Comparison of Malaysian and Indonesian

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Comparison of Malaysian and Indonesian

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Differences between Malay and Indonesian)

The Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia) and Malaysian (Bahasa Malaysia) standards of the Malay
language (Bahasa Melayu) are mutually intelligible, but differ in spelling, pronunciation, and
vocabulary. The differences can range from those mutually unintelligible with one another to those
having a closer familial resemblance. The regionalized and localized varieties of Malay can become
a catalyst for intercultural conflict, especially in higher education.[1]
Contents
1 Perception
2 Orthography
3 Pronunciation
4 Vocabulary
4.1 Vocabulary differences
4.2 Vocabulary comparison
5 False friends
6 The influence of English
6.1 Example
6.2 Table of comparison
7 Convergence of vocabulary
8 Sample
9 References
10 External links
Perception
To non-native speakers both varieties may seem identical, but to native speakers, the differences are
noticeable through diction and accent. These differences often lead to incomprehension when used in
formal conversation or written communication. They also affect broadcasting business in relation to
foreign language subtitling, for example DVD movies or TV cable subscriptions. In order to reach a
wider audience, sometimes both Indonesian and Malaysian subtitles are displayed in a movie with
other language subtitles. Another example is Malaysian TV provides Malaysian subtitling on
Indonesian sinetrons (TV drama) aired in Malaysia.[2]
The Malay language in Indonesia and Malaysia also differs in recognition and general perception by
the people and government of the two countries. Ignorance of these subtleties may result in
misconceptions.
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The term "Malay" (Bahasa Melayu) in Indonesia and Malaysia invites different perceptions. To
Malaysians, the Malay language is generally the national language of Malaysia. "Malaysian"
(Bahasa Malaysia) is the Malaysian standardized form of Malay. Between 1986 and 2007, the term
Bahasa Melayu was used instead of Bahasa Malaysia, until the latter was reinstated, in order to instil
a sense of belonging among Malaysians of all races, rather than just Malays.[3] Therefore, there is no
clear distinction between the use of the term Malay (Bahasa Melayu) and the national language of
Malaysia (Bahasa Malaysia). In Brunei, where Malay is also an official language, the language is
known as Bahasa Melayu and in English as "Malay".[4]
In Indonesia, however, there is a clear distinction between "Malay" (Bahasa Melayu) and the
"Indonesian" (Bahasa Indonesia). Indonesian is the national language which serves as the unifying
language of Indonesia. The term "Malay" is reserved for the language indigenous to the Malay
people. Thus, "Malay" is considered a regional language in Indonesia, enjoying the same status as
Javanese, Bataknese, Sundanese, Buginese, Balinese and others. Moreover, to Indonesians, the term
"Malay" is more often associated with Malaysia and the Malaysian national language.
In Malaysia, the terms "Indonesian Malay" and "Malaysian Malay" are sometimes used for
Indonesian and Malaysian as spoken in Malaysia. In Indonesia, "Indonesian Malay" refers to the
Malay spoken by the Malay people in Indonesia, that is, to Malay as a regional language in Sumatra,
though it is rarely used. Bahasa Malaysia and Bahasa Melayu are used interchangeably in reference
to Malay in Malaysia.
Orthography
Before the 20th century, Malay was written in a modified form of the Arabic alphabet known as
Jawi. After the 20th century, Malay written with Roman letters, known as Rumi, has almost
completely replaced Jawi in everyday life. The romanisations originally used in Malaya (now part of
Malaysia) and the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) reflected their positions as British and Dutch
possessions respectively. In Malaya, the romanisation of Malay, devised by Richard Wilkinson[5]
was influenced by English, whereas in the Dutch East Indies, the system devised by C A Van
Ophuijsen was influenced by Dutch.[6]
As a result, in Indonesia, the vowel in the English word 'moon' was formerly represented oe, as in
Dutch, although the official spelling of this sound was changed to u in 1947.
Similarly, until 1972, the initial consonant of the English 'chin' was represented in Malaysia as ch,
whereas in Indonesia, it continued to follow Dutch and used tj. Hence the word for 'grandchild' used
to be written as chuchu in Malaysia and tjoetjoe in Indonesia, until a unified spelling system was
introduced in 1972 (known in Indonesia as Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan or the 'Perfected Spelling')
which removed most differences between the two varieties: Malaysian ch and Indonesian tj became
c: hence cucu.
Indonesia abandoned the spelling dj (for the consonant at the beginning of the word 'Jakarta') to
conform to the j already in use in Malaysia, while the old Indonesian j for the semivowel at the
beginning of the English 'young', was replaced with y as in Malaysia. Likewise, the velar fricative
which occurs in many Arabic loanwords, which used to be written 'ch' in Indonesian, became kh in
both languages.
However, oe was retained in some proper names, such as the name of the first President, Sukarno
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(written as Soekarno), and his successor Suharto, (written as Soeharto). The ch and dj letter
combinations are still encountered in names such as Achmad and Djojo (pronounced as Akhmad and
Joyo respectively), although the post-1972 spelling is now favoured.
Although the representations of speech sounds are now largely identical in the Indonesian and
Malaysian standards, a number of minor spelling differences remain, usually for historical reasons.
For instance, the word for 'money' is written as wang in Malaysia, but uang in Indonesia, the word
for 'try' is written as cuba in Malaysia, but coba in Indonesia, the word for 'because' is written as
kerana in Malaysia, but karena in Indonesia, while the word for 'cake' is written as kuih in Malaysia,
but kue in Indonesia.
One notable difference in punctuation between the two languages is the use of different decimal
marks; Indonesian, influenced by Dutch, uses the decimal comma,[7] whereas Malaysian, influenced
by English, uses the decimal point.[8]
Pronunciation
Pronunciation also tends to be very different, with East Malaysia, Brunei and Indonesia pronouncing
words in a form called Bahasa Baku, where the words are pronounced as spelt and enunciation tends
to be clipped, staccato and faster than on the Malay Peninsula, which is spoken at a more languorous
pace. Many vowels are pronounced (and were formerly spelt) differently in Peninsular Malaysia,
Singapore, and Sumatra: tujuh is pronounced (and was spelt) tujoh, pilih as pileh, etc., and many
final a's tend to be pronounced as schwas; [e] and [o] are also allophones of /i/ and /u/ in closed final
syllables in peninsular Malaysian, Singaporean, and Sumatran.
Speakers of Malaysian in Peninsular Malaysia tend to speak at a more flowing pace, while words that
end with the letter "a" often come out as a schwa (//). Indonesian speakers speak in clipped staccato
tones, their "r"s are more markedly trilled (rolled r), and all words are pronounced exactly as they are
spelled.
Vocabulary
Vocabulary differences
Indonesian differs from Malaysian in the quantity of words of among others, Javanese and Dutch
origin. For example, the word for 'post office' in Malaysia is "pejabat pos" (in Indonesia this means
'post officer'), whereas in Indonesia it is "kantor pos", from the Dutch word for office, kantoor. There
are also some Portuguese influences: in Indonesia, Christmas is known as "Natal", whereas Malaysia
uses "Krismas", derived from English (or in some cases also "Natal", due to Indonesian influence).
Pronunciation of some loanwords in Malaysian follows English, while some in Indonesian follows
Dutch, for example Malaysian "televisyen" (from English: television) and Indonesian "televisi"
(from Dutch: televisie), the "-syen" and "-si" also prevail in some other words. There are also
instances where the Malaysian version derives from English pronunciation while the Indonesian
version takes its cue from Latin. The Latin preference of the (older) Indonesian intellectuals in these
instances may be ascribed to the influence of their classical-oriented education when Gymnasium
schools were established during the Dutch colonial period : compare Malaysian kualiti, kuantiti,
majoriti, minoriti and universiti with Indonesian kualitas, kuantitas, mayoritas, minoritas and
universitas.
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Some words which are spelt the same in both languages may even carry entirely different meanings
in the other language, potentially leading to humorous or embarrassing situations: while baja means
"steel" in Indonesian, in Malaysian it means "fertiliser". Also, whereas the Indonesian word butuh
means "require" or "need", in Malaysia it is a vulgar slang term equivalent to "cunt/cock".
Conversely, where the word "banci" seems innocuous enough in Malaysia ("census"), in Indonesia it
is a derogatory term for "transvestite".
The relatively large share of Islamic (Arabic or Persian) loan words shared by Malaysian and
Indonesian often poses no difficulty in comprehension and usage, although some forms may have
developed a (slightly) different meaning or have become obsolete either in Malaysian or in
Indonesian, e.g. khidmat, wakil (see below).
Vocabulary comparison
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English
abroad
Malaysian
luar negara
Indonesian
luar negeri
account (bank, bills) akaun
rekening from Dutch rekening, akun
accountant
akauntan
akuntan
after
selepas, setelah
afternoon
petang
sore, petang less frequent
agent
ejen, agen
agen
air force
tentera udara
tentara angkatan udara
airport
lapangan terbang ('airfield' in

