Professional Documents
Culture Documents
March 2014
Submitted to: CONCEPCION RASALAN RACAZA, CPA , MSA
APPROVAL SHEET
This dissertation entitled A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE COSTS AND
BENEFITS OF USING THE TAKAKURA METHOD AND VERMI COMPOSTING IN
BARANGAY KALUNASAN AND TALAMBAN submitted byROSA CARIDAD CALAG,
REYMAR
ENGLIS,
IRENE
JOYCE
FELECIO,
KERVIN
JACABAN,
JANINA
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research paper is the product of the researchers hard work and dedication to
its realization and success. The realization and the success of this will never be
realized without the researchers inspiration. Amidst the challenges that the
researchers faced, the people acknowledge below were the source of their strength
and perseverance.
First of all, the researchers would to acknowledge the role that God has played in
the realization of this paper. Without Him, the researchers would have no light to
guide them along the road.
Second, the researchers would like to thank their beloved parents and family
members. Their love, support, and understanding have allowed them to go beyond
their limits and to do what needs to be done for the sake of their future.
Third, the researchers would like to thank the government sector and the public
sector. Through their own endeavor, they have strived to improve the lives of the
citizens and to prepare the populace for the challenges that the future may bring.
The researchers also owe their researcher paper to them for they worked hand-inhand for the continued improvement of the Philippines. To Mr. CasianoCatapang,
Ms. ConsolacionPaa of CESET, and BEOs of Barangays Kalunasanand
iii
Talamban, the researchersgive their special thank you for imparting your
knowledge and expertise in this research endeavor.
To Engr. Jocelyn Gonzales, the researcherswould like to extend their gratitude for
her selfless contribution to their research paper. She has allowed the researchers
to see more of their research.
Societas.Verbi.Divini.
March XV, MMXIV
iv
ABSTRACT
The researchers presented a Venn diagram that summarizes the advantages and
disadvantages of the two methods and a matrix that shows the costs and profit generated
by the two methods. The major result of the study in the quantitative aspect is that the
Takakura method generates a greater potential income but there is a need for the
barangay to increase its promotion on the Takakura compost for it only generates lesser
sales than the Vermi compost. In the qualitative aspect, the Takakura Method is preferred
by the barangays because it is hygienic and requires lesser space to work on.
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL SHEET
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
CHAPTER
I.
II.
i
ii
iii
v
vii
x
xi
PAGE
INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the Study
THE PROBLEM
Statement of the Problem
Significance of the Study
Scope and Limitations of the Study
Definition of Terms
3
4
5
6
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Review of Related Literature
i. Wastes
ii. Food Wastes
iii. Food Waste Management
iv. Food Waste Management Practices
v. Composting
vi. Takakura Method of Composting
vii. Cebu City Implementation of
Takakura Method
viii. Success Stories in Implementing
Takakura Method
ix. Vermi Composting Method
x. Cebu City Implementation of
VermiComposting
20
9
9
10
11
11
13
14
15
18
vii
xi.
Theoretical Framework
Conceptual Framework
III.
24
25
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design
Research Environment
Research Respondents
Research Instruments
Research Procedures
Gathering of Data
Treatment of Data
IV.
20
27
28
30
31
32
32
33
35
41
41
42
42
viii
BIBLIOGRAPHY
43
APPENDICES
Appendix A - Computations
Appendix B Transmittal Letter
Appendix C Survey Questionnaires
Interview Questionnaires
Appendix D - Documentation
Appendix E Secretarys Report
Appendix F Treasurers Report
Appendix G Curriculum Vitae
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
24
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
25
26
29
29
LIST OF TABLES
37
36
35
38
39
40
xi
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Wastes
are
divided
into
three
categories:
biodegradable,
non-
biodegradable, and special wastes. The Cebu City populace generates 60 percent
or about 240 tons of biodegradable wastes every day. Majority of the wastes
produced by the household and markets are food wastes. Because of the abundant
number of food wastes, one method that was raised to reduce such is through
composting. The two prevalent composting methods used in Cebu are: Takakura
and Vermi.
The researchers are concerned on the liveability of Cebu and the effects of
the increasing food wastes generation. This topic is selected in order to help the
different barangays particularly Barangay Talamban and Kalunasan so that they
would be able to assess further which composting method is more cost beneficial.
Through this, they will be able to qualify and quantify the use of such methods
and at the same time help the environment.
2.
3.
4.
5.
aware if the benefits generated from these methods will outweigh the costs of
undergoing its processes. Lastly, it will help them assess which composting
method is more cost beneficial for the Barangay.
The Government
This would be beneficial to the different government offices especially to the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Department of Public
Services, and other environmental LGUs. Since waste leads to significant carbon
emissions, and landfill disposal often leads to the production of methane gas,
minimizing food wastes would help preserve Mother Nature. In every ton of
garbage disposed, the government pays P 700.00 to the private landfill in
Consolacion, Cebu, this study would help lessen the cost of the City government
in disposing the garbage produced by the citizens.
