 Functions
Architectural precast concrete provides architects with an exciting medium when
designing facades for a wide range of buildings, from healthcare facilities to
shopping malls, commercial office buildings to sports stadiums. There are many
function of concrete cladding such as:

Keep water out

Prevent air leakage

17

Control
Control
Control
Control

light
radiation of heat
conduction of heat
sound

1.6.4 Disadvantages
1. System building is less flexible in its design concept than purpose-mode
structures.
2. Most design briefs can be fulfilled without too much modification to the
original concept.
3. Structural connection between the precast concrete units can present both
design & contractual problems.

Examples on application of precast concrete cladding.

18

2.0 PROPOSED CLADDING:

METAL CLADDING
Why choose stainless steel cladding over other cladding materials? There
are many reasons that stainless steel is a good choice, although of course
ultimately it does depend on whether the material is 100% suited to your
application, or whether there is another material that would be better suited. Here
are some of the reasons why stainless steel cladding is becoming a more and more
popular choice

Durability & Technical Properties

Although stainless steel cladding costs more than other types of metal cladding like
aluminum, copper, and regular steel, the investment is well worth it. Stainless steel
is so much more durable and resistant to environmental factors; its polish and shine
can easily be maintained for decades. It will not be eaten away by rust, or change
colour like copper is prone to do.

Architectural and Aesthetic Benefits

Stainless steel cladding can help to create a range of styles, particularly clean,
contemporary styles, and industrial, minimalistic styles. Additionally, it could also be
used to highlight or complement more traditional looks, or to create an eclectic
blend of classic and modern. Steel wall cladding can be easily installed over many
other materials, such as stucco, brick, concrete, or cinder blocks. Whether you need
wall cladding or any other architectural component to improve or modify your
home, office, or workplace, stainless steel is an option worth looking into.

Hygiene & Ease of Maintenance

There are some of the main reasons why stainless steel cladding is the top choice
for commercial kitchens, hospitals, industrial appliances, custom store fixtures, cold
storage facilities, and the like. In addition to its incredible self-repairing ability,
stainless steel is easy to sanitize, maintain, and keep clean. The passive oxidized
film that coats stainless steel renders it completely non-porous, and it simply does
not compare to other cheaper metal choices, not to mention more porous materials
like wood, concrete, or stone. No matter whether you run a small business, or a
manufacturing plant if you need top-quality, hygienic surfaces that require almost
zero maintenance, stainless steel is the way to go.

Environmental Benefits
The majority of stainless steel we use today is composed of recycled stainless steel
or metal that has already served another function in the past. Stainless steel itself is
100% recyclable, and even in the unfortunate event that some of it does end up in
landfills, the material does no harm to the soil it does not release any toxins or
harmful chemicals. Lastly, given the very long lifespan of stainless steel, the energy

19

used in its production and breakdown is minimal. Choosing stainless steel cladding
is one step in the direction of making your business more sustainable.
As you can see, there are many factors that support the choice of stainless
steel cladding. No matter what application you may need it for, it is an investment
that will pay for itself in the long run. Given its lifespan, it ends up being cheaper
than other materials that you may be tempted to use.

20

3.0 DETAILS
OF METAL
CLADDING

21

3.1 DETAILS OF METAL

CLADDING
TECHNOLOGY
3.1.1 Profiled Wall System
A profiled wall utilises metal cladding with trapezoidal, sinusoidal or half round
profiles fixed to the steel structure of a building. Cladding panels can be produced
in 6 different profiles which can be laid horizontally or vertically and can be
manufactured from prefinished steel or aluminium in a vast array of colours;
providing a wide choice of aesthetic finish. Profiles are induced into sheets of
material which are fed through banks of forming rollers in dedicated, state-of-the-art
production machinery.
A profiled wall system offers a range of profiles, materials, colours and
orientations to give a huge choice of aesthetic finish. The acoustic and thermal
performance of built up cladding using profiled sheeting fully complies with Building
Regulations and can be adjusted to achieve specific requirements of the project.
Standard lead times are five days from receipt of cut lengths, depending on the
profile and colour.
Insulation Material
Quilt insulation, will tend to sag unless it is properly supported. In a vertical
orientation system the spacer system runs horizontally, supporting the insulation. In
a horizontal wall system the spacer system runs vertically, offering no support. This
is overcome by using semi-rigid slab insulation. This is stacked into the system as
the external sheet is installed, ensuring continuity of insulation and no risk of
sagging. It is common to use a 0.7mm gauge for the outer profile when a wall is laid
horizontally, especially if a metallic finish is specified. The installation requires care
and skill, and often costs a little more for this reason.

