SHARING WATER FROM BILI BILI AND JENELATA RESERVOIR FOR IRRIGATION

AND GOWATA WATER DRINKING DEVELOPMENT IN CONNECTION WITH GLOBAL

CLIMATE CHANGE

Eka Abdi, Feriyanto Pawerunsi, Adi Umar Dani & Subandi

Indonesia Hydraulics Engineer Association

ABSTRACT
On March 26, 2004, Bawakaraeng caldera collapse is a disaster for Bili Bili Reservoir in
connection with global climate change in the upstream of reservoir, a potential area for
conservation and a water catchment area. The caldera collapsed disaster damaged several
areas in downstream for example 1,500 ha of irrigation area and 32 people died.
Consequently, about 6,333 people were evacuated to safe location. Most of the agricultural
lands in the area have been converted into horticultural lands, brought negative impacts on
environmental carrying capacity which leads to increased areas of critical lands, surface
erosion and increased runoff. Critical lands extending to 219.74 km, spread over the Gowa
and Takalar regency and Makassar City. At the present, the watershed is dominated by dryland farming which covers an area of 47%. The area of underbrush is larger than forest area,
which is 20.3%. This condition causes an increase on the rate of erosion that leads to the
reservoir. About 22,934 million m sedimentation in the Bili Bili reservoir after the disaster of
the Bawakaraeng caldera collapsed is a serious problem. Consequently, both dry season
and rainy season clean water cannot be distributed to consumers any time inder Somba Opu
Raw Water Treatment Plant (RWTP) because raw water in the reservoir have a high
turbidity. In dray season existing irrigation in Gowata regency cannot develop this cropping
sufficiently. To solve the problem by sharing and transfer water two reservoirs. Based on
study the Jenelata reservoir will store 224 million m3 raw water for 24.000 Ha irrigation, 500
l/sec RWTP and the Bili Bili reservoir capacity is 375 million m 3 for 270 million m3 irrigation,
35 million m3 for RWTP. The benefit expected by this method will be sharing water from Bili
Bili and Jenelata reservoir for development of existing irrigation in Gowata and Takalar
regency including water drinking development in Makassar City.
Keywords: Sharing water, Bili Bili and Jenelata reservoir, Food and water drinking
development, Global climate change

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CONTENTS
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Dam Operation In Connection With Climate Change
2.1 Adaptation and Mitigation of Climate Change in Dam Operation
2.2 Role of Dam Operation in Food, Energy and Water Security
2.3 Flood and Drought Analysis for Spillway Discharge Capacity and Increasing
Reservoir Storage
2.4 Revitalization of Existing Dams and Reservoir
2.5 Dam Operation Challenges in Reducing Green House Emission
3. Conclusion And Recommendation
4. References
5. Figures
1.

INTRODUCTION

The Bili Bili multi purpose dam have been comstructed to restore Jeneberang river,
the dam was operated in 1999 for providing water available to all raw water users of
existing Gowata irrigation and Makassar water drinking. A landslide occurred On
March 26, 2004 impacts to the quality of raw water, especially the amount of
turbidity, dramatically decreased. Noted that the amount of raw water turbidity
reached 11.600 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units). The Makassar water authority
decided to stop both the supply of raw water and activities of their water treatment
plant. During wet season the accumulative high rates of sedimentation due to
excessive erosion occurred in the upstream of the Jeneberang watershed. Landslide
problems started with high sedimentation rates to water infrastructures. The
consequences of the water shortage will cause serious problems leading to local
political instability and social unrest. Technically, the lifetime of Bili Bili multi purpose
dam will be shorter than planned. In contrast with the sustainable damdevelopment
and ensuring the current use of a water resource, as well as the dam should
compromise its use by future generation. It is noted that typical approaches include
watershed protection plans and he also recommended that the provincial
government needed to develop a comprehensive approach to all aspect of drinking

