Biology 1 Topic 3C- Life Structure,

Function and Control (Photosynthesis

and Cellular Respiration)

Topic 3C- Life Structure, Function and

Control (Photosynthesis
and Cellular Respiration)
F. Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis

G. Cellular Respiration

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Autotrophs
producers of the biosphere, producing organic
molecules from CO2 and other inorganic
molecules
photoautotrophs - use the energy of sunlight to
make organic molecules from H2O and CO2
feed not only themselves but also most of the
living world

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Heterotrophs
obtain their organic material from other
organisms
consumers of the biosphere
almost all heterotrophs depend on
photoautotrophs for food and O2

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Biology 1 Topic 3C- Life Structure,

Function and Control (Photosynthesis
and Cellular Respiration)

Photosynthesis
process that converts solar energy into chemical
energy
directly or indirectly nourishes almost the entire
living world
occurs in plants, algae, certain other protists,
and some prokaryotes

(a) Plants

(c) Unicellular protist

10 m

(e) Purple sulfur

bacteria

(b) Multicellular alga

(d) Cyanobacteria

1.5 m

40 m

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Leaf cross section

Chloroplasts: The Sites of

Photosynthesis in Plants

Vein

Mesophyll

leaves - major locations of photosynthesis

chlorophyll - green pigment within chloroplasts
light energy absorbed by chlorophyll drives the
synthesis of organic molecules in the chloroplast
CO2 enters and O2 exits the leaf through
microscopic pores called stomata

Stomata

Chloroplast

CO2

O2

Mesophyll cell

5 m
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Chloroplast

Photosynthesis
Process by which plants use light energy to make
food molecules (glucose) from carbon dioxide and
water.

chlorophyll is in
the membranes
of thylakoids
chloroplasts
also contain
stroma, a
dense fluid

Outer
membrane
Thylakoid
Stroma

Granum

Thylakoid
space

Intermembrane
space
Inner
membrane

1 m

Most important chemical process on earth.

Provides fuel for energy production in most organisms.

(CARBON
DIOXIDE)

(WATER)

(GLUCOSE)

(OXYGEN)

Biology 1 Topic 3C- Life Structure,

Function and Control (Photosynthesis
and Cellular Respiration)

Two Stages of Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis
Stages of Photosynthesis

Calvin cycle begins

with carbon fixation,
incorporating CO2
into organic
molecules

split H2O
release O2
reduce NADP+ to NADPH

2.

1.
grana

Light reactions (the photo part) and Calvin cycle

(the synthesis part)
the light reactions (in the thylakoids):

stroma

Calvin cycle (in

the stroma) forms
sugar from CO2,
using ATP and
NADPH
Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

generate ATP from ADP by photophosphorylation

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Two Stages of Photosynthesis

Calvin cycle (in the stroma) forms sugar from
CO2, using ATP and NADPH
Calvin cycle begins with carbon fixation,
incorporating CO2 into organic molecules

CO2

H2O

Calvin cycle begins

with carbon fixation,
incorporating CO2
into organic
molecules

Light
NADP+
ADP
+ P

Light
Reactions

Calvin
Cycle

ATP
NADPH

Chloroplast
O2

[CH2O]
(sugar)

Calvin cycle (in

the stroma) forms
sugar from CO2,
using ATP and
NADPH

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Calvin cycle
builds sugar from smaller molecules by using
ATP and the reducing power of electrons carried
by NADPH
carbon enters the cycle as CO2 and leaves as
a sugar named glyceraldehyde-3-phospate
(G3P)
three phases:
Carbon fixation (catalyzed by rubisco)
Reduction
Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP)
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Biology 1 Topic 3C- Life Structure,

Function and Control (Photosynthesis
and Cellular Respiration)
Input

The Calvin cycle

(Entering one
at a time)

Incorporation of each CO2

molecule, one at a time, by
attaching it to a five carbon
sugar named ribulose
bisphosphate (abbreviated
RuBP).RuBP carboxylase, or
rubisco catalyzes this first step.
Product of the reaction is a sixcarbon intermediate that splits
in half, forming two molecules
of 3-phosphoglycerate

CO2

Phase 1: Carbon fixation

Carbon skeletons of five
molecules of G3P are
rearranged by the last steps
of the Calvin cycle into
three molecules of RuBP.
To accomplish this, the
cycle spends three more
molecules of ATP. The
RuBP is now prepared to
receive CO2 again, and the
cycle continues.

