SOCOMEC UPS Presentation 22-11-13

Introduction to UPS
CP 01 Specification Seminar
Contents of the seminar

Part 1 Power problems
Part 2 Types of UPS
Part 3 Structures of UPS, main components
Part 4 Parallel UPS system
Part 5 Isolation Transformer
Part 6 Grounding
Part 7 Harmonics
Part 8 Surges
Part 9 Battery
Introduction to UPS
All rights reserved Socomec 2013

Causes
Effects
Solution
Introduction to UPS
The causes
Black-out events can arrived due to :
Lightning
Accidental events
Short-circuits
Switching on heavy loads
Overloads
And impurities :
Introduction to UPS
The effects
How frequent are the power quality problems ?
88% of the events
Electrical noises & transients
63.0 events/month
Spikes & surges
50.7 events/month
Sags & brownouts
14.4 events/month
Mains interruption
0.5 events/month
A typical server system can have more than 125 events/month, potentially
destructive !
5
Introduction to UPS
The effects
The effects of a black-out on the installation could be :
Loss of data
Disk crash
Hardware damages
Loss of production
Example of cost per hour of the electrical

breakdowns :
Telecommunication
1.800.000
Production semiconductor
3.800.000
Transaction per credit card
2.500.000
Financial with stock exchange
6.000.000
Car industry
6.000.000
And through impurities :
Data corruption
Anomalies of operation
Premature wear of electronics parts
Irreparable failures to components
Introduction to UPS
The solution: implement the UPS protection
Introduction to UPS
The solution: implement the UPS protection
UPS
1 - CONTINUITY
OF THE SUPPLY
2 - PROTECTION OF THE LOAD
Introduction to UPS
Part 2 Types of UPS
Off-line UPS
Line interactive UPS
On line UPS
Mix modes UPS
Introduction to UPS
Part 2 Types of UPS
What it is ?
According to the IEC 62040-3, UPS are classified via :
10
Output quality
Output waveshape
Output transient performance
Introduction to UPS
Part 2 Types of UPS
Classification in deep
11
Introduction to UPS
Part 2 Types of UPS
Off-line UPS, VFD classified

Switch
Filter
Charger
Inverter
Normal condition:
The load is directly supplied by the mains
The charger manages the battery charge
12
Introduction to UPS
Part 2 Types of UPS
Off-line UPS, VFD classified

This UPS topology is a back-up solution
Switch
Filter
Charger
Advantages
Inverter
Disadvantages
Very High efficiency (98-99%)
Does not stabilize voltage and frequency
Small size
Does not protect the load against mains

disturbances
Low cost
Does not condition the load current

Battery stress highly linked to power quality
Transfer times main to batteries = 10ms
13
Introduction to UPS
Part 2 Types of UPS
Line interactive UPS, VI classified

Normal mode
Switch
Auto Voltage Stabiliser

Filter
AVS
Charger
Inverter
The UPS stabilizes the output voltage

The battery is kept charged
14
Introduction to UPS
Part 2 Types of UPS
Line interactive UPS, VI classified

When the input voltage is out of the tolerances
Filter
AVS
Inverter
Advantages
Disadvantages
High efficiency in normal mode
Less efficient than VFD
Some stabilization of the voltage variations

compared to VFD
Only partially protects the load against mains

disturbances
Low cost
Bad compatibility with input power generators

Transfer times main to batteries = 10ms
15
Introduction to UPS
Part 2 Types of UPS
On-line UPS, VFI classified

On-line UPS is the best load protection level to supply
critical load, thanks to double conversion (ACDCAC)
Switch
Filter
Rectifier
Inverter
Filter
Charger
16
Introduction to UPS
Part 2 Types of UPS

The load is kept protected by double conversion even if the
rectifier input voltage is out of tolerances.
Energy storage provides the back-up until genset starts
Switch
Filter
Rectifier
Inverter
Filter
Charger
By-pass line is only used as auxiliary source or to transfer on

maintenance by-pass
17
Introduction to UPS
Part 2 Types of UPS
Advantages
Stabilizes voltage and frequency variations on mains
More expensive
Protects loads against all electrical disturbances
Lower Efficiency thanVFD or VI
Provides zero transfer time during transfer :

mains/battery/by-pass
Good compatibility with generators
Conditions the load current avoiding the rejection to
mains of non-linear load harmonics current
By-pass separated from mains increases the fault
tolerance (dual inputs)
18
Disadvantages
Introduction to UPS
Part 2 Types of UPS
Mix-modes UPS
Mix-mode UPS priories the efficiency performances
It works in VFD till the bypass input is acceptable
Switch
Filter
Rectifier
Inverter
Filter
Charger
19
Introduction to UPS
Part 2 Types of UPS
Mix-modes UPS
It means also that the load is only partially protected
The famous 88% of potentially destructive disturbances are passing
through the UPS, even if the UPS can transfer quickly on VFI mode
Switch
Filter
Rectifier
Inverter
Filter
Charger
20
Introduction to UPS
Part 2 Types of UPS
Mix-modes UPS
The UPS can transfer in double conversion if the mains is too much
disturbed
Transfer time depends on the Technology (<6ms is good) but
disturbances will anyway be applied to the load during this period
Switch
Rectifier
Inverter
Filter
Charger
21
Introduction to UPS
Part 2 Types of UPS
Summary, protection vs efficiency