The Society
This will enlighten the minds of the people in the importance of reducing and
managing waste properly. This will also help them know the pros and cons of
undergoing composting, and at the same time make the environment a better and
safer place to live in.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
intermediaries
Food waste food thrown away because it can no longer be eaten or consumed.
Food waste disposal the act of disposing food waste.
Market- medium that allows buyers and sellers of the by-products of Takakura
and Vermi Methods of composting to gain income
Profitability- revenue less costs in applying the two composting methods
Revenue- is the monetary amount generated from the sales of the by-product of
the two composting method.
LGU- Local Government Unit
CCENRO- Cebu City Environment and Natural Resources Office
CESET- Cebu Environmental Sanitation Enforcement Team
CUSW- Cebu Uniting for Sustainable Water
Non-Biodegradable Wastes - wastes that cannot be broken down by other living
organisms. They are the type of wastes that does not decay over time like plastic,
tires, cans and styrofoam.
Organic Fertilizer - substance made from decayed solid biodegradable waste
useful in farming.
Takakura composting method innovative composting method introduced by
KITA (Kitakyushu International Techno Cooperative Association) which uses
micro-organisms that are cultivated from local materials to break down organic
waste. This method involves making a seed compost from fermented solutions
and a fermenting bed. Organic waste is mixed with the seed compost and left to
degrade in a ventilated container or basket.
Wastes - unwanted materials; the unusable remains, by-products or household
garbage like chemical wastes, garden waste and kitchen waste of the residents of
Barangay Talamban and Kalunasan.
Vermicomposting - the breaking down of organic material through the use of
worms, bacteria, and fungi. The worm used for composting is the African
nightcrawler.
Chapter 2
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
In this chapter the researchers present former studies in the area of Solid Waste
Management. It shows data on the conversion of solid biodegradable wastes
particularly food wastes into organic composts. Furthermore, it presents an insight
on the food waste composting methods of barangay Kalunasan and Talamban.
are
divided
into
three
categories:
biodegradable,
non-
Food Waste
There are many definitions of food waste. Food waste is throwing away
food which could have been eaten by oneself or by others. It also refers to food
thrown away because it has been too long in the dining table making it unsafe for
consumption. Furthermore, it can also be part of food like vegetable leaves or
rotten fruits which can no longer be eaten. (Selina Juul) Simply saying, food
waste is food that should have been used for consumption but is thrown away for
several reasons like improper storage.
10
Composting
Chapter three, article one, section 17 letter g of Republic Act 9003 also
known as Ecological Waste Management mandates that the composting
component shall include a program and implementation schedule which shows the
methods by which the LGU shall, in combination with the source reduction and
recycling components, reduce a sufficient amount of solid waste disposed of
within its jurisdiction to comply with the diversion requirements of Sec. 20
hereof. The LGU component shall include the types of materials which will be
composted under the programs; the methods for determining the categories of
solid wastes to be diverted from disposal at a disposal facility through
11
12
composting is that it can reform soil structure, texture and aeration and improve
the soils capacity to hold water. Furthermore, utilizing composting as a fertilizer
develops good root formation in soils (Compost Guide n.d.)
The common composting methods are: Pot Composting, Plastic Bag
Composting, Tower Tyre Composting, Compost Pits, Windrow (Batas)
Composting, Wire Hoop Composting, Heap Composting and Bottomless Bin
Composting. Composting has many benefits (advantages) such as: it saves money
on fertilizer for plants, acts as an excellent soil conditioner and adds on to soil
volume, and saves water by retaining moisture in the soil. Some of its
disadvantages are: it is slow in becoming compost, attracts insects and may have
foul odour and occupies space.
13
with the seed compost and left to degrade in a ventilated container or basket.
Surabaya in Indonesia was the first City outside Japan to use it. In the Philippines,
Bago City in Negros was the first City to practice it followed by Cebu. (Ramli N.
Home Composting. 2010)
The advantage of the Takakura Method of Composting is that it is fast,
easy, and economical. It is also hygienic and it does not give bad odor. And lastly
it reduces organic waste generation which in turn reduces global warming. (SIBU
MUNICIPAL COUNCIL ,2010)
14
According to another SunStar article dated February 26, 2011, the Cebu
City government has decided to adopt the Takakura method of composting.
Additionally, the article has quoted Rey Parces, the executive director of the
Cebu City Solid Waste Management Board, We hope to reduce the citys solid
waste by 10 percent this year using the Takakura composting method. The
implementation of such method will be one of the components of the citys solid
waste management plan. It had been targeted that the program will reduce waste
generation by 20 percent in three years.