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water come from source protection to the return of treated wastewater to the
environment.
Authority should educate the public to appreciate water scarcity; in particular accepting recycled treated water as a new source of water. To turn the principles of sustainable
development into achievable policies and political will of interest groups, solutions must be
based on fundamentally sound hydrology and technology. To reach progress in sustainability
we need to establish governance structures and practices that can foster, guide and
coordinated positive work by a host of actors on a complex of issues, through webs of
interconnection and across multiple and diverse strengths, motives and capabilities, not only
conventional government agencies and business interest, but also the full set of public,
private, civil society players, collective and individual. The challenge is to achieve sufficient
integration of understanding, direction and action to achieve the desired transition. Today
water resources management policies should be designed in order to correct the institutional
failures present and manifest themselves in fragmented, conflicting and uncoordinated
management of the various aspects of water resources. central government is planning to
establish a public corporate participation to comprehensive water resources management in
eastern Indonesia. The important significant stakeholders in order to develop comprehensive
approaches are water agencies: regional and local water institution that will manage
catchment areas, water infrastructures and water utilities as provider for drinking water to
municipalities. They will be acquainted to the water and water institutional capacity problems
both the current impacts and potential future for water management in Jeneberang
Catchment Area. million people and is projected to grow by twenty percent by 2020,
increasing demand on water supplies. Makassar city relies on surface water and
groundwater for water supply: residential customers use mains water and shallow wells,
while industrial and commercial customers rely on bore and mains water. Groundwater use
is unregulated and anecdotal evidence suggests the drying of shallow wells in the dry
season and sea water intrusion in coastal areas. Mains water is sourced from two major
rivers, the Jeneberang River and the Maros River through the Lekopancing canal. These
rivers feed five water treatment plants that supply the city. The Maros and the Jeneberang
rivers are also the main surface water supply for the neighbouring regencies of Maros and
Gowa.
In the dry season, flow in the Maros river decreases by 25%, reducing the supply to one of
the two largest water treatment plants to the city. As a result additional extraction and
transfer from the Jeneberang River is required. The Jeneberang River provides a reliable
source of water supply thanks to the regulated flows from the Bili-Bili dam. The institutional
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set-up in the Mamminasata region is complex with multiple agencies at provincial, regency
and municipal level sharing the jurisdiction over water resources, water delivery and
sanitation. Informal networks are also highly complex, and consequently any effective
change strategies require participation and cooperation of multiple stakeholders. Increasing
the populations access to clean water is a key priority for Makassar. This will be achieved
through upgrade of the production capacity +92% of the treatment plants and rezoning of the
distribution system coverage in the next 30 years. The plans assume that mains water
consumption will increase from the current average of 117 liter/person/day to the national
level (190 liter/person/day) by 2030. Infrastructure upgrade projections are expected to
reduce leakage from 30% to 15% and expand the network coverage from 63% to 85% of the
population by 2025. All infrastructure development will be subject to external funding.
Despite of the strong seasonal dependency of the local water resources, government
agencies were unable to assess the impact of future climate on the planning of future
infrastructure services due to lack of local information on climate change and future
projections. At the present, the sedimentation of Bili Bili reservoir is serious problem must be
solved by a new dam in the neighbourhood of Bili Bili Dam to share raw water from Bili Bili
reservoir and Jenelata reservoir for irrigation and clean water development. Based on study,
the Jenelata reservoir will restore Jenelata River. Based on study, the Jenelata reservoir
capacity will store 224 million m3 water for development of 24.000 Ha irrigation, 500 l/sec for
RWTP and the Bili Bili reservoir capacity is 375 million m3 for 270 million m3 irrigation, 35
million m3 for the RWTP. The benefit expected by this method will be sharing water from Bili
Bili and Jenelata reservoir for development of existing irrigation in Gowata regency and
water drinking development in Makassar

2.

DAM OPERATION IN CONNECTION WITH CLIMATE CHANGE

Sharing water form Bili Bili and Jenelata reservoir for development existing irrigation in Gowa
Takalar regency and Makassar city water drinking in connection with global climate change
will be described briefly for example: the adaptation and mitigation of climate change in dam
operation, the role of dam operation in food, the energy and water security, the flood and
drought analysis for spillway discharge capacity an increasing reservoir storage, the
revitalization of existing dam and the reservoir and the dam operation challenges in reducing
green house emission:

2.1.

