Surge Arrester PDF

Reference Book on Surge
Arresters
A Project ofthe Doble Client Committee on
Arresters, Capacitors, Cables, and
Accessories
Iloble Engineering Company

85 Walnut Street
Watertown, Massachusetts
02272-9 107 (IJSA)
Telephone: (6 17) 926-4900

Fax: (617) 926-0528
www.doble.con~
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7104
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0Copyright, 2004
By DOBLE ENGINEERING COMPANY
All Rights Reserved
Preface
The Doble Arrester Field Test Guide is a project of the Doble Client Committee on Arresters, Capacitors,
Cables and Accessories, The purpose of this publication is to make available to operating personnel a
handbook dealing with the construction of arresters, available field tests and their significance, correlation of
field test data, and a bibliography of papers presented at Doble Client Conferences.
The Guide does not offer any recommendations of the Committee or the Doble Engineering Conlpany, and
the dielectric loss data presented are intended primarily as a guide to assist the test engineer in determining
the condition of various makes and types of arresters.
This Guide is confined to station, inter~nediate,and distribution arresters of unit construction.
The Doble Arrester Field Test Guide is a project of the Doble Client Committee on Arresters, Capacitors,
and Insulators. The purpose of this publication is to make available to operating personnel a handbook
dealing with: the construction of arresters, available field tests and their significance, correlation of field test
data, and a bibliography of papers presented at Doble Client Conferences.
The Guide does not offer any recommendations of the Committee or the Doble Engineering Company, and
the dielectric loss data presented are intended primarily as a guide to assist the test engineer in determining
the condition of various makes and types of arresters.
This Guide is confined to station, intermediate, and distribution arresters of unit construction.
The following is the membership of the Doble Client Committee on Arresters, Capacitors, and Insulators at
the time of final approval of this edition:
H. H. Blondet, Chairman
N. G. Perrey, Vice Chairman
D. J. Kopaczynski, Secretary
R. A. Bailey
J. F. Barresi
R. F. Casey
Jose Coronado
J. D. Crews
H. G , Darrou
N. W. Grandy
L F. Milliard
J. L Jasmin
G. F. Lamprecht
G. T. Lautenschlager
W. E. Lincoln
P. Q. Nelson
B. F. Plunk
R. C. Price
G. B. Soule
72A-1972-01 Rev. I3 7104b
TABLE OF CONTENTS
................................................................... 1
Definitions ................................................................................................................ 1
Tests and Significance. Identification Data
1.1
1.2
I.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
Surge Arrester* .....................................................................................................

1
Valve Element* ........................................................................................................
1
Expulsion Element* .................................................................................................
1
Series Gap* .............................................................................................................. 1
Valve Arrester* ........................................................................................................1
Expulsion Arrester* ............................................................................................... 1
Voltage Rating* .......................................................................................................1
Arrester Classification* ........................................................................................... 2
Station Class Valve Arresters* ................................................................................2
Intermediate Class Valve Arresters* .......................................................................2
Standard Mountings* ...............................................................................................2
Station and Intermediate arresters......................................................................... 2
3
Distribution Class Valve And Expulsion Arresters* ...............................................
.....................................................................................................................3
Standards..................................................................................................................4
Field Tests and Significance ...................................................................................4
Cautions in Handling ..............................................................................................5
Identification Data ...................................................................................................
7
General Electric .....................................................................................................7
McGraw-Edison Power Systems Division (Formerly Line Material) .............10
General
Ohio Brass ............................................................................................................ 10

Westinghouse ........................................................................................................
12
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
...................................................................................
43
General ...................................................................................................................
43
Dielectric-Loss Testing of Arresters
...................................................................................... #.43
.......................................................................................................44
Test Connections....................................................................................................45
Safety in Handling "Suspect" Arresters .............................................................
46
Summary ................................................................................................................
46
Analysis of Test Results
'Test Procedure
Tabulations of Dielectric-Loss Test Data for Arresters
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
...........................................................49
..........................................................................................................................85
A Design and Application ..................................................................................85
B .Discharge Counters .........................................................................................
88
C .Dismantling .................................................................................................... 3 9
D .Doble Client Committee (Arresters, Capacitors & Insulators) ..................89
E .Extra-High Voltage ...................................................................*.....................
90
F .Failures and Defects ........................................................................................
91
G .Field Testing ....................................................................................................
93
H .Infrared Scanning .........................................................................................*.99
I .Life Expectancy .................................................................................................
99
J .Maintenance and Inspection ........................................................................100
K .Metal-Oxide ...................................................................................................
101
Index of Papers
.
...................................................................................................102
......................................................................................................102
N .Test Data ........................................................................................................103
0 .Test Intervals .................................................................................................106
P .Test Programs ................................................................................................106
Q .Testing and Test Schedules ..........................................................................108
R .Tests And Test Equipment ...........................................................................
109
L .Replacement
M Standards
4.14
4.15
4.1 6
4.1 7
4.1 8
DIELECTRIC LOSS .............................................................................................

1 10
IMPULSE ..............................................................................................................
112
INSULATION RESISTANCE ................................................................................ 1 13
1 13
SPARKOVER ........................................................................................................
TYPES OF TESTS .................................................................................................
1 13
4.19 s .safety ....................

.
.............................
.
.
.......................................a.116
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
dm
Tests and Significance, Identification Data
1.I
Definitions
Surge Arrester*
is a protective device for limiting surge voltages on equipment by discharging or bypassing surge
current; it prevents continued flow of follow cul-sent to ground and is capable of repeating these
functions as specified.
NOTE:
The term, ARRESTER, as used in this Guide shall be understood to mean SURGE
ARRESTER.
Valve Element*
is a resistor that, because of its nonlinear current voltage characteristic, limits the voltage across
the arrester terminals during the flow of discharge current and contributes to the limitation of
follow current at normal power frequency voltage.
Expulsion Element*
is a chamber in which an arc is confined and brought into contact with gas evolving material.
Series Gap*
is an intentional gap(s) between spaced electrodes; it is in series with the valve or expulsion
element of the arrester, substantially isolating the element fi-om line or ground or both under
nosma1 line voltage conditions.
Valve Arrester*
is an arrester that includes a valve element.
Expulsion Arrester*
is an arrester that includes an expulsion element.
Voltage Rating*
is the designated maximum permissible operating voltage between the terminals at which an
arrester is designed to perform its duty cycle. It is the voltage rating specified on the nameplate.
REFERENCE
BOOK ON SURGEARRESTERS
Arrester Classification*
is determined by prescribed test requirements. These classifications are:
Station Valve Arrester
Distribution Expulsion Arrester
Intermediate Valve Arrester
Secondary Valve Arrester
Distribution Valve Arrester
Protector Tube
Station Class Valve Arresters*

are currently nlanufactured in established industry ratings from 3 to 684 kV, inclusive. By
design the power frequency sparkover for modern units shall not be less than 1.35 times rated
voltage for assesters rated 60 kV and above and 1.5 times rated voltage for arresters below 60
kV. The discharge withstand current is not less than 100,000 Amperes crest with a surge having
a 4 to 8 (front) x 10 to 20 (tail) microsecond wave shape. Also, these arresters are capable of
performing specified operating duty cycle tests with an 8 x 20 microsecond discharge current
wave of 10,000 Amperes crest. (See also the discussion of 1.1 1.11 STANDARD
MOUNTINGS.)
"Definitions from ANSI C62.M971/IEEE Std 28-1972, An American National Standard, IEEE
Standard for Surge Arresters (Lightning Arresters) for Alternating-Current Power Circuits,
January 24, 1972.
lntermediate Class Valve Arresters*

are currently manufactured in established industry ratings from 3 to 120 kV, inclusive. The
minimum power frequency spark over voltage for modern units is at least 1.5 times rated
voltage. The discharge withstand current is not less than 65.000 Amperes crest with a surge
having a 4 to 8 (front) x 10 to 20 (tail) microsecond wave shape. Also, these arresters are
capable of performing specified operating duty cycle tests with an 8 x 20 microsecond discharge
current wave of 5,000 Amperes crest. (See also the discussion of STANDARD
MOUNTINGS.)
Standard Mountings*
for Station and Intermediate all-esters shall be provided so that:
1. Arresters rated 100 kV or less shall not require bracing; arresters rated higher than 100
kV
may require bracing.
2. Arresters shall have provisions for bolting to a flat surface.
3. When required, arresters shall have provisions for suspension mounting.
Station and lntermediate arresters

These arresters shall be provided with solder less clamp type line and ground tesminals capable
of securely clamping conductor diameters of 1 14 to 314 inch (6 to 20 mrn). Line terminals shall
provide for both horizontal and vertical conductor entrance and ground terminals for horizontal
conductor entrance only. The terminals and tesminal pads for Station arresters, except those
with porcelain tops, shall have two, three, or four holes to accommodate 1 /2 inch bolts, with
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
holes spaced in 1-314 inch (4.5 cm) centers arranged in a line, a right angle, or a square for the
two, three, or four holes, respectively.
Distribution Class Valve And Expulsion Arresters*
These arresters are currently manufactured in established industry ratings from 1 through 30 and
3 to 18 kV, respectively. The power frequency spark over for distribution valve arresters shall
not be less than 1.5 times rated voltage. The power frequency withstand voltage for distribution
expulsion arresters shall be 1.5 times rated voltage tested dry for one minute and tested wet for
ten seconds. The discharge withstand test currents of all distribution class arresters are not less
than 65,000 Amperes crest with a 4 to 8 (front) x 10 to 20 (tail) microsecond wave shape.
A low current long duration test also is required for the distribution valve arrester; the discharge
current for this test shall have an approximately rectangular wave shape and shall be maintained
at a minimum of 75 Amperes for at least 1,000 microseconds. No test of this type is required on
the expulsion arrester.
Distribution valve arresters shall be capable of performing specified operating duty cycle tests
with an 8 x 20 microsecond discharge current wave of 5,000 Amperes crest. Duty cycle tests
shall also be made on each type of expulsion arrester of each voltage rating from 3 to 18 kV,
inclusive. The standard duty cycle test shall consist of five unit operations with the circuit
adjusted for the maximum power frequency current rating of the arrester, followed by five unit
operations with the circuit adjusted for the minimum power frequency current rating of the
arrester. Successive unit operations need not be performed at intervals of less than 15 minutes.
If the (expulsion) arrester has no minimum current rating, the minimum current tests shall be
performed with the circuit variously adjusted to give symmetrical root mean square fault currents
distributed substantially uniformly throughout the range from 5 to 100 Amperes during the five
minimum current operations. All distribution arresters are designed so they may be mounted in
mounting brackets.
Distribution arresters shall be provided with either ternlinals or flexible insulated leads for line
and/ or ground connections. When tei-nlinal connectors are provided and unless otherwise
specified, they shall be solder less clamp type terminals capable of securely clamping conductor
sizes from No. 6 AWG solid to No. 2 AWG stranded (0.62 to 0.292 inches, 4.1 to 7.2 lnillimeters
diameter). When flexible line and/or ground leads are provided and unless otherwise specified,
they shall be 18 inches +1 inch (46 centimeters *2.5 centimeters) long and shall have a current
carrying capability equal to or greater than No. 6 AWG solid copper. (The above paragraph is
taken from NEMA Standards for Surge Arresters, Pub. No. LA1- 1972) are available for locating
test failures.
1.2
General
The surge arrester is one of the most important of protective devices in use on electric systems,
ensuring continuity of operation despite repeated overvoltage resulting from lightning and
switching. Its function must be that of a circuit breaker, normally open, but closing to discharge
transient currents accompanying a disturbance. After discharging transient currents, it must
em
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
REFERENCE
reopen to prevent the flow of system power that would be destructive to itself and result in
system disturbances. It must be an insulator under normal conditions, but at the instant of a
disturbance it must become a conductor of low enough resistance to prevent the development of
dangerous voltages, which would destroy apparatus it protects. With the passing of the
disturbance, it must revert to its role of an insulator. All this it must accomplish in microseconds
without the aid of operators or relays.
Despite its importance, the surge arrester is probably the least attended of protective devices.
This, in part, can be attributed to developments in arresters, which have made possible devices,
which are, to a high degree, reliable and trouble free. Failures of modem day arresters are
relatively few and, in most cases, can be attributed to one of five causes. These are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Damaged (shipping, installation, etc.), defective, or contaminated units.