Off line
VFD
Line interactive
VI
Mix mode (*)

VFD / VFI
On line
VFI
Mains failures
Sags / brownouts
Surges
Spikes / transients
High frequency noise
Harmonic distortion
Frequency variation
Typical efficiency
98%
94 < < 97%
94 < < 98%
93 < <
96%
Power problem
22
Introduction to UPS
Part 2 Types of UPS

Off line
VFD
Line interactive
VI
Mix mode
VFD/VI/VFI
On line
VFI
Mains failures
Sags / brownouts
Surges
Spikes / transients
High frequency noise
Harmonic distortion
Frequency variation
98%
94 < < 97%
94 < < 98%
93 < <
96%
Power problem
Typical efficiency
LIMITED
PROTECTION
23
Introduction to UPS
FULL
PROTECTION
Part 2 Types of UPS

No
UPS
98%
96%
Line
interactive
(VI)
EFFICIENCY
100%
Bypass
(VFD)
Mix modes
VFI
Online
3 Level inside
2L technology
94%
92%
LOAD PROTECTION
24
Introduction to UPS
Part 3 Structures of UPS, main

components
25
Rectifier
Energy storage management
Inverter
Static by pass
Storage, battery scope
Introduction to UPS
Part 3 Structure of UPS
What it is ?
Description of a double conversion UPS composants.
Maintenance Bypass
to keep load supplied
upon servicing
Bypass input
Static Switch
Connect bypass or
inverter to the output
Filter
Rectifier
Convert AC to DC
Output
Inverter
Convert DC to AC
Rectifier input
Filter
Associate to the inverter
To provide perfect sinewave
Charger/Booster
Energy storage
Management
26
Introduction to UPS
Energy storage
Provides the energy if the rectifier
input is not available
How to evaluate it
Efficiency (energy consumption, aircon sizing, ..)

Protection degree (IP), dimensions, weight, mechanical robustness
Acoustic noise, Ambient service conditions
EMC (emission/immunity)
Output Performances
* on Inverter
* on By-pass
* transfer time
Input
performances
Charger
capacity
27
Introduction to UPS
Energy storage
*backup Time
*life time
*environmental stress resistance
UPS power sizing

The output power capability is defined by
28
S: Nominal apparent power (kVA)

P: Nominal active power (kW)
Q: Reactive power (leading / lagging)
UPS designed @ PF=0,9

100kVA /90kW on linear load
UPS designed @ PF=1

100kVA /100kW on linear load
without de-rating up to PF= 0,9 leading

Max = 90kVA/90kW
without de-rating up to PF= 0,9 leading

Max = 90kVA/90kW
Introduction to UPS
Rectifier, scope
RECTIFIER
Input
Voltage
Current
Voltage
and current
controlled
Output
Fixed DC
Voltage
Rectifier purpose is to create a fixed DC voltage, starting

from the input sinusoidal voltage absorbing a current.
(performances depends on the technology)
29
Introduction to UPS
Rectifier, how to value it

The functions :
Converts AC input voltage to DC,

Supply inverter with DC energy,
Provide DC energy battery charger (if connected to DC Bus)
The main performances :
30
Input current distortion (THDI) : Harmonics,

Input power factor,
Input start-up current,
Number of wires (3ph or 3ph+Neutral),
Efficiency (influences global efficiency),
Maximum output power,
Input voltage & frequency tolerances
Introduction to UPS
Impact on upstream
infrastructure cost
(CAPEX)
Rectifier, types of rectifiers

SCR 6
pulses
SCR 12
pulses
SCR +
filters
Protect plus
IGBT
> 35%
> 10%
Low*
< 5%
< 3%
0,7
0,7
High*
0,93
> 0,99
98-99%
96-97%
Low*
98%
97-98%
$$
$$$$
$$$
$$$
Architectures
Input current
THDi
Power factor
Efficiency
Design Cost
(*) depends on the type and size of filtering
31
Introduction to UPS
Rectifier, power factor comparison
Input power factor
Input power factor