Indonesian)
setelah (also used in Malaysian to indicate

consecutive actions)
bandar udara (bandara), Airport
Algeria
Algeria
Aljazair from Arabic al-Jaz'ir
alliance
perikatan, persekutuan, pakatan
aliansi influenced by Dutch alliantie,

persekutuan
apartment
pangsapuri, rumah pangsa, rumah

kondo (only for 'condominium')
apartemen, rumah susun (rusun),

kondominium
archive
arkib
arsip from Dutch archief
armed forces
tentera
tentara, angkatan bersenjata
army
tentera darat
tentara angkatan darat
assembly
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majlis, perhimpunan (from the root

verb 'himpun' meaning 'to gather/assemble')
majelis
assets
aset
harta, aset, aktiva from Dutch activa
association
persatuan
asosiasi from Dutch associatie,

perhimpunan, perkumpulan
Athens
Athens
auction
lelong
lelang
August
Ogos
Agustus from Dutch Augustus
auntie
makcik (also used in bahasa Melayu Riau

in Indonesia), emak saudara, ibu
bibi, tante from Dutch
saudara
autobiography
autobiografi
automatic
automatik (formerly otomatik)
autonomy
autonomi
otonomi
awkward
janggal; kekok (of gesture)
aneh, janggal; canggung, kikuk (of

gesture)
Athena influenced by Dutch Athene or from

native Greek Athina
autobiografi - otobiografi is a substandard

spelling
otomatis derived from Dutch pronunciation of

automatisch
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English
Malaysian
Indonesian
bag
beg
tas from Dutch
basin (wash
basin/sink)
besen
wastafel from Dutch
because
kerana, sebab
karena, sebab
bed
katil
tempat tidur, ranjang, kasur
Belgium
Belgium
Belgia influenced by Dutch Belgi
Belgrade
Belgrade
Beograd
belt(of a seat)
tali keledar
sabuk
bicycle
basikal
sepeda influenced by French velocipede
billboard
papan iklan
billion
bilion
miliar from Dutch miljard
bishop
biskop, bisyop
uskup
papan iklan, papan reklame from Dutch

reclame (advertisement)
bonnet, hood (of a car) bonet, bumbung, hud
kap from Dutch
boot, trunk (of a car)
but
bagasi
Britain
Britain
Britania influenced by Dutch Brittanni
Brussels
Brussels
Brussel influenced by Dutch
Bucharest
Bucharest
Bukarest
bucket; pail
baldi
ember from Dutch emmer
bus
bas
bus, bis substandard
bus station
stesen bas
terminal bis
bus stop
perhentian bas
Cairo
Kaherah from Arabic
Kairo
Cambodia
Kemboja
Kamboja
Cameroon
Cameroon
Kamerun
campaign
kempen
can (to be able)
boleh, dapat
dapat, bisa
cancer
kanser, barah
kanker from Dutch
pemberhentian bis, halte bis substandard,

from Dutch bushalte
kampanye from Dutch campagne (which is a

French loanword)
kereta
car
Caribbean
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(means carriage in Indonesian, commonly

used as a shorthand for kereta api, which
means train. Malaysian followed English
derivation of car which was a contraction
of horseless carriage)
Caribbean
mobil from Dutch/mid-English automobile
Karibia
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English
Malaysian
Indonesian
card
kad
kartu from Dutch kaart
carrot
lobak merah
wortel from Dutch
case
kes
kasus, hal
cash
wang tunai
uang tunai, kas
cashier
juruwang
kasir from Dutch kassier, juru uang
census
banci
sensus
centipede
lipan
kelabang, lipan
chilli
cili, lada('pepper' in Indonesian), cabai

(used in the northern states of Malaysia)
cabai, cabe
China proper name appealed by the Chinese
embassy,
Cina still in common use but discouraged by the
China
China
Christmas
Krismas, Natal
cinema
panggung wayang bergambar (more

popularly abbreviated as pawagam),
bioskop from Dutch bioscoop
panggung wayang
civil
sivil
sipil
city
bandar, bandaraya big city, kota
kota
club (association)
kelab
klub, perkumpulan infrequent
coat
kot
jas from Dutch jas
cockroach
lipas
kecoak from the Chinese Min Nan ka chuah
Colombia
Colombia
Kolombia
college
kolej, maktab
perguruan tinggi, kolese
comment
ulasan, komen
komentar from Dutch commentaar
commission
suruhanjaya
komisi
committee
jawatankuasa
komite
commonwealth
komanwel
persemakmuran
Comoros
Comoros
Komoro
company
syarikat
maatschappij - almost exclusively used to refer to

airline companies, i.e. maskapai penerbangan
Congo
Congo
Kongo
perlembagaan
undang-undang dasar influenced by Dutch

grondwet (basic law), konstitusi from Dutch
Chinese embassy due to possible racist

connotations,
Tiongkok archaic
Natal from Portuguese
perusahaan, firma, maskapai from Dutch
constitution of a
country
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English
Malaysian
Indonesian
constitutie
loket from Dutch, konter/kaunter
counter
kaunter
country
negara
court
mahkamah
Costa Rica
Costa Rica
Kosta Rika
cracker
keropok
kerupuk
Croatia
Croatia
Kroasia
Cuba
Cuba
Kuba
cupboard
almari from Portuguese armrio
current (adjective, of
time)
semasa
non-standard
negara, negeri in Malaysia, negeri only refers

to a state within a federation
pengadilan, mahkamah only refers to the

institution
lemari from older term almari, which also came

from Portuguese armrio
saat ini, kini, terkini, aktual from Dutch

actueel
current affairs
hal ehwal semasa
peristiwa terkini
curtain
langsir, tirai
tirai, gorden from Dutch gordijn
customs (authority)
kastam
pabean refers to the administrative institution,

bea dan cukai (bea-cukai) lit. tariff-and-tax,
duty
cute
comel
imut, menggemaskan, kawaii
Cyprus
Cyprus
Siprus
Czech Republic
Republik Czech
dandruff
kelemumur
ketombe
degree (of
temperature)
darjah
derajat
delicious, tasty
lazat, sedap, enak
lezat, enak, sedap
Republik Ceko, Ceko, (Republik) Ceska

substandard
demokratis from Dutch demokratisch
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note: "democratic republic" (in country names)

translates as republik demokratik, such as in
Republik Demokratik Kongo (Democratic
Republic of the Congo)
democratic
demokratik
department
jabatan
departemen
departure
pelepasan
keberangkatan
different - difference beza, berbeza - perbezaan
beda, berbeda - perbedaan
diocese
keuskupan
kawasan uskup, keuskupan
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English
director
Malaysian
pengarah
Indonesian
direktur from Dutch (and French) directeur,
(of a film) sutradara from Sanskrit (through
Javanese)
diskon, rabat, potongan harga, korting
discount
diskaun, rebat, potongan harga
driver
pemandu
sopir from French chauffeur through Dutch,

pengemudi formal
driving licence
lesen memandu
surat izin mengemudi (SIM)
December
Disember
Desember influenced by Dutch
Dutch East Indies
Hindia Timur Belanda
Hindia-Belanda
duty (economics)
duti, cukai
bea, cukai
Easter
Easter
Paskah from Portuguese Pascoa
from Dutch, less frequent
editor, penyunting, redaktur from French

editor
penyunting
effectiveness
keberkesanan
Eid ul-Fitr
Hari Raya Aidilfitri
Idulfitri - Idul Fitri substandard spelling, but

common, Lebaran colloquial - from Javanese
lapan used as colloquial abbreviation in
delapan used in Malaysia before the spelling
Indonesian
reform
eight
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rdacteur through Dutch - refers to editors of

mass media, esp. newspapers, magazines, etc.
keefektivan, efektivitas from Dutch

effectiviteit
listrik, kelistrikan, setrum from Dutch
electricity
tenaga elektrik lit. electric energy
emergency
kecemasan
emperor
maharaja
empire
empayar
kekaisaran, kerajaan, imperium
enamel
enamel
email
Stroom
darurat from Arabic - also used in Malaysia to

express a state of emergency
kaisar from Dutch keizer, raja, maharaja

from Sanskrit
surel standard, shortened of surat elektronik

(electronic mail), email rarely used in everyday
e-mail
e-mel
engine
enjin
mesin also translates as machine in English
Ecuador
Ecuador
Ekuador
eraser
getah pemadam
penghapus
Europe
Eropah
Eropa, Europa
extinct
pupus
padam (of flame or light), punah (of species)
spelling, often used on online spelling (e.g.