Direct or nearly direct lightning strokes.
Long duration surges resulting from switching, etc.
Misapplication.
Prolonged dynamic overvoltages.
Of these, the last four are matters of design and application, and not matters for consideration
here. Experience has shown, however, that a program of acceptance and routine maintenance
testing in the field can minimize failures resulting from the first cause. The methods available
for such tests are discussed in the following section to assist the user in considering and
establishing a program for routine field testing.
1.3
Standards
The latest standard for arresters is "An American National Standard, IEEE Standard for Surge
Arresters (Lightning A rrester-s)for Alternating- Current Power Circuits, "ANSI C62.11971/IEEE Std 28-19 72, dated Janua~y24, 1972.
It is not the intention of the Doble Arrester Field Test Guide to duplicate what has already been
accomplished. The Standard previously referred to deals primarily with design and factoiy tests,
while it is the intent of this Guide to present a manual for use by field personnel.
1.4
Field Tests and Significance
General
With the exception of impulse tests, field tests described herein are not tests of the complete
protective characteristics of a surge arrester. They are, however, tests of the mechanical
condition and insulating qualities of an arrester, and it will be recalled that for most of its life an
arrester relies on its ability as an insulator.
Experience has shown that, while they are not tests of the complete protective characteristics of
an arrester, certain routine field tests can detect defects that would affect their ability to function
as a protective device.
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
Field tests generally in use, some not so generally used, and others contemplated for use in the
future, are tabulated along with what significance may be placed on each (Table 1-1).
Identification data published on succeeding pages, and tabulations of field test data in Section
Two, should be helpful in determining the significance of results recorded for these tests.
1.5
Cautions in Handling
The safe handling of surge arresters during inspection, tests or maintenance in the field requires
that certain precautions be observed. When an arrester is removed from service, care must be
taken that it is coinpletely discharged before personnel are permitted to touch or handle it. The
charge stored in an an-ester which has just been disconnected from a line, or following tests, may
or may not in itself be sufficient to cause serious injury; however, it could result in a fall with
serious consequences. Also, if arresters are to be installed on a "live line," it is of the utmost
importance that they be tested to verify their suitability for service; otherwise, a defective unit
may fail as it contacts the energized conductor.
Extreme precautions should be taken in handling sealed gap or arrester units, which are
suspected of being damaged. Residual gas pressures may be retained in such units constituting
serious hazards from the standpoint of shattered and flying porcelain. This includes lightning
arresters equipped with relief diaphragms in which gas pressures may exist below the rupturing
pressure of the diaphragm. Before handling a unit suspected of being damaged, it should be
vented to relieve gas pressure. Drilling a small hole in the top casting or through the relief
diaphragm, if one exists, in doing this, care should be taken that a spark from the drill does not
ignite the gas.
Table 1-1: Arrester Field Test Significance
TEST
SIGNIFICANCE OF
TEST
VISUAL INSPECTION
Indication of the external

No equipment necessaty. Check loose hardware,
physical condition of the
cracked porcelain, cracked cement, surface dirt,
arrester.
- ...~
--.. signs of flashover, etc.
--.
-..
.- - .--. ..
AC GRADING CURRENT
.-- -.
*:
- -
Indication of condition of
arrester housi~lgand elements
with regard to moisture,
foreign deposits, corrosion,
broken resistors: pulictured
disks, etc.
AC test set necessary, (Dielectric loss test set can

be used.) Measure grading current (gap sliuullting
resistor current), when practical at rated voltage,
and compare with previous test data. Higher or
lower than normal results due to excessive leakage
current, short circuited resistors, etc., or broken
resistors, etc., respectively. Not as sensitive as
dielectric loss measurements. . ..-.-. -. --.. ... . ..
arrester housing and elements
broken resistors, punctured
disks, etc.
Dielectric loss and power factor test set necessary.

Compare watts loss at test voltage with previous
test data and or table of average, normal values for
similar units.
..-..... -.......-.
-- -- -.. . ..
--,
POWER FREQUENCY
DIELECTRIC I OSS
TEST EQUIPMENT-REMARKS
-- --
* This test is rarely applied to Distribution arresters.
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
~.
-- -
REFERENCE
BOOK ON SURGE
ARRESTERS
Table 1-2: (Continued) Arrester Field Test Significance
TEST
DC TNSULATION
RESISTANCE
POV\rER FREQUENCY
WITHSTAND AND
SPARKOVER
RADIO INFLUENCE
VOLTAGE
SIGNIFICANCE OF
TEST
1 Indication of condition of
foreign deposits, colrosion,
disks. etc.
Indication of condition of gap
elements with regard to
moisture, foreign deposits,
cosrosion, or broken gap
shunting resistors.
disks, etc.
*RADIO INTERFERENCE Indication of condition of
disks, etc.
Only test which evaluates
ability of unit to function as an
arrester from the standpoint of
impulse characteristics, -LEAKAGE CIJRREN l
Indication of internal condition
of housing, gap and valve
elements.
TEST EQUIPMENT-REMARKS
High or low voltage, DC test equipment necessary.
Record insulation resistance andlor leakage current,
and applied voltage (below spark over). Compare
results with previous test data or data recorded for
similar units. May not be reliable at lower test
voltages.
AC high potential test set with means for current
limiting necessaly. Check for non-spark over of
gaps at voltages up to 1.5 times rated. Check for
sparkover at voltages above 1.5 times rated.
Sparkover should occur at approximately 1.5 to 2.0
times rated voltage in modem arrester units, and
may be as high as 3.0 to 4.0 times rated voltage for
older designs. Apply only to units with gaps.
Discharge currents and time of application of over
voltages must be limited to prevent overheating anc
damage to arrester elements. Check manufacturers'
recommendations in this regard.
Test equipment described in NEMA Publication
No. 107-1964. Recommended test limits are listed
in NEMA Standards for Lightning Arresters,
Publication NoLA1- 1964. Section LA1-3.02.
Record radio-influence voltage in microvolts at
rated voltage. Check voltage at which corona starts.
Line potential and portable radio receiver are
necessary.
Results are qualitative and not quantitative.
Suitable test equipment not generally available in

the field
At present.
AC test set necessary. Measure leakage current at
rated voltage. Leakage currents in excess of 25
millia~nperesare not acceptable. This test is
usually applied only to Distribution Arresters.
- - -.
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
I.6
Identification Data
General
With the exception of some of the newer EHV units, Station and Intermediate Class arresters being
supplied cul-sently by the major manufacturers are of the "unit design", where gap and valve
elements are enclosed in a porcelain housing resulting in each unit being an independent as-sester.
An employ the series gap element with shunting resistors and grading capacitors to shield the gaps
and to provide unifosm voltage distribution across the individual gaps and units. The shunt resistors
provide sufficient heat to maintain an internal temperature slightly above ambient and therefore help
to protect the gaps against moisture.
The valve elements utilize materials displaying non-linear volt-ampere characteristics resulting from
the ability of the materials to reduce their electrical resistances when the voltage across their
terminals is increased.
In each of the arresters described, the shunted gap elements and valve elements make up a series
circuit, which is shunted by the porcelain housing. The composite anester has electrical
characteristics such as: AC grading current, insulation resistance and dielectric loss, which are
measurable. The shunt resistors across the gap elements generally are selected for uniformity so that
their contributions to these characteristics are quite consistent among similar units. The valve
blocks, being of relatively low resistance, do not have any appreciable effect on the test characteristics of a good arrester.
Following is a brief description of the various arresters and their associated valve materials.
General Electric
General Electric Thyrite* arresters utilize non-linear valve elements consisting of disks or rings
made of a homogeneous, inorganic, ceramic material. When the voltage across the Thyrite* valve
disk is doubled in the protective range, the discharge current is increased over thirty times.
In the Fosms 1A to 1G station class assesters inclusive (Figures 1- 1 and 1- 2), the Thyrite* disks are
mounted above a sealed gap unit in a vented porcelain housing. The Forms 1A to 1G inclusive are
all of the graded gap but non-magnetic gap type. A typical 12 kV unit consists of four valve disks
together with the sealed gap unit and vented housing.
'The 'Thyrite* valve disk used in Form 1H station class arresters is approximately six inches in
diameter by 1V* inches thick. In the Fosm 1H units the entire housing is sealed with the valve disks
and magne-valve gap assembly inside. A later Form 1H unit (with red lettered nameplate) incorporates built-in anticontamination circuitry. See Figure 1-3. A 12 kV Form 1H unit consists of four
valve element disks mounted two above and two below the main magnetic gap assemblies. Standard
stacking units were supplied in ratings of 3, 6,9, and 12 kV.
In the Form 3K station class arrester (Figure 1-3), designed for high voltage and extra high voltage
(EHV) applications, the valve element rings are 9 inches in outside diameter, 5 114 inches in inside
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
diameter, and approximately 1% inches thick. The magne-valve gap units are stacked alternately in
series with the valve elements in a sealed porcelain housing. Standard stacking units were supplied
in ratings of 42,48, and 60 kV.
The Thyrite Alugard* station class arrester has electromagnetically controlled gaps encased in
Alurite* plates. Type AA units (Figure 1-4) are individually rated at 3 to 50 kV, and Type BA
arresters (Figure 1-5) are designed for higher voltages, 60 to 3 12 kV. Each individual unit with
ratings 3 to 3 12 kV is a self-contained unit in a single piece porcelain housing. The gap units are
stacked alternately with Thyrite valve elements inside the porcelain shell.
Except for some minor mechanical details, Figures -4 and 1-5, showing Models 9L I I LAA and
9L11LBA Alugard* arresters may be used equally well for the 9L11MAA and 9L11MB A Alugard
I1 arresters. Changes were made in the gap, valve elenzents, and grading resistors to achieve improved protective characteristics of the Alugard IT,
The Alugard*-500 arrester (Figure 1-6) is constructed of multi-stacked units. Four units are stacked
for arrester ratings up to 492 kV, and five units are used in the 5 16 k V rating. In each of the upper
units the conventional gaps and Thyrite* valve elements are connected in series electrically but are
arranged mechanically in two parallel stacks to minimize the height. The base unit of each rating is
approximately four inches larger in diameter than the upper units, and contains switched valve
sections arranged in four stacks mechanically in parallel. In all units the gaps and valve elements are
electrically insulated from the adjacent stacks by contoured porcelain cups. (For additional details
refer to the 1966 Doble Client Conference Paper, "Application, Construction, and Field Testing of
General Electric Alugard 500 Station Arrester," by Mr. A.R. Koerber, Sec. 9-301.)
In the intermediate class arresters, Forms 2D to 2G, Thyrite* shunted gap and valve elements are
stacked alternately in series in a sealed unit See Figures 1-7 and 1-8. In the Form 2H magne-valve
arresters (Models 9LA2H and 9L12H, Figure 1-8), the magnetic gaps are stacked in sets of two,
each set being separated by one Thyrite* valve disk, approximately 3l/2 inches in diameter by one
inch thick. The remaining valve disks are placed at the top and bottom of the stack. Intermediateclass stacking units are rated 20,25,30, and 37 kV for Forms 2D to 2G. Form 2H units are supplied
in ratings 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 37 kV, and can be stacked up to and including 121 kV
rating.
Note that the change in model designation from 9LA2H to 9L12H was exclusively to convert the
model numbers into acceptable machine data processing formats; this change was made in
November 1967. Basically, then, Models 9LA2H and 9L 12H are identical.
The latest design intermediate arrester is the Model 9L12L series introduced in August 1971. 'The
general internal construction of the 30 kV arrester shown in Figure 1-9 is the same for the 2 1,24,
and 36 kV units.
In both the station and intermediate classes, the edges of the Thyrite* valve elements have ceramic
insulating collars to prevent impulse flashover. The valve elements have flat surfaces metalized for
electrical contact.
72A-1972-01 Rev B 7/04
em
All General Electric intermediate class and station class units, Form D and later, have non-linear
grading resistors of Thyrite* shunted across each arrester gap.
Pressure relief diaphragms are provided in intermediate class arresters, Folms 2G, 2H, and 12H, and
in station class Forms lH, 3K, and Alugard*. In earlier station class arresters, Forms 1 D, IE, IF,
and 1G, pressure relief is provided by means of vent holes in the bottom cover plate o f each unit.
As a general background to help understand the various model numbers, particularly with reference
to the newer units, the following points should be helpful;
1. The 9L 11L and 9L 12H models always designate the Alugard* station arrester and magnevalve intermediate arresters, respectively.
With reference to the ten-place model number units {for example 9LllLBA096), note the
three alpha characters in the fifth (L), sixth (B), and seventh (A) positions. The case of the
9L11L handbook arresters, the 9L11 LA and 9L1 ILB are the original designations for the two
constructions shown in Figures 1 4 and 1-5, using brown porcelains. Models 9L11 LAA and
9L 11LBA designate nzetal top arresters, whereas 9L 11LAB designates a porcelain top
available only in ratings 3 to 24 kV, inclusive. With the introduction of greyporcelains,
Models 9L11LG and 9L1 ILH designate arresters identical to 9L11 LA and 9 L l l LB arresters
except the porcelains are grey.
3. Regarding the third alpha, which is in the seventh position in the ten place model number
arresters, the following general guidelines apply:
a) The letter "A," as in 9LllLBA096, is a conventional metal top arrester having an integral top
terminal blade.
b) The letter "B," as in 9L11LAB015, designates aporceluin top in the 9L1 ILA design
c) The letter "C," indicates a multi-unit arrester drawn and furnished for a specific niultiple
rating as on mobile transformers having multiple rated voltages.
d) 'The letter "D," as in 9L11LAD015 and 9L11LBD096, indicates a unit drawn and furnished
specifically for a rnz~ltiplearrester stack. These arresters normally do not havetop terminal
blades.
e) The letter "E," as in 9L 11LAEO 15 and 9L11LBE09G, indicates an arrester specifically
designed to be tmderhung; that is, its top end is grounded and its bottom end is at line
potential.
f)
Correspondingly, successive letters indicate other special arresters. However, for test
purposes all 9L11L station arresters of a given voltage rating may be considered
equivalent, and all 9L12L intermediate arresters of a given voltage rating may be
considered equivalent, regardless of the other two letter designations.
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7104
McGraw-Edison Power Systems Division (Formerly Line Material)