1
IGBT
0.95
0.9
Protect +
0.85
With battery charged
0.8
SCR (6p / 12p)

0.75
Under battery recharge
0.7
0.65
0.6
25%
32
Introduction to UPS
50%
75%
100%
Harmonic Sequence
Harmonic sequence is the phase rotation relationship with respect to the
fundamental component.
Positive sequence harmonics ( 4th, 7th, 10th , . (6n+1) th ) have
the same phase rotation as the fundamental component. These
harmonics circulate between the phases.
Negative sequence harmonics ( 2nd, 5th, 8th (6n-1) th ) have
the opposite phase rotation with respect to the fundamental component.
These harmonics circulate between the phases.
Zero sequence harmonics ( 3rd, 6th, 9th, .. (6n-3) th ) do not produce
a rotating field. These harmonics circulate between the phase and neutral
or ground. These third order or zero sequence harmonics, unlike positive
and negative sequence harmonic currents, do not cancel but add up
arithmetically at the neutral bus.
33
33
Introduction to UPS
IEEE PESC-02
JUNE 2002
Rectifier, how to improve 6p & 12p

Passive, active, hybrid filters or phase shifting :
Reduce the THDi up to < 5%
Improve the input Power factor
UPS
Drawback :
Not compact,
More expensive,
Resonance risks,
Decrease efficiency of around 2%,
Additional hardware
More maintenance
Less reliable
34
Introduction to UPS
UPS
UPS

The Charger:
Regulates the battery recharging current (xx Amps No ripple),

Provide adapted voltage to the battery, depending on
Energy storage technology
Temperature condition
Charge status
The Booster (only used for some tranformerless UPS):
35
Step up the battery voltage (450 to 800Vdc) to supply the

inverter upon discharge,
Introduction to UPS

Energy storage can be manage in different ways.
Maintenance Bypass
Static Switch
Bypass input
Output
Rectifier
Inverter
Rectifier input
Filter
Charger/Booster
Energy storage
Management
36
Introduction to UPS
Batteries

Maintenance Bypass
Static Switch
Bypass input
Output
Rectifier
Rectifier input
Inverter
Filter
Blocking diode
To avoid direct connection
Charger
37
Introduction to UPS

Maintenance Bypass
Static Switch
Bypass input
Output
Rectifier
Rectifier input
Inverter
Filter
Blocking diode
To avoid direct connection
Charger
38
Introduction to UPS
Inverter, scope
Input
Fixed DC Voltage
(Rectifier or energy storage)
INVERTER
Voltage
and current
controlled
Output
Voltage
Current
Inverter purpose is to create a SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE

starting from DC Voltage and supply the POWER
required to the LOAD
39
Introduction to UPS
Inverter, how to value it

The function:
Supply the load with a regulated voltage and frequency,

Supply the load from either converted rectifier supply or stored
energy source,
The main performances :
40
Nominal apparent power (VA)

Nominal active power (W)
Capability to support load Power factor (Leading mainly)
Inverter efficiency (influences global efficiency)
Output voltage distortion (ThdV, with different load types)
Max load current crest factor
Overload, Inrush current and short-circuit capability,
With or without galvanic isolation
Introduction to UPS
Inverter
2 types of inverter power conversion in the market :
IGBT 2 levels
IGBT 3 levels
2 types of UPS topology in the market :
41
Transformer-based
Transformerless
Introduction to UPS
Inverter, 2 or 3 IGBT levels

2 levels
3 levels
From -400 to 400V

800V
From -400 to 0 & 0 to 400V

400V
IGBT losses
High
Low
Choke losses
High
Low
94%
96%
$$$
Architectures
Inverter bridge
output voltage
Switched voltage
Global Efficiency
Design Cost
42
Introduction to UPS
Inverter, with or without transformers
Transformerless
UPS topology
43
Introduction to UPS
Transformer based
UPS topology
Built-in inverter transformer UPS
+ batt
Ubatt
450V
- batt
44
Introduction to UPS
Transformerless UPS with 2-level inverter
+ batt
Ubatt
400V
Ubatt
Ubatt
0V
batt
800V
450V
Ubatt
400V
- batt
45
0V batt
Introduction to UPS

Transformerless
UPS Techno
Standard
High
performing
Standard
High
performing
Rect. vs bypass galvanic isolation
+++
+++
DC / Output galvanic Isolation
+++
+++
++
+++
++
+++
++
++
+++
++
Inverter Short circuit Ik1
++
++
+++
Inverter Short circuit Ik2/Ik3
++
++
Design Cost
$$$
$$
$$$
Efficiency performance
Weight
Compactness / Power density
46
Transformer based
Introduction to UPS

Transformerless
UPS Techno
Pay attention,
Rect.
vs Bypass inputs isolation
Transformer based
Standard
High
performing
Standard
High
performing
+++
+++
+++
+++
For both topologies, additional transformer can be required for :

