Professional Documents
Culture Documents
______________
A Thesis Proposal
Presented to the Faculty
of the Graduate School
Baguio Central University
Baguio City
______________
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Master in Public Administration
_____________
Sharon M. Cuyugan
January 2015
APPROVAL SHEET
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The researcher wishes to thank the following for their assistance in the
completion of this dissertation proposal:
The Good Lord, for giving the researcher sufficient encouragement so she may
pursue this challenging endeavor;
Her family, for all the support, understanding and unconditional love;
Members of the proposal committee, Dr. Jose R. Balcanao, Dr. Estrella V.
Bisquerra, and Dr. Louella M. Brown, for their critiques and helpful suggestions;
To the librarians of BCU for providing some of the reference materials;
And to all those who, in one way or another, contributed in the completion of
this manuscript.
S.M.C
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL SHEET
..
i
ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
..
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
..
iv
vi
CHAPTER
1
THE PROBLEM
Background of the Study 1
Conceptual Framework ... 4
Paradigm of the Study 7
Statement of the Problem and Hypotheses . 7
Scope and Delimitation of the Study . 9
Definition of Terms 10
Significance of the Study . 11
... 13
..... 14
REFERENCES
..... 18
APPENDICES
A. Letter to the Respondents
B. The Questionnaire
... 19
.... 20
FIGURE USED
Figure
Page No.
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM
Background of the study
Work ethic are standards or values that generally are based around
conscientiousness. Mostly, they are thought to benefit a person morally, thereby
improving their character. These ethic can include preserving social skills, being
reliable, and being resourceful wherever needed in a work setting.
Work ethic include not only how one feels about their job, career or vocation,
but also how one does his/her job or responsibilities. This involves attitude, behavior,
respect, communication, and interaction; how one gets along with others. Work ethic
demonstrate many things about whom and how a person is.
Work ethic involve such characteristics as honesty and accountability.
Essentially, work ethic break down to what one does or would do in a particular
situation. The begging question in a situation involves what is right and acceptable,
and above board, versus what is wrong, underhanded, and under the table.
Throughout the last few years, there have been companies whose work ethic -honesty, integrity and accountability -- have been rather shady and have a rather
negative impact on other people. This has involved people looking the other way when
people have done something questionable, or thinking it would not matter.
Work ethic, such as honesty (not lying, cheating, and stealing), doing a job
well, valuing what one does, having a sense of purpose and feeling/being a part of a
greater vision or plan is vital. Philosophically, if one does not have proper work ethic,
a persons conscience may be bothered. People for the most part have good work
ethic(s); we should not only want to do, but desire to do the proper thing in a given
situation.
Work ethic are intrinsic; they come from within. A question may involve where
they came from, if they come from within. Philosophically, this may lead to various
perspectives; however, the truth about work ethic, and where they come from are
answered from a Christian worldview. Work ethic come from God the creator. God
made humans in His image, and His word proclaims these various work ethic -honesty, integrity, doing a job well, keeping things above board, and accountability
factors.
Workplace ethic is integral in fostering increased productivity and teamwork
among employees. It helps in aligning the values of the institution with those of the
workers. Achieving this alignment requires consistent dialogue regarding the values of
the institution, which enhances community, integrity and openness among employees.
Ethic enable your workers to feel a strong alignment between their values and those of
your business. They show such feelings through increased productivity and
motivation.
Ethical conduct in the workplace encourages a culture of making decisions
based on ethic. It also enhances accountability and transparency when undertaking any
decisions. During turbulent times, a strong ethical culture guides one in managing
such conflicts by making the right moves. It can help one to introduce change
successfully in the organization, which can be a challenge. Ethical conduct within the
business sensitizes employees on how to act consistently even in difficult times
(Russel, 2015).
Employers provide ethical principles for the workplace so that all employees
follow the same standards, regardless of personal values and different cultural
backgrounds. The principles allow them to voice their opinions freely and without
fear, creating a sense of belonging for each employee in the workplace. To implement
effective ethical principles in the workplace, employers must set out the objectives of
the company orally and in writing.
Ethical principles in the workplace can come into question when an employee
needs to make a decision. A decision might involve fairness, truth or values in the
workplace. It may concern a legal matter, professional or personal conflict. Even if an
employee believes that he can get away with a decision and "no one will know," the
decision could involve ethical principles. Employees confused about ethical principles
in the workplace should be able to turn to their supervisors for guidance (Ramjee,
2015).
The above facts and issues prompted the researcher to assess the work ethic of
pharmacists in government tertiary hospitals of Baguio and Benguet.
Conceptual Framework
10
Work ethic can be described as a set of values, which involves the right
attitude, correct behavior, respect for others and effective communication. Essentially,
work ethic regulate what an employee would do in different situations in office. The
habit of following good work ethic is intrinsic - it comes from within. It involves our
morality and other values, apart from what our parents have taught us. Workers
exhibiting good work ethic are considered eligible for better positions and more
responsibilities. These are the kind of people who are very sincere about the kind of
work they do; they understand fully well how they have an effect on everyone. They
generally know how their actions have a direct impact on other people at work. This
conscientiousness persuades them to cultivate a responsible outlook to everything they
do. These people do not need prodding like people who behave or work with
slackness. The valuable assets of an office, these wonderful workers are highly reliable
and are appreciated by their superiors for the wonderful uniqueness that they bring to
the workplace. It is what most of the employers are looking for in a candidate. Hence,
it becomes important to be honest, responsible and dependable.