In implementing the program, the City government has partnered with
Japan Fund for Global Environment and the Kitakyushu International Technocooperative Association for the technical and financial aspect of the program.
Parces has also stated that the construction of a Material Recovery Facility
(MRF) is needed in implementing the Takakura composting method. Casiano
Catapang, of Cebu Uniting for Sustainable Water, stated that the program is
feasible as long as segregation is done at the household level.
15
16
17
18
19
20
fertilizer production. They depended on chemical fertilizers and were not aware of
the possible negatives of chemicals in farming. The Sustainable Environment for
Better Living of Families thru Holistic and Encompassing Livelihood Programs
(SELF-HELP Project) consisted of 40 original families from the village of
Bimonton, which is in Mallig, Isabela, Philippines. This self-help group (SHG)
attended trainings on capability enhancement, skills development, livelihood
establishment and values transformation.
The program was introduced to several people and gained successful
results. An example is Mr.Rogelio Abes Jr. Rolly. Through selling vermicast,
an organic fertilizer and with the use of african nightcrawler earthworms, he
gained 53204.90 pesos gross income a month. This income is a big change from
the P89.42 a day he and his wife used to make as seasonal farm laborers.(Pascua
Jr.. 2011) After attending the training, Rolly immediately applied what he
learned about vermicomposting. The vermicast he produced the first six months
was only enough for his backyard garden, but in 2010 he was able to produce at
least 100 bags per month. CORD and Isabela State University helped him with
marketing strategies and promotion in order to broaden the reach of his growing
enterprise. In the same year, the Department Agriculture and other government
agencies recognized and supported his vermicomposting project. The Bureau of
Soils tested his vermicast and graded it as very good quality. With the help of
Rollys group, networks were developed in the academe, cooperatives, and
government and private institutions to expand the vermicomposting project.
(Pascua. 2010)
21
Theoretical Framework
With rising urbanization and change in lifestyle and food habits, the
amount of waste has been rapidly increasing and its composition changing. This
garbage is generated mainly from residential and commercial complexes.
According to the Solid Waste Segregation Ordinance C.O. 2031, Hierarchy of
Solid Waste Management in managing solid wastes, generators must consider
the following options in this order of priority: source reduction, reuse, recycle,
composting and disposal.
Over the last few years, the consumer market has grown rapidly leading to
products being packed in cans, aluminium foils, plastics, and other such nonbiodegradable items that cause incalculable harm to the environment. Nowadays,
shops have begun packing items in reusable or biodegradable bags. Certain
biodegradable items can also be composted and reused. In fact proper handling of
the biodegradable waste will considerably lessen the burden of solid waste that
each city has to tackle. Organic wastes usually take one to two weeks to
degenerate.
Solid waste management is considered to be one of the most serious
environmental issues in Cebu City. The city government of Cebu generates 60
percent or about 240-300 tons of biodegradable waste; the main contributors of
which are the households and markets. The increase of these biodegradable
wastes is found difficult to manage both by the barangays and municipal
government. Through composting, biodegradable wastes can be reduced.
22
Code
(RA
9003).(http://kitaq-
compost.net/sites/default/files/KitaQDocuments/CebuDec12Seminar/5%20Presen
tation.pdf)
23
Waste
Biodegradable
Kitchen
Wastes
Nonbiodegradable
Special
Compostable
Waste
Management
Source
Reduction
Reuse
Recycle
Composting
Disposal
Common types of
composting methods
Takakura Method
Applied composting
methods to enhance
community-based Solid
Waste Management in
Cebu City
FIGURE I.
Vermi composting
Plain Vanilla
Composting
3-Bin Composting
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Trench
Composting
Windrow
Composting
24
25
City
Government
Local
Government
Supply of
materials for
composting
Request of
Takakura and
Vermicomposting
Method materials
Barangay
Unit
Household
Collection of
Garbage
Market
Labour
Force
Composting
Materials
Material
Recovery
Facility
Biodegradable
Waste
Composts
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter contains the research design that the researchers used. This chapter
also explains the research instrument and the research respondents of the study.
Research Design
The researchers chose to carry out a descriptive research design in quantifying
the costs and benefits of converting food wastes into organic fertilizers. The
purpose of the descriptive method of research is to gather information about the
present existing condition of a particular area. (Creswell, 1994). This method
allows a flexible approach, thus, when new issues arise during the duration of
the study, further investigation may be conducted. Qualitative research is a
systematic and subjective approach to describe life experiences and give them
meaning. In contrast, quantitative research is a formal systematic approach
which incorporates numerical data to obtain information about the world.
Qualitative research was used to formulate survey questions that guided the
researchers in their analytical process. Quantitative research was used to
incorporate current market prices of the materials used in the conversion process
while doing the study. Quantitative research was also used in determining the
profitability of using the Vermi and Takakura method of composting.