DC / Output Isolation
Galvanic
Efficiency
isolation between
UPS,
++load and+++
+
Galvanic isolation between upstream infra. and UPS,
Weight
+++
++
+
Bypass line Galvanic isolation,
Input or output grounding ++
system adaptation,
Size (m)
+++
+
Create neutral for 4wires rectifiers,
Inverter Short circuit Ik1
+
++
++
Adapt the voltage,
....Short circuit Ik2/Ik3
Inverter
+
++
+
Design Cost
47
$
Introduction to UPS
$$$
$$
++
+
++
+++
++
$$$
Abnormal load conditions

> Downstream short-circuit
Fault current in a downstream supplied equipment
Unmatched performance
& high short circuit capability
Inverter
Short-circuit current
capability
Up to 2.5 3.5
100ms
x In
Static bypass
Short-circuit current capability
14 to 20 x In 20ms
Power bridge rated to provide high short-circuit capability
48
Introduction to UPS
OUTPUT - Short Circuit Capability & discrimination
Distribution to loads
During the short circuit, output voltage of the UPS = 0V

=> Need to eliminate the failure as fast as possible. How?
49
Assure the highest short circuit current from the inverter
Trip the protection in less than 20ms (1 period)
Introduction to UPS
Load Evolution
Before
THDI > 80%

PF = 0.7
CF = 3
Cos phi = 1
50
Then
THDI < 20%

PF > 0.9
CF = 1.6
Cos phi = 0.9 leading
Now
THDI < 5%
PF = 1
CF = 1.4
Cos phi = 1
Introduction to UPS
50
UPS performances with Load

leading
FP
0.8
S
395
(kVA)
P (kW) 316
0.9
400
360
360
360
lagging
0.9 0.8
400 400
360 320
0.7
0.6
400
400
280
240
+ 12.5% kW
available
51
Design for
PF 0.9
Introduction to UPS
51
UPS performances with Load

+ 11 % compared to PF=0,9
+ 25 % compared to PF=0,8
Still suitable from 0,9 lagging to 0,9 Leading

52
Introduction to UPS
Efficiency
53
Introduction to UPS
Static by-pass
By-pass, auxiliary
mains
Voltage
Current
Static by-pass
Output
Inverter
Purpose of the static by-pass:
54
Connect the output directly with auxiliary mains via a bypassing of the UPS,
Commute from inverter output to by-pass line and vice versa.
Introduction to UPS
Static by-pass, how to value it

The transfer time :
With no break =
With interruption =
55
Zero transfer time during the commutation inverter to by-pass,

On-line UPS have it.
Transfer time during the commutation inverter to by-pass,

Off-line UPS have it,
< 6ms is a good transfer time.
Introduction to UPS

The overload :
It measures the capability of the UPS by-pass to supply

transient loads higher than the nominal load,
By-pass overload characteristics is essential to estimate the
size of the by-pass,
The short-circuit current :
56
In case of s/c, the UPS commutes immediately on by-pass,

connecting directly the s/c to mains = very high s/c current,
The by-pass must be able to withstand this s/c until the
protection trips.
Introduction to UPS

ON BYPASS:
The short-circuit capability correspond to the ability of the
UPS semiconductors to let trough the fault current

coming
from the LV transformer, without damage
ON INVERTER:
The short-circuit capability correspond to the ability to trip the
downstream protection in a SHORT TIME !
The Inverter short-circuit

capability is sizing the
downstream selectivity !!
57
Introduction to UPS
Energy storage
The purpose of the energy storage system is to provide
the energy necessary to supply the load when the mains
supply in not available.
Energy storage is an huge percentage of the final price of
the UPS solution proposed to the customer :
Battery cabinet 15min. at

80kVA
Masterys GP 80kVA
58
Introduction to UPS
Energy storage, battery basics

Is the key element to store energy,
The most common used battery technology with
UPS is VRLA.
VLRA : Valve Regulated LeadAcid
Is an alive component (>80% of Capacity) :
Life expectancy classification (Eurobat) :
3-5 years
6-9 years
10-12 years
> 12 years
It is sensitive to several environmental factors,

59
Introduction to UPS
Energy storage, battery basics

Important values for the batteries are :
Nominal Capacity (Ah) : indicates the capability of the battery

to store more or less energy.
Nominal Voltage (V) : lead cell is 2V, usually a battery bloc has
a Vn of 12V (6 cells).
Short circuit current (A) : is the current where the fuse sizing
must be done.
By design, critical elements affecting battery life :
61
Under charge : A fully charged battery can be stocked for a

maximum period of 6 months.
Cycling
Overcharge
Temperature
Introduction to UPS
Energy storage, battery connection for UPS

Different UPS different DC voltage :
String are connected in series to reach the required DC voltage

Battery cabinet cannot be connected among different brand of
UPS (Vs required nominal voltage and end of discharge voltage)
String are connected in parallel total capacity (Ah) :
62
Determinates the limit of the battery charger of the UPS,

