Bone is the primary structural element of the body that is self-repairing and alters its properties in response to mechanical demands. There are two main types of bone tissue - cortical bone, which is dense and compact, providing strength, and trabecular bone, which is spongy and forms a lattice to withstand compression. Both tissues are made up of layers of lamellae and contain bone cells like osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts that build, maintain and resorb the bone. Cortical bone has a haversian system of concentric lamellae surrounding vascular channels, while trabecular bone forms a 3D lattice with spaces for marrow. Bone exhibits both elastic and viscoelastic mechanical
Bone is the primary structural element of the body that is self-repairing and alters its properties in response to mechanical demands. There are two main types of bone tissue - cortical bone, which is dense and compact, providing strength, and trabecular bone, which is spongy and forms a lattice to withstand compression. Both tissues are made up of layers of lamellae and contain bone cells like osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts that build, maintain and resorb the bone. Cortical bone has a haversian system of concentric lamellae surrounding vascular channels, while trabecular bone forms a 3D lattice with spaces for marrow. Bone exhibits both elastic and viscoelastic mechanical
Bone is the primary structural element of the body that is self-repairing and alters its properties in response to mechanical demands. There are two main types of bone tissue - cortical bone, which is dense and compact, providing strength, and trabecular bone, which is spongy and forms a lattice to withstand compression. Both tissues are made up of layers of lamellae and contain bone cells like osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts that build, maintain and resorb the bone. Cortical bone has a haversian system of concentric lamellae surrounding vascular channels, while trabecular bone forms a 3D lattice with spaces for marrow. Bone exhibits both elastic and viscoelastic mechanical
Haversian canal, concentric lamellae, lacunae with osteocytes and canaliculi. Separate Haversian systems are joined to each other by means of interstitial lamellae.
Bone Tissue: Trabecular
Trabecular = spongy, cancellous
Internal beams form 3D lattice aligned along applications of
stress, exhibits mostly compressive strength
Lamellae are not arranged in layers, interstitial
Spaces between trabeculae contain marrow and blood vessels
Lacunae house osteocytes
Bone Cells
Osteoblasts produces type I collagen
Lie in initial, nonmineralized bone
Osteocytes mature osteoblasts in lacunae surrounded by
mineralized matrix
Most numerous
Communicate strain/stress signals
Regulate overall metabolism of bone
Osteoclasts major resorptive cells
Located on bone surface
Bind to bone surface, lower pH of local environment thru H2 ion
increases solubility of local HA
Bone Structure
Biomechanical Behavior of Bone
Cortical Bone
Elastic Behavior typically treated as transversely isotropic
(compression > tension)
Viscoelastic Behavior strain rate sensitivity
Typical daily activities, strain rate < 0.03%/sec
Trauma = 0.10%/sec
Trabecular Bone
Elastic Behavior depends on anatomic site
Age, connectivity
Viscoelastic Behavior strain rate sensitive, age effects
Modulus and strength weakly dependent upon strain rate