Research Environment
This section of the study presents the location upon which the research was done.
The main location of the study was in Barangay Kalunasan and Barangay
Talamban, Cebu City. Barangay Kalunasan is the southern business district of
Cebu City and Barangay Talamban, one of Cebu Citys bustling Barangays. The
locations were chosen because those were the barangays who are practicing the
Vermi and Takakura method of composting. The said Barangays had already been
implementing the Vermi and Takakura method for the past four years.
The researchers also went to the barangays and different Local Government Units
of Cebu City to gather more information about the implementation and adoption
of Vermi and Takakura method of composting namely the Cebu City
Environment and Natural Resources Office (CCENRO), Cebu Uniting for
Sustainable Water (CUSW), Office of Councilor Nida Cabrera at Cebu City Hall,
Barangay Luz, Kamputhaw, Inayawan, and Apas.
28
29
Research Respondents
In order to obtain information on the organizational and practical aspects of the
food waste management in Barangay Kalunasan and Talamban, the Barangay
Environmental Officers of Barangay Talamban and Kalunusan were interviewed
and asked to answer the survey. They were chosen for they are in-charge in
conducting the Vermi and Takakura composting method. They also asked them
about their application of Vermi and Takakura method as a way to compost their
food wastes. The researchers also asked them about the assessed costs and benefits
of applying the said method. They also asked about their insights on the
advantages and disadvantages of the composting methods used.
The sample size was based on the number of Barangay Environmental Officers for
the two barangays. Basically, there are five BEOs in each barangay. The BEOs
were chosen as the respondents since they have more knowledge on the composting
made by their barangay.
From the 10 estimated respondents, only 90% were made as respondents of the
study. From the 10 BEOs in barangay Talamban and Kalunasan, only 8 BEOs (4
from Kalunasan and 4 from Talamban) were made as respondents of the study. The
remaining BEOs were not present during the interview/survey. The 9th respondent
came from the office of the CUSW. The estimated sample size of 10 BEOs was
determined using Slovins sample size formula. The researchers also interviewed
the different personalities having knowledge on the Takakura and Vermi
Composting Method in Cebu City particularly the offices of: Cebu City
30
Research Instruments
The researchers conducted one-on-one interviews with the barangay
officials of Barangay Kalunasan and Talamban having knowledge on the
Takakura and Vermi Composting Method. They also interviewed the Barangay
Environmental Officers of the Materials Recovery Division of both barangays.
The interview focused on the frequency of garbage collection, rules on the
control and disposal of waste, their conversion of biodegradable waste
particularly food waste into organic fertilizers, compost methods used, cost and
benefits in employing these methods, process in applying the said methods,
preference among the compost methods used, advantages and disadvantages of
those methods and the reduction of wastes upon implementing the compost
methods.
31
Research Procedures
Data was collected through interviews. Interviews were conducted formally and
informally using open-ended guide questions followed by relevant probing
queries. Before conducting the interviews, the researchers prepared and
formulated an interview guide which was based on the theoretical and conceptual
background. The researchers used books, journals, websites, articles and other
secondary sources useful in the course of the study.
Additional documents on food waste management in the Barangay were also
collected and reviewed and were used as secondary data.
Gathering of Data
Primary Sources
Data was collected through surveys and interviews. This information was
the basis for the data that was taken into account. Barangay environmental
32
Secondary Sources
Secondary
sources
involve
generalization,
analysis,
synthesis,
33
Furthermore, using the formula stated below, the researchers computed the
profitability and costs of applying the Takakura and Vermi Methods of
Composting.
INITIAL COST
Initial Cost (Takakura Method)
=Heap Cost x Number of Recommended Heaps (Capacity
dependent)
Initial Cost (Vermicomposting Method)
=Cost of African Nightcrawlers (Kg) x Number of Pits
POTENTIAL PROFIT
Potential Sales
=Compost Output (Kg) x Selling Price per Kilogram
Potential Profit
=Potential Sales Initial Cost
OPPORTUNITY COST/SAVINGS
Traditional Method Cost
=Amount of Garbage (Kg) x Dumping Fee
Opportunity Cost/Savings
=Traditional Method Cost Potential Profit (Alternative Method)
Given this formula, researchers was able to determine the income generated if
food wastes will be converted into organic fertilizers using the Vermin and
Takakura Method.
34
CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
In this chapter ,the researchers analyzed the data collected which is carried
out in two phases, a quantitative analysis of data based on the results of the
questionnaire and qualitative interpretation based from interviews conducted.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Takakura and Vermi Composting Method
Table 1 shows the advantages and disadvantages of Takakura and Vermi method
based on the interviews and survey.