22

3.1.2 Rainscreen System

A rainscreen faade is a cladding applied either during primary construction or as an
over cladding to an existing structure. Rainscreen cladding consists of an outer
weather-resistant decorative skin fixed to an underlying structure by means of a
supporting grid, which maintains a ventilated and drained cavity between the
faade and the structure. Rainscreen cladding is manufactured using a range of
metal and metal composite materials (MCM). MCMs consist of two thin skins of
aluminum or other metals such as copper, zinc and stainless steel continuously
bonded under tension to either side of a thermoplastic or mineral core.

23

The need for complicated damp proof membrane detailing is eliminated and there
will be less risk of cold bridging. The air gap provides ventilation and depending on
the design of the rainscreen, in conjunction with ventilated panel joints, it may also
assist in providing pressure equalization across the outer skin.
Fully pressurized and compartmentalized (zoned) systems control airflow
locally and are usually used on high performance, multi-storey developments.
Where lower performance is required, for example in low rise structures, then a
similar cassette panel system, although not fully pressure equalized, performs well.

24

Pressure Equalization
The pressure equalization concept is simple. When outside air pressure is
transferred to an air space behind the exterior cladding, the air gap compartments
must be small enough, the air barrier system must be airtight enough and the area
of the venting through the rainscreen must be large enough to allow sufficient air to
move in and out of the compartments under the applied air pressure.

25

The strategy relies on the control of airflow within and through the wall
assembly. In theory, pressure equalization means a zero air pressure differential at
all times across the rainscreen, resulting in a complete elimination of the driving
force for pressure-induced water penetration.

3.2 DETAILS OF METAL

CLADDING
COST
Metal cladding may be higher in terms of cost compared to timber, vinyl,
concrete and any other cheaper claddings. Besides their great durability, they have
countless benefits to the environment making the investment is well worth it. The
majority of metal claddings we use today is composed of recycled metals that has
already served another function in the past. Stainless steel itself does no harm to
the soil as it does not release any harmful chemicals .
When compared to timber, it needs annual or twice a year repainting and
worse the trees were chopped down for it. Same goes to the bricks, repainting
works need to be undertaken if dirts are all over the wall. In contrast to metal
claddings, mud, grime or dust can be easily washed away on the smooth shiny
metals. After all, the money you invested for metal claddings pays you back while a
cheap material demands more.

3.3 DETAILS OF METAL

CLADDING
TIME
The time to install metal cladding is based on the size of the building, the quantity
of the cladding and the experience of the worker. For instance, if the installer is
skilled worker and the size of the building is small, it takes shorter time for
installation. The shorter the time to install the cladding, the lower the cost would be.
On the other hand, the longer the time it takes the higher the cost. This is because
the rent and wages need to be paid for labour and machineries.

26

3.4 DETAILS OF METAL

CLADDING
WORKMANSHIP
Metal cladding can be easily installed over many other materials. Whether you need
wall cladding or any other architectural component to improve or modify your
home, office, or workplace, metal cladding is an option worth looking into.
3.4.1 Profiled Sheeting Cladding
One of the earliest and common types of metal cladding is profiled sheeting. It can
be applied to both roof and walls, in each case the performance requirements vary.
Below are the steps or method of installation of profiled sheeting cladding.
Method of Installation

Diagram shows a brief method of installing Profiled

Sheeting Cladding

27

1
2

3
4
5

6
7

Firstly, place and fix steel girts at 400mm gap.

Then fix a flat board horizontally. Make sure all boards are carefully fixed inline on steel girts. Leave the joints unfastened as the board will be held in
place by the battens.
The bottom row of boards should be 5mm further from the floor
The gap between boards should be 2mm
Then, place and fix steel battens at 400mm spacing. It should be aligned with
steel girts.

After all has been set up, position and fix the metal cladding sheets. It should
now be fastened with screws on the spacing battens
Make sure the sheets are fit so that the boards behind are not visible.

28

Handling
Use a respirator, wear leather or cotton gloves and dustproof goggles if
previous cutting or sanding causes potential dust generation.
To reduce handling damage, the boards should be carried upright.
Wear safety glasses with side shields when cutting or trimming steel
products.
Cut-resistant or leather gloves should be worn when handling steel products.
Foot protection should be worn when handling and transporting products.

29

Cutting
Metal cladding components can be easily cut using a power saw with a steel cutting
blade or tin snips. Avoid the use of abrasive discs as these can cause burred edges
and coating damage. Dust deposits created from cutting or screwing of board and
any metallic off-cuts from cladding must be disposed of carefully. The use of a
vacuum bay is recommended.
3.4.2 Metal Panel Cladding

The method of installation, structures and ways of handling of metal panel cladding
are basically the same as profiled sheeting cladding. The only difference is metal
panel is used instead of profiled sheeting. Diagram below shows some examples of
how metal panel cladding looks like:

30

3.5 DETAILS OF METAL

CLADDING
LIFE EXPECTANCY
One of the criteria of good metal cladding is to provide a weather-tight layer that
provides a suitable internal environment. The metal cladding should also sufficiently
durable to resist external or internal damage as well as can resist corrosion on both
external and internal face of the cladding.
The lifespan of metal cladding will depend on coating, the environmental conditions
and the degree of maintenance. Using inappropriate materials will lead to
unsatisfactory product performance. Knowing the lifespan requirement of the
cladding is crucial where we can decide better of which cladding that suits best for a
building in different situations. Below is the range of life requirement as stated in BS
5427, Code of Practice.
Short Life Requirement
Medium Life Requirement
Long Life Requirement
Very Long Life Requirement

1 5 years to first maintenance9

5 10 years to first maintenance
10 20 years to first maintenance
20 50 years to first maintenance

(Source: British Standard 5427, Cod of Practice for Performance and Loading Criteria for Profiled
Sheeting in Building, Clause 19)

For long life requirement, metal cladding has it all. Aluminium, steel and
stainless steel cladding are durable enough to be used for 30 to 40 years without
any maintenance. Stainless steel cladding for instance, composed of at least 10.5%
chromium (Cr) and more than 50% iron (Fe) making it highly resistant to corrosion,
stains and rust. It has a self-healing property where if it is scratched the chromiumrich oxide layer on its surface simply repairs itself. Besides stainless steel,
aluminium cladding is also highly resistant to corrosion. Bare aluminium reacts
rapidly with oxygen to form a hard, dense layer that inhibits further corrosion. It has
sufficient durability on its own but can be improved by coating.10
Another great advantage of metal cladding is they are easy to maintain. It has
incredible self-repairing ability, easy to sanitize, maintain and keep clean. The
9 The general definition of period to first maintenance is the time at where the
cladding is no longer protect the building and its appearance would be no longer
aesthetically pleasing.
10 Tata Steel, Materials Used in Cladding,
http://www.tatasteelconstruction.com/en/reference/teaching-resources/architecturalteaching-resource/cladding/metal-cladding/materials-used-in-cladding

31

oxidized layer that coats the metals is completely non-porous making it more
reliable when protecting the internal structure of the building, and it simply better
than other cheaper materials, not to mention more porous materials like timber,
concrete or stone. So, if anyone needs a top-quality with almost zero maintenance,
metal cladding is the way you go.

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4.0 CASE
STUDY

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4.1 CASE STUDY

KLCC TWIN TOWER
4.1 Brief to the Project
Kuala Lumpur City Centre (KLCC) is the tallest tower in Malaysia with 452 meters
height. It used to be the tallest in the world but in 2004, Taipei 101 tower beat the
record. However it still keeps the record for the highest twin tower in the world.
This tower was designed by Cesar Pelli, an architect from Argentina, in association
with other KLCC architects based on the basic idea from Tun Dr. Mahathir who was
the Prime Minister of Malaysia at that time. The construction started on 1991 and
finished 7 years later. It consists of 88 levels for both tower one and tower two.
Tower one was constructed by Japans consortium led by Hazama Corporation while
tower 2 was constructed by Samsung Engineering & Construction Co. 11
The exterior surface of the tower was covered with stainless steel extrusion
with 65,000 square meters comprising 33,000 panels surround it. The stainless steel
has high resistance toward the local weather thus can prevent corrosion. Starting
from level 9, the materials used are stainless steel extrusion & laminated glass. The
construction was using 4-day cycle system. The contract for the external cladding of
the towers was awarded to a consortium of Harmon Contract Asia Sdn Bhd,
Lucksoon Metal Works and Nippon Light Metal. The total cost of the project was
RM1.8 billion.

4.2 Type of Cladding

Stainless Steel cladding.

4.3 Advantages
1. Aesthetical Value
It is an incredibly versatile material, and can be fabricated to fit basically any shape,
with a variety of possible textured surfaces.12 Particularly for KLCC, stainless steel
cladding creates a range of styles, ranging from contemporary styles, to
minimalistic styles.

11 http://klcc.stsite.com/fact.php
12 The Advantages Of Choosing Stainless Steel Cladding, http://ath-stainless.com/theadvantages-of-choosing-stainless-steel-cladding/ (accessed July 7, 2013)

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2. Ease of Maintenance
Besides boasting its self-cleaning ability, stainless steel cladding is also easy to
sanitize, maintain and keep clean.
3. Fire Resistance
Stainless steel has better fire resistance in the metallic material. It has nearly 800C
critical temperature. It meets one of the functional requirements of cladding system
which is fire resistance.
4. Resistance to Corrosion
The presence of chromium makes stainless steel not easily being oxidized. It cannot
simply corrode or rust. It can withstand extreme weather and high-humidity
environment. These properties also make stainless steel durable.
5. High Ductile Strength
High ductile strength of stainless steel makes it easily be shaped or bent. It is very
suitable for cladding system because it can be redesigned to any shape that meets
the requirements of the designer.