Recharging current >= 10%*Total battery capacity.
Introduction to UPS
Energy storage, battery temperature

Storage and working temperature are the most critical
factors affecting battery expected life :
Working temperature is affecting the available power,

which means also the back-up time.
VLRA are generally defined for 20C
63
Introduction to UPS
Energy storage, the backup time

BackUp time depends only on active power of the load,
so customers can be confused when comparing different
battery offers
What does100kVA UPS with backUp time of 30 minutes

mean? Battery provides kW !
64
Introduction to UPS
Part 4 Parallel UPS systems

Parallelization solutions
Distributed or centralized bypass
66
Introduction to UPS
Parallelization solutions: Modular UPS

Modular UPS systems, flexibility on
UPS redundancy
Power increase
Battery redundancy
Back-up Time increase
Hot-swappable
Insignificant MTTR
Easy and on-line power increase
Granularity
Power-on-demand in small steps
67
Introduction to UPS
Parallelization solutions: Standalone UPS

Horizontal parallelisation of standalone
Example :
Power Increase
2 x 400kVA/kW
400
400
400
Redundant Unit (N+1)
2+1 x 400kVA/kW
800kVA/kW
Can be done in Online Mode
Infra need to be ready for
68
Introduction to UPS
Parallelization solutions: Standalone UPS

Horizontal parallelisation considerations for standalone
LOAD
Redundancy
Number of modules
500kW (N+1)
design cost
(MTBF) and batteries
200
4*200 = 800kW
250
3*250 = 750kW
500
2*500 =1MW
UPS rating
+ footprint + maintenance + electrical infrastructure costs +..
69
Introduction to UPS

Both Solutions offer Flexibility and Availability
Parallel Capacity or Redundant
70
DISTRIBUTED
CENTRALIZED
STATIC BY-PASS
STATIC BY-PASS
Introduction to UPS

Distributed by-pass
Centralized by-pass
Each unit has its own bypass
Principle
Single Bypass
common for the whole system
Load current management

Bypass power sizing
Short-circuit management
Shared between the bypass line
Single bypass line
Sized according each UPS
Can be sized according the need :
nominal power
Nominal load & short-circuit capability
Almost shared between the bypass line
Unique bypass line that can be sized
(unbalancing due to impedances)
according the prospective current
Selectivity
More sensitive with
Easy:
Upstream/Downstream
several number of units
(Single bypass protection)
(1 protection per by-pass)
Maintenance by-pass
Must be external or in additional cabinet

Sized for the full power
71
Introduction to UPS
Can be integrated in the bypass cabinet
Part 5 Isolation Transformer
73
Why isolation Transformer

Why Double neutral
K rated Transformer
Zig Zag Transformer
Location of Transformer
Introduction to UPS
Part 5: Isolation Transformer
Neutral overheating, EMC with Harmonics

Harmonic currents are generated by non-linear loads:
lighting, power supply units (computers), Variable speed
drives, UPS
3rd order harmonics can create over heating
in the neutral conductor.
The 3rd order harmonics are in phase and add in the Neutral.
Harmonic currents can perturbate other equipements.
74
Of higher frequency, they are better transmitted by coupling

capacitors
They create EMC issues between equipments.
Introduction to UPS
Why Isolation Transformer

Reduce Harmonic Current
Create a local Neutral System
Establish local grounding points for safety as well as
common mode noise reduction
Handle unbalanced wye-connected loads when applied
to 3W distribution
75
Introduction to UPS
Why Double Neutral

Phase L1
Phase L2
Phase L3
Neutral current: IN = 3 x Ih3 Neutral
76
Introduction to UPS
Example of a multi storey IT building

Work
Stations
Storey n
Work
Stations
3W main riser
Storey n-1
Servers
TNS for IT
systems
Basement
IT Tfo
77
Introduction to UPS
What is K Rated Transformer ?

Able to handle heat generated by harmonic load
Not affected by harmonics
The neutral bus is rated at 200% of the secondary full
load ampere rating
The winding conductors are specially configured and
sized to minimize heating due to harmonic load currents.
Cores are specially designed to maintain flux core
density below saturation due to distorted voltage
waveforms or high line voltage
78
Introduction to UPS
K Factor Calculation
As mentioned in IEEE Standard 1100-1992

79
Introduction to UPS
K-Factor Calculation
Typical Nonlinear Load
Current
Harmonics
Ih
ih^2
1
100
0.83
3
33
0.0901
5
20
0.0331
7
14
0.0162
9
11
0.0100
11
9
0.0067
13
8
0.0053
15
7
0.0041
17
6
0.0030
19
5
0.0021
21
5
0.0021
Required K Factor is
80
1.0000
Introduction to UPS
ih^2*h^2
0.83
0.8109
0.8274
0.7946
0.8109
0.8109
0.8949
0.9122
0.8608
0.7467
0.9122
9.2092
400KVA Delphys Green Power