Table 1
Advantages and Disadvantages of Takakura and Vermi Composting Method
Takakura
-has simple cleaning procedures
-more profitable
-odorless
Advantages
Disadvantages
Vermi
-less laborious
-easier to perform
-has short time to make a
compost
-requires less tools and
equipments
-lower initial and ongoing
costs
-has more buyers
-easy to adopt and practice
-easy to teach for training
-shorter time to decompose
(3 to 5 months)
-difficult cleaning
procedures
-creates unpleasant odors
-can cause hygienic
problems if not done
properly
Although the disadvantages for Takakura is numerous, the respondents are still in
favor of using the Takakura Method in composting food waste because of its
quality, profitability, odorless which would avoid inconvenience to the
community.
Table 2 shows the cost and revenue in using the Takakura and Vermi Method of
Composting.
Table 2
Assessment of Cost and Revenue of Takakura and Vermi Composting Method
TAKAKURA
COST
VERMI
Initial cost
PHP 3,290.00
PHP 3,500.00
Potential Income
PHP 316,085.00
PHP 171,700.00
Potential Savings
PHP 456,905.23
PHP 30,879.35
REVENUE
36
Table 3
Operations and Maintenance of Takakura and Vermi Composting Method
n=9
OPERATIONS
TOTAL
TAKAKURA
VERMI
TOTAL
Easier to perform
Requires less
equipment,materials, or tools
3.5
5.5
Simple to sustain
Hygienic
TOTAL AVERAGE
TOTAL AVERAGE
MAINTENANCE
TOTAL
37
VERMI
ATTRIBUTES
YES
NO
YES
NO
Minimized Waste
Community Participation
5.5
3.5
TOTAL AVERAGE
Table 4 shows that both methods have contributed with the minimization
of waste in the community. The vermi method has greater community partcipation
as compared to the takakura method since it is less laborious. With this, the
community would be able to actively participate without taking too much of their
time.
38
Table 5 shows how Barangay Talamban and Kalunasan sells their by-products
and to whom these products are sold.
Table 5
Vermi
Barangay
Distribution
Channel
Market
Distribution
Channel
Market
Talamban
None. Only
sells at its
Material
Recovery
Facility
Sells directly
to walk-in
buyers
None. Only
sells at its
Material
Recovery
Facility
Sells directly
to walk-in
buyers
Kalunasan
None.
Given to
citizens for
free
None. Only
sells at its
Material
Recovery
Facility
Sells directly
to walk-in
buyers
Since both barangays do not have proper distribution channel, its demand is not
that high. But if there is a proper distribution channel, it would create higher
profits.
39
Table 6 shows that the Takakura composting is preferred over Vermi composting.
Furthermore, majority of the respondents suggest the application of Takakura
composting.
Table 6
Composting Method Preference of both barangays
TAKAKURA
VERMI
TOTAL
Preferred
Method
Recommendable
to other
barangays
Since both barangays prefer and recommend the Takakura Method, it is best to
apply this composting method to the other barangays as a way to minimize
wastes. It is more preferred because it would create higher profit, hygienic and
economical.
40
Chapter 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Findings
Based on the surveys conducted, the researchers came up with the following
results: the Vermi Method is more convenient in terms of operations. While the
Takakura method is easier to maintain because it requires less effort in terms of its
cleaning procedures.
When it comes to the costs and benefits, the Takakura Method would
entail higher initial and ongoing costs. Even though it has higher costs,it is more
profitable than the Vermi method of composting. The two methods aid in waste
minimization.. Lastly, as to the impact or influence in the community, there is
minimal community participation in both methods.
Moreover,
Conclusion
Vermi Method of Composting is less costly and is sold cheaper but the
Takakura Method of composting is more beneficial as to its overall
implementation since it generates better quality composts, provides higher
returns, and is more preferred by the barangays. Takakura Method of composting
is the best method to be implemented in the barangay level.
Recommendation
The barangay should properly document the process of undergoing the
Takakura and Vermi Composting Method and the volume of garbage both
biodegradable and non-biodegradable in order to quantify the amount needed in
composting and the budget to be allocated as per volume. There should also be an
intensive promotion of using composting methods. The barangay officials should
continue to encourage the residents to cooperate in composting through proper
orientation and seminars and implement it through household levels. An
appropriate distribution channel on their by-products should be developed by the
barangays. Constant communication and timely distribution of budgets among the
different organizations should be observed.
Future researchers should give focus and spend more time in conducting
studies regarding environmental issues in the society. They should better analyze
and fill in the gaps in data gathering in a wider population specifically on the
respective households.
42
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Books
H. Panda (2011). Manufacture of Biofertilizer and Organic Farming. Asia
Pacific Business Press Inc.
Whitman, Ann (2001). Organic Gardening for Dummies. For Dummies,
Asia Pacific Business Press Inc.
E-Books
A Short Guide to Food Waste Management Practices. Lean Path.