Rubisco

3 P
Short-lived
intermediate

6 P
P
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
6 NADPH

Phase 3:
Regeneration of
the CO2 acceptor
(RuBP)

6 NADP+
6 Pi
P

5
G3P

6
P
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
(G3P)

1
Output

P
G3P
(a sugar)

CO2

Light

Glucose and
other organic
compounds

ADP
+ P
i

ATP

Calvin
Cycle

ATP

Review of photosynthesis

NADP+

6 ADP

3 ADP
3

6
P
3-Phosphoglycerate

3P
P
Ribulose bisphosphate
(RuBP)

H2O

Phase 2:
Reduction

Each molecule of 3phosphoglycerate receives

an additional phosphate
group from ATP, becoming
1,3bisphosphoglycerate.
Next, a pair of electrons
donated from NADPH
reduces 1,3bisphosphoglycerate, which
also loses a phosphate
group, becoming G3P. One
molecule exits the cycle to be
used by the plant cell, but the
other five molecules must be
recycled to regenerate the
three molecules of RuB.

Light
Reactions:
Photosystem II
Electron transport chain
Photosystem I
Electron transport chain

RuBP

ATP
NADPH

3-Phosphoglycerate
Calvin
Cycle

G3P
Starch
(storage)

Chloroplast

O2

Sucrose (export)

Cellular
Respiration

Energy Flow and Chemical Recycling

Energy Flow and Chemical Recycling

2 major routes of energy

flow and nutrient recycling
is cellular respiration and
photosynthesis

ATP source of energy in cells

ATP is used to power

all forms of cellular
work

Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Biology 1 Topic 3C- Life Structure,

Function and Control (Photosynthesis
and Cellular Respiration)

Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration

The energy-releasing (ATP) chemical breakdown of

glucose molecules

Phosphorylation transfer of a phosphate group to

ADP

The storage of energy in a form that the cell can

use to perform work

(GLUCOSE)

(OXYGEN)

(ATP)

(CARBON
DIOXIDE)

(WATER)

Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

An Accounting of ATP Production

Electrons carried
via NADH and
FADH2

Electrons
carried
via NADH

1.

Glycolysis

Pyruvate enters the

mitochondrion.
where the citric
acid cycle oxidizes
it to carbon
dioxide.

2.
Citric
acid
cycle

Pyruvate

Glucose

Glycolysis, which occurs in the cytosol,

begins the degradation process by
breaking glucose into two molecules of a
compound called pyruvate

NADH and electron carrier

coenzyme called FADH
transfer electrons derived
from glucose to electron
transport chains which are
built into the inner
mitochondrial membrane.

Mitochondrion

Cytosol

matrix

3.

Oxidative
phosphorylation:
electron transport
and
chemiosmosis

inner
membrane

During oxidative
phosphorylation,
electron
transport
chains convert
the chemical
energy to a form
used for ATP
synthesis in the
process called
chemiosmosis.

ATP

ATP

ATP

Substrate-level
phosphorylation

Substrate-level
phosphorylation

Oxidative
phosphorylation

Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration

Related Metabolic Process

Related Metabolic Process

Fermentation enables some cells to generate ATP

without oxygen (ANAEROBIC)

1. Alcohol fermentation

1. Alcohol fermentation
2. Lactic acid fermentation

Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Biology 1 Topic 3C- Life Structure,

Function and Control (Photosynthesis
and Cellular Respiration)

Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration

Related Metabolic Process

Related Metabolic Process

1. Alcohol fermentation
Alcohol fermentation by yeast is used in
brewing and winemaking.

2. Lactic acid fermentation

Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration

Related Metabolic Process

Related Metabolic Process

2. Lactic acid fermentation

Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and
bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt.

Glucose

CYTOSOL

2. Lactic acid fermentation

Muscle cells switch from
aerobic respiration to lactic
acid fermentation to
generate ATP when O2 is
scarce.
The waste product,
lactate, may cause
muscle fatigue, but
ultimately it is
converted back to
pyruvate in the liver.

Proteins

The catabolism of
various molecules
from food.

Glycolysis
Pyruvate

No O2 present:
Fermentation

Sugars

Fats

Glycerol

Fatty
acids

Glycolysis

O2 present:
Aerobic cellular
respiration

MITOCHONDRION
Ethanol
or
lactate

Amino
acids

Carbohydrates

Acetyl CoA
Citric
acid
cycle

- Glycolysis and the citric

acid cycle connect to many
other metabolic pathways.
- Carbohydrates, fats, and
proteins can all be used as
fuel for cellular respiration.
Monomers of these
NH3
molecules enter glycolysis or
the citric acid cycle at various
points.
- Glycolysis and the citric
acid cycle are catabolic
funnels through which
electrons from all kinds of
organic
molecules flow on their
exergonic fall to oxygen.

Glucose

Glyceraldehyde-3- P

Pyruvate

Acetyl CoA

Citric
acid
cycle

Oxidative
phosphorylation