Adaptation and Mitigation of Climate Change in Dam Operation

Adaptation and mitigation of climate change in Bili Bili dam operation will be used to a policymakers with preparing something for the impacts from climate change and support
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implementing such plans on the ground. The climate change challenges the region to
maintain its economic viability, but also holds some opportunities that may enhance
economic development, human well-being, and social justice. These challenges and
opportunities effectively must be better understand adaptation capacities, opportunities and
constraints, the social processes of adaptation, approaches for engaging critical players and
the broader public in informed debate, decision-making, and conscious interventions in the
adaptation process. This paper offers a preliminary qualitative assessment, in which we
emphasize the need for (1) assessing the feasibility and side effects of technological
adaptation options, (2) increasing available resources and improving equitable access to
them, (3) increasing institutional flexibility, fit, cooperation and decisionmaking authority, (4)
using and enhancing human and social capital, (5) improving access to insurance and other
risk-spreading mechanisms, and (6) linking scientific information more effectively to decisionmakers while engaging the public. Throughout, we explore these issues through illustrative
sectoral examples. We conclude with a number of principles that may guide the preparation
of future adaptation plans for the Northeast. Adaptation and mitigation of climate change in
Bili Bili dam operation in related with a landslide disaster of Mt. Bawakaraeng caldera,
changed the raw water quality input to Bili Bili multipurpose dam drastically. The quality of
raw water decreased to low quality and resulting to extreme of turbidity, reaches an amount
of 219 000 NTU.

Also a water treatment plant had difficulties during operation and

maintenance. In 2001, Somba Opu water treatment plant produced the best quality,
especially indicated in turbidity 5 NTU. Based on study that the landslide had been reached
a volume erosion of sediment at volume 300 million m3. All upstream are covered with
deposition of sludge and covering across 1 to 3 km in width, 30 km in length and 40 to 200 m
in height. The impact of the landslide is not finished but it started to begin. The un-stabilized
soil materials of landslides were changing in physicallity by rain intensity level and this
condition gradually influenced the water quality input of the reservoir. A gigantic landslide
occurred on the caldera of Mt. Bawakaraeng (2.874 m), located in the uppermost reach of
the Jeneberang river on March 26, 2004. The huge mass of debris yielded from the disaster
landslide of Mt Bawakaraeng traveled about 7 km down the upper reach of the Jeneberang
River with 500 m to 800 m in width. Ten persons were killed and 22 others were
unaccounted for in the accident. Twelve houses and one school were crushed or buried in
the debris, and the damage was expected to run a cost of 2.214 million Rupiah or $US
221.400. The volume of the slide mass caused by the gigantic landslide estimated at about
240 million cubic meters with a head width of 1.600 m, at height to 700 m to 800 m, and a
thick of approximately 200 m. The debris deposit of volume 272 million cubic meters on the
upper reach of Jeneberang River, and 160 million cubic meters deposited within the Caldera.
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The main cause of the landslide occurrence has still been unidentified. It was a 782 mm of
cumulative rainfall during March 1 to 26 before the landslide, and any earthquakes were not
recorded around the day of occurrence, March 26, 2004.
During three months after the day of occurrence the rainfall gauge recorded a cumulative
rainfall at 430 mm. However, there has been generated the V-shaped or U-shaped valley
deepening with the size of 50 m to 150 m in width, 30 m to 80m in depth because of these
materials easily being eroded. The eroded sediment volume up to now is estimated to 14
million cubic meters by the site investigation. In next rainy season, there could be a great
possibility of strong erosion and huge sediment transportation with debris flows.
Researchers have recommended the implementation of urgent structural counter measures,
such as excavation of riverbed, rising and construction of sediment control dams and nonstructural counter measures, and for example the early warning system with also
establishing of hazard map. It is informed that Gowa government of the Regency valued the
loss material as a result of the landslides in the Bawakaraeng Mountain to 22 billion Rupiah
or $US 2.200.000. The value of losses have covered 270 hectares of people's plantation,
equivalent to 10.08 billion Rupiah or $US 1.008.000. The Regency leader assessed, the
disaster losses such as 800 livestock, 12 house units, one primary school, 160 hectares rice
cultivations and crop, 270 hectares of the plantations, 300.000 tree seeds, the village road
along 3.000 meter, and a Mosque. The implications of the landslides have been influenced
on the river basin by forming several small tributaries across new formation of land.
Additionally the existing of water level is changed by landslides and it will be influence to the
formation of land. The intensity of rain will be influenced to the quality of water in the river
basin. Water crisis awareness is expanding, but most interest remains focused on water
quantity issues.

2.2.