website-based registration or social account)
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English
Malaysian
Indonesian
export
eksport
ekspor
factory
kilang ('refinery' in Indonesian)
pabrik from Dutch fabriek
faction (politics)
puak
fraksi from English through Dutch suffix fractie
federal
persekutuan
federal
federation
persekutuan
financial
kewangan
Finland
Finland
Finlandia
firefighter squad
bomba
pemadam kebakaran lit. fire extinguisher,

branwir from Dutch brandweer (fire defense)
federasi from English through Dutch suffix

federatie
keuangan, finansial from English through

Dutch suffix financieel
tingkat may be used in Indonesian to

express the number of storeys/levels a
building has, e.g. a 5-storey building =
gedung bertingkat 5
lantai also refers to floor as ground surface in
football
bola sepak
sepak bola
free of charge
percuma in Indonesian means "worthless" gratis from Dutch, cuma-cuma, cecuma
furniture
perabot rumah, perkakas rumah
mebel, furnitur, perabot rumah tangga
garrison
garrison
garnisun from Dutch garnizoen
gangster
samseng
preman from Dutch vrijman (lit. free-man),

gangster from English
general (military)
jeneral
jenderal from Dutch generaal
ginger
halia
jahe
golf club (stick)
kayu golf
stik golf, pemukul golf, tongkat golf
kerajaan
pemerintah
floor, level (storey)
government
governor
derived from raja (king) - used in Malaysia derived from perintah (order/instruction) - used
and Brunei - in Indonesian means
in Indonesia and also in Singapore, despite the
"kingdom"
fact that Malaysian is the official language
gabenor, Yang di-Pertua Negeri (in

Malaysian states)
gubernur from Dutch gouverneur
graduate
siswazah, sarjana
lulusan, sarjana
grandfather
datuk
kakek
Greece
Greece
Yunani from Arabic Ynn
group
sekumpulan, kumpulan
hammer
tukul
head office
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both languages
kelompok, grup from Dutch pronunciation of

groep
palu, martil
ibu pejabat "ibu" also means "mother" or kantor pusat "kantor" - from Dutch kantoor
"ma'am" in both languages.
(office)
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English
Malaysian
headscarf, hijab
tudung
healthy
sihat
herb
herba
Indonesian
kerudung, jilbab though these words have
different meaning
sehat
jamu often understood as traditional potion
made from rhizomes, also means "guest"
("tamu") and "treat the guest" ("menjamu").
rumah sakit influenced by Dutch ziekenhuis

(house of the sicks) - This term is still used in
Brunei, but in Malaysia, "hospital" has replaced
the term completely since the 1960s.
hospital
hospital
Hungary
Hungary
saya, aku
ice
ais
es
ice cream
ais krim
es krim
Iceland
Iceland
Islandia
Hungaria, Hongaria substandard, influenced

by Dutch Hongarije
saya, aku, gue/gua (slang, informal; from

Chinese dialects "ua")
narkoba an acronym for NARKotika dan
illegal drugs
image
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dadah colloquial use in Indonesia means

"goodbye"e.
citra, imej (of reputation), gambar

(pictorial image)
OBat-obatan terlArang (narcotics and illegal

drugs),
NAPZA less frequent - an acronym for
NArkotika, Psikotropika dan Zat-zat Adiktif
(narcotics, psychotropics, and addictive chemical
substances)
citra (of reputation), gambar (pictorial image)

imigrasi from English through Dutch suffix
immigration
imigresen
import
import
impor
Indian Ocean
Lautan Hindi
Samudra Hindia
impotence
mati pucuk, impotensi, lemah

syahwat
impotensi from English through Dutch suffix

impotentie, lemah syahwat colloquial
ink
dakwat from Arabic
tinta from Dutch tinte
immigratie
installment (payment) ansuran
angsuran, cicilan
insurance
insurans
asuransi from Dutch assurantie
international
antarabangsa
internasional (sometimes used:

mancanegara from Javanese meaning: foreign
land)
internet cafe
kafe internet, kafe cyber
warnet an acronym for "WARung interNET"

(internet shop/cafe)
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English
Malaysian
Indonesian
Iraq
Iraq
Irak
Ireland
Ireland
Irlandia
Italy
Itali
Italia the original name for the country
Japan
Jepun from Chinese dialect
Jepang
Jordan
Jordan
Yordania from Dutch Jordani
journalist
wartawan
wartawan, jurnalis
June
Jun
Juni
July
Julai
Juli
lane
lorong
lajur
lawyer
peguam
advokat from Dutch advocaat, pengacara
Lebanon
Lubnan from Arabic
Lebanon, Libanon influenced from Dutch
liabilitity
liabiliti
kewajiban
licence
lesen
lift, elevator
lif
Lisbon
Lisbon
list
senarai
daftar
local
tempatan
lokal, setempat
Luxembourg
Luxembourg
Macau
Macau
Makau
Macedonia,
Republic of
Republik Macedonia
Republik Makedonia
magistrate
majistret
hakim from Arabic - used in Malaysian to

refer to judges, magistrat less common
Maldives
Maldives
Maladewa
lelaki, laki-laki, jantan (for animals,
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izin, lisensi from English through Dutch suffix

licentie
lift
Lisboa from Portuguese, Lisabon influenced
by Dutch Lissabon
Luksemburg influenced by Dutch/German

Luxemburg
laki-laki, pria, lelaki, jantan (on animals,
male
sometimes used as a derogatory term on

men)
malfunction
kerosakan, pincang tugas
kerusakan, malfungsi
March (month)
Mac
Maret influenced by Dutch Maart
mattress
tilam
kasur, matras
mathematics
matematik, ilmu hisab
matematika, ilmu pasti
mean (verb)
bererti
berarti
medicine
ubat
obat
used on men to describe masculinity)
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English
Malaysian
Indonesian
Mexico
Mexico
military
tentera, militari
minibus
bas mini
bis mini, minibus
minute
minit
menit
Mrs.
Puan
Ibu, Nyonya (Ny.)
mobile phone,
cellphone
telefon bimbit
handphone (HP) (colloquial), telepon

selular (ponsel), telepon genggam
Monday
Isnin
Senin
money
wang, duit
uang, duit (colloquial)
Morocco
Maghribi from Arabic
Maroko
mortgage
gadai janji
hipotek from Dutch hypotheek, gadai
motorcycle
motosikal
Monaco
Monaco
Monako
Moscow
Moscow
Moskwa, Moskow
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambik
music
muzik
musik
naked
bogel, telanjang
telanjang, bugil (colloquial)
natural
semulajadi
alami, natural
navy
tentera laut
angkatan laut
surat khabar coined from two Arabic
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Meksiko
militer from French militaire through Dutch
militair
motor, sepeda motor lit. "motorized bicycle"

- influenced by Dutch motorfiets
koran, surat kabar (more formal - lit. news
newspaper
words: rat - / ( form,

appearance) and khabar ( news)
Nicosia
Nicosia
Nikosia
New Zealand
New Zealand
Selandia Baru
noisy
bising, kecoh in Indonesian means