Honesty. Any job assigned to a person should be done with utmost honesty,
without cheating, lying or stealing. It is psychologically proven that if a person does
not follow work ethic, his/her conscience will be bothered at all times. Honesty is an
attribute that always shines through. If their superior knows that the person is honest,
he will trust him/her with anything blindly, even with the most confidential of the
11
things. If one wants to be intricately involved in the decisions that matter in the
institution then one have got to develop this wonderful quality.
Dependability. Those who are dependable are considered reliable as well.
Hence, it is necessary to develop the quality of being a responsible person. This will,
in turn, foster excellent results and set one as a good example for those around
him/her. If one is made in-charge of something or given an important task to finish
then make it a lifes priority to complete it. Every time there is a need for one to be
dependabletake it seriously. Once the person is famous for your dependability, one
will be treated as an asset and be given the most important responsibilities.
Efficiency. Efficiency is vital for ones own growth as well as for the
betterment of the company one is working with. It is very easy to spot inefficient
employees, who waste a lot of time and resources. However, efficiency is still a
hallmark of good workers.
Positive Work Habits. Inculcate good working habits that will impress the
people whom one is working with and the superiors as well. Coming to work late,
dressing inappropriately and shuffling jobs are considered as signs of not following
good work ethic. If one have been assigned with a particular task then stick with it and
do not whine about it. Help others whenever one can and always be ready to take up a
new project or role. Think of the whole office as your responsibility and make sure
that no ones time is wasted.
12
13
14
Independent Variables
Dependent Variables
in the workplace
1.
E
the pharmacists
3. Skills in ethical problem-
Figure 1
15
3. What is the level of skills in ethical solving problems among the pharmacists of
government tertiary hospitals of Baguio and Benguet?
4. What is the degree of seriousness of problems encountered in the practice of work
ethic among the pharmacists of government tertiary hospitals of Baguio and
Benguet?
Null Hypotheses
1. There is no significant difference in the perceptions of pharmacists I and
pharmacists II regarding the extent of manifestation of ethical communication
patterns among them.
2. There is no significant difference in the perceptions of pharmacists I and
pharmacists II regarding the practice of work ethic among them.
3. There is no significant difference in the perceptions of pharmacists I and
pharmacists II regarding the level of skills in ethical solving problems among
them.
16
17
act as a learned intermediary between a prescriber and a patient. For this study, they
are those who currently practice in the government tertiary hospitals in Baguio and
Benguet.
Problems. These are the hindrances or challenges experienced by the
pharmacists with regard to their practice of ethic in the workplace
Tertiary Government Hospital. It is defined as a major hospital that usually
has a full complement of services including pediatrics, obstetrics, general medicine,
gynecology, various branches of surgery and psychiatry with the necessary diagnostic
and therapeutic equipment with the expertise of trained specialist and personnel. It is
funded and supervised by the local and national government. In this study, Baguio
General Hospital and Medical Center and Benguet General Center were the only
hospital and Baguio and Benguet that fits the criteria.
Work ethic. It is defined as living and acting in ways that are consistent with
the principles of good behavior exercised in the workplace. It is about doing the
right thing. Further, it refers to well-based standards of right and wrong that
prescribe what humans ought to do.
Ethical communication patterns. It refers to the extent to which the patterns
of communication are open and respectful.
Ethical habits. It refers to the overall ethical principles and values that
characterize the departments environment.
18
19
Chapter 2
DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
This chapter includes discussion of the research design, locale and population,
data gathering procedure, data gathering tool, validity and reliability of the research
instrument and the statistical treatment used in the study.
Research Design
The research design to be used by the researcher is the descriptive-survey
design with the questionnaire as the main tool used in gathering the data. Informal
interview, observation and participation and library techniques will be used to
supplement the data gathered through the questionnaire. The design is descriptive
because the study aims to described the current work ethic practiced by the
pharmacists as perceived by themselves.
Locale and Population of the Study
The study will be conducted in the government tertiary hospitals of Baguio and
Benguet. There are only two acknowledged tertiary hospitals that are government-
20
owned in Baguio and Benguet namely Baguio General Hospital and Medical Center
and Benguet General Hospital.
Total enumeration will employed to determine the number of respondents
where all the 11 pharmacists II and 15 pharmacists I will serve as respondents of the
study.
Table A
Distribution of Respondents
NAME OF INSTITUTION
1. Baguio General Hospital and
Medical Center
2. Benguet General Hospital
TOTAL
Pharmacists I
10
Pharmacists II
9
5
15
2
11
21
22
The data to be gathered in the study will be tallied, classified, tabulated and
subjected to the weighted mean and ranking.
f
WM =
N
Where:
WM = Weighted mean
= summation
f = frequency
N = total number of cases
The responses will be treated with a three-point Likert scale with their
respective statistical limit and descriptive equivalents.