Role of Dam Operation in Food, Energy and Water Security

Role of dam operation and maintenance for food, energy and water secutrity will be
providing services for development of existing Bili Bili, Kampili and Bissua irrigation locatd in
Gowata regency, micro hydro of Bili Bili and water supply to Makassar urban area. Power
generation was operated since 2005 to improve existing livelihoods, increase incomes and
reduce vulnerability. Water canals, drainage and irrigation are also part of an infrastructure
stock that water management and services rely on. It is obvious that water storage and
hydropower infrastructure benefits on economic growth and poverty alleviation. The existing
facilities on the Jeneberang river are built and operated for development of food, energy and
water treatment. It is noted that Makassar has been prone to flooding due to its unfavorably
low location on the coast of the Makassar Sea and the habitat of Jeneberang River. It is
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situated within the river basin of several rivers, transporting large amounts of water during
the rainy season. The problem is aggravated by the rapid urbanization along with severe
water extraction, leading to steady sinking of the ground water level, the big population and
built area were extended already two to three times comprehensive water and urbanization
planning should be aimed for. The existing of water intake facilities on the Jeneberang River
are operated and maintained by Makassar and Gowa Water Authorities and the Sugar
factory in Takalar Regency with an exception of raw water transmission main (RWTM). The
intake facilities of RWTM across 17 km of a single concrete pipeline, with the range of
diameter 1,650 1,500 mm and supplied water from Bili bili multi purpose dam to Somba
Opu Water Treatment Plant. Related with the Role of Dam Operation in Food, Energy and
Water Security as shown several raw water resources for RWTP as the listed: (I). Makassar
WTP: (1). Ratulangi, of Jeneberang River 50 liter/second (2). Panaikang of Maros River
1.000 liter/second (3). Antang of Maros River 90 liter/second (4). Maccini Sombala of
Jeneberang River 200 liter/second (5). Somba Opu of Bili Bili Resevoir 1.100 liter/second.
(II) Gowa WTP: (1). Pandang pandang of Jeneberang River 200 liter/second (2). Tompo
Balang of Jeneberang River 40 liter/second (3). Bajeng of Jeneberang River 20 liter/second
(4). Borong Loe of Jeneberang River 20 liter/second (5). Malino of Malino Spring 15
liter/second. The Jenelata dam will store 224 million m3 water for 24.000 Ha irrigation, 500
l/sec RWTP and the Bili Bili dam will store 375 million m3 water for 270 million m3 irrigation,
35 million m3 for RWTP.
2.3.

Flood and Drought Analysis for Spillway Discharge Capacity and Increasing
Reservoir Storage

Flood and drought analysis for Bili Bili spillway discharge capacity and increasing reservoir
storage to 380 million m3 of raw water is very usefull to provide benefits to Makassar in flood
control, irrigation, and water supply. At present effective water for flood control, irrigation and
water deinking is decreasing by sedimentation of last landslide at Mt. Bawakaraeng occurred
at the uppermost point of the Jeneberang river about 40 km upstream of the Bilibili Dam.
Earth and debris from the landslide buried the valley along the river, causing devastating
damage to Lengkese Village damage to the people killed: 10; the people missing: 22; the
houses: 10; the public buildings including 1 school; the livestock: 635 cattles; the farmland:
1,500 ha; people evacution 6,335 at the peak. There is also a concern about the potential
effect on the Bilibili Dam, which is an important public structure in this area. A landslide of
this scale was the first experience to Indonesian authorities. Apprehending the potential
effect on the Bilibili Dam as well as the occurrence of a secondary disaster, the Indonesian
Government sent an official request of technical support dated April 13, 2004 to the
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Japanese Government so that urgent measures can be taken. The request mainly consisted
of the following three matters. (1) Dispatch of Japan International Cooperation Agency
(JICA) erosion and sediment control experts to investigate into the behavior of sediment. (2)
Support to the ISDM, a project urgent survey before the next rainy season, technical advice,
strengthening of organizations (3) Support to urgent measures and permanent measures,
including their Implementation In response to this request, the JICA Sabo survey group
consisting of five short-term experts was sent to the disaster site in Indonesia from June 20
through 29, 2004. This report presents an overview of the results of survey which was
conducted together with long-term experts working on the ISDM project