"disturb" or "distract", memekak
berisik, ribut, ramai, bising
Norway
Norway
Norwegia
number
nombor
nurse
jururawat
perawat, suster from Dutch zuster
ocean
lautan
samudra
Oceania
Oceania
Oseania
office
pejabat
kantor (from Dutch kantoor)
letter)
angka, nomor - nomer substandard spelling

from Dutch/German nummer
17/5/14 3:35 PM
English
Malaysian
Indonesian
pegawai, kaki tangan (a negative

officer
connotation usually means accomplice in

criminal activity in Indonesian)
pejabat
official (adj.)
rasmi
resmi (from Arabo-Persian rasmi )
orange (fruit)
oren, limau
jeruk, limau
orange (colour)
jingga, oren
jingga, oranye (from Dutch oranje)
order
order, perintah
orde (from Dutch), perintah
Pacific Ocean
Lautan Pasifik, Lautan Teduh (also

used in Indonesian)
Palestine
Palestin
Palestina
papaya
(buah) betik
(buah) pepaya
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea
Papua Guinea Baru, Papua Nugini
parliament
parlimen
parlemen (from Franco-Dutch parlement)
party (political)
parti
partai
passport
pasport
paspor
pavement, sidewalk
jalan pinggir, jalur jalan untuk

pinggir jalan, trotoar (from Franco-Dutch
pejalan kaki, laluan jalan kaki, kaki
trottoir)
lima
zakar from Arabic " male"- this word is
penis
14 of 36
Samudra Pasifik
extremely vulgar in Indonesian, "buah

zakar" means testicles, batang lelaki,
konek (slang)
alat kelamin laki-laki, kemaluan lelaki,

burung (vulgar), titit (children's slang like
"pee-pee"), kontol (slang, extremely vulgar)
percent
peratus
persen, per seratus
Persia
Parsi
Persia
pharmacy
farmasi
photograph
gambar, foto
pickpocket noun
penyeluk saku
pirate (maritime)
lanun
pipe
paip
pipa
platform (train)
platform
peron from Dutch perron
Poland
Poland
Polandia
police
polis
polisi from Dutch politie
post code
poskod
kode pos
apotek (from Dutch apotheek), farmasi

(usually for medicine manufacturers)
fotografi (photograph), foto (literally means

photo)
copet (contraction of colong dompet- wallet

thief), pencopet
bajak laut, perompak (perompak in
Malaysian, means "robber")
17/5/14 3:35 PM
English
Malaysian
Indonesian
Prague
Prague
Praha (also used in Malaysian)
prayer (Islam)
solat, sembahyang
salat, shalat, sholat (from Arabic, 'sh' is

usually pronounced as 's'), sembahyang
prayer room (Islam) surau

pregnant
press
Private Limited
Company
mengandung, hamil (formal, from

Arabic ) , berbadan dua lit. "two
bodied", bunting for animals
media massa, surat khabar (see
above)
Sendirian Berhad
surau, musala, mushollah (from Arabic, 'sh'

is usually pronounced as 's')
mengandung, hamil, berbadan dua,

bunting (informal)
pers (from Dutch), media massa
Perseroan Terbatas
abbreviated as Sdn Bhd (suffix), "sendirian"

abbreviated as PT(prefix)
alone means "alone"
pelacur, Wanita Tuna Susila (WTS)

prostitute
pelacur
province
wilayah (used in Indonesian to mean

'region'), daerah
(Sanskrit, pronounced 'way-tay-es', i.e.

"moral-less women"), Pekerja Seks
Komersial (PSK) (formal, pronounced
'pay-es-ka' (commercial sex workers)), perek
(slang)
provinsi (from English through Dutch suffix

provincie)
tolak (used less primarily in Indonesian to

mean 'subtract', it also means 'to
refuse/reject', also common meaning in
Malaysian when used in arithmetics)
dorong (means "to push" in Malaysian, but
rabbit
arnab (from Arabic)
kelinci
rape
rogol
perkosa
raspberry
rasberi
frambus, frambosen (from Dutch framboos)
receipt
resit, penerimaan
kuitansi, kwitansi (from Dutch kwitantie),

bon from Dutch, struk
peti sejuk lit. cool box (rarely used in
lemari es, lemari pendingin, kulkas (from
Indonesian)
Dutch koelkast)
religion
ugama
agama
restaurant
kedai makan lit. "eating shop",

restoran
rumah makan lit. "eating house", warung

makan lit. "eating caf", restoran
push, to (door)
refrigerator
rob
Rome
room
15 of 36
rompak (Indonesian for "to commit

piracy")
Rom
often used to mean "to support")
rampok, rampas
Roma
bilik (usually used to mean "compartment" kamar (from Dutch kamer), ruang (Javanese,
in Indonesian)
for storage areas etc.)
17/5/14 3:35 PM
English
Malaysian
bulatan
roundabout (traffic)
e.g. Bulatan DBP in Kuala Lumpur

pusing keliling (in Brunei)
royal
diraja
Indonesian
bundaran
e.g. Bundaran HI in Jakarta
kerajaan (in Malaysian means "kingdom" or

"government")
getah may also mean gum or sap or resin

rubber
in Indonesian, also figure of speech for

"cause of bad deed"
karet
Sanskrit
Sanskrit
Sanskerta
sauce
sos
saus
salty
masin
asin
school (Islamic)
sekolah pondok
madrasah, pesantren, pondok pesantren
science
sains
ilmu (from Arabic 'ilm), sains
Scotland
Scotland
Skotlandia
secret
rahsia
rahasia
secretary
setiausaha Indonesian lit. "loyal to work" sekretaris
section
seksyen, bahagian
seksi (from English through Dutch suffix sectie)
session
sesyen, sesi
sesi (from English through Dutch suffix sessie)
sewer
saluran najis "najis" means dirty in both selokan, parit (means 'ditch' in Malaysian),
languages, saluran kumbahan
got, saluran air/pembuangan
syampu (from Anglo-Indian / Hindustani
shampoo
chmpo, the imperative form of (Hindi)

#$ chmpn 'to smear, knead the
sampo
muscles, massage')
shirt
baju (also in Indonesian but more

generally refers to clothes)
kaos, kemeja (from Portuguese camisa)
kasut generalized term for any footwear in

shoe
sepatu (understood but less frequently used in

Indonesian, but usually related to sandals or
Malaysia, from Portuguese sapato)
ancient shoes., sepatu
shop
kedai (Means eateries stall in Indonesia)
toko
Slovakia
Slovakia
Slowakia
snow
salji (from Arabic 'thalj)
salju (from Arabic 'thalj')
solar
solar, suria (from Sanskrit 'surya')
surya
sodomy
liwat (from Arabic)
sodomi
sour
masam
connotative expression: bermuka masam: sour

faced (unsatisfied/unhappy expression))
soya beans
kacang soya
kacang kedelai
asam, masam (obsolete, usually used in
16 of 36
17/5/14 3:35 PM
English
Malaysian
Indonesian
speak/talk
berbicara, bercakap (means 'to chat' in berbicara, ngomong (Javanese ngoko,

Indonesian), bersembang, berborak
colloquial)
Spain
Sepanyol
Spanyol
spoon
sudu
sendok
sport
sukan
spouse
pasangan, kelamin colloquial, in

Indonesian means "sex" or "gender"
olahraga (means "athletics" in Sanskrit and

Malaysian, lit. "to train the body")
pasangan, suami-istri (husband-wife)
stadium
stadium
stadion, stadiun from Dutch
station
stesen
stasiun (formerly spelled "setasiun")
stamp
setem
perangko
state (within a
federation)
negeri
negara bagian
stop (verb)
berhenti
berhenti, henti, stop
strawberry
strawberi
stroberi, arbei
stupid
bodoh, bengap, tolol, bongok (slang)
bodoh, dungu, tolol, goblok (slang),

geblek (slang), bego (slang)
Sunday
Ahad
sunglasses
cermin mata gelap
suspend (hang)
menggantung (it means 'hang' in

Indonesian)
Minggu from Portuguese Domingo which

means Lord's Day
kacamata riben (from American brand of

sunglasses 'Ray-Ban') [9]
menangguhkan, menskors
Sweden
Sweden
Swedia
Switzerland
Switzerland
Swiss
Syria
Syria
Suriah (from Arabic)
tapioca
ubi kayu understood in Indonesian the

tuber cassava itself
tapioka, tepung singkong

air keran, air ledeng ("ledeng" also means
tap water
air paip
taxi
teksi
taksi
teacher
cikgu, guru
guru
teacher (religious,
Islam)
ustaz, ustad (ultimately from Persian