McGraw-Edison intermediate arresters have progressed through three designs. The Type DL,
introduced in 1948, was replaced by the Type F in 1957, which was then replaced by the Type F2 in
1963. The Type RP special purpose intermediate arrester was introduced in 1971, McGraw-Edison's
Type G station arrester was introduced in 1967.
In the Type DL (Figure 1-1O), the valve element is mounted between two sections of the gap
element in a sealed porcelain housing. The valve element is of Granulon* a refractory crystalline
material mixed with a glasslike binder. The material is molded directly in the porcelain housing
spaced at intervals through the length of the molded element are lens shape electrodes for
distribution of surge currents over the cross section of the valve element. These units were supplied
in the ratings of 20, 25, 30, and 37 kV, and can be stacked for higher voltage application.
In the Type F unit (Figure 1- 1 1) the gap and valve elements are stacked alternately in series in a
sealed porcelain housing. The valve elements are disks of silicon carbide with a ceramic binder.
The edges of the disks are raised and have a ceramic coating to prevent flashover. The units were
supplied in the same ratings as the Type DL. The Type F2 (Figure 1- 12) is physically similar to the
Type F unit. The resistance graded auto-propulsion gap structure is a relatively simple device that
works like a Jacobs ladder. The initial sparkover occurs in the small area of the gap and is propelled
outward by the magnetic action and eventually splits into four separate arcs that are easily
extinguished. The valve elements are pressed silicon carbide material utilizing a silicate binder. An
insulating coating is sprayed on the side of each valve disk and a conducting material is sprayed on
the ends for good electrical contact. All F2 arresters utilize a pressure relief system. A directional
arc transfer vent system was introduced in 1970. Units are available in ratings of 9,10, 12, 15, 2 1,
24,30,36, and 39 kV and may be stacked for ratings up to 120 kV.
The Type RP intermediate arrester (Figure 1-13) is a special purpose device with characteristics
tailored to the needs of U.D. pole applications and designed to be direct pole and crossarrn mounted.
The internal components are identical to the F2 arrester and it utilizes a single direction vent system.
Units are available in 9, 10, and 18 kV ratings.
The Type G station arrester (Figure 1- 14) utilizes the same resistance-graded gap structure as the F2
and a similarly processed, but larger, valve disk sealed within a one-piece porcelain housing. The
gap structure and valve elements, which are electrically in series, are physically placed in three
parallel columns in each module (Figure 1-15). Modules are produced in ratings of 30,36, 42, and
48 kV, and have interlocking wedge-action end plates to mechanically support each module within
the arrester. The station arrester uses the arc transfer pressure relief system and its high cantilever
strength base housing assembly allows double duty as a bus support. Units are supplied in voltage
ratings from 60 through 240 kV.
Ohio Brass
Ohlo Brass surge arresters have progressed through five major design stages since their introduction
in 1950. These periods are identified as Series I, 11,111, IV, and V. Series V (Dynagap 5) is the
current station class Dynagap* type. The series number is shown on the nameplate attached to either
the upper or lower end cap of each unit. In cases where the arrester top is porcelain, the series
72A-I972-01 Rev. B 7/04
number appears on the base nameplate. Units of different series are never combined in a multi-unit
stack.
Thorex* arresters currently in use consist of three types. These are the Type GP intermediate class,
and the Types MP and MPR station classes. Type RM arresters are basically Type MP units with
elements selected for special applications such as rotating machinery. Certain suffixes may be
added to indicate special design features. For example: Suffix "A" indicates a porcelain top instead
of the upper end casting; Suffix "H" indicates special internal construction for operation at altitudes
above 6000 feet; Suffix "X" indicates high cantilever strength base units. Suffix "A" and Suffix "H"
are used in all five series; Suffix "Xu is used only in Series I and 11.
All Thorex* units utilize non-linear valve elements consisting of blocks made of silicon carbide
crystals in an electrically active binder. The edges of the blocks are coated with an insulating
compound to prevent flashover. In the Types GP and MP, the blocks are mounted above and below
the gap element in a porcelain housing. See Figures 1- 16, 1- 17, 1- 18, and 1- 19. In the Series I and
I11 Type MPR (Figures 1-20 and 1-21, respectively) the valve blocks and gap elements are stacked
in physically parallel columns and electrically connected in series by means of jumpers between
columns. In the newer Series IV and V Type MPR units (Figures 1-22 and 1-23, respectively), the
internal parts of the arrester are arranged in three column construction. Circular crossover plates
hold a valve block and a Dynagap assembly in each section and connect the sections in series. Each
plate is insulated from the adjoining one by small ceramic cups. In each type the porcelain housings
are filled with dry, inert gas and then sealed.
Type GP arresters were produced in Series I, 11, and I11 in units rated 3, 6, 9,12,15, 20 (21), 25 (24),
30, and 37 (36) kV. Ratings of 4.5 and 7.5 were added in Series I1 and 111, and a 10 kV unit was introduced in 1966. Units rated 2 1 kV and above are stacked for higher voltage applications up to 120
kV. The Series I GP arrester was introduced in 1950 and met the then existing Station Class
Standards, The Series I! GP arrester was introduced in 1953, following upward revision of surge
arrester standards. This arrester then met the requirements of the Line or Intermediate Class
Standards. The present Series I11 Type GP intermediate class arrester was introduced in 1957. All
Series I1 and 111 GP intermediate arresters incorporate a pressure sensitive pressure relief system.
'Type MP station class arresters were produced in Series I and I11 in units rated 3, 4.5, 6, 7.5, 9,12,
15, 20 (21), 25 (24), 30, and 37 (36) kVSeries IV and V were produced in the same ratings as the
Series I and lit units plus additional ratings of 40,45, and 50 kV. There is no Series I1 station class
arrester. The Series J MP arrester was introduced in 1953. Units of this series rated 20 kV and
above were stacked for higher voltage and applications up to 145 kV. The Series 111 was introduced
in 1957, and units of this series rated 20 kV and above were stacked for higher voltage applications
up to 73 kV. The Series IV MP arresters were introduced in 1963 in single units with ratings up to
50 kV. Series V MP arresters were introduced in 1967 with single units rated up to 39 kV and two
high stacked units at 45 and 48 kV. Higher rated stacks are sometimes supplied for special
applications.
The Series I Type RM-A arrester was introduced shortly after the Type MP in 1953. It was first produced in single unit housings with ratings of 3,4.5, 6, 7.5, 9, 12, and 15 kV, and in two high stacked
dm
-
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
units of 16.5, 18, 19.5,21, 22.5, 24, and 27 kV. Series I11 Type RM-A arresters were introduced in
1957, Series IV in 1963, and Series V in 1967.
Type MPR station class arresters were produced in Series I, 111, IV, and V, and introduced in 1953,
1957, 1963, and 1967, respectively. The Series I units were available in ratings of 45, 50, and 60
kV, and these were stacked for higher voltage applications up to 276 kV. For ratings above 90 kV
the Series I Type MPR utilized resistors of non-linear characteristics to shunt gap and valve elements, and maintain voltage grading among units of multi-unit arresters. Series 111 units were
available in ratings of 60, 73, 79, 85, 90, 97, 109, 121, 133, 145, 169, 182, 195, 242, 258, 264, and
276 kV. Units 169 kV and above were enclosed in two-piece porcelain housings; however, there
was no electrical connection between the arrester elements and the extenla1 collars which served
oilly to clamp the porcelain sections together while the epoxy bond cured in the factory.
Series IV units have improved sparkover characteristics with dimensions remaining essentially the
same as the Series 111; available ratings range from 60 to 312 kV. The internal construction of
Series IV units can be seen in Figure 1-22. Series V MPR arresters were introduced in 1967 with
ratings extended to 684 kV. Catalog numbers are six digit starting with 2 lo--- and 2 11---2 lo--indicates brown glaze and 21 1---ANSI-70 grey glaze. Arresters with the same last three digits are
identical except for glaze color. Single-unit porcelain housings are used for all ratings through 3 12
kV; above 3 12 kV two-unit construction is used. Series V internal construction, white similar to
Series IV, incorporates a completely redesigned gap structure as shown in Figure 1-23. Both Series
IV and V MPR arresters have strongly non-linear resistance grading as well as capacitance grading.
All MP and MPR arresters incorporate pressure sensitive pressure relief.
Westinghouse
Westinghouse currently manufactures three station class arresters, Types SV, SVS, and CPL, and
one intermediate class, Type IVS, which replaces Type LVS units. Present units are available in
voltage ratings from 3 kV for the Types SV and IVS, to higher voltages for EHV systems, using the
Type CPL.
All Westinghouse Autovalve* lightning arresters utilize non-linear valve elements consisting of
silicon carbide granules bonded together with either a ceramic or sodium silicate binder, depending
upon the type of arrester. The outer edges of all valve elements have an insulating collar to prevent
flashover, and the fiat surfaces are aluminum sprayed for electrical contact.
In all types the gap assemblies are in series with the valve elements. In the station class, Types SV
and SVS, and intermediate class Type IVS, each Mobilarc* gap electrode assembly contains a
permanent ceramic ring magnet to rotate the arc on the electrode surface. The gap assembly for the
station class Type CPL arrester uses a magnetic field, from a drive coil at the center of the gap
assembly, to drive the arc from the initial sparkover location to lengthen the arc more than 100 times
it original length.
Type SV station class arresters (Figure 1-24) are available in unit ratings from 3 through 36 kV
Units may be stacked into arrester assemblies through 120 kV. In the lower ratings, 3 through 15
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
em
kV, these are available with castings at both ends or with a porcelain top instead of the top casting.
The latter permits closer spacing between units and reduced clearance to ground.
Type SVS station class arresters (Figure 1-25) are available in unit ratings from 36 through 120 kV.
Units may be stacked into arrester assemblies through 240 kV. The internal electrical components
are arranged in a folded pole design with the components electrically in series but mechanically
assembled into three columns. The arrester units are filled with SFe (sulfur hexafluoride) gas for
contaminatioll protection.
The latest design Westinghouse station class arrester is the Type CPL, Figure 1-26, which was
described in the 1971 Doble Client Conference Paper, "Improved Reliability in Surge Protection
Through Testing & Control," Sec. 9-501. In order to control the sparkover characteristics and protective level of the CPL arrester, a Control Gap is used. The Control Gap consists of two highly
polished electrodes permanently sealed inside a ceramic container with a controlled atmosphere.
High current magnitudes do not go through the Control Gap. A series of interrupter gaps are also
used to perform the current limiting and interrupting functions. The horn shaped electrodes of the
interrupter gaps provide a narrow sparkover space for initial breakdown, then the arc is driven
electromagnetically to many times its original length. The interrupter gaps utilize alumina ceramic
gap plates that cool the arc as it is being elongated.
The valve elements of the CPL arrester are composed of ceramic bonded silicon carbide. Non linear
grading resistors are used in order to help distribute the arrester voltage equally across each
component; grading capacitors are also utilized to offset the effects of stray fields exterior to the
arrester, and to improve its performance under contaminated conditions. All GPL arresters have
exhaust ports providing directional venting of the pressure relief operation in the event of an arrester
failure. For further details concerning the CPL arrester, please refer to Figure 1-26 and to the 1971
Doble Conference Paper referred to above.
The IVS intermediate class units (Figure 1-27) are available in the same unit ratings as the SVstation class units with the addition of the 39 kV unit. Units may be stacked into arrester assemblies
through 120 kV. Each porcelain unit is solder sealed and filled with a dry inert gas. Type IVS units
cannot be stacked with the preceding intermediate class arrester, Type LVS, Figure 1-28:
All of the arrester types incorporate a pressure relief device having directional venting with arc
transfer by means of side vent ports,
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
Figure 1-1: GE Thyrite Station-Class Arresters Forms A Through E