Current
Harmonics Ih
ih^2
ih^2*h^2
1
100
1.00
1.00
3
1.26
0.0002
0.0014
5
0.70
0.0000
0.0012
7
0.90
0.0001
0.0040
11
1.70
0.0003
0.0349
13
0.40
0.0000
0.0027
19
0.70
0.0000
0.0177
23
0.50
0.0000
0.0132
29
0.22
0.0000
0.0041
35
0.60
0.0000
0.0441
37
0.33
0.0000
0.0149
Required K Factor
is
1.0000
1.1375
Zig-Zag Transformer
Third harmonic suppression
The zigzag connection in power systems to
trap triple harmonic (3rd, 9th, 15th, etc.)
currents. Here, We install zigzag units near
loads that produce large triple harmonic
currents. The windings trap the harmonic
currents and prevent them from traveling
upstream, where they can produce
undesirable effects.
Ground current isolation

If we need a neutral for grounding or for
supplying single-phase line to neutral loads.
No Phase Displacement
There is no phase angle displacement
between the primary and the secondary
circuits.
81
Introduction to UPS
Location of Transformer
82
Introduction to UPS
Part 6 Grounding
Earthing System
UPS Grounding Schemes
83
Introduction to UPS
Part 6 Grounding
Earthing System
84
Introduction to UPS
Part 6 Grounding
Earthing System
TT/IT
85
Introduction to UPS
Part 6 Grounding
System Grounding
System Grounding refers to the intentional connection of a circuit
conductor(typically the neutral on a 3 Phase circuit) to earth
Purpose:
Electrical Safety to Personnel & Equipment
Also Impacts on the performance of the electronic load for reasons related
to common mode noise
86
Introduction to UPS
Part 6 Grounding

Configuration 1: Single UPS with Non Isolated Bypass
In this system
The UPS Neutral Should not be bonded to the grounding conductor
It Does not provide any Isolation or Common Mode Noise
attenuation
87
Introduction to UPS
Part 6 Grounding

Configuration 2: Single UPS with Isolated Bypass
In this system
It acts as a separately derived Source
The UPS Neutral Should be bonded to the grounding conductor
It provides complete Isolation & Common Mode Noise attenuation
88
Introduction to UPS
Part 6 Grounding
Configuration 3: Single UPS NonIsolated Bypass,

Isolated Distribution Centre
In this system
UPS Neutral should not be bonded
With Transformer in the PDU,PDU acts as a separately derived Source
The PDU Neutral Should be bonded to the grounding conductor
It provides complete Isolation & Common Mode Noise attenuation will be better when
compared with earlier 2 Configurations
With this scheme, the UPS Can be placed remotely
89
Introduction to UPS
Part 7 Harmonics
Passive Filter
12 Pulse /Phase shifting Transformer
Active Filter
90
Introduction to UPS
Part 7 Harmonics
Harmonic Symptoms/Concerns
Equipment Failure and Misoperation
Notching
Overheating/Failure
Nuisance Operation
Communication / control interference
Economic Considerations
91
Oversizing
Losses/Inefficiencies/PF Penalties
Introduction to UPS
Part 7 Harmonics
Harmonic Solutions
Oversized
Generator
Xs
Active
Filter
XT
480 V
Low Distortion
Electronic Ballast
Blocking
Filter
12 Pulse
M
Welder
UPS
w/Filter
Filter
92
K-Rated
Introduction to UPS
+ -
Part 7 Harmonics
Passive Filters
93
Tuned to 5th or 7th Harmonics on 6 Pulse

Tuned to 11th and 13th on 12 Pulse
Reduced THDI to 5 - 7% @ 100% Load
Constant KVAR as % Load changes
Leading PF on Lightly Loaded UPS
Introduction to UPS
Part 7 Harmonics
Phase Shifting - 12 Pulse

Advantages
94
Disadvantages
Substantial reduction (5080%) in harmonics
Introduction to UPS
Cost varies
Increased size
Part 7 Harmonics
Active Filters
Advantages
Guarantees IEEE 519 compliance
Cancels 2nd-50th harmonic
Provides 50 Hz reactive current (PF
correction)
Can be incorporated in PCC
Fast response to varying loads
Disadvantages
Typically more expensive than
other methods
Series design must be sized for
total load
More complex
95
Introduction to UPS
Part 8 Surges
96
Types of SPDs
SPD Technology
Selection Criteria
Protection Modes
Introduction to UPS
Part 8 Surges
Protection against indirect effect