), ustadzah female
"plumbing")
ustad, ustadzah
team
17 of 36
pasukan used in Indonesian to refer to

troops
female
tim
17/5/14 3:35 PM
English
Malaysian
Indonesian
telephone
telefon (formerly talipon)
telepon
terrorist
pengganas
terroris
testicles
buah zakar, testis, buah keranjut
biji kemaluan, buah zakar (slang, vulgar),

kanjut (slang, vulgar)
traffic jam
kesesakan lalulintas, jam (slang)
kemacetan
pusing (means 'to spin' in Indonesian,

turn
commonly used to mean dizzy as a short

form of kepala pusing), belok
television
televisyen, TV
time
masa(an expression for 'at a specific long

period of time' in Indonesian)
belok, putar
televisi (from English through Dutch suffix
televisie) , TV
waktu from Arabic al-Wak'tu
tofu
tauhu
tahu
toilet
bilik air, tandas
towel
tuala (from Portuguese toalha)
handuk (from Dutch handdoek)
The Hague
The Hague
Den Haag (from Dutch)
Thailand
Negara Thai, Siam, Thailand
ticket
tiket
kamar kecil, toilet, WC (pronounced

'we-se') for watercloset
Thailand, Siam, Muangthai used in old

scripts
tiket, karcis (from Dutch kaartje)
tire (U.S.)/tyre (UK) tayar
ban (from Dutch "[auto]band")
train
kereta api, tren
kereta, kereta api
transsexual
pondan, bapok, transseksual
transseksual, waria (polite), bencong,

banci
pokok in Indonesian means "principal" or

tree
"core" or "staple", in Sundanese poko

means authentic, e.g. authentic cuisine,
pohon
pohon
18 of 36
try
cuba
coba
turkey (bird)
ayam belanda
kalkun (from Dutch kalkoen), ayam kalkun
ugly
hodoh, teruk, buruk
jelek, buruk
Ukraine
Ukraine
Ukraina
uncle
pakcik
union
kesatuan (in Indonesian means "unitary") persatuan, uni, serikat
United Arab
Emirates
Emiriah Arab Bersatu
United Nations
Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa
paman, oom or om (derived from Dutch,

pronounced and sometimes spelt as oom)
Uni Emirat Arab
17/5/14 3:35 PM
English
United States of
America (USA) also
Malaysian
Indonesian
Amerika Syarikat
Amerika Serikat (AS)
university
universiti
universitas
until
sehingga, sampai
hingga, sampai
Vatican City
Itali
Vatikan
vagina
faraj (from Arabic, in Indonesian means

vulva), pepek/pepet (slang)
the United States (US)
Venice
Venice
alat kelamin wanita, liang peranakan,

vagina, farji, memek (slang, vulgar), pepek
(slang, vulgar)
Venesia (influenced by Dutch Veneti )

sangat, amat, sekali, banget (from Javanese
ngoko), cetar cetar membahana also used,
very
sangat, amat, sekali
vice president
naib presiden
wakil presiden ('wapres')
victim
mangsa in Indonesian means "prey"
korban
Vienna
Vienna
Wina (influenced by Dutch Wenen)
virgin
(anak) dara, (anak) gadis
perawan (formal), gadis, (anak) dara
voucher
baucer
voucher
want
mahu
mau
warden
warden, penjaga penjara
sipir penjara (from Dutch cipier)
Warsaw
Warsaw
Warsawa
website
laman web
situs web
weekend
hujung minggu
akhir pekan, akhir minggu
well (water hole)
perigi
sumur, perigi (rarely used)
when
bila, apabila, ketika
kapan, bilamana, bila, ketika
window
tingkap (also used in Indonesian but less

common), jendela
jendela (from Portuguese janela)
wire
dawai, wayar
you
anda (very formal), awak, kamu,

engkau, kau
Kepintarannya cetar membahana He is very

smart, his smartiness is awesome
kawat (e.g. copper wire), kabel (e.g. electrical

wire, cable)
Anda (everyday formal), kamu (for very

familiar people only), engkau ('kau) (prose),
elu/loe (very vulgar Betawi slang, influenced by
Chinese dialect leu)
kebun binatang (derived from Dutch

dierentuin (animal garden)), taman
was also frequently used in Malaysia before
margasatwa (more formal form for zoological
zoo, taman haiwan (kebun binatang
zoo
the mid-1960s)
19 of 36
park)
17/5/14 3:35 PM
False friends
Besides vocabulary differences, there are also a number of false friends in both languages. As these
words are in quite common use in either or both of the languages, misunderstandings can arise.
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17/5/14 3:35 PM
Word
Malaysian meaning
Indonesian meaning
a member (of a group)

(when the word is used by itself) (from Arabo-
ahli
Persian "ahli" ' belonging to a group, people, indigenous or

sim.'),
expert in a field
expert in a field (from Arabo-Persian "'aqli"

'belonging to the intellect or mind, intellectual')
akta (from
act (= law)
act (= written legal document)
awak
you (casual)
me / I (only used in some regions in Sumatra

Island), crew (of transportation)
baja
fertilizer
banci
census
bandar
city
Latino-Dutch acta)
steel
Malaysian: besi waja
effeminate, transvestite homosexual

(negative connotation)
port
specific to 'Father' (God) in religious
context (Christianity)
father (male parent)
belanja
to treat, giving something for free
to shop (note: also carries this meaning

in Malaysian, though in a context more
akin to "spend".)
berbual
to chat
to tell a lie
bercinta
in (the essence of) love
make love, have sexual intercourse
beredar
From the root word "edar" which can

means; to oscillate (planets only), to
leave, or to distribute
distributed
biji
seed
seed, testicles ("balls", offensive)
bila
when
if, when (older version, almost obsolete)
bina
to build
to develop
bisa
venom
can/able (same as "boleh" in Malaysian),

venom
bontot/buntut
buttock
tail ('ekor' as commonly used in Malaysian)
budak
kid
slave
butoh/butuh
male genitals, an offensive reference
need
cadangan
21 of 36
our Father which art in Heaven = Bapa kami

yang di surga .
Father in Indonesian is bapak (with an
additional 'k' letter')
bapa
suggestion, opinion, proposal (example: reserve, spare (example: ban cadangan =

peti cadangan = suggestion box)
spare tire)
17/5/14 3:35 PM
Word
comel
Malaysian meaning
cute, pretty
Indonesian meaning
(to call) someone who can not keep a
secret (example: mulutnya comel= her mouth
can't keep a secret)
daripada
A preposition that carries 5 meanings;

1. from (to explain the origin of
something) 2.than (to do comparison) than (comparison)(example: Kamus ini
3.from (to protect from, to avoid from lebih baik daripada yang itu= This dictionary is
) 4. from (to state the sender of
better than that one)
something) 5. from (to state the
differences)
doktor
doctor (paramedic); doctorate

(educational title)
duduk
to sit, a place to live on (only used

informally)
email
electronic mail (recently changed to "emel") enamel
gampang
getah
bastard
from 'anak gampang' lit. easy child
doctorate (educational title)

In Indonesian, the equivalent for paramedic
doctor is dokter
to sit
easy (non negative meaning)
rubber, plant sap
plant sap
hemat
moral excellence
frugal, pennywise, save money or

something e.g. electricity, gas or water
usage
jabatan
department
position
jawatan
position
department
jemput
invite, pick up
pick up
jeruk
pickles/preserved fruits or vegetables
orange (fruit)
jimat
frugal, pennywise, save money or

something e.g. electricity
amulet (the Malaysian equivalent is azimat)

ber-kacak pinggang (stands with hands on
kacak
handsome
your hips)
The Malaysian equivalent is bercekak-pinggang, a phrase to
mean that a person is being bossy
kadar
rate
content, level
kakak
elder sister
elder sibling (either elder brother or

sister)
kakitangan
employee
subordinate (with negative meaning)
or kafan: Muslim burial shroud (kain
when (kapan mau pulang?= when do you want
kafan/kapan)
to go home?)
work of art (karyawan=artists)
work (karyawan= workers)
kapan
karya
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Word
Malaysian meaning
Indonesian meaning
government
kerajaan
keranjang
(historical association, most Malay states were

governed by monarchs, from Raja = King, now
refers to any kind of government)
'bola keranjang' = basketball (no other

use than for basketball)
kingdom
basket
vehicle, carriage, cart (kereta api = train,
kereta
car
kereta kuda = horse carriage/cart, kereta

gantung = cable car)
kesal
regret
annoyed
khidmat
service
fully concentrate
koneksi
'konek' = dick (slang/vulgar)
connection
konfeksi
clothing industry, any fancy or