9LA1A-D or DD
MODEL NUMBER SERIES
9LAlB-D or DD
9LAl D-
9LA I E-
9LA1C-D or DD
PERIOD OF MANUFACTURE
(Approximately)
s ~ p T 1930
,
to
JULY 1934
AUG, 1934 to
SEPT. 1939
SEPT. 1939 to
OCT. 1941
HOUSINGS-BOLT CIRCLE
12-518"
10-718"
10-718"
MATERIAL IN END FITTINGS

FOUNDATION
ALUMINUM
ALUMINUM
ALUMINUM
BASE-MOUNTING BOLT
CIRCLE
(15 kV AND ABOVE)
19-114"
16"
16"
4-POINT
BOLTING
3-POINT
BOLTING
3-POINT
BOLTING
HOUSING DESIGNED FOR
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
#-m
Figure 1-2: GE Thyrite Station-Class Arresters-Forms F And G
MODEL NUMBER SERIES
I 9LAlF
(Approximately)
HOUSINGS-BOLT CIRCLE
MATERIAL IN END FITTINGS
FOUNDATION
ern
BASE-MOUNTING BOLT
CIRCLE 115 kV AND ABOVE)
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
I 9LAlG
NOV. 1941 to MAY 1945
10.875"
GALVANIZED STEEL
JUNE 1945 to JAN. 1954
10.875""
GALVANIZED STEEL
16u
/ 3-POINT BOLTING
3-POINT BOLTING
-:
--"
I.!#-*
Figure 1-3: GE Thyrite Station-Class Arresters-Forms H

Model Number Series
and Marking
9LAlHBlack Lettered NamePlates and Cartons
9LAl HRed Lettered NamePlates and Cartons
9LA3K
Red Lettered NamePlates and Cartons
Period of Manufacture
Feb, 1954 to Feb. 1958
Mar. 1958 to Mar. 1966
Mar. 1958 to Mar. 1966
Housing-Bolt Circle
11"
11"
18-1 14"
Material in End Fittings
Galvanized WeldedSteel
Galvanized WeldedSteel
Galvanized Malleable
Iron Castings
Foundation Base-Mounting
Bolt Circle (15 kV and Above)
14-114"
14-114"
18-114"
(No Base Used)
Voltage Ratings of Stacking Units
3,6,9, and 12 kV
3,6,9, and 12 kV
42,48, and 60 kV
Housing Designed For
3-Point Bolting
3-Point Bolting
3-Point Bolting
Descriptive Bulletin
Not Available
Not Available
Not Available
Instruction Book
Not Available
Not Available
Not Available
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
BURN-THRU OlAQH
PRESSURE RELIEF
DIRECTIONAL APERTURE
THYRITE VALVE Ek
THYAgTE SHUNTING
RESISTORS
ALURITE GAP UM1T
ELECTRQMAGNETiG
PRESSURE RELIEF
BIREC-TlOfPbAl APERf URE
BURN-THRU DIAPHRAGM
30 KV RATtNG
HOUSING-BOLT CIRCLE
9L 11LAA and 9L 11MAA Alugard I1

April 1963 to November 1971 for Model 9L1 lLAA,
and December 1971 to present for Model 9L 11 MAA
10"
VOLTAGE RATINGS
3 to 50 kV
3-Point Bolting
MODEL NUMBER SERIES

f-im
Figure 1-4:
GE
ALUGARD
STATIONCLASS
ARRESTER
-TYPE AA*
Type AB units have similar internal construction, but with porcelain top and center line terminal, with
voltage ratings 3 to 24 kV inclusive.
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
Burn-thrts Diaphragm
'
l
Etectromagnetic Csils
/----
Pressure Relief
Directional Aperture
THYRITE Shunting
Vibration and Shock
Porcelain insulating Cups

THYRtTE Valvs Eiem
Alurite Gap Units
Burn-thru Diaphragm
Pressure Relief
Directlsnal Aperture
--
MODEL NUMBER SERIES

PERIOD O F MANUFACTURE
HOUSING-BOLT CIRCLE
VOLTAGE RATINGS
9L 11 LBA and 9L11 MBA Alugard I1

April 1963 to November 1971 for Model
9L 1 1 LBA, and December 1971 to present for model 9L 1 1 MBA
16.5"
60 to 312 kV
3-Point Bolting
Figure 1-5: GE ALUGARD STATION-CLASS ARRESTER-TYPE BA
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
dm
Figure 1-6: GE ALUGARD-SO0 STATION-CLASS ARRESTERS
Subassembly for Typical
Base Unit
Subassembly for Typical
Upper Unit
Model 9L16AB Alugard-500
1963 to 1971
Unit Ratings 84 to 132 kV
Arrester Ratings 372 to 5 16 kV
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
,,
i:
a:,.
, ,i @:$>.*
Y
!,"
--
Figure 1-7: GE INTERMEDIATE-CLASS ARRESTERS-FORMS B THROUGH D

MODEL NO. SERIES
9LA2B
9LA2C-
9LA2D-
PERIOD OF
MANUFACTURE
FEB, 1932 to FEB. 1934
MARCH 1934 to MARCH 1938
APRIL 1938 to SEPT 1941
TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION
INDIVIDUAL ARRESTERS
EXTERNAL GAP
INDIVIDUAL ARRESTERS
WITH EXTERNAL GAP
RATINGS
20 to 37 kV INCLUSIVE
SEALED STACKING
UNITS
(Basic 20,25,30 and 37 kV
units)
END FITTING MATERIAL
ALUMINUM
ALUMINUM
ALUMINUM
------ .-
"Forms A and E were not assigned to production models
72A-1972-01 Rev. 8 7/04
dm
Figure 1-8: GE Intermediate-Class Arresters-Forms F Through H

MODEL NO. SERIES
9LA2G-
9LA2H-and 9L 12H
OCT. 1941 to FEB. 1944
MARCH 1944 to MARCH 1955
APRIL 1955 to
JULY 971
TYPE OF
CONSTRUCTION
SEALED STACKING UNITS
SEALED STACKING UNITS
SEALED STACKING
UNITS
RATINGS
(Basic 20, 25,30, 37 kV units)
(Basic 20,25,30, 37 kV units)
(9 unit ratings)
END FITTING MATERIAL
GALVANIZED STEEL
GALVANIZED STEEL
GALVANIZED STEEL
PERIOD OF
MANUFACTURE
9LA2F
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
Figure 1-9: GE
ALUGARD
LNTERMEDIATE-CLASS ARRESTER
30 kV RATING
Model 9L 121,
August 1971 to Present
Sealed Stacking Units
3 to 120 kV Inclusive (1 2 ratings)
Galvanized Steel
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
Figure
McGRAW-EDISON TYPE DL INTERMEDIATE-CLASS ARRESTER
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
V ALVF
131SCS
SEALING
c: P. r
II
r
l
l
,
I
%.
-----'&
'".'.
-%-
---\
"
i
,
--.. GAP
ELECTRODE
*\
/-/----
RESISTOR .*---RINGS
McGRAW
TYPE F
Figure 1-1 1:
EDISON
INTERMEDIATE-CLASS ARRESTER
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
Figure 1-12 McGRAW-EDISON TYPE F2 INTERMEDIATE-CLASSARRESTER
Arrester Ratings Up to 120 kV
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7104
HEAVY
HlGW-STREllfGTH
GLAZED
STEEL
FQRCEI k4N
661%.
SZ3R3NG
PRESSURE-SENSfTiVE
DIAPHRAGM
Figure 1-13: McGKAW-EDISON TYPE RP INTERMEDIA'I'E-C:LASSARRESTER
Unit Ratings 9, 10, and 18 kV
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
dm
Figure 1-14: McGRAW-EDISON TYPE G STATION-CLASS ARRESTER
Unit Ratings 30 to 48 kV; Arrester Ratings Up to 240 kV
m
C
-
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
QbSGED G A P
BUMPER PADS
XIMJ~~?liAm Iaraq,
B?J:: 713~117~:dB T i ~ f i j X ~L'

WrccrS. anma v ~ ~ r a t t t e s
Figure 1-15: McGRAW-EDISON TYPE G STATION-CLASS ARRESTER
Internal View
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
TREATED
SANDED
SURFACE
VALVE
BLOCKS
'SPRING
PORCELAiN CENTERING CDLUM N
GLAZED
PBRCELAI N
H8LISINt
DRY
GAS
RESISTORSPACER
L ELECTROOE PLATE
FiLLED
SPARK
GAP
S f RUCTiJRE
VALVE
BLOt MS
PRESSURE REtlEF
DIAPHRAGM
A
M stow-our PLUG
"SEcoNDAw
SEAL/INC
GASKET
F S E A L I t J C CAP
CEMENT BARRIER
/1
Figure
1-16: OHIO BRASS TYPE GP INTERMEDIATE-CLASSARRESTER
Series I and I1
Catalog Nos. 36000 to 36999
Manufactured 1950 through 1957
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
PRESSURE-RELIEF
COVER
Figure 1-17: OHIO BRASS TYPE GP INTERMEDIATE-CLASSARRESTER
Series I11
Catalog Nos. GP-A 46700 to 46706, GP 467 10 to 4673 1
Manufactured 1957 to the Present
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
VALVE
BLOCK
DYNAGAP
ELEMENT
VALVE
BLOCK
PRESSURE-RELiEF
COVER
Figure 1-18: OHIO BRASS TYPE M P STATION-CLASS ARRESTER
Series I11
Catalog Nos. MP-A 46740 to 46746 (3 to 15 kV)
MP 46750 to 46768
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
VALVE
BLOCK
PRESSURE-RELIEF
COVER %
-*
Figure 1-19: OHIO BRASS TYPE MP STATION-CLASS ARRESTER
Series V
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
em
PLUG
Figure 1-20: OHIO BRASS TYPE MPR STATION-G1,ASS ARRESTER
Series I
Catalog Nos. 4 1800 to 4 1899
Unit Ratings 45, 50, and 60 kV
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
DYNAGAP
ELEMENT
VALVE
BLOCK
PORGELAlbt
RETAINERS
PRESSURE-RELIEF
COVER
Figure 1-21: OHIO BRASS TYPE MPR STATION-CLASS ARRESTER
Series 111
Catalog Nos. 46780 to 46796
Unit Ratings 60 through 276 kV
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
em
-
MAGNETIC COlL ASSEMBLY
VALVE BLOCK
ACI TOR
Pi+ATE
PORCELAIN' CUP SUPPORT
DYNAEAP ELEMENT
OHIO BRASS TYPE MPR STATION-CLASS ARRESTER
Figure 1-22: Ohio Brass Type MPR Station Class Arrester

Series IV
Ratings 60 to 3 12 kV
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
DVNAGAP ELEMENT
VALY E BLOCK
PORCELAlM CUP SUPPORT
MGNETIC
#
COlL
ERADING RESISTOR
GRADlNG CAPAClTOR
METAL f RANSFER PLATE
Figure 1-23: BRASS TYPE MPR STATION-CLASS ARRESTER
Series V
Unit Ratings Up to 3 12 kV
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
6m
PRESS U RE-RELEEF
/,#
DIAPHRAGM
RE^ rw
PQW [
VFf,
Figure
WES'TINGHOUSE TYPE SV STATION-CLASS ARRESTER
e=
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
/'
PRESSURE-RELIEF
DIAPHRAGM
Figure 1-25:
WESTINGHOUSE TYPE SVS STATION-CLASS ARRESTER

72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
4m
Definitions:
VE: Valve elements-these semiconductor blocks present a low impedance mode to highfrequency, high-current surges and allow them to pass harmlessly to ground. When power
current attempts to follow this same path, these electrical "valves" take a high-impedance
mode and limit the current to a value low enough for the interrupter gaps (GI) to intelrupt
easily.
GI: Interrupter gaps-in addition to interrupting power-.follow cui-sent, these gaps work with the
grading scheme to accelerate spark over of the arrester on fast rising fi-onts.
resistors foims a voltage

divider net~vorlcwliich precisely distributes the ai-sester voltage (Ea) across each valve-gap
section.
W,: Nonlinear-grading resistors-the series string of grading
C,: Grading capacitors-the effects of "stray" capacitance on the airester grading scheme are
negated by these grading capacitors.
Rff:Fast-front resistor-helps to accelerate arrester spark over on fast-rising fronts.