1
Equipment voltage
limitation
In
Nominal
discharge
current
Up
Protection
level
LV Surge Protective Device
2
Impulse current
flow
97
Introduction to UPS
Equipment
to
protect
Part 8 Surges
Normalized waveforms Current values
Type 2
Class II
Type 1
Class I
12.5 kA min
5 kA min
98
Introduction to UPS
Part 8 Surges
Types of SPD
Type 1
1. Main distribution board can be struck directly by lightning
(eg equipped with lightning protection)
2. Test with 10/350us waveform
Type 2
1. Top or inside installation
2. Test with 8/20us waveform
Type 3
1. Close to sensitive equipments
2. Test with 1,2/50us - 8/20us waveform
99
Introduction to UPS
Part 8 Surges
Types of SPD Technology
Spark gap
Varistor
Priming
Diode clipping
U
Clipping
Clipping
In the presence of overvoltage

Priming: high impedance to short circuit Flow all the overvoltage
Clipping: High imedance to low impedance Overvoltage limitation
100
Introduction to UPS
Part 8 Surges
Comparaison Technologies
SPARK-GAP
Voltage
Range
8/20 s
Flow
Response
Time
Insulation
Resistor
Capacitor
Priming
Accuracy
Life
Short-circuit
Destruction
Follow
Current
101
No
Introduction to UPS
VARISTOR
Part 8 Surges
Selection Criteria
SPDs are required following IEC 60364-4-443
SPDs must comply with IEC 61643-1 std
Up level = 2.5 kV max (at entrance of the 230/400 Vac network)
Uc and Ut voltages of the SPD are in relation with the nominal voltage and the system
configuration of the AC network
Discharge currents :
In = 5 kA (@ 8/20s) minimum by pole
Iimp = 12.5 kA (@10/350s) minimum by pole
SPDs must be installed at the origin of the electrical installation
Additional SPDs must be necessary close to the sensitive equipment
SPDs must be protected against the short-circuit currents : external and associated
fuses required.
102
SPDs must be equipped with a status indicator
SPDs must be connected in parallel with 0.5 m length max. wires.

Introduction to UPS
Part 8 Surges
SPD choice according installation

Lightning Protection
System (LPS)
Distribution
SPD Type 2
Head SPD
Type 1
103
Head SPD
Type 1
Introduction to UPS
Equipment
to protect
Part 8 Surges
SPD protection modes
Common mode
L
Uc
Perturbation
Equipment
to protect
SPD connection between each

Phase-PE conductors and between
neutral-PE conductors
Phase-PE overvoltage destroys the
equipments connected to earth
Applies to all neutral systems
Common Mode connection
104
Introduction to UPS
Part 8 Surges

Differential mode
L
Uc
Equipment
to protect
Perturbation
SPD Connection between each

phase and neutral conductors and
neutral and PE conductors
Phase-Neutral overvoltage mainly
for TT and TN-S systems if the cable
lengths of neutral and PE are different
SPD
Differential Mode scheme
105
Introduction to UPS
Part 8 Surges
According to SPD Standard

TT
Phase-Neutral
(MC/MD)
Recommended
Phase-Earth
(MC)
YES
Neutral-Earth
(MC)
106
TN-C
TN-S
IT
Recommended
Not useful
YES
YES
YES
YES
If distributed
neutral
YES
YES
Top of
Installation
Common Mode SPD
Close to
sensitive
equipments
Common Mode / Differential Mode

recommended
Introduction to UPS
Part 9 Battery
107
Battery Sizing Calculation

Battery Cable Sizing
Battery Protection
Design Considerations
Introduction to UPS
Part 9 Battery
Design Considerations
Optimum ambient temp 20C and 25C.
The ventilation system must prevent accumulation of hydrogen
pockets in greater than 4% concentration
Key is Ventilation and Maintainability
Avoid battery cabinets where possible
108
Introduction to UPS
Part 9 Battery
Batteries in cabinets.
Access for installation.
Difficult to make and inspect connections and check torque

Access for maintenance.
Difficult to access terminals to take periodic readings.
Visual inspection is impossible.
Replacing defective battery blocks can be extremely difficult.
Heat.
Heat generated nearby equipment.

Heat buildup because of restricted air-flow
Heat generated within the battery because of charging current
Personnel safety.
109
It can be plain dangerous
Introduction to UPS
Part 9 Battery
Why Ventilation is Required?