A soft solid made by incorporating a
luxurious women's clothes
medicinal substance or substances with
(Dutch: confectie. A non-standard spelling
sugar, sirup, or honey
sometimes used is: "konveksi")
lucu
funny
funny, cute (slang)
mangsa
victim
prey for animal
mengacau
to stir
to disturb
operasi
mathematic operational symbol,

tactical operation
mathematic operational symbol, police

operation, operation/surgery (as in
Dutch)
pajak
to mortgage, pawn
tax
paket
packet
packet, package (normally used for

promotion purposes, as in Dutch)
pantas
speedily
appropriate, 'no wonder'
pantat
buttock (Sabahan Malay meaning),

vagina/pussy (slang/vulgar)
buttock
plan
23 of 36
pelan
(associated with architectural work, site map

etc. only)
slow (perlahan in Malaysian)
penyelenggaraan
maintenance
management
pejabat
office
pembangkang
opposition
rebel (noun), insurgent
pemerintah
ruler
government
pengajian
studies
mass recitation of Qur'an
penganjur
organizer
advocate
high-rank officer/officials
(those who hold office, Malaysian (pegawai))
17/5/14 3:35 PM
Word
Malaysian meaning
Indonesian meaning
free of charge
percuma
peti sejuk
piawai
percuma can also mean free of charge in

Indonesian, but its usage has become obsolete,
replaced by cuma-cuma/gratis (taken from
Dutch: gratis=free)
refrigerator
standard; correct
bahasa piawai = standard language
bugs
pijat
pohon
(software bugs i.e. Year 2000 bug and also

commonly referring to the bed bugs)
tree, to plea or to beg (from basic word:

"mohon")
useless, not needed
cold coffin
expert; skillful (on something)
massage
Javanese pijet
tree
essential, basic, main kebutuhan pokok =
pokok
tree
polis
police
(insurance) policy (as in Dutch)
polisi
policy
police (as in Dutch)
punggung
buttock
back
pupuk
to nurture
pusing
to go around a place, circular in

motion, to spin/rotate
dizzy, confused, headache
putera
prince
son
rambut
hair (for head only)
hair
rayuan
appeal (neutral)
flattery, seduction (emotional or sexual

connotation)
tambang
fare
mine, rope, passenger, fare
tandas
toilet
to explain, to finish
senang
easy
happy, relax
seronok
good, enjoyable
sulit
confidential, difficult
difficult
wakil
representative
vice (for example, 'vice chancellor' and

'vice president'), representative
essential necessities
fertilizer (also means 'to nurture' in the

metaphorical sense of the word)
impolite, pornography-related gambar

seronok = porn picture
The influence of English

One of the most important aspect in differences between Indonesian and Malaysian is the degree of
influence from English. Apart from being heavily influenced by the Dutch language, Indonesian
24 of 36
17/5/14 3:35 PM
language also adopted a significant number of English loan words in its vocabulary. There have been
many changes in Indonesian language as a result of its historical development. Words have been
freely borrowed from English and only partly assimilated, in many cases, to the Indonesian patterns
of structure.[10] By the late 1970s, English words pouring into the language, leading one
commentator, writing in 1977, to refer to the "trend towards Indo-Saxonisation".[11] A great many
borrowings from English sometimes fulfill no communicative need, expressing concepts adequately
covered by existing words. Among the examples are: akurat instead of tepat (accurate), aliansi in the
place of sekutu (alliance), eksis rather than ada (exist), kandidat as well as calon (candidate),
konklusi instead of kesimpulan (conclusion) kontaminasi in the place of pencemaran
(contamination), opini rather than pendapat (opinion) and opsi in the place of pilihan (option).
Some in Indonesia view this trend of excessive borrowings as "language dynamism", while some
Malay linguists called it mass "language pollution",[12] and lack of creativity in creating new terms.
These days a widespread use of English in the Indonesian and Malaysian twittersphere can be
observed. Basolectal and mesolectal English usage couched within Malaysian, and other local
language are common. Twitter has, as an example, become extremely widely used by all sections of
society and the next twenty years should see a lot of language-rub from which we could expect to see
more Anglicisims move into acrolectical or printed Indonesian and Malaysian.
Example
The original text in Indonesian:
[13]
Apabila peraturan pakta stabilitas Eropa dihormati sampai ke detailnya, rasio utang
publik dibanding produk domestik bruto pada hari krisis akan berada di posisi 10 persentase
poin kurang dalam zona euro, katanya.
The same text rendered in Malaysian:
Apabila peraturan pakatan kestabilan Eropah dihormati sehingga ke perinciannya, nisbah
hutang awam berbanding keluaran dalam negara kasar pada hari krisis akan berada di
kedudukan 10 titik peratusan kurang dalam kawasan euro, katanya.
English translation:
If the European stability pact rules had been respected in detail, the ratio of public debt to
gross domestic product on the days of crisis would have been at the position 10 percentage
points less in the eurozone, he said.
Table of comparison
25 of 36
17/5/14 3:35 PM
English
26 of 36
Indonesian
Malaysian
Abortion
Aborsi, also used: Pengguguran

kandungan
Pengguguran
Accurate
Akurat, more commonly used:Tepat
Tepat
Accessibility
Aksesibilitas (also used: Keterjangkauan,

ketercapaian)
Kebolehcapaian; ketercapaian
Accountability
Akuntabilitas (also used:

Pertanggungjawaban)
Kebertanggungjawapan, also
used: Akauntabliti
Alloy
Aloi
Pancalogam, also used: Aloi
Administration
Administrasi
Pentadbiran
Apartment
Apartemen
Pangsapuri, also used: Apartmen
Application software Aplikasi
Perisian penggunaan, also used:

Aplikasi
Architecture
Arsitektur
Seni bina
Association
Asosiasi (also used: Perkumpulan,

persatuan)
Persatuan
Assumption
Asumsi (also used: Anggapan)
Andaian; Anggapan
Astronaut
Astronot, also used Antariksawan
Angkasawan
Athletics (sport)
Atletik
Olahraga
Baseband
Baseband
Jalur asas
Basketball
Basket
Bola keranjang
Board of directors
Dewan Direktur (also used: Dewan

direksi)
Lembaga Pengarah
Binary numeral
system
Biner
Perduaan
Business
Bisnis (less commonly used: perniagaan)
Perniagaan, bisnes
Capacitor
Kapasitor
Pemuat, also used: Kapasitor
Censor
Sensor
Tapisan
Career
Karier
Kerjaya, also used: Karier
Chaos theory (math) Teori Chaos
Teori kekacauan
Cavalry
Kavaleri
Pasukan berkuda
Census
Sensus
Banci
Central bank
Bank sentral
Bank pusat
Civil
Sipil
Awam
Circuit switching
Circuit switching
Pensuisan litar
Circuit
Sirkuit
Litar
Claim
Klaim
Tuntutan
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English
27 of 36
Indonesian
Malaysian
Clarification
Klarifikasi
Penjernihan
Committee
Komite
Jawatankuasa
Commission
Komisi
Suruhanjaya
Commissioner
Komisaris
Pesuruhjaya
Complaint
Komplain (also used: Aduan)
Aduan
Compiler
Kompilator (also used: Penyusun)
Penyusun
Confirmation
Konfirmasi (also used: Pengesahan (of a

document), kepastian (of a decision))
Pengesahan
Constitution
Konstitusi, more commonly used:

Undang-Undang Dasar
Perlembagaan
Consumption
Konsumsi
Perbelanjaan
Corporation
Korporasi
Perbadanan
Corruption
Korupsi
Rasuah; also used: Korupsi (rare)
Conclusion
Konklusi, more commonly

used:Kesimpulan
Kesimpulan; also used:

Konklusi (rare)
Condensation
Kondensasi (commonly used: Penguapan)
Pemeluwapan; also used:

Kondensasi
Conference
Konferensi (also used: Sidang)
Persidangan
Conservation
Konservasi (also used: Pelestarian (of

animals & plants))
Pemuliharaan; also used:

Konservasi (rare)
Construction
Konstruksi (commonly used:

Pembangunan (of building), pembinaan
(of moral))
Pembinaan
Contamination
Kontaminasi, more commonly

used:Pencemaran
Pencemaran
Continuous function Fungsi kontinu
Fungsi selanjar
Conversion
Konversi
Penukaran
Criminal
Kriminal, more commonly used: Penjahat
Jenayah
Crucial
Krusial (also used: Penting, Genting)
Genting
Decimal
Desimal
Perpuluhan
Department
Departemen, also used: Jurusan (for

department in University)
Jabatan
Depression
(psychological)
Depresi
Kemurungan
Detail
Detil, also used:Rinci
terperinci
Detection
Deteksi
Pengesanan
Deputy
Deputi, more commonly used: Wakil
Timbalan
17/5/14 3:35 PM
English
Indonesian
Malaysian
Design
Desain, also used:Rancangan
Reka bentuk
Discussion
Diskusi
Perbincangan; also used:

Diskusi
Disinfectant
Disinfektan, also used:Sucihama
Penyahjangkit
Efficiency
Efisiensi, also used: Kemangkusan
Kecekapan
Elasticity (economy) Elastisitas
Keanjalan
Embargo (political
science)
Embargo
Sekatan
Energy
Energi, also used: Tenaga
Tenaga
Erosion
Erosi,more commonly used: Pengikisan
Hakisan
Escalator
Eskalator
Tangga gerak
Estimation
Estimasi, more commonly used: Perkiraan

Jangkaan, Anggaran
and Dugaan
Evaluation
Evaluasi, more commonly used:Penilaian
Penilaian
Evacuation
Evakuasi, more commonly used:

Pengungsian
Pemindahan
Excess
Ekses, more commonly used:Berlebihan
Lebihan
Excretion
Ekskresi
Perkumuhan
Expose
Ekspos, more commonly used:Paparan
Pendedahan
Execution
Eksekusi
Hukuman mati
Exploration
Eksplorasi, also used: Penjelajahan
Penjelajahan, also used:

Eksplorasi
Facility
Fasilitas
Kemudahan, Fasiliti
Federation
Federasi
Persekutuan
Fermentation
Fermentasi, also used:Peragian
Penapaian
Financial Ratio
Rasio finansial
Nisbah kewangan
Fungus
Fungi (commonly has got misconception

as: Jamur)
Kulat, also used: Fungus
Fusion
Fusi (also used: Penggabungan)
Pelakuran
Global Positioning
System
Sistem Pemosisi Global
Sistem Kedudukan Sejagat
Governor (state)
Gubernur
Yang Dipertua Negeri; Gabenor
Gradation
Gradasi
Pemeringkatan
Gross domestic
product
Produk domestik bruto
Keluaran dalam negara kasar
Group (mathematics) Grup
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Kumpulan
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English
29 of 36
Indonesian
Malaysian
Hexadecimal
Heksadesimal
Perenambelasan
Hybrid (biology)
Hibrida
Kacukan
Impotent
Impotensi, also used: Kemandulan
Kemandulan
Inductor
Induktor
Peraruh, also used: Induktor

(rare)
Injection
Injeksi, more commonly used:Suntikan
Suntikan
Information
Informasi (less commonly used:

Maklumat)
Maklumat
Instant
Instan
Segera
Introspection
Introspeksi
Kaji diri, also used: Introspeksi

(rare)
Intelligent (of
spying)
Intelijen
Risikan
International
Internasional (less common: mancanegara) Antarabangsa
Intervention
Intervensi, more commonly used: Campur

Campur tangan
tangan
Invasion
Invasi (more commonly used:

Penyerangan, penjajahan)
Penaklukan
Investment
Investasi, also used:Penanaman modal
Pelaburan
Irrigation
Irigasi (also used: Pengairan)
Pengairan
Goal Keeper
Kiper, also used: Penjaga gawang
Penjaga gol/penjaga gawang
Guarantee
Garansi, more commonly used:Jaminan
Jaminan
Incineration
Insinerasi
Penunuan
Legislative
Legislatif
Perundangan, also used:

Legislatif
Liquidity (economy) Likuiditas
Kecairan
Malpractice
Malpraktek
Penyelewengan
Management
Manajemen
Pengurusan
Manager
Manajer
Pengurus
Manufacturing
Manufaktur
Pengilangan
Mass
Massa, also used: Kelembaman
Jisim
Matter
Materi
Jirim
Mediation
Mediasi, more commonly used:Penengah
Pengantaraan
Mental arithmetic
Aritmetika cepat, also used: Mencongak
Congak
Memory card
Kartu memori
Kad ingatan/Kad memori
Mile
Mil
Batu
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English
30 of 36
Indonesian
Malaysian
Military
Militer
Militari, Ketenteraan
Navigation
Navigasi
Pandu arah, also used: Navigasi
Negotiation
Negosiasi, more commonly

used:Perundingan
Perundingan
Octal
Oktal
Perlapanan
Option
Opsi, more commonly used:Pilihan
Pilihan/Opsyen (rare)
Opposition
Opposisi
Pembangkang
Organization
Organisasi
Pertubuhan, also used:

Organisasi
Oscillation
Osilasi, also used: Ayunan
Ayunan
Oven
Oven
Ketuhar
Parallel port
Port paralel
Port selari
Patient
Pasien
Pesakit
Patrol
Patroli (for police and military), Ronda

(for civilian)
Ronda
Percent
Persen
Peratus
Periodic table
Tabel periodik, also used: Tabel Berkala
Jadual berkala
Pollution
Polusi, more commonly used:Pencemaran Pencemaran
Portion
Porsi (can also mean sebagian (a portion

of ...))
Sebahagian
Potential energy
Energi potensial
Tenaga keupayaan
Publication
Publikasi, more commonly used:Terbitan
Penerbitan
Precipitation
(meteorology)
Presipitasi (meteorologi) (commonly used:

Kerpasan
Curah hujan)
Prediction
Prediksi, more commonly used:Ramalan,

perkiraan
Ramalan
Premature
Prematur, also used: Dini
Pramatang
Preposition
Preposisi, also used: Kata Depan
Kata sendi nama
Privatization
Privatisasi
Penswastaan
Producer
Produsen
Pengeluar
Programming
Pemrograman
Pengaturcaraan
Property
Properti
Harta
Propulsion
Propulsi
Perejangan
Prostitution
Prostitusi, also used: Pelacuran
Pelacuran
Pulse
Pulsa (commonly used: Denyut)
Denyut
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English
31 of 36
Indonesian
Malaysian
Random-access
memory (RAM)
Memori akses acak
Ingatan capaian rawak
Ratio
Rasio, also used: Nisbah, perbandingan
Nisbah
Real estate
Realestat
Hartanah
Recession (economy) Resesi
Kemelesetan
Read-only memory
(ROM)
Read only memory, also used in some

textbooks: Memori Hanya Baca
Ingatan baca sahaja
Reclamation
Reklamasi
Tebus guna
Refraction
Refraksi, more commonly used:

Pembiasan
Pembiasan
Renovation
Renovasi, also used: Pembaharuan
Pengubahsuaian
Reproduction
Reproduksi
Pembiakana
Research
Riset, more commonly used:Penelitian
Kajian
Retailing
Ritel, also used: eceran
Peruncitan
Resistor
Resistor
Perintang
Ring (mathematics)
Ring, 'Gelanggang' is also used in some

Mathematics textbook
Gelanggang
Rumour
Rumor, also used: Desas-desus, Kabar

angin, Kabar burung
Khabar angin, also used:

Desas-desus
Routing
Routing
Penghalaan
Secretary
Sekretaris
Setiausaha
Sensor
Sensor
Penderia, Pengesan, also used:

Sensor
Server (computing)
Server
Pelayan
Sexagesimal
Seksagesimal
Perenampuluhan
Shopping mall
Mal
Pusat beli-belah
Site
Situs, also used: Laman
Laman, Tapak
Sublimation (phase
transition)
Sublimasi, penyubliman
Pemejalwapan
Survey
Survei
Tinjauan, Kaji selidik
Supervision
Supervisi, more commonly used:

Pengawasan
Penyeliaan
Supermarket
Supermarket, also used: Pasar swalayan
Pasar raya
Solution
Solusi, also used:Pemecahan, penyelesaian
Penyelesaian; also used: Solusi

(rare)
Specialist doctor
Dokter spesialis
Pakar perubatan, Doktor pakar
Standard
Standar
Piawai, also used: Standard
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English
Indonesian
Malaysian
Tank
Tank
Kereta kebal
Terrorism
Terorisme
Pengganasan
Transportation
Transportasi
Pengangkutan
National Team
Tim Nasional (Timnas)
Pasukan Kebangsaan
Team
Tim
Pasukan
Tornado
Tornado (commonly used: puting beliung,