Zh: High-impedance network-acts as a blocking circuit to prevent high currents from flowing
through the control gap.
G,: Control gap-two planar electrodes in a hermetical sealed casing. Planar electrodes give the
most precise spark over possible. Since the gap is hermetically sealed and carries negligible
current, the sparkover level stays precise.
Figure 1-26WESTINGHOUSE CPL ARRESTER SECTION
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
SaLUEW SEAL
VENT PORT
SERtES GAPS
'QVALVE BLOCKS
VENT PORT
NAMEPLATE
SOLDER SEAL
BASE CASTING
Figure 1-26: WESTINGHOUSE IVS INTERMEDIATE-CLASS ARRESTER
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
r!-..y
Figure 1-27: WESTINGHOUSE LVS INTERMEDIATE-CLASS ARRESTER
ern
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
2
2.1
Dielectric-Loss Testing of Arresters
General
At the 1947 and 1954 Doble Client Conferences the significance of maintenance tests oil lightning
arresters was reviewed and tabulations of test data
Since 1958, periodically revised
tabulations of test data have appeared in the Doble Lightning-Arrester Field-Test Guide and Doble
Client Conference ~inutes~'!Client experience has demonstrated the effectiveness of dielectric-loss
measurements in detecting the effects of contamination (moisture, corrosion, aluminum salts),
deterioration, lightning damage, and certain mechanical defects (broken shunting resistors, preionizing elements, and improper assembly) 1,2,5,6. Though the effects of contamination and
deterioration will affect the condition of the arrester insofar as its function as an insulator is
concerned, the operational ability of the arrester will likely be affected also. If the arrester has been
internally damaged by lightning or is mechanically defective, it is also probable that it will not
respond adequately when called upon.
2.2
Analysis of Test Results
The tabulated dielectric-loss data are meant to serve as a guide to the operator in establishing a range
of losses for the various makes and models of arresters. In cases where data may be lacking, the test
engineer can base his or her analysis on losses obtained for similar units tested at the same time and
under the same conditions; this is usually possible since similar arresters are normally installed at the
same location. Once a range of losses has been established, any deviation, either higher or lower,
should be investigated. Incidentally, because lightning-arrester tests are basically resistive in nature
and are rated primarily on the basis of the losses obtained, power factors need not, and should not, be
calculated. Also, correction factors are unnecessary throughout the range of temperatures in which
lightning arresters are normally tested7".
Since the results of tests on lightning arresters are affected to varying degrees by surface leakage,
analysis of test results should take such effects into account. For example, if the results of tests on
three similar units have each shown a corresponding increase over a previous test, it might be logical
to attribute these increases to surface leakage due to humidity andlor contamination; it would be
advisable to verify the external surface losses. Wiping the porcelain with a clean, dry cloth can
usually minimize these losses; however, it may be necessary to resort to the use of cleaning agents and
waxes or the use of a guard collar. Additional comments on combating the effects of surface leakage
may be found in Section One of the Type MH or Type MEU Instruction Manual.
ern
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
Where the effects of surface leakage can be discounted, abnormal losses can then be attributed to one
or more of the following.
Higher-than-Normal Losses
Contamination by moisture and/or dirt or dust deposits on the inside surfaces of the porcelain
housings or on the outside surfaces of sealed-gap housings
Coil-oded gaps
Deposits of aluminum salts apparently caused by the interaction between moisture and
products resulting fi-om corona5,
Cracked Porcelain
Lower-than-Normal Losses
Broken shunting resistors

Broken pre-ionizing elements
Improper assembly
Analysis of metal oxide arresters should take into account the year of manufacture. The formulation
of the MOV disk was modified during the mid-1980s. Arresters utilizing the older MOV material
exhibit higher losses than those with the newer material. Ohio Brass lightning arresters use serial
numbers to identify the change over; arresters with the serial numbers beginning with the letter B or C
employ the older material, and serial numbers beginning with D and up use the new formulation.
2.3
Test Procedure
Before proceeding with the testing of arresters the topic of test potential should be reviewed.
To assist the operator in the field, Tables 2-1 and 2-2 review the recommended standard test
techniques for lightning arresters installed in single- or multiple-unit stacks and supplement the
information presently available in the Doble Instruction Books. Overall tests on complete multi-unit
arrester stacks are not recommended, and whle early instructions included test procedures on two
units in parallel, certain types of defects, as well as the larger sizes of modem arresters, now indicate
the desirability of tests on individual units. As first discussed at the 1960 Doble Client Conference,
the introduction of the Low Voltage Switch on Doble test sets has made it possible to test individual
units with little more effort than was required to test pairs10.
In general the test procedure would be to separate single or two-unit arrester stacks from their
associated bus, as shown in Figure 1-1. A single arrester can be tested only by the routine groundedspecimen test (GST) procedure after the associated bus is disconnected. In the case of stacks of three
arresters or more, it is necessary only to de-energize and ground the bus as shown in Figure2, rather
than to disconnect the bus.
2.4
Test Connections
Figure 2-1: Two Stack Arrester Test Connection Points
Table 2-1: Two Stack Connection Method
Table 2-2: Multi Stack Test Connection Points

ENERGIZE
GROUND
MEASURE
GUARD UST
1,6,
1,6,2,
1,6,2,
l,6,
1,6,
Figure 2-2: Multi

Stack Test Connection Points
Because the test results on lightning arresters depend upon the applied voltage, it is important that all
tests be performed at the recommended potential.
Table 2-3: Recommended Test Voltages
Arrester Type
Silicon Carbide
-
MCOV -.- .- -- Unit Rating Line Volt.

Rating (kV)
Duty Cycle kV Rating
3.0
4.5 -- --.--- - --.
-.
6.0
~
7.5
9.0 to 10
12.0 and above
Silicon Carbide
3.7 to 10.16
12.7 and above
4.5 to 12.0
15.0 and above
Test Potential (kV)

10-kV Sets
2.5-kV Sets
2.5
2.5
4.0 - --- --.-.
....5.0
7.0
7.5
10.0
2.5
2.0
2.0
2.5
2.5
10.0
2.5
---
If the applied voltage approaches the MCOV (Maximum Continuous Operating Voltage) rating the
arrester will begin to conduct. Depending on the degree of conduction, higher than normal results
may be obtained.
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
There may be instances when clients with a Type MH test set may wish to perform supplementary
tests at 2.5 kV. The equivalent 10-kV watts-loss obtained at 2.5 kV can then be converted to the
equivalent 2.5 kV Milliwatts value using the formula:
MW = 62.5 x Equivalent Watts.
This may be helpful in cases where limited data are tabulated for a particular make; a supplementary
2.5 kV test would then enable the operator to compare data with both the MH and MEU tabulation.
Also, some argue that the 2.5 kV test may be an even more effective and telling measurement because
losses in the resistive elements themselves will not have as great an influence on the overall losses.
This phenomenon seems particularly true on the lower voltage arresters.
2.5
Safety in Handling "Suspect" Arresters
Extreme caution should be taken when handling sealed arrester or gap units who are suspected of
being damaged. References 11 and 12 discuss some of the hazards that may develop in faulty units,
which, from all external appearances, seem to be "harmless" and safe to handle.
2.6
Summary
1. Doble tests on lightning arresters are rated on the basis of the Watts-loss recorded;
accordingly power factor should not be calculated for tests performed on these devices.
2. Tests should be performed on the individual arrester units and not on units in parallel or
on a complete stack in series.
3. In cases where questionable test data are obtained with the MH Instrument andlor where
the tabulated 10 kV test data may be minimal, it is recommended that supplementary
tests be performed at 2.5 kV, and the results converted to equivalent Milliwatts for
comparison with the tabulated Milliwatts data.
4. Because dangerously high gas pressures can accumulate within sealed-type arresters or
gap units, one should exercise care when handling units suspected of being damaged
internally
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
6m
REFERENCE
BOOK ON SURGE
ARRESTERS
References
1. Oliver, F. S. "Maintenance Testing of Lightning Arresters-A Summary." Minutes of the
Fourteenth Annual Conference of Doble Clients (1947), Sec. 9-201.
2. Rickley, A. L and S. H. Osborn, Jr. "A Review of the Maintenance Testing of Lightning
Arresters." Minutes of the Twenty-First Annual Conference of Doble Clients (1954), Sec.
9-301.
3. Almstrong, G. W., Jr, and E. J. Marottoli. "Dielectric-Loss Values for Lightning Arresters (A
Progsess Repost)." Minutes of the Thirty-First Annual Conference of Doble Clients (1964),
Sec. 9-20 1.
4. Parker, J. C. and W. D. Morgan. "Lightning Arrester Tests with the Doble Type M 2500-Volt
Test Set." Minutes of the Thisteenth Annual Conference of Doble Clients (1946), Sec.
9-101.
5. "Notes on the Grading of Doble Insulation Test Results," GIR 755, General Section, Doble
Power-Factor Test-Data Reference Book, Pages 9 and 10.
6. Rickley, A. L. and R. E. Clark. "Variation of Power Factor with Temperature." Minutes of the
Twenty-Fifth Annual Conference of Doble Clients (1 958), Sec. 3-101.
7. Rickley, A. L "Dielectric-Loss Versus Temperature Characteristics of Lightning-Arrester
Units." Minutes of the Twenty-Sixth Annual Conference of Doble Clients (1959), Sec.
9-101.
8. Black, R. G. "Field Testing of Ohio Brass Station and Intermediate Class Lightning Arresters.
"Minutes of the Thirty-Sixth Annual International Conference of Doble Clients (1969), Sec.9201.
9. Doble Lightning-Arrester Field-Test Guide, Third Edition, August 1, 1966. Section Two.
10. Rickley, A. L and R. E. Clark. "Application and Significance of Ungrounded-Specimen Tests.
"Minutes of the Twenty-Seventh Annual Conference of Doble Clients (1960), Sec. 3-210 and
3-21 1.
1 1. Bracewell, J. R. "Safety in Handling Faulty Lightning Arresters." Minutes of the Twenty-Fifth
Annual Conference of Doble Clients (1958), Sec. 9-101.
12. Brearley, R. G. A. "Detection of Defective Arresters on a 345-kV System." Minutes of
theThrty-First Annual Conference of Doble Clients (1964), Sec. 9-10 1. See also the
discussions on Pages Sec. 9-A and 9-C.
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
Tabulations of Dielectric-Loss Test Data for

Arresters
The Tables herein contain the results of dielectric-loss tests perfom~nedom1 arrester units
manufactured by the following companies:
ASEA
Brown-Boveri Canadian General Electric
Canadian Ohio Brass
Canadian Westinghouse
E. M. P. Electric General Electric
Joslyn
Line Material (McGraw-Edison) Magrii~i