Large-scale

landslide at Mt. Bawakaraeng Around 13:30 on March 26, 2004, the inner side of the caldera
wall at Mt. Bawakaraeng on elevation: 2,830 m collapsed on a large-scale in the Province of
South Sulawesi. An enormous amount of earth and debris ran down the slope and then
accumulated for as long as 7 km along the valley. Two collapse areas are found at the
source section of the landslide: one is a collapse with a width of 500 m that occurred near
Mt. Bawakaraeng; the other is a huge collapse at the ridge of Mt. Sarongan, which occurred
in a horseshoe shape for a horizontal length of about 1,300 m. The relative height of the
failure slope in both collapses is about 700 m.
From visual observation, it is presumed that the thickness of failed bedrock was
approximately 150 m. In the case of considering from the fact that the summit of Mt.
Sarongan before the landslide was situated inside the caldera with a horizontal length of 400
m, it is inferred that the thickness of failed bedrock was about 400 m at the largest, and
about 200 m on average. The amount of collapsed soil in deference locations is estimated to
be approximately 53 million m3, about 182 million m3, amounting to 235 million m3 in total. It
is observed that an estimated 5 million m3 of soil mass, partly covered with vegetation,
presumed to have fallen from the source section still remains in the center of the failure
slope. This soil mass may lead to a secondary collapse if the lower end of it is eroded and
made unstable. Mechanism of landslide and possibility of further failure The direct cause of
this landslide has not yet been identified. There was no conspicuous rainfall on the days
preceding the landslide. The cumulative rainfall from March 1 to March 26, on which day the
landslide was set off, was 34 mm. Also, the occurrence of an earthquake is not confirmed.
As the mechanical factor contributed to the landslide, three factors can be cited: a large
relative height of the side wall of the caldera; fragility of the bedrock of the side wall; and
susceptibility to erosion of the accumulated sediment inside the caldera. The weak
resistibility to erosion of accumulated sediment induced the riverbed degradation of the
Jeneberang River that flows inside the caldera, making the relative height of the side wall of
the caldera larger and removing talus accumulation at the foot section. As a result of this
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phenomenon, the shear force working on the foot of the side wall increased gradually,
enabling the development of a slip surface over a long time, which contributed to the
occurrence of landslide substantially.
As to the failure model, judging from the fact that the collapsed sediment passed over the
ridge having a relative height of 200 m existing in the caldera, it is considered that the
landslide movement was not the toppling type in which the head section of a soil mass
overturns largely, but the falling of a soil mass with buckling-like rotation after the bedrock
had failed at the bottom of the slope. Collapsed sediment moved down the slope in the fluid
state and accumulated for a length of about 7 km and a width of 500800 m along the
valley. Within the caldera, collapsed sediment flowed down and accumulated rather linearly
along the Jeneberang River. Outside the caldara, collapsed soil also flowed down along the
river, with part of it running onto the terrace right below south of Panaikang Village. One of
villagers who heard the rumbling sound of the landslide remembers the time when it
occurred and the time when the sediment reached around the terrace. He says the time lag
was just three minutes. As the distance from the collapsed point to the terrace area is about
6 km on the topographical map, the flow velocity is calculated as 33 m/s. Because the flow is
not always straight forward, the flow velocity could be around 30 m/s, which is still a very
high speed. In view of the fact that sediment stuck to the slope surface above the
accumulated plane when it bumped against the hillside, and that the surface of the sediment
immediately after its accumulation was still quite hot, it is known that the collapsed sediment
flowed down as a debris flow while engulfing air. A pool of water is formed at several
locations within the caldera and at both ends of the accumulation area. The biggest of them,
about 200 m wide and 300 m long, is located within the caldera. The rock slope where the
landslide occurred has not yet stabilized, with separation and fall of small-sized rock masses
occurring constantly. It is judged that fallen rocks and debris are forming a talus around the
foot of the slope surface. Also, unsteady rock masses that did not fall and those that fell from
the upper ridge but did not fall further, are found on the slope. Therefore, it is still dangerous
to come near the foot of the slope. According to local people, a difference in the ground level
accompanying a large crevice existed around the ridge even before the occurrence of the
landslide. From these situations at the site, the possibility of further collapse cannot be
ignored. State of sediment discharge nearly three months have passed since the landslide
occurred on March 26 this year. The total rainfall during the three-month period observed at
Malino, a rain gauge point closest to the failure site, was 388 mm, with no major rains. Even
the rainfall exceeding a daily rainfall of 30 mm occurred only three times. However, the
collapsed soil accumulated on the upstream of the Jeneberang River has already been
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eroded for 50150 m in width and for 3080 m in depth, forming a valley-like topography
and the erosion is considered to advance further. In addition, as this erosion valley is zigzagshaped planarly, it will be severely eroded by a debris flow if a large-scale flooding occurs.