Puting beliung
angin puyuh)
USB flash drive
USB flash drive, also used: Penggerak

kilat USB
Pemacu kilat USB
Variable
Variabel
Pemboleh ubah
Verb
Verba, more commonly used:Kata Kerja
Kata kerja
Verification
Verifikasi (also used: Pengesahan)
Pengesahan
Visit
Wisata
Pelancongan
Viscosity
Viskositas
Kelikatan
Violet (color)
Violet, also used: Ungu, Lembayung
Lembayung
Volume (math)
Volume
Isi padu
Volleyball
Bola Voli
Bola tampar
Wide area network

(WAN)
Jaringan area luas
Rangkaian kawasan luas
Convergence of vocabulary
The rift of evolution between the two languages is based more on political nuance and the history of
their formation than on cultural reasons. As a result, views regarding each other's languages differ
among Malaysians and Indonesians. In Malaysia, the national language is Malay; in Indonesia, it is
Indonesian. Malaysians tend to assert that Malay and Indonesian are merely different varieties of the
same language, while Indonesians tend to treat them as separate albeit related languages. The
result of this attitude is that the Indonesians feel little need to synchronize their language with
Malaysia and Brunei, whereas the Malaysians are keener to coordinate the evolution of the language
with the Indonesians.[14] However, both parties have realized that communication benefits from
mutually comprehensible and intelligible languages, which motivated efforts to synchronize the
languages' development. The effort to synchronize both languages' evolution to increase their mutual
intelligibility has been embarked by imposing standard rules of language. This process is headed by
Pusat Bahasa[15] on the Indonesian side and Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka as its Malaysian counterpart.
Sample
The following texts are excerpts from the official translations of the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights in Malaysian and Indonesian, along with the original declaration in English.
32 of 36
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Malaysian text sample:[16]

Maka dengan ini,
Perhimpunan Agung mengisytiharkan
PERISYTIHARAN SEJAGAT HAK ASASI MANUSIA ini sebagai suatu ukuran
bersama terhadap pencapaian oleh seluruh umat manusia dan kesemua negara dengan
tujuan supaya setiap individu dan setiap badan masyarakat, dengan senantiasa
mengingati Perisytiharan ini, hendaklah berazam melalui pengajaran dan pendidikan
bagi memajukan sanjungan terhadap seluruh hak-hak dan kebebasan ini dan secara
langkah-langkah berperingkat-peringkat, di bidang negara dan antarabangsa, bagi
menjaminkan pengkitirafan dan pematuhan sejagatnya yang berkesan, kedua-duanya di
antara negara-negara anggota masing-masing dan rakyat wilayah-wilayah di bawah
bidangkuasa mereka.
Perkara 1.
Semua manusia dilahirkan bebas dan samarata dari segi kemuliaan dan hak-hak.
Mereka mempunyai pemikiran dan perasaan hati dan hendaklah bertindak di
antara satu sama lain dengan semangat persaudaraan.
Indonesian text sample:[17]

Maka,
Majelis Umum memproklamasikan
PERNYATAAN UMUM TENTANG HAK ASASI MANUSIA sebagai satu standar
umum keberhasilan untuk semua bangsa dan negara, dengan tujuan agar setiap orang
dan setiap badan dalam masyarakat dengan senantiasa mengingat Pernyataan ini, akan
berusaha dengan jalan mengajar dan mendidik untuk menggalakkan penghargaan
terhadap hak-hak dan kebebasan-kebebasan tersebut, dan dengan jalan tindakantindakan progresif yang bersifat nasional maupun internasional, menjamin pengakuan
dan penghormatannya secara universal dan efektif, baik oleh bangsa-bangsa dari
Nenegara Anggota sendiri maupun oleh bangsa-bangsa dari daerah-daerah yang berada
di bawah kekuasaan hukum mereka.
Pasal 1
Semua orang dilahirkan merdeka dan mempunyai martabat dan hak yang sama.
Mereka dikaruniai akal dan hati nurani dan hendaknya bergaul sesama lain dalam
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semangat persaudaraan.
The original English version of the text:[18]

Now, therefore,
the General Assembly proclaims
this UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of
achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every
organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching
and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive
measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition
and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the
peoples of territories under their jurisdiction.
Article 1
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed
with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of
brotherhood.
References
1. ^ Hafriza Burhanudeen, Nor Zakiah Abdul Hamid, Norsimah Mat Awal & Mohd Azlan Mis. "The
Reality of Bahasa Melayu and Bahasa Indonesia in Academia" (http://www.educ.utas.edu.au/users
/tle/JOURNAL/issues/2007/22-1.pdf). Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. The
International Journal of Language Society and Culture. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
2. ^ Fairy Mahzan. "The Wonderful World of Subtitling" (http://myindo.com/story/278.asp). MyIndo.com.
Retrieved 9 July 2012.
3. ^ Bahasa Melayu becomes Bahasa Malaysia again (http://www.straitstimes.com/Free/Story
/STIStory_126067.html), Straits Times, June 5, 2007
4. ^ Perambahan: A unique feature of Brunei Malay (http://bruneitimes.com.bn/art-culture/2010/08
/04/perambahan-unique-feature-brunei-malay), Brunei Times, August 4, 2010
5. ^ Spelling and Society: The Culture and Politics of Orthography Around the World
(http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JHgsfADZF9IC&pg=PA94&lpg=PA94&
dq=wilkinson+malay+orthography&source=bl&ots=f2ees7OY7n&
sig=UtkzvI0r_yC7xsTmzHfZm6qzTL8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=T_inT6jbGcrZ8AOXqpmCBQ&
ved=0CE8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=wilkinson%20&f=false), Mark Sebba, Cambridge University
Press, 2007
6. ^ The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society (http://books.google.co.uk
/books?id=A9UjLYD9jVEC&pg=PA91&dq=van+ophuijsen+indonesia&hl=en&
34 of 36
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sa=X&ei=K_qnT9KKAcPm8QO2mdXOBA&ved=0CD8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&
q=van%20ophuijsen%20indonesia&f=false), James N. Sneddon, UNSW Press, 2003
7. ^ Istri Djoko Disebut Beli Rumah Rp 7,1 Miliar (http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2013/06/14/21044791
/Istri.Djoko.Disebut.Beli.Rumah.Rp.7.1.Miliar), Kompas, 14 June 2013
8. ^ 58 IBO berpotensi jana RM1.9b (http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/Ekonomi/20130606/ek_05
/58-IBO-berpotensi-jana-RM1.9b), Utusan Melayu, 6 June 2013
9. ^ Gustaaf Kusno (2013). "Apa Bahasa Inggris Jendela Nako dan Kaca Riben?"
(http://unik.kompasiana.com/2013/06/30/apa-bahasa-inggris-jendela-nako-dan-kaca-riben-573322.html).
Kompas.com. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
10. ^ Roderick Ross Macdonald (1976). Indonesian reference grammar. Georgetown, USA: Georgetown
University Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780878401635.
11. ^ James Sneddon (2003). The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society. University
of New South Wales Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-0868405988.
12. ^ "Bahasa Melayu dan Bahasa Indonesia" (http://www.dbp.gov.my/klikdbp/klikdbp3mac8.pdf). Berita
Harian. 2008-03-19. Retrieved 2011-02-09.
13. ^ Antara News - Draghi: Krisis Zona Euro Berisiko "Sistemik" (http://www.antaranews.com/berita
/261056/draghi-krisis-zona-euro-berisiko-sistemik)
14. ^ Who is Malay?, July 2005 (http://www.yawningbread.org/arch_2005/yax-455.htm)
15. ^ due to several reorganization in current cabinet, the Indonesian Language Regulator is Badan
Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa (http://bahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/lamanbahasa/), Kementerian
Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Republik Indonesia
16. ^ From (http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=mli)
17. ^ From (http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=inz)
18. ^ From (http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=eng)
External links
The Malay Spelling Reform (http://www.spellingsociety.org/journals/j11/malay.php), Asmah
Haji Omar, (Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society, 1989-2 pp. 913 later designated J11)
The MALAY LANGUAGE in MALAYSIA and INDONESIA: from lingua franca to national
language (http://stateless.freehosting.net/AA2EMalay.htm) Asmah Haji Omar article in The
Asianists' ASIA
Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (http://badanbahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/kbbi/). 2008. Pusat
Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org
/w/index.php?title=Comparison_of_Malaysian_and_Indonesian&oldid=603967624"
Categories: Indonesian language Malay language Language comparison False friends
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