Retrieved from: http://www.leanpath.com/docs/Waste_Guide_o.pdf
D.G.J. Premakumura (2010/2012). Best Practices and Innovations in
Community-Based Solid Waste Management in Cebu. Retrieved from:
http://pub.iges.or.jp/modules/envirolib/upload/4336/attach/Dickella_Pr
emakumara_final[Best_Practices].pdf
How to Manage Household Waste. Unesco. Retrieved from:
http://www.unesco.org/education/educprog/ste/pdf_files/asiamaterials/
unit8.pdf
Guidelines for Municipal Solid Waste Management in the
Mediterranean Region, Medicites. Retrieved from:
http://www.medcities.org/docs/3%20Urban%20Waste%20generation
%20and%20classification.pdf
Home Composting: Step-by Step guide to Takakura Composting.
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies. Retrieved from:
43
http://starstorage.blob.core.windows.net/archives/2010/1/5/lifefocus/ho
me_composting.pdf
Dickella Prekamura Final (Best Practices)
http://pub.iges.or.jp/modules/envirolib/upload/4336/attach/Dickella_Pr
emakumara_final[Best_Practices].pdf
Journals
Gan Huei Ying*and Mahamad Hakimi Ibrahim (June-August 2013). Local
Knowledge In Waste Management: A Study Of Takakura Home Method.
Journal of Environmental Science, Computer Science and Engineering &
Technology (Vol. 2 No. 3)
News Article
Borromeo, R. U. (March 24, 2011). Cabrera tags "dirtiest" Cebu City
barangays. The Freeman.
Basilan, R. Parco, B. (February 16, 2011). City spreads compost method.
Sunstar Cebu.
Internet sources
How to Compost Food Scraps. Retrieved from:
http://www.homecompostingmadeeasy.com/foodscraps.html
Turning Waste to Organic Fertilizer/ Soil: TAkakura Method of
Composting. Retrieved from:
http://utanbisaya.com/2012/07/11/a-random-discovery-takakura-methodof-composting/
44
45
APPENDIX A
Comparison
(Takakura Method v.s Vermicomposting)
Average Daily Market Waste of a Barangay
Number of Market Waste Sacks collected
Kilograms/Sack
Net Biodegradable Waste, Daily(Kgs)
Initial Cost Requirement
Material Cost
Recommended Pits/Heaps (7 Days)
Initial Cost
Output Generation
Net Biodegradable Waste, Daily(Kgs)
Yield Ratio
Potential Compost, Daily (Kgs )
Average Selling Price (per Kg)
Potential Daily Sales
Potential Income
Potential Daily Sales
Calendar Days
Gross Receipts
Less: Initial Cost
Potential Income
Takakura Method
Vermicomposting
7
7
50
50
350.00 Php
350.00
Php
Php
470.00 Php
7
3,290.00 Php
500.00
7
3,500.00
Php
Php
350.00
0.10
35.00
25.00 Php
875.00 Php
500
0.08
40
12.00
480.00
Php
Php
Php
Php
480.00
365
175,200.00
(3,500.00)
171,700.00
Php
0.551155498
700.00 Php
385.81 Php
365
140,820.23 Php
0.551155498
700.00
385.81
365
140,820.65
Php
Php
Php
316,085.00 Php
(140,820.23) Php
456,905.23 Php
171,700.00
(140,820.65)
30,879.35
Php
Php
Php
875.00
365
319,375.00
(3,290.00)
316,085.00
Php
Potential Savings
Daily Biodegradable Waste (Tons )
Dumping Fee/Ton
Daily Dumping Fee
Number of Days
Annual Dumping Fee
Potential Income from Alternative Method
Annual Dumping Fee Cost
Opportunity Cost/Savings
Php
Php
46
TAKAKURA METHOD
(Consolidated)
TO MAKE A HEAP:
Ingredients
Rice Husk
Rice Bran
Lacto Pafi Drink
Mushroom
Yakult
Tuba
Humus
Water
Activated Yeast
COMPOST COST
Unit Cost
Requirement
Net Cost
Php
40.00
1 Php
40.00
Php
50.00
1 Php
50.00
Php
15.00
1 Php
15.00
Php
42.50
1 Php
42.50
Php
10.00
10 Php
100.00
Php
50.00
1 Php
50.00
Php
50.00
1 Php
50.00
Php
45.00
0.5 Php
22.50
Php
10.00
10 Php
100.00
Php
470.00
Output Generation
Net Biodegradable Waste, Daily(Kgs)
Yield Ratio
Potential Compost, Daily (Kgs )
Average Selling Price (per Kg)
Potential Daily Sales
Potential Income
Daily Compost Generated
Calendar Days
Gross Receipts
Less:
Initial Compost Cost
Potential Income
7
50
350.00
Php
Php
470.00
7
3,290.00
Php
Php
350.00
0.10
35.00
25.00
875.00
Php
Php
875.00
365
319,375.00
Php
Php
(3,290.00)
316,085.00
47
Potential Savings
Daily biodegradable waste (Kgs)
Kilograms/Ton
Daily Biodegradable Waste (Tons )
Dumping Fee/Ton
Daily Dumping Fee
Number of Days
Annual Dumping Fee
Potential Income from Takakura Method
Annual Dumping Fee Cost
Opportunity Cost/Savings
Php
350.00
907.185
0.385808848
700.00
270.07
365
98,574.16
Php
Php
Php
316,085.00
(98,574.16)
414,659.16
Php
Php
Assumptions:
1.) The Yield ratio is 1 kilo of biodegradable waste will yield 1/3 of compost.