Newmagne
Oerlikon
Ohio Brass
Tokyo Shibaura
Westinghouse
The data in Tables I through XXVII are presented as an aid to the test engineer in establishing normal average dielectric-loss values for the various makes and types of station- and intermediatearrester units. All data listed are for tests on individual units both old and new. Data for obviously
defective arresters were not tabulated.
No consideration was given to the temperatures at which tests were performed since experience to
date has shown that very little, if any, temperature correction is necessary throughout the range of
temperature at which tests are normally performed on arresters.
Tables I through XIX list values of Watts Loss obtained with Doble MH Test Sets. Data for units
rated 3.O, 6.0, 9.0, and 12 kV and above were obtained at test voltages of 2.5, 5 .O, 7.5, and 10 kV
respectively. Since arresters are non-linear devices, it is necessary that all tests be performed at the
recommended test voltages so that the field data can be compared directly with the data tabulated
herein.
Tables XX through XXVII list values of Milliwatts obtained at a test potential of 2.5 kV using the
Doble Type MEU 2500-Volt test set.
For a discussion of recommended techniques for testing arresters, including the interpretation of test
data, it is suggested that the 1970 Doble Client Conference Paper, "Dielectric Losses for Lightning
Arresters (A Review)," Sec. 9-301, be reviewed.
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
Table 3-1: ASEA
Table 3-2:BROWN-BOVERI
EQUIVALENT 10 kV WATTS LOSS

I
TYP~
I kV
Rating
1 'rest
kV
No.
Untts
Tested
0
to
.49
.50
to
.99
1.00
to
1.49
1.50
to
1.99
200
to
2 49
2.50
to
2.99
300
to
3.49
350
to
3 99
230
HDF 1750
1 (stack)
10
72A-1972-01 Rev. I3 7/04
#m
REFERENCE
BOOKON SURGE
ARRESTERS
Table 3-3: CANADIAN GENERAL ELECTRIC (Station Class) Type DL, PL

Table 3-4: CANADIAN GENERAL ELECTRIC (Station Class) Model 9L
-
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7104
Table 3-5: CANADIAN OHIO BRASS (Intermediate Class)
Type
EQUlVALENT 10 kV WATTS LOSS
--
Unit
Cat.
No.
Rating
.OO 1
to
,025
No.
Units
Tested
Test
kV
ItV
,026
to
.049
,056
to
,074
,075
to
,099
.I0
to
.19
.20
to
.29
.30
to
.39
3
M bIPR
P
R210424
4 6
1
-----
~
-
-.
Table 3-6: CANADIAN OHIO BRASS (Intermediate Class)
EQUIVALENT 10-kV WATTS LOSS
12
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7104
Table 3-7: CANADIAN WESTINGHOUSE (Station Class)
Unit
Style No.
kV
Rating
Test
kV
No.
Units
Tested
H-47357A
H-47359A
H-47402
H-79565
H-79567
25
37
25
15
25
10
10
10
10
10
379
383
8
9
47
H-79569
305A982G0 1
305A984G04
305A985G0 1
306555601
37
12
48
60
60
10
10
10
10
10
15
6
18
73
3
306A574G01
306A575G01
306A576G01
41 1A795G01A
25
30
37
48
10
10
10
10
7
6
16
12
0
to
.49
EQUIVALENT 10 kV WATTS LOSS

2.50 3.00
.SO 1.00 1.50 2.00
to
to
to
to
to
to
2.99 3.49
.99 1.49 1.99 2.49
44
298
3
285
17
2
48
4
23
12
3
1
18
47
26
64
2
2
4
6
--
1
1
-
3
6
3
5
6
2
1
2
12
12
-----
Table 3-8: E.M.P. ELECTRIC, LONDON (Station Class)
Unit
Model
No.
kV
Rating
Test
kV
p
p
p
p
BTS-180
HTS-303
HTS-700
18
60
73
HTS-1330
48
10
10
10

No.
.001 ,050 .I00 ,150 .200
.250
Units
to
to
to
to
to
to
Tested .049 .099 .149 .I99 .249 .299
3
35
6
3
2
1
27
4
6
1
18
--
dm
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
.3.50
to
3.99
--
---
Table 3-9: GENERAL ELECTRIC (Station Class)

[
Unit
Model No.
kV
Rating
'I'est
kV
.Ol
No.
lJnits
'I'ested
to
00
jl.00
to
i 4
4.5
0
lo
5.4
9
284
5.5
0
to
6.4
9
140
6.5
0
to
7.4
9
57
7.5
0
to
8.4
9
35
18
21
5 1 5 4 2 3
45
119
48
22
13
5
10
86
283
1.50
to
2.49
2.50
I,,
3.49
3.50
to
4.49
142
9LAlAI 1
9LAlA2D
9LAlB116
9LAD2
9LAD4
9LAD6
9LAD8
9LAlAD113
9LAlAD114
9LAlAD116
9LAIEl
9LAlE2
9LA1E3
9LAlE4
9LAlE20
9LAIFI
9LAlF2
9LAlF3
9LAlF4
9LAlGI
9LAlG2
9LA1 G3
9LAlG4
9LAlG10
9LAlG293
9LAlG294
9LAlG398
9LAlG401
9LAlH1
12
6
2
6
12
6
12
3
6
12
3
6
9
12
12
3
6
9
12
3
6
9
12
12
12
15
6
15
3
I0
5
10
5
10
5
10
2.5
5
10
2.5
5
7.5
10
10
2.5
5
7.5
10
2.5
5
7.5
10
10
10
10
5
10
2.5
689
2
54
1
148
24
350
71
I6
709
8
25
10.
5
1 . 1 2
5
13.
5
11.
4
12.
4
14.
4
,A,,,
13.
4
109
2
l
3
j!
16.
5
to
18.
4
18.
5
to
20.
4
20.
5
to
22.
4
1
1
I
13
14.
5
,o
16.
4
p
-
42
99
201
1
27
3
2
2
1
16
3
1
6
841
101
88
57
1537
242
3
57
37
3
108
5
0
lo
10.
4
5
772
39
39
9
8.5
0
to
9.4
9
14
1
40
20
4
165
16
1
230
3
239
78
I
1
1
6
, 10 150 431208344
-
I
4
8
I
I
9
313
83
9
2
56
2
15
183
27
2
!
2
I1
1
3
i
I
3
1
27
743
59
-----
3
235
63
3
26
25
28
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7104
16
Table 3-9: (Continued) GENERAL ELECTRIC (Station Class)
7244-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
REFERENCE
BOOKON SURGEARRESTERS
FQUlVALfjNT10-kVWATTS LOSS
Un~t
Model No
9LllLAB060
9LllLAB073
9LllLAB090
9LllLAB096
9LllLABO108
9LllLAB120
9LllLAB132
9LllLAB144
9L11LAB180
9LllLAB192
9LllLAB228
9LllLAB240
9LllLAB258
9LllLAB264
9LllLAB276
kV
Test
Ratlng
kV
60
73
90
96
108
120
132
144
180
192
228
240
258
264
276
No
~nlts
Tested
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
001
01 1
016
021
026
031
036
041
046
051
056
061
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
010
015
020
025
030
035
040
045
050
055
060
065
14
17
19
10
11
16
23
23
15
28
248
92
16
15
54
?
14
43
38
1
1
2
18
27
18
28
14
10
3
44
34
33
25
' I
2
1
2
14
22
8
10
3
' 3 1 2 2 1 0 8
52
74
273
6
43
91
123
3
12
?
0
0
18
1 2
1 1 1
I
I
6
'3
1
1
066
to
070
100
151
to
090
091
to
099
150
to
99
131 10
1
i
11
25
071
081
to
to
080
10
and
above
3
8
2
13
23
18
3
3
1
1
4
2
'3
4
2
11
I
I
9
2
I
2
I
1
I
I
The 91 1LG and 9L11LH arresters are identical to the 9L1 I LA and 9L1 I LB units respectively, except that their porcelains are gray instead
of brown. Refer to the manufacturer's information in Section One for additional comments concerning the significance of the numbers and
letters used to identify the various arrester models.
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7104
REFERENCE
Table 3-10: GENERAL ELECTRIC (Intermediate Class)
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
em
Table 3-10: (Continued) GENERAL ELECTRIC (Intermediate Class)

EQUIVALENT 1 0-kV WATTS LOSS
,001 050 .I 00 .I50 ,200 .250 .300 .400 .SO0
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
,049 ,099 .I49 199 ,249 .299 ,399 .499 .599
----,
*9L12HAU003
*9L12HAU009
*9L12HAU012
*9L12HAU021
*9L12HAU024
*9Ll2HAU030
*9L12HAU036
*9LI2HAU012
3
9
12
21
24
30
36
12
2.5
7.5
10
10
10
10
10
10
6
9
3
3
3
96
14
I1
,600 .700 ,800

to
to
to
.699 .799 ,899
Between 10.1 & 11.0
i
i
1 3
3
55
3.00 4.00 5.00

to
to
to
3.99 4.99 5.99
6.00
to
6.99
I
i
31
.900 1 .OO 2.00

to
to
to
,999 1.99 2.99
3
3
Ii
j ii
The manufacturer states that Model 9LA2H and 9L12H are identical: thus, where data is lacking for a specific 9L 12H type, refer then to the 9LA2H
unit of the kV rating in question. (See the manufacturer's information in Section One for additional con~nlentsconcerning the sigficance of the
numbers and letters used to identify the various models.)
Table 3-11: JOSLYN
Table 3-12: LINE MATERIAL
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
Table 3-13: MAGRINI
Table 3-14: NEWMAGNE
Table 3-15:OERLZKON
I
:
t
kV
Unit
REW I 1 0
55
Test
kV
No
~nlts
Tested
to
12
001
to
004
005
to
009
010
to
014
015
to
019
020
to
024
025
010
Lo
to
020
;A
7214-1972-01 Rev. B 7104
dm
Table 3-16: OHIO BRASS (Station class)
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7104
61
Table 3-17: OHIO BRASS (Station Class) Type MP
724-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
'=
Table 3-18: OHIO BRASS (Station Class) Type MPR

--
--
--
--

No
Un~t
kV
Cat No Rating
Un~ts
Tested
kV
Type
MPR
MPR
MPR
MPR
41842
45
41843
41844
41872
50
60
121
l10
o
10
10
MPR
MPR
MPR
MPR
MPR
MPR
MPR
MPR
- MPR
MPR
MPR
MPR
MPR
MPR
MPR
MPR
MPR
MPR
MPR
MPR
MPR
MPR
MPR
MPR
MPRH
MPRH
46169
46179
46206
46310
46339
46429
46764
46770
46775
46783
46784
46784
46785
46786
46787
46788
108
168
96
300
228
60
108
6919
121
96
409
409
121
4
145
168
10
10
I0
10
10
10
10
10
10
I0
46789
46790
46792
46794
46795
46796
46799
46996
46266
180
192
258
276
60
73
120
601120
25
10
10
10
/'
16985
10
10
1
10
10
10
103
10
026
to
.049
050
to
,074
075
to
099
I0
to
.19
20
to
29
30
to
39
40
to
69
16
6
;91
3
5
3
2
6
18
78
7i?
6
48
6
99
90
19
6
78
6s
1U
15
1
1
10
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7104
2 00
to
2 49
I22
14
1
3
13
3
>
2
20
2
4
1
1I
413
3
9
17
22
6
11
9
15
3
3
3
11
3
62
49
4
3
19
20
6
4
2
4
1
5 5
3
13
18
11
13
2
1
7
I
,
1
:
I;
1
1
15
34
19
/
1
6
I
I
3
I
I
63
i9
I
2
37
11
45
3
-+>
1I
to
1 99
14
i56
1 50
85
1 00
70
t o / lo
99
1 49
40
----10
001
to
025
/
1
2 50
to
2 99
3 00
to
5 00
Table 3-19: OHIO BRASS (Station Class)
Please refer to the manufacturer's 1969 Doble Client Conference Paper "F~eldTestlng of Ohlo Brass Stahon and Intermcdlate Class I ightning A~restc~\,"
Scc 0-201.
concerning
d~electr~c
losses for Dynagap ? dnestcrs
To1
add~tlonallnformat~on
Table 3-100: OHIO BRASS (Intermediate Class) Type GP