1. Extent of manifestation of ethical communication patterns among
the pharmacists
NUMERICAL
VALUE
STATISTICAL LIMITS
DESCRIPTIVE
EQUIVALENT
SYMBOL
3
2
1
2.34 3.00
1.67 2.33
1.00 1.66
Highly Manifested
Moderately Manifested
Least Manifested
HM
MM
LM
STATISTICAL LIMITS
DESCRIPTIVE
EQUIVALENT
SYMBOL
3
2
1
2.34 3.00
1.67 2.33
1.00 1.66
VMP
MP
LP
23
NUMERICAL
VALUE
STATISTICAL LIMITS
DESCRIPTIVE
EQUIVALENT
SYMBOL
3
2
1
2.34 3.00
1.67 2.33
1.00 1.66
Highly Skillful
Moderately Skillful
Least Skillful
HS
MS
LS
STATISTICAL LIMITS
DESCRIPTIVE
EQUIVALENT
SYMBOL
3
2
1
2.34 3.00
1.67 2.33
1.00 1.66
Very Serious
Moderately Serious
Not Serious
VS
MS
NS
X - X2
t=
X + X2 1 + 1
N + N2 - 2 N N2
Where:
X
X2
X
X2
=
=
=
=
X =
24
X2 =
N
N2
=
=
References
Good work ethic. (February 17, 2015. Retrieved from
http://lifestyle.iloveindia.com/lounge/good-work-ethic-3842.html
Northouse, P.G. (2001). Leadership: Theory and practice (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage Publications.
Russel, A. (2015). The benefits and importance of ethic in the workplace. Retrieved
from http://everydaylife.globalpost.com/benefits-importance-ethic-workplace7414.html
Ramjee, P. (2015). Ethical principles in the workplace. Retrieved
from http://everydaylife.globalpost.com/ethical-principles-workplace-657.html
Republic Act 5921 (February 20, 2015). The pharmacy law. Retrieved from
http://rxistsource.blogspot.com/2013/06/republic-act-no-5921-pharmacylaw.html
Subong, P. (2006). Statistics for Research: Applications in Research Thesis and
25
Dear Respondent,
The undersigned is conducting a study entitled PROFESSIONAL WORK
ETHIC OF PHARMACISTS IN GOVERNMENT TERTIARY HOSPITALS IN
BAGUIO AND BENGUET. In this connection, she earnestly requests your
cooperation in answering the herein attached questionnaire. Rest assured that all data
gathered through the questionnaire will be treated with strict confidentiality.
Your cooperation and kind consideration of this request is highly appreciated.
26
Sharon M. Cuyugan
Researcher
APPENDIX B
QUESTIONNAIRE
Personal Information:
Name: ______________ (optional)
Position: ______________
Institution: _________________________________________
Age: _________________________________________
Years of Experience: _____________________
Highest Educational Attainment: _________________________________
PART I: Extent of manifestation of ethical communication patterns among
the pharmacists
Instruction: Put a check mark on the box under the appropriate column your
assessment of the extent of manifestation of ethical communication patterns.
NUMERICAL VALUE
DESCRIPTIVE EQUIVALENT
3
Highly Manifested
2
Moderately
Manifested 3
Ethical Communication Patterns
1
Not Manifested
(HM
)
1. Mutual trust and respect exist within the department and
among the groups
2. There is respect for the views of others
SYMBOL
HM
MM
2
NM
(MM
)
1
(NM
)
27
DESCRIPTIVE EQUIVALENT
SYMBOL
3
2
1
VMP
MP
NP
Work Ethic
3
(VMP
)
2
(MP
)
1
(NP)
1.
2.
3.
4.
28
Instruction: Put a check mark on the box under the appropriate column your
assessment of the level of skills in ethical problem solving processes among
the pharmacists.
NUMERICAL VALUE
DESCRIPTIVE EQUIVALENT
SYMBOL
3
2
1
Highly Skillful
Moderately Skillful
Not Skillful
HS
MS
NS
Problem-Solving Processes
3
(HS
)
2
(MS
)
1
(NS)
DESCRIPTIVE EQUIVALENT
SYMBOL
3
2
1
Very Serious
Moderately Serious
Not Serious
VS
MS
NS
Problems
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
3
(VS)
2
(MS)
1
(LS)
29
CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL DATA:
Name:
Date of Birth:
Place of Birth:
Civil Status:
Husband:
Children:
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Graduate :
Tertiary:
30
Baguio City
1997 to 2000
Saint Louis University
Baguio City
1994 to 1997
Secondary:
Primary:
EXAMINATION PASSED:
Board of pharmacy given in July 3 to , 2000.
WORK EXPERIENCE:
Pharmacist II
Baguio General Hospital and Medical Center
Baguio City
March 15, 2014 to present
Laboratory Aide
Baguio General Hospital and Medical Center
Baguio City
January 16, 2013 to March 15, 2014
Pharmacist I Job Order
Baguio General Hospital and Medical Center
Baguio City
July 16, 2011 to January 15, 2013
Contractual Clerk with Job Description as Pharmacists
31
32