2.) The ingredients mentioned and the accompany costs are provided by CUSW.
3.) The amount of garbage thrown by Cebu City is 500 tons per day. 56.67 percent of which is biodegradable.
4.) It is assumed that for 7 kilos of waste, 6 kilos of Takakura mother seed compost is recommended.
5.) One heap will be able to process 200 kilograms of waste daily.
6.) The suggested ratio is 1 kilo of compost is to 1 kilo of waste. This is when the process is already ongoing.
7.) Recommended Mother Seed Compost is to make 7 heaps enough for 7 days.
48
VERMICOMPOSTING METHOD
(Consolidated)
BASIC MATERIAL LIST
Ingredients
African Nightcrawlers (1 kg)
Php
TOTAL
Php
Cost
Initial Cost
African Nightcrawlers
Number of Composting Pits
Net Biodegradable Waste, Daily(Kgs)
500.00
20,000.00
Php
500.00
7
3,500.00
7
50
350.00
Php
Php
Php
350.00
0.08
28.00
12.00
336.00
Php
336.00
365
122,640.00
Php
Php
(3,500.00)
119,140.00
Potential Savings
Daily biodegradable waste (Kgs)
Kilograms/Ton
Daily Biodegradable Waste (Tons )
Dumping Fee/Ton
Daily Dumping Fee
Number of Days
Annual Dumping Fee
Potential Income from Vermicomposting Method
Annual Dumping Fee Cost
Opportunity Cost/Savings
Php
200.00
907.185
0.220462199
700.00
154.32
365
56,328.09
Php
Php
Php
119,140.00
(56,328.09)
62,811.91
Php
Php
49
50
APPENDIX B
TRANSMITTAL LETTER
February 18, 2014
We would like to ask for your technical assistance in conducting our said study.
Thank you very much.
Respectfully yours,
Carlos Q. Tabada
51
52
12.)
13. How many of these households implement the Takakura and Vermi
method of composting?
14. How do you make composts using the Takakura and Vermi method?
15. What are the costs of undergoing the Takakura and Vermi Method?
16. What are the by-products of the Takakura and Vermi Method?
17. How will these by-products be used?
18. To whom do you sell these by-products?
19. How much is the selling price of these by-products?
20. Is there a distribution channel when selling these composts?
21. Where do you get the materials to be used in the Takakura and Vermi
method of composting?
22. How many kilos of composts of Takakura and Vermi does one kilo of
garbage make?
23. Is there an ordinance about the implementation of the Takakura and Vermi
method of composting?
24. Will you recommend the Takakura and Vermi method of composting to
other barangays?
55
Which is easier to
perform?
Which requires many
tools and/or
equipments/materials?
Which takes a longer time
to compose?
Which would generate the
better quality of output?
Which method do you
prefer?
2. Maintenance
Takakura Method
Vermicompost Method
Takakura Method
Vermicompost Method
3. Cost/Profit
56
Which is easier to
implement?
Which is easier to adopt
and practice?
Which composting method
would cause hygienic
problems if not done
properly?
Which training is more
difficult?
Which composting method
would create more
unpleasant odours?
Would you recommend the
implementation of this
method to other barangays?
NO
Vermi composting
Method of Composting
YES
NO
APPENDIX D
DOCUMENTATION
58
59
60
Brief background of the Takakura Method that was shown to us during our Talamban
Visit
61
62
63
Vermi Compost
Takakura Compost
64
65
66
67
Picture taken during our interview with Mr. Casiano Catapang of Cebu Uniting for
Sustainable Water Foundation Inc.
APPENDIX E
68
SECRETARYS REPORT
During the second week of June, the researchers instructor made them
research on references that talk about food wastes. The references may come
from books, journals, websites and other sources of reading materials. Among the
gathered topics, they selected three topics to further research on.
The first topic that the researchers had was on the applicability of
Takakura Method of Composting in Barangay San Antonio. Due to time
constraints and inexistent documents in the barangay, they changed the study to
the cost and benefits of using Takakura Method of composting in Barangay
Kamputhaw. When the researchers did their scoping in the barangay, they came
to know that Barangay Kamputhaw did not have any documents regarding the
implementation of the said method and the said barangay already stopped
implementing the said method. Barangay Kamputhaw referred Barangay Lahug to
the researchers. When the group went to Barangay Lahug, the researchers found
out that the Barangay also stopped using the method because of the elections.