The ventilation system must address
Health Safety Air shall be free of pollutants i.e. toxic,corrosive &
poisonous
Fire Safety The system must remove accumulation of gasses or aerosols
that could be flammable or explosive.
Equipment Reliability & safety The system must provide an environment
that optimizes the performance of equipment and maximize their life
expectancy.
110
Introduction to UPS
Part 9 Battery
Battery preventive maintenance
111
Measure cell voltage levels

Visual inspection for leaks or bad cells
Spot check for connection torques
Load testing
Inspection of battery environment
Spot replacement of batteries
Introduction to UPS
Part 9 Battery
Heat Loss of Battery
112
Float mode the heat generation

in Watt-Hrs for 2V cell
0.1 x 2.23 x Ah @C10 x No. of

cells in the battery bank
100
Boost mode the heat generation

in Watt-Hrs for 2V cell
0.2 x 2.3 x Ah @C10 x No. of

cells in the battery bank
100
Introduction to UPS
Part 9 Battery
Airflow Required in Battery Room

Air Flow Required for SMF Battery as Per EN 50272-2
No of cells/UPS
10800
Charging Current
15
Capacity of Battery
150
I gas
I float/boast *FG *F s
I float/boast ,Float charge current under fully charged
condition
15
FG Gas Emission factor,(as Per EN 50272-2)
0.2
Fs Gas Emission Safey factor,(as Per EN 50272-2)
5
I gas
113
Air Flow Required in m3/Hr (Q)
15
0.054X No of Cells X I gas X Capacity of
BatteryX 10-3
Air Flow Required in m3/H (Q)
1312
Area of Opening in air inlet & Out let (A, cm2)

Area of Opening in air inlet & Out let (A, cm2)
28* Q
36742
Introduction to UPS
Part 9 Battery
Understanding Battery Sizing

In an ac circuit, the product of the measured rms value of the current
(Amps) and the measured rms value of the Voltage equals the Volt Amps
(VA) of the circuit. However, this calculation does not reflect the reactance in
the circuit.
Because of this, the VA product is only the Apparent Powerof the circuit.
In order to calculate the Real Power(Watts) the Power Factor (PF) of the
circuit needs to be known.
Watts = VA x PF
In order to calculate the battery Watts required, the efficiencyof the UPS
Inverter also needs to be considered.
Battery Watts = VA x PF Inverter Efficiency
114
Introduction to UPS
Part 9 Battery
Battery Sizing Calculation

..\Battery Sizing.xlsx
..\Customers\Customer\JPMC Blr\DC Cable Sizing &
Cable Details.pdf
115
Introduction to UPS
Part 9 Battery
Battery Protection Types of Fault
116
Introduction to UPS
Part 9 Battery
Short Circuit Current
117
Capacity of
Battery
Open Circuit
Voltage
26AH
42AH
65AH
100AH
120AH
150AH
200AH
13.5
13.5
13.5
13.5
13.5
13.5
13.5
Introduction to UPS
Internal Short Circuit

Resistance Current
0.012
0.0095
0.0073
0.0042
0.004
0.0035
0.003
1125.00
1421.05
1849.32
3214.29
3375.00
3857.14
4500.00
Part 9 Battery
Coordination of Battery and Battery breaker

Trip Settings
118
Magnetic Setting < 70% of Short Circuit Current of Battery

AC breakers can be used for DC with necessary correction
factor on the trip settings
Introduction to UPS
119
Introduction to UPS
120
Introduction to UPS

SOCOMEC UPS Presentation 22-11-13

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SOCOMEC UPS Presentation 22-11-13

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Introduction to UPS

Contents of the seminar

Part 1 Power problems

Part 1 Power problems

Part 1 Power problems

Part 1 Power problems

Example of cost per hour of the electrical

And through impurities :

Part 1 Power problems

The solution: implement the UPS protection

Part 1 Power problems

The solution: implement the UPS protection

Part 2 Types of UPS

Part 2 Types of UPS

Part 2 Types of UPS

Part 2 Types of UPS

Off-line UPS, VFD classified

Part 2 Types of UPS

Off-line UPS, VFD classified

Very High efficiency (98-99%)

Does not stabilize voltage and frequency

Does not protect the load against mains

Does not condition the load current

Part 2 Types of UPS

Line interactive UPS, VI classified

Auto Voltage Stabiliser

The UPS stabilizes the output voltage

Part 2 Types of UPS

Line interactive UPS, VI classified

High efficiency in normal mode

Less efficient than VFD

Some stabilization of the voltage variations

Only partially protects the load against mains

Bad compatibility with input power generators

Part 2 Types of UPS

On-line UPS, VFI classified

Part 2 Types of UPS

On-line UPS, VFI classified

By-pass line is only used as auxiliary source or to transfer on

Part 2 Types of UPS

On-line UPS, VFI classified

Protects loads against all electrical disturbances

Lower Efficiency thanVFD or VI

Provides zero transfer time during transfer :

Part 2 Types of UPS

Part 2 Types of UPS

Part 2 Types of UPS

Part 2 Types of UPS

Summary, protection vs efficiency

Mix mode (*)

High frequency noise

94 < < 97%

94 < < 98%

Part 2 Types of UPS

Summary, protection vs efficiency

High frequency noise

94 < < 97%

94 < < 98%

Part 2 Types of UPS

Summary, protection vs efficiency

Part 3 Structures of UPS, main

Part 3 Structure of UPS

Part 3 Structure of UPS

Efficiency (energy consumption, aircon sizing, ..)