2.4.

Revitalization of Existing Dams and Reservoir

The largest water user in this river basin is Makassar Water Authorities which are serving
water to most part of Makassar City. The currently total of water production at about 2.340
l/sec of the existing water treatment plants owned by Municipality, the water sources of
1.250 l/sec or about 53 % rely on the Jeneberang River throughout a year. The Bili bili multi
purpose dam has an existing storage capacity of 305 million cubic meters for water supply
allocation, providing to 23.690 ha of agricultures or equivalent to 327 million cubic meters,
with river maintenance flow of 1.000 m3/s, and for municipal water supply of 107.3 million
cubic meters or 3.4 m3/sec. The raw water of transmission main with capacity of 3.3 m3/sec
Sungguminasa. However, the capacity of the raw water treatment plant is limited to prosess
raw water of Bili Bili reservoir, at present time capacity of RWTP is 1.1 m3/second. The
Makassar water demand in 2020 is projected to total amount of 195.9 million cubic meters or
36 % of the existing Bili bili multi purpose dam of 305.0 million m3. Based on the projected
and existing storage of capacity described, this amount of total allocation of the existing
storage capacity of water is under control or safety. The continuity of raw water supplied by
Makassar Water Authority is discharged from both sources of Bili bili multi purpose dam and
Jeneberang River. The two water resources of Makassar Municipality and Gowa Regency,
Jeneberang River and Lekopancing Weir are resources with water quality problems. On the
other hand, service area of Gowa Water Authority is fully dependent on the water resources
of the Jeneberang River basin. The local Agency of Planning was informed that Jeneberang
was being extracted since last year to the Paper factories in Gowa Regency and the Sugar
factory in Takalar Regency. The water pumped to the Sugar factory at about 500 liter/second
for use of processing in factory as well as irrigation for field in the plantation. The present
water use of the Jeneberang River General Tendency of Water Consumption, The water
service ratios in surrounding regencies such as Gowa and Takalar Regency are smaller than
Makassar City. The number of household served by Water Authorities and annual water
production in 2000 in each Water Authorities.. Projected in 1985 the water demand in the
Makassar service area for 2005 to a total of 326.000 m3/day or 3.780 liter/sec, which consist
of domestic water demand (72%) and non domestic water demand (28%). The total of
municipal water demand in the service areas both Makassar and Gowa Water Authorities in

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2020 are projected to be 164 million cubic meters for water (5,215 liter/second) and 25.6
million m3 for water (810 liter/second).
2.5.

