Professional Documents
Culture Documents
VCA -
VAB -
VBC -
Vag -
Vbg -
Vcg -
Vab
Vca
Vbc
VCA
VAB
VBC
Vcg
Vbg
Vab
Vag
Ia
Ib
Ic
Vcn
I. INTRODUCTION
When balanced or slighting unbalanced voltages are applied to
a three-phase induction motor the motor will provide power to the
shaft load. The analysis of an induction motor under a steadystate operation is well documented in the literature. [1], [2] The
motor will operate within its rating when the voltages are
balanced. When the voltages become unbalanced excessive
heating will occur and the motor will have to be de-rated. [3]
A three-phase induction motor operating in the steady-state
will continue to operate when a disturbance on the system causes
the terminal voltages to become single-phase. This condition is
referred to as single-phasing and will result in an operating
condition that produces excess heating in the motor. Such a
condition requires that the motor be provided with protection that
will disconnect it from the system before the motor is
permanently damaged.
The single-phasing can be the result of three possible
disturbances on the system.
Open phase on the substation transformer primary
Open phase on the primary of the distribution step-down
transformer bank
Open phase on the terminals of the motor
This paper will demonstrate how these three conditions lead to
single-phasing of the motor. The paper will go into detail on the
analyze of the most severe of these conditions, the open conductor
at the terminals of the motor.
W. H. Kersting is Professor Emeritus of Electrical and Computer
Engineering at New Mexico State University. He presently is a consultant
to Milsoft Utility Services, Abilene, TX 79608.
(bjkersting@zianet.com)
Vbn
Van
Van -
I21
V12
Vbn -
I32
V23
Vcn -
V23
I13
+
V31
Vab
V31
V12
+
Isa
Motor
Isb
Isc
V12 240/ 0
C
x
VxA -
VAB -
VBx -
VxA
Vag -
Vbg -
Vcg -
VBx
+
-
VAB
Vab
Vca
Vbc
Vag
Vbg
Vbc
Ib
Ia
I21
V12
Vcg
Vca
Vab
Van
Vbn
Van -
V31 240/ 0
Ic
V23 480/180
Vbn -
I32
V23
Vcn -
V23
V31
VCA -
VAB -
VBC -
Vag -
Vbg -
Vcg -
+
-
VAB
Vab
Vca
VCA
Vbc
VBC
V12
I13
+
Vcn
Vcg
Vbg
Vab
V31
Vbc
+
Isa
Ib
Vag
Ic
Motor
Van
Isb
Isc
Van -
I21
V12
Vbn -
I32
V23
Vcn
Vbn
Vcn -
V12
V31
V23
I13
+
V31
+
Isa
Motor
Isb
Isc
VxA 34,500/180
VBx 34,500/180
Feeder Primary:
Vag 3, 600/ 0
Vbg 7, 200/180
Vcg 3, 600/ 0
Vab 10,800/ 0
Vbc 10,800/180
Vca 0
Van 3, 600/ 0
Vbn 7, 200/180
Vcn 3, 600/ 0
Motor Terminals:
Rs
+
V ca V
_ ab
b
+
V bc
_
+ c
Vaa
Is a
Vin
Vs bn _
Vs bc
_
Is
+
Vs
an
_
_
Vs cn
+
(1)
Isc Isb
The symmetrical component sequence currents therefore
are:
1 1
Is0
Is 1 1 a
1
3
2
Is2
1 a
1 0
a 2 Isb
a Isb
a a 2 Is
b
a a Isb
jXr
jXm
Rr
Im 1
Ir 1
RL 1
Vs 2
Is
jXm
Ir
Im 2
jXr
jXs
RL 2
Rr
+
Vs ab
_
Is b
Is
Rs
+
Vs1
jXs
j 3 Isa
j 3 Isa
(2)
It is important to recognize in Equation 2 that:
Is2 Is1
(3)
In order to satisfy Equation 3, the positive and negative
sequence networks for the induction motor must be
connected as shown in Figure 5.
(4)
(6)
RL1
1 s1
Rr
s1
Vs0 0
(7)
1 s2
1 s1
RL2
Rr
Rr
s2
2 s1
Note in Equation 7 that the negative sequence load
resistance will be negative since the positive sequence slip
is always a value of one or less. Typical positive sequence
slip values for a motor operating near its rating will range
from 0.02 to 0.04.
The general equation for the input equivalent
impedance at the terminals of the networks is given by:
Zr RLi
Zeqi Zsi
jXm Zr RLi
where:
(8)
Is2 Is1
(9)
(10)
(11)
VLNsabc A Vs012
(14)
(15)
(16)
Pconvi 3 Iri
RLi
(17)
Or:
Vsan
Vs0
Vs A Vs
bn
1
Vscn
Vs2
Converted Power
The total converted sequence powers are given by:
a Is1
a 2 Is2
i 1, 2
The equivalent line-to-neutral stator terminal voltages are:
VLLsabc D VLNsabc
Is0 0
1 1
Isa
Is 1 a 2
Isc
1 a
(13)
Vsab
1 1 0 Vs an
Vs 0 1 1 Vs
bc
bn
Vsca
1 0 1 Vs cn
Vin
Is1
Zeq1 Zeq2
(12)
(18)
Ilossrotor 3 Ir1
Ilossstator 3 Is1
Ir2
Is2
Rr
Rs
(19)
(20)
V. EXAMPLE
To illustrate the effects of the various single-phasing
conditions, the following induction motor will be analyzed:
150 kVA, 4-pole, Wye connected, 480 volt
Protation _ loss 3250 watts
Z stator 0.0336 j 0.08 per-unit
Z rotor 0.0394 j 0.08 per-unit
Z m 0 j 2.1 per-unit
The motor will be analyzed using a slip of 0.0365 for
the following operating conditions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Case-1
Case-2
Case-3
Case-4
480/0
480/-120
480/120
240/0
480/-180
240/0
0
415.7/-150
415.7/30
359.4/-1.0
480/-120
438.5/81.8
277.1/-30
277.1/-150
277/90
240/180
240/0
138.6/-150
138.6/-170.7
277.1/30
214.1/-41.8
241.9/-145.7
282.1/82.8
179.5/-63.5
179.5/176.5
179.5/56.5
477.1/11.7
628.6/135.3
539.2/-92.1
462.5/82.5
564.2/-170.7
617.6/-36.5
0
274.1/-158.7
274.1/21.3
154.9/-37.2
154.9/-157.2
154.9/82.8
495.3/10.8
601.8/139.4
485.5/-93.5
447.2/78.2
571.3/-167.6
562.9/-34.0
66.4/48.2
276.3/-144.3
212.0/31.8
149.2
0.834
256.7
0.399
256.7
0.399
131.6
0.781
4.99
4.36
9.35
115.02
149.8
47.15
51.03
98.18
4.25
1.34
47.15
51.03
98.18
4.25
1.34
7.75
7.6
15.35
87.35
117.1
3.
References
Wagner, C.F. and Evans, R. D. , Symmetrical
Components, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1933.
Kersting, W. H., Phillips, W. H. Phase frame
analysis of the effects of voltage unbalance on
induction machines, IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Applications, March/April 1997.
Kersting, W. H. , Causes and effects of
unbalanced voltages serving an induction motor,
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Applications,
January/February 2001.