Although they said they are planning to implement again the said method, there is
still no assurance that they will do so.
The researchers came to a conclusion that they cannot proceed with any of
the topics that have been made so the researchers decided to conduct a thorough
scoping in other barangays. Upon doing so, they discovered about vermi
composting. It is another composting method besides the Takakura Method that is
prevalently used by the other barangays, like, Talamban and Kalunasan. Because
69
about
Environmental Officers also answered survey questionnaires about the study. The
heads of the local government units and BEOs are our respective respondents for
our study.
As the researchers gathered the data needed for the study, they come up
with some conclusions and recommendations in relation to the study conducted.
One conclusion made was that, the two barangays, which were the objects of the
study is different in terms of what composting method is more cost-effective and
beneficial. Barangay Talamban prefers the Vermi Composting since it entails less
labor and it has lesser equipment and materials to use as compared to Takakura
Method. Although both methods produce the same output, Barangay Talamban
still prefers Vermi since it does not need a very long time to process and to
produce its end product. Another conclusion made was, based from the local
government units interviewed, they prefer the Takakura Method since it gains
more profit than Vermi composts because of the high market value of the
70
Takakura Method. The researchers recommend using the Takakura Method since
it is odorless and does not consume a big space. This method is advisable to be
used by households and other barangays who do not use a specific method of
composting. Another recommendation made was, that the barangays, should have
proper documentation as to the spending of the Takakura and Vermi method. In
this way, they can monitor the costs and profits gained by using either of the two
methods.
APPENDIX F
71
TREASURERS REPORT
This is the summary of expenses of each researchers in the process of making the
study
AMOUNT
Pre-Oral Defense Contribution for
20
printing
Pre-Oral Defense Contribution for
33.50
panelist
After Pre-Oral Defense Contribution for
25
printing
Final Oral Defense Contribution for
250
Room Reservation
Final Oral Defense Contribution for
50
Panelist
Final Oral Defense Contribution for
printing and hardbound
TOTAL
50
P 403.50
72
APPENDIX G
CURRICULUM VITAE
73
High School:
(2006-2010)
Elementary:
Center
(2000-2006)
SKILLS
74
High School:
Academy
(2006-2010)
Elementary:
(2000-2006)
SKILLS
High School:
(2006-2010)
Elementary:
(2000-2006)
SKILLS
Good in English (both written and oral)
Has adept knowledge in General Accounting
Proficient in MS Word, MS PowerPoint and MS Excel
Highly adaptive in any workplace
76
JACABAN, KERVIN
Upper Camparang Kalunasan Cebu City
09323524033
jacabankervin_16@yahoo.com
PERSONAL DATA
Age: 20
Birthdate: March 16, 1993
Birthplace: Cebu City
Sex: Male
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
College:
(2010-present)
High School:
(2006-2010)
Elementary:
(1999-2006)
SKILLS
People- and customer-centric with ability to discover creative solutions
and troubleshoot problems.
Effective team player, yet equally effective working solo.
Life-long learner with ability to reach goals.
Computer literate and savvy.
Excellent in communication skills preferably in English.
Willing to travel and work on shifts.
77
High School:
(2006-2010)
Elementary:
(2000-2006)
SKILLS
78
High School:
(2006-2010)
Elementary:
(2000-2006)
SKILLS
High School:
(2006-2010)
Elementary:
(2000-2006)
SKILLS
80
High School:
(2006-2010)
Elementary:
(2000-2006)
SKILLS
81
High School:
(2006-2010)
Elementary:
(2000-2006)
SKILLS
82
TABADA, CARLOS Q.
888 Peacock St., Camella Homes Phase 2, Lapu-lapu City
09173233988
carlostabada@gmail.com
PERSONAL DATA
Age
Birthdate
Birthplace
Sex
Civil Status
Religion
: 20
: September 26, 1993
: Cebu City
: Male
: Single
: Roman Catholic
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
College
(2010-present)
High School
(2006-2010)
Elementary
(2000-2006)
SKILLS
Proficient in oral and written communication
Determined, Disciplined, Organized
Computer-literate
Highly literate in Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint
Independent
83
PERSONAL DATA
Age: 20 years old
Birthdate: July 20, 1993
Birthplace: Cebu City
Sex: Female
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
College:
(2010-present)
Achievement:
High School:
(2006-2010)
Honors Received:
Elementary:
(2000-2006)
SKILLS
Computer literate
ability to listen, write, and speak effectively
analytical
flexible/can manage multiple priorities
ability to work with others in a professional manner
84