EQUIVALENT 10-kV WA'T'TS 1,OSS
Type
Unit
Cat. No.
kV
Rating
No.
Test
Ullits
kV
GP
36400
GP
GP
GP
GP
GP
GP
GP
GP
GP
36402
36403
36404
36405
36406
36407
36408
36617
36633
41834
41835
41836
tiY
GP
GP
GP
42450
3
9
12
15
20
25
30
37
30
37
9
12
,rested
12
7.5
!0
10
10
6
35
57
151
90
511
132
12
80
10
10
10
10
7.5
10
10
1.50
to
1.74
2.00
lo
2.49
1.75
to
1.99
911
1
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
3.50
to
3.99
4.00
to
4.49
4.50 5.00
to
to
4.99 5.40
i
/
i
80
13
100
42
5
20
5
6
250
4
4
17
I I /
to
8.50
to
0.49
9.50
to
10.4
10.5
to
11.4
11.5
to
14.4
30
7.40
7.50
to
8.49
5.50
5.50
to
5.49
II
!5
3.00
to
3.49
2.50
to
2.99
Between 13.0 and 18.0
15
30
1.25
to
1.49
1.00
to
1.24
2.5
10
.01
to
,99
35
65
132
58
14
28
7
49
2
36
1
1
14
6
'
1I
I
i
3
30
/!
Sec Cat. No. 4671 9
65
Table 3-22: OHIO BRASS (Intermediate Class)
TABLE XVI A (Continued) OHIO BRASS (Intermediate Class)
66
72~-,972-01 Rev. B 7/04
Table 3-23: Tokyo Shibaura
Table 3-24: WESTINGHOUSE (Station Class)
13clwcen 7.0 and 12.0
Betwccn 1 I .5 and 16.5
dm
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
TABLE 3-24: (Continued) WESTINGHOUSE (Station Class)

I
Unit
kV
1151596
1151902
1151903
1151904
1151905
15
6
9
12
Test
kV
10
5
7.5
10
15
10
No.
Units
Tested
12
3
10
23
39
,050
to
,099
,010
to
,049
,100
to '
.I49
,150
to
,199
,200
to
,299
,300
.400
to
to
.399 _ ,549
_
,550
to
_ .699
_
1/ Betwcen 8.5 and I I .O
,700
,850
to
to
,849 _ ,990
_
_
2
1.20
1.50
lo
to
1.40
.OO
_ - 1-
1.00
to
_1 . 1_
4
2.00
2.50
3.00
to
to
to
2
2.49
3.49
=
4
2
3.50
4.50
4.00
to
to
to
3.99 4.49 4.99
-
1 Between 5.0 and 8.5
Between 4.5 and 6.5
15
13
1254825
1254829
3
15
2.5
10
6
1
1404459
1418181
1418182
1418183
1533140
1533141
1533142
1533143
1533144
1533145
1533146
1533147
1533148
1533195
1533196
1533204
1533207
37
20
25
37
3
6
9
12
15
20
25
30
37
12
15
15
30
10
10
10
10
2.5
5
7.5
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
51
41
69
96
17
23
44
24
53
1594613
1594614
37
25
3
9
15
12
15
10
10
2.5
7.5
10
10
10
33
241
3
9
6
21
81
18
18
13
4
39
6
4
1 7
33
3
3
41
6
2
24
I6
5
I
10
1
/,

Selwecrl 7.5 and 12.0
Between 3.9 and 7.5
1
!
-
5
10
41
!
1
I
2
13
p
p
p
p
i
8
I
25
18
100
35
81
80
197
65
23
41
44
!2
14
10
7
4
5
33
I
i6
2
3
1
I
9
2
I
2
7
1576589
1584062
1585591
1585593
1585595
78
185
235
347
3
12
6
3
j1
8
6
3
7
48
1
i4s
3
3

2 Units Between 5.0 and 6.0
!
I
15
2
13
37
5
16
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
13
14
dm
3
1
*Rotating Machinery Arrester
6m
-
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
TABLE 3-24: (Continued) station class
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7104
Table 3-25: WESTINGHOUSE (Intermediate Class)
TABLE XIX
dm 72A-1972-01 Rev. B
7/04
71
Table 3-26: CANADIAN GENERAL ELECTRIC (Station Class)
Table 3-27: GENERAL ELECTRIC (Station Class)
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
dm
TABLE 3-27: (Continued) GENERAL ELECTRIC (Station Class)

MILLlWATTS I,OSS @ 2.5 kV
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
Table 3-28: B GENERAL ELECTRIC Station Class

TABLE XXI
The 9L11LG ---- and 9L11LH---- arresters are identical to the 9L11LA ---- and 9L11LB---- units respectively, except that their
porcelains are gray instead of brown. Refer to the manufacturer's information in Section One for additional comlllents concerning the
significance of the numbers and letters used to identify the various arrester models.
REFERENCE
Table 3-29: GENERAL ELECTRIC (Intermediate Class)
* The manufacturer states that Models 0ldA211 and 91,1211 arc identical, thus, where data is lacking for a specific 9L12H type, refcr thc~nto the 9L A211 unit of thc ltV ~atlng111 cluestion (Rcfei
to the manufacturer's informat~onIn Secuon One Ibr additlondl conmmcnts concerning the significance of the numbers and letters uscd to rdci~tlfyt l ~ cval I O L I ~nlodcls )
Table 3-30: MAGRINI
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
Table 3-31: Ohio Brass (Station Class)
Table 3-31: Ohio Brass (Station Class) continued
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
72A-1972-01 R e v 6 7/04
TABLE 3-31: OHIO BRASS (Station Class)

MILLIWATTS LOSS @ 2.5k\'
Unit 01.
Arrester
Cat. No.
Type
*IvIPR
*MPR
*MPR
*MPR
*MPR
No.
Units
Tested
kV
Rating
-325
-334
21 1
210
-336
21 1
210
-337
21 1
210
-340
21 1
60
144
180
192
258
*MPR
210
-342
21 1
276
*MPR
210
-343
21 1
288
*MPR
210
-345
211
*MPR
210
-346
211
*MPR
210
-422
21 1
2.0
to
2.9
3.0
to
3.9
4.0
to
4.9
5.0
to
5.9
6.0
to
6.9
7.0
to
7.9
8.0
to
8.9
9.0
to
10.9
--
3 00
...
--- -- --
312
-_. -
"
-----
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
---
_ __^___I_._
-.----.---.----.I--_.
^
120
Please refer to manufacturer's 1969 of DobIe Client Conference Paper, " Field Testing o f Ohio Brass Station and Intermediate Class Lightning
Arresters." Sec. 9 - 201, for additional information concerning dielectric-losses for Dynagap V arresters.
ern
11
to
20
210
0
to
1.9
Table 3-32: A OHIO BRASS (Intermediate Class)

TABLE XXV A OHIO BRASS (Intermediate Class)
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
TABLE 3-32: B OHIO BRASS (Intermediate Class)

MILLlWATTS LOSS @ 2.5 kV
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7104
Table 3-33: WESTINGHOUSE (Station Class)
82
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7104
dm
em
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7104
MILLIWATTS LOSS GI 2.5 kV
83
Table 3-34: WESTINGHOUSE (Intermediate Class)
1123818
1151682
1151683
1151684
1151685
1225409
1225410
1225411
1225412
1225413
1743267
1743271
1743273
258B943G01
258B943G02
258B943G04
505D342G01
505D342G02
505D342G03
505D342G04
505D342G05
506D419G01
506D419G02
506D419G03
506D419G04
507D021GO3
507D021GO4
20
25
30
37
15
20
25
30
37
6
3
9
3
6
9
12
29
26
25
96
82
206
2
12
6
12
3
4
1
3
12
12
20
30
37
40
20
25
30
37
30
36
18
13
6
3
3
6
29
73
33
jI1
31
20
8
13
2
3
2
2
12
3
Between 290 and 410
Between 610 and 680

Between 205 and 440
14
1
24
82
4 8
32
90
13
9
!
1
1
8
7
1
1
11
1 3
17
37
1
3
46,
1
1
'
1
3
8
2
1
1
8
3
9
8
1
10
36
12
3 1
Index of Papers
Paper Title, Description
Year
Section
Performance Determination in the Laboratory and in the

R. Ximenes
E. L. S. deMelo
Field of Existing Instrumentation for Zinc Oxide Arrester
Maintenance
J. N. Figueiredo
This paper discusses the function, characteristics, and advantages of using zinc oxide
arresters. It also provides a comparison of leakage current test data obtained both in the
laboratory and the field on zinc oxide arresters using various commercially available
current detectors.
1989
9-3.1
V Pargaonkar
G. Paar
This paper presents a digital computer model that is capable of simulating substation
and transmission line parameters and providing a computer plot of the voltages across
the protected equipment. The computer results can be used to determine the optimum
type of arrester, along with the number of arresters need and their location. The
1989
9-5.1
4. 1
Authors
A - Design and Application
J. Caron
A. Dutil
G. Ouellet
A. Petit
On December 17, 1987, two metal-oxide arresters short-circuited and one of them
shattered in Albanel substation. These sacrificial arresters have a nominal voltage of
550 kV. They are used to limit the over voltage level on the 735 kV transmission
system during a system separation. Because this application is rather unusual, these
arresters have been designed and thoroughly tested to clearly demonstrate that they will
not shatter in the event of an internal short-circuit. Therefore, that event was carefully
investigated in order to understand how it happened and to make sure that the
application of sacrificial arresters is still acceptable from a safety standpoint.
Failure of Two 735 kV ZnO Arresters in Albanel Substation
S. S. Savic
Practical Application of an Expert System for Overhead
R. Levi
Lines and Hight Voltage Substation Lightning Performance
Estimation
An expert system for the overhead lines and high voltage substation lightning
performance estimation was designed to help engineers perform insulation coordination
in the lightning overvoltage computation and system modeling in fast transient
simulations. This paper describes the expert system's analysis of two catastrophic
substation failures.
Digital Computer Based Insulation Coordination
Year
Section
1982
9-201
1982
1982
9-201A
9-201B
Characteristics, Application and Field Testing of

Westinghouse Gapless Metal-Oxide Surge Arresters
Westi~~ghouse
Electric
Corporation
In this paper, internal construction of the Westinghouse SMX30 gapless arrester is
described along with a brief explanation of how it operates. Protective characteristics
are covered over a range of wave front times, including a discussion of 60 Hertz
temporary overvoltage capability. Aging parameters are also presented. Finally,
recommendations are made for installation and field testing of the completely gapless
metal-oxide arrester.
1982,
9-301
Improved Reliability in Surge Protection through Testing and R. W. Tanner

Control
The reliability of modern power system depends in large measure upon the ability of its
lightning arresters to protect the system repeatedly from overvoltage surges. With the
Type CPL Station Class Lightning Arrester, Westinghouse offers a new generation of
surge protection devices. By combining the inherent advantages of the current limiting
gap with a unique method for controlling the protective level of the arrester, while
assuring that the switching surge discharge voltage will not exceed the switching surge
sparkover voltage, the CPL Arrester offers greater protective margins for system
insulation. By coupling stringent design objective with detailed production testing and
quality control, the DCPL offers a new standard for reliability. Accelerated life tests of
all aspects of the CPL Arrester design have verified the success of this reliability
program.
1971
9-501
New Thorex Arrester Incorporates EHV Progress at all

J. B. Enrietto
Voltages
The new Dynagap 5 arrester (Ohio Brass Company), with the introduction of a new
design gap structure and mounting chamber is described. The changes incorporated
over the previous Dynagap arresters are designed to increase switching surge sparkover
performance. The paper also points out that extensive modification had to be introduced
to secure the protective characteristics essential to 500 kV and higher voltage systems
and that these modifications have been carried down to the lower voltage rating
arresters.
Discussion
W. M. McDennid
Comments
J. B. Enrietto
196'/
9-301
1967
1967
9-312
9-312
1966
9-101
Authors
computer model can be used to simulate a single substation or whole system. The
computer model, input requirements and the program outputs are discussed.
Application and Field Testing of Metal-Oxide Surge Arresters R. G. Black
General application information and service environment considerations for metal-oxide
arresters are addressed. In addition, this paper discusses field testing possibilities and
presents information on expected capacitance and watts-loss values as measured by
normal field testing equipment for Ohio Brass metal-oxide surge arresters.
Discussion
E. C. Salcshaug
Closure
R. G. Black
Tests on Distribution-Class Lightning Arresters with Gap-
D. D. Colker
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
Year
Section
Application, Construction, and Field Testing of General