Dam Operation Challenges in Reducing Green House Emission

Teoritically, Transport-sector CO2 emissions represent 23% (globally) and 30% (OECD) of
overall CO2 emissions from Fossil fuel combustion. The sector accounts for approximately
15% of overall greenhouse gas emissions for example: (1) Global CO2 emissions from
transport have grown by 45% from 1990 to 2007, led by emissions from the road (2) Sector
in terms of volume and by shipping and aviation in terms of highest growth rates.(3) Under
business-as-usual, including many planned efficiency improvements, global CO2 emissions
from transport are expected to continue to grow by approximately 40% from 2007 to 2030
though this is lower than pre-crisis estimates. (3) Road sector emissions dominate transport
emissions with light-duty vehicles accounting for the bulk of emissions globally. In certain ITF
member countries for which estimates can be made, road freight accounts for up to 30% to
40% of road sector CO2 emissions though the breakdown amongst freight vehicle classes
varies amongst countries. Emissions from global aviation and international shipping account
for 2.5% and 3% of total CO2 emissions in 2007. (4) Some countries (e.g. France, Germany
and Japan) stand out in that they have seen their road CO2 emissions stabilise or decrease
even before the recession of 2008-2009 despite economic and road freight growth over the
same period. (5) The economic crisis of 2008 has led to a prolonged downturn in economic
activity and has had to the sharpest drop in emissions in the past 40 years (estimates range
from 3% to 10%). Depending on the strength of the economic recovery, may translate into
approximately 5% to 8% decrease in 2020 emissions from their precrisis projected levels. (6)
The outcome of Copenhagen Climate Summit has not provided a strong signal supporting
future emission reduction efforts for either developed or rapidly developing countries. Early
analysis of both low and high ambition pledges by countries following Copenhagen finds that
mitigation action is unlikely to constrain global average temperatures to less than a 2 degree
celcius rise which is the threshold for dangerous climate change identified by the IPCC.
Global emissions of GHGs rose 61% from 1970 to 2005 or roughly 1.4% per year. CO2
emissions largely dominate and have risen 86% (excluding forest fires and post-burn decay)
between 1970 and 2005 or 1.8%. Of the estimated 45.4 Gt of GHGs (CO 2 eq.) emitted
globally in 2005, approximately 59% - ~27 Gt. CO2 eq. - resulted from the combustion of
fossil fuel. Transport accounts for a significant share of the global fossil fuel combustionrelated CO2 emissions. Total fossil fuel-related CO2 emissions increased from 20.9Gt in
1990 to 28.8 Gt in 2007 of which transport accounted for 4.58 (1990) and 6.63 (2007) Gt,
representing an increase of approximately 45%. According to the World Energy Outlook
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2009, global energy-related CO2 emissions could increase to over 40Gt by 2030 and
transport emissions would make up over 9Gt of that despite significant mitigation policies
built into the reference scenario. The transport sector (including international aviation and
maritime) was responsible for 23% of world CO2 emissions from fuel combustion (30% for
OECD countries) in 2005 with the road sector largely dominating. When factoring in all GHG
emissions, transport CO2 emissions accounted for approximately 14.5% of global GHG
emissions but this figure is much more tentative given the significant uncertainties in the
absolute amount of GHG emissions, especially from agriculture,forestry and biomass decay.
Few countries disaggregate emissions data by freight versus passenger transport but a
reasonable proxy can be calculated using fleet composition, fuel consumption and carbon
intensity data such an estimate of the breakdown between freight versus passenger CO2
emissions from road transport for a selected number of countries. With the exception of
China, CO2 emissions from freight transport accounts for 30%-40% of the total road sector
emissions though the breakdown amongst freight vehicle classes varies somewhat more
amongst countries.
3. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
At the present, the sedimentation of Bili Bili reservoir is serious problem for clean water crisis
for Makassar both rainy and dry season. Cropping failure in existing irrigation in Gowa and
Takalar regencies in dry season. Based on study, the Jenelata reservoir will restore Jenelata
River. Based on study, the Jenelata reservoir capacity will store 224 million m 3 water for
development of 24.000 Ha irrigation, 500 l/sec for RWTP and the Bili Bili reservoir capacity is
375 million m3 for provide to

270 million m3 irrigation, 35 million m3 for RWTP. It is

recommended that the Jenelata dam must be constructed in the Jenelata River for sharing
water from the Bili Bili and the Jenelata reservoir for irrigation and water drinking
development urgently.
4. REFERENCES:
Anonym, (2012): No. 7 of 2004 Indonesia Law on Water Resources, Public Works Ministry
Publisher, Jakarta, Indonesia
A. Hafied A. Gany, (2007): Problems and Perspectives of Participatory Irrigation
Management Under The Small Land Holding Condition: with a Special Reference to
Indonesian Practice, ICID Publisher, Tehran, Iran
_____,(2013): Potensial Impacts Mitigation and Adaptation of Climate Changes on
Resources and Irrigated Agriculture in Indonesia, INACID-ICID Publisher, Jakarta,
Indonesia
Armi Susandi, (2004): The Impact of International Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction on
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Hydrology Study, Watershed, Sediment and Turbidity, on Watershed and Sediment
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5.

FIGURES:
Ref.: Pompengan Jeneberang Large River Basin Organization

Fig.1 : Layout of Existing Bili Bili Dam and Proposal of Jenelata Dam
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Fig. 2 : Bili Bili Multipurpose Dam

Fig. 3: Bili Bili and Pakatto Weir

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Fig. 4: Kampili Weir

Fig. 5: Bissua Weir

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Fig. 6. : Layout of Structure and Infrastructure of Jeneberang River

Fig. 7. :

Fig. 8. :

Fig. 9. :

Fig. 10. :

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