4.4 Disadvantages
1. Initial Cost
The initial cost for steel cladding is somewhat more expensive than other materials
like timber or bricks, especially in countries lacking of this material.
2. Maintenance Cost
Maintenance cost of a steel structure is very high. Due to action of rust in steel,
expensive paints are required to renew time to time. So that resistance against
severe conditions increases.13

13 Jalal Afsar, Disadvantages of Steel Structures,

http://www.engineeringintro.com/introduction-to-steel/steel-structure/disadvantages-of-steelStainless steel cladding on KLCC external
structures/ (accessed March
16, 2012)
surface.

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4.2 CASE STUDY

BANGSAR SHOPPING CENTRE
5.1 Brief to the Project
Bangsar is an affluent residential suburb on the outskirts of Kuala Lumpur, lying
about 4 kilometers south-west of the city centre. It has grown rapidly in recent
years, but has paid a price in terms of traffic jams and a shortage of parking places.
Developments in neighbouring Bukit Damansara and Mid Valley Megamall have
caused increased traffic to pass through Bangsar, especially along Jalan Maarof .
Being a mature part of Kuala Lumpur, new property launches are few in Bangsar.
Bangsar Shopping Center (BSC), a development project by BRDB
Development Sdn Bhd, is a living, breathtaking, contemporary, lifestyle destination.
This 5-storey retail center is viewed as the nexus of Bangsar community. Since its
opening, BSC has continued to provide a refreshing and ever changing shopping
experience for its customers. BSC went through an extensive redevelopment
exercise in 2008. Since then, it has emerged as a thriving, contemporary
destination, offering a premium and diverse shopping experience, as well as a
variety of options for leisure and dining.14

5.2 Types of Cladding

1. Glass curtain walling
2. Aluminium panel cladding
3. Corrugated steel cladding

5.3 Advantages
1. Enhance human comfort inside the building
2. Possibility to downsize mechanical cooling equipment during design stage.
3. Savings in energy resulting from decreased use of and lesser demand on the
cooling system.
4. Durable and strong

5.4 Disadvantages
1. Costly/ Expensive
2. High maintenance for certain time.
3. Corrodes in some coastal areas

14 Bandar Raya Developments Berhad,

http://www.brdb.com.my/portfolio/commercial/bsc.asp

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Bangsar Shopping Centre extension from

different angles.

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CONCLUSION
Wall cladding unhesitatingly plays an integral role in any building. Not only it
provides good aesthetical value to a building, but most importantly it could function
well to enhance buildings external surface and physical structure. It must be noted
that one type of cladding may not offer all features that other types may have.
Therefore, selection of the best cladding type for a building must be thoroughly
studied before decision is made. This is to ensure the type chosen is best suited to
the purpose and intended look of the building, thus minimizing the threats and
drawbacks that may possibly occur.
This assignment has really helped us in the study of this course, and in the
topic of wall cladding particularly. We are now more enlightened on the subject
especially with regards to the availability of vast selections of cladding in Malaysia,
the use of high-tech cladding systems, the cost contrast between different cladding
types and so much more. To sum up, we really enjoyed doing the research for the
sake of this assignment and look forward to having such beneficial task like this one
in the future!

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books
1. Alan J Brookes, Maarten Meijs, Cladding of Buildings, E-BOK (April 2008)
2. David Leatherbarrow, Mohsen Mostafavi, Surface Architecture, The MIT Press
(February 2005)
Websites
1. Sage Kalmus, Define Wall Cladding,
http://www.ehow.com/info_7746591_define-wall-cladding.html.
2. Neal Litherland, Glass Cladding Advantages,
http://www.ehow.co.uk/list_7466986_glass-cladding-advantages.html
3. Amit Hasija, Advantages and Disadvantages in Using Glass in Construction,
http://www.gharexpert.com/ques_ans/ans_to_ques.aspx?qid=368
4. Ben Wakeling, The Disadvantages of Timber Cladding,
http://www.ehow.com/list_6881691_disadvantages-timber-cladding.html
5. Scullican, 7 Reasons to Use Metal Cladding,
http://www.slideshare.net/Scullivan/7-reasons-to-use-metal-cladding-for-yourroof-43100798?related=2
6. Emilio, The Pros and Cons of Metal Cladding,
http://www.unitedhomeexperts.com/the-pros-and-cons-of-metal-cladding
7. Al Nunley, Pros & Cons of Vinyl Siding, http://clevelandvinylsiding.net/proscons-of-vinyl-siding/
8. Jalal Afsar, Disadvantages of Steel Structures,
http://www.engineeringintro.com/introduction-to-steel/steelstructure/disadvantages-of-steel-structures/
9. Bandar Raya Developments Berhad,
http://www.brdb.com.my/portfolio/commercial/bsc.asp

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