A. R. Koerber
Electric Alugard-500 Station Arrester
The constmction, switched valve section, unit ratings, leakage-grading cusrent, field
testing, and maintenance are discussed in this paper.
1966
9-301
Lightning Protection With Cougnard Deionizers (A Progress

A. J. Devereaux
Report)
This is a report covering an experimental installation of Cougnard Deionizers on a 34.5kV line which is 14.9 miles long. Conventional lightning arresters were removed from
both terminals of the line and Cougnard Deionizers were installed on the pole adjacent
to each substation. It is reported that from the experience to date it cannot be stated that
Cougnard Deionizers gives superior protection to conventional lightning protective
equipment. They do show considerable promise, however, and careful records will be
kept on their operation for the next few years.
1960
9-101
Field Experience on the Number of Operations of Lightning

J. R. Bracewell
Arresters
This paper points out that there are more frequent discharges than is commonly thought,
in efficient lightning arresters. Several tabulations of field test data are included in the
paper.
1959
9-201
General Electric Lightning Arresters

W. H. Eason
This paper discusses the new Form 3K high-voltage Thyrite station-class arrester,
reports of damage to transformer-mounted arresters due to vibration, switching arresters
on or off an energized bus, factory routine tests, and recommended field acceptance
tests.
1959
9-501
Westinghouse Lightning Arresters

Edward Beck
This paper discusses connecting arresters to the system, tests in the factory and field,
and damage to arresters caused by vibration.
1959
9-701
A Solution to the Problem of Arrester Porcelain Contamination

W. H. Eason
This paper describes the effect of contamination on lightning arresters and General
Electric Conlpany's solution to the problem insofar as their arresters are concerned.
1958
9-201
Thorex Dynagap Arresters

A. G. Yost
This discussion covers the more important arrester design objectives and improvements
including protective ability, over voltage interrupting ability, surge-current durability,
and freedom from exterior contamination failure, installation economy, and improved
pressure relief performance.
1958
9-401

A. M. Opsahl
This discussion covers the design, operation, failure, and maintenance of Westinghouse
1958
9-501
Authors
Grading Resistors
This paper presents the experience of the Dayton Power and Light Company in field
testing the E5, 10-kV, direct-connected valve arrester, manufactured by Line Material
Company.
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
Authors
lightning arresters.
Design Considerations of Pressure Relief and Long Duration
W. J. Rudge
Surge Discharge Capacity in Modern Lightning Arresters
This discussion of GE lightning arresters includes the results of an investigation that has
shown that pressure relief can be accomplished with greater speed and reliability by
making use of a bum-through principle that can be associated with the nature of arrester
failure rather than with just the pressure developed during the period of failure.
Year
Section
1957
9-201
1938
8-15
1937
9-3
1980
9-101
1975
9-201
Field Testing and Maintenance of Line and Station-Type

W. J. Rudge
Thyrite Arresters
The characteristics of Thyrite arresters and the ability of such arresters to protect are
discussed. Various types of tests and types of trouble are also discussed.
Discussion
The general story of the origin and characteristics of lightning and the protection of a
power system against lightning was presented to the group in the form of a motion
picture entitled Lightning, prepared by the General Electric Company.
Lightning Arrester Testing: The Problem
E. A. Walker
A lightning arrester is a device to divert surges from apparatus connected to a power

line. In performing this function, however, the arrester should not add any new hazards
to the safe operation of the equipment. There are, therefore, two questions to ask about
any arrester :(I) Does it protect the equipment? (2) Does it present a hazard to safe
operation? (2) Any test that will give data to help answer these questions is valuable.
Lightning Arresters from the Testing Viewpoint
E. H. Povey
Among the possible applications of the Doble Insulation Test Set is the detection of
certain types of faults in lightning arresters. While this field may not have the
possibilities that circuit breakers and transformer insulation present, it is interesting and
of some value.
The various types and makes of lightning arresters show considerable variation in
construction. To be able to discuss testing technique and test results, it is essential to
have a general idea of the constructional details of the arresters under consideration.
4.2
B Discharge Counters
Utility Experience with the Application of Arrester Counters
W. M. McDermid
B. G. Solomon
The practice of one utility in the application of arrester counters is outlined with an
indication of the usefulness of the data obtained
Performance of Arrester Counters
W. M. McDermid
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
em
Year
Section
1974
9-101
1974
9-20]
1959
9-201
Dismantling Surge Arresters in the Field
Doble Client
Committee on
Arresters,
Capacitors, and
Insulators
This paper reports the responses of arrester manufacturers to a Committee questionnaire
concerning the practical aspects of field disassembly and reassembly of the larger, more
complex units and the safety aspects involved.
1974
9-101
Notes on the Testing of Lightning Arresters and Carrier

F. S. Oliver
Current Capacitors
This paper discusses detection of a problem with the Thyrite Lightning Arrester using
Doble 10 kV Test Set. The problem was identified and corrected, and the unit was
reassembled.
1943
9-201
1982
9-101
Authors
This paper briefly outlines the evaluation of two types of arrester operation counters.
Basic differences are stressed, as they affect performance.
Experience with Canadian General Electric Alugard 564-kV
W. J. Fenlihough
Arrester Units and Discharge Counters
Discussion
Comments and discussions were made with reference to Mr. W. J. Fenlihough's paper,
Experience With Canadian General Electric Alugard 564-kV
Field Experience on the Number of Operations of Lightning
Arresters
This paper points out that there are more frequent discharges than
commonly thought in efficient lightning arresters. Several
tabulations of field test data are included in the paper.
4.3
4.4
J. R. Bracewell
C Dismantling
D Doble Client Committee (Arresters, Capacitors & Insulators)
Doble Client
Committee on
Arresters,
Capacitors, and
Insulators
This report presents the answers received to 11 questions posed to American
manufacturers of metal-oxide arresters at the request of the Arresters, Capacitors, and
Insulators Committee.
Metal-Oxide Surge Arresters,
Life Expectancy of Arresters
6-rn
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
Doble Client
Committee on
Year
Section
Ambient Temperature Standard for Arresters
Doble Client
Coinillittee on
Arresters,
Capacitors, and
Insulators
The aim of this report is to call attention to the fact that 40C is the maximum ambient
temperature specified in the current IEEEIANSI Standard for Surge Arresters.
Therefore, units exposed to temperatures above this level are operating under
nonstandard service conditions. It has been verified that many arresters, primarily those
installed above the radiators of transformers or in the airflow from the radiators, very
likely will operate in ambient in excess of 40 "C during at leas: a portion of their
lifetime. Excessive temperatures tend to accelerate the aging of arrester moisture seals,
and it has been suggested that excessive temperatures also can affect the grading circuit
adversely.
1975
9-101
Dismantling Surge Arresters in the Field
1974
9-101
1981
9-101
Authors
Arresters,
Capacitors, and
Insulators
This report summarizes manufacturers' responses to questions asked by the Committee
relative to the life expectancy of arresters.
Doble Client
Committee on
Arresters,
Capacitors, and
Insulators
This paper reports the responses of arrester manufacturers to a Committee questionnaire
concerning the practical aspects of field disassembly and reassembly of the larger, more
complex units and the safety aspects involved.
4.5
E Extra-High Voltage
J. Caron
A. Dutil
G. Ouellet
A. Petit
shattered in AIbanel substation. These sacrificial arresters have a nominal voltage of
550 kV. They are used to limit the over voltage level on the 735 kV transmission
system during a system separation. Because this application is rather unusual, these
arresters have been designed and thoroughly tested to clearly demonstrate that they will
not shatter in the event of an internal short-circuit. Therefore, that event was carefully
In-Service Tests of EHV Lightning Arresters

E. H. Hunter
The paper describes testing of EHV (345 kV system) lightning arresters using the
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7104
Authors
Year
Section
1964
9-101
1964
1964
9-A
9-A
1994
9-3
1988
9-3.1
1988
1988
9-3.1A
9-3.1B
magnitude and wave form of the arrester grading current. An oscilloscope samples the
grading current and a Polaroid camera permanently records the trace for measurement
and provides for future comparison tests.
Detection of Defective Arresters on a 345 kV System
R. G. A. Brearley
This discussion covers the description, safety, field test data, field test equipment, and
test technique.
Discussion
D. M. Smith
Closure of D. M. Smith Discussion of the R. G. Brearley Paper
4.6
F Failures and Defects
Experience with Leakage-Current Testing of 380 kV MOV

Paul Lemans
Guy Moulaert
Surge Arresters in the Field, Utilizing an LCM Portable
Instrument
It has been shown that premature aging and failures of MOV surge arresters can be
attributed to degradation of the coating on zinc-oxide blocks, due to corona discharges
in the air gap between the porcelain and the blocks. Measurement of in-service leakage
current may be considered to be an effective diagnostic method. This paper presents
experience with the application of a leakage current monitoring device and the results of
investigations conducted on suspect units. Requirements for installation of the
measuring device and surge arresters that will be tested by this method are discussed.
J. Caron
A. Dutil
G. Ouellet
A. Petit
shattered in Albanel substation. These sacrificial arresters have a nominal voltage of
550 kV. They are used to limit the overvoltage level on the 735 kV transmission system
during a system separation. Because this application is rather unusual, these arresters
have been designed and thoroughly tested to clearly demonstrate that they will not
shatter in the event of an internal short-circuit. Therefore, that event was carefully
Detection of Premature Aging of Gapless ZnO Arresters

W. McDermid
In the summer of 1986, a number of gapless zinc oxide arresters rated 96 kV (MCOV '78
kV) were installed on a 115 kV grounded system. In the Spring of 1987, failures of
these arresters began to occur. Tests on other units from the same group in service
revealed a significant reduction in the voltage required to produce a resistive current of
1 rnA (peak) through the arrester and a corresponding increase in the resistive current at
normal operating voltage. There was no change in the case of similar units stored
outdoors but not energized.
Discussion
J. Caron
Closure
W. McDermid
1988
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
Authors
Year
Section
1987
9-301
1987
198'7
9-301A
9-301B
1973
9-301
1971
9-601

W H. Eason
This paper discusses the new Form 3K high-voltage Thyrite station class arrester,
tests.
1959
9501

Edward Beck
1959
9-701
1958
9-201
Defective Weather Seal in Metal Oxide Arresters

W. D. Shead
Houston Lighting and Power experienced two failures of 138 kV, metal-oxide arresters
after being energized for less than one month. This paper describes the failure and the
immediate investigation by the manufacturer and Houston Lighting and Power, which
ultimately resulted in tightening of QAIQC checks.
Discussion
R. H. Gunning
Discussion
G. A. Heuston
Defective General Electric AIugard 468-kV Arrester Units
E. H. Hill
Investigation of high Doble readings on General Electric Company Alugard 468-kV
Model 9L 16ABD6 Arresters resulted in the discovery of cracked diaphragms and water.
in four arresters. General Electric has made field fixes as well as design changes.
I. Alcocer
J. Ortiz
This paper describes the in-service failures of a set of Oerlikon 230 and 400 kV
lightning arresters, the tests made, and the corrective work actually performed by the
manufacturer.
Failures on Oerlikon Arresters
Defective Seal in a 588 kV Lightning Arrester Detected by

A. A. Carlomagno
Doble Testing
This report covers the reason for removal of the arrester, a summary of the field and
factory tests, a review of the internal examination of two units, and resulting
conclusions.
J. 0. Lang
Lightning Arrester Failures at Time of Unusual System
Conditions
This report covers the failure of lightning arresters and describes the tests and
investigations which have been made.
J. H. Walter
Lightning Arrester Mechanical Failures (Oak Creek Power
Plant)
This report covers vibration in two power transforn~ersand the damage done to the
transformer and to lightning arresters ~nountedon the transformer tank.
A Solution to the Problem of Arrester Porcelain

Contamination
W. H. Eason
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
em
Year
Section
Experience with Effects of Switching Surges on Lightning

R. M. Wilson
Arresters
The failures of three 69-kV lightning arresters are believed to have been caused by
switching surges of relatively low current but long duration. The failures, investigations
made, and corrective steps taken as a result are described.
1952
9-102
Tests on Station-Type Thyrite Arresters as Affected by

C. G. Friddle
Previous Weather Conditions
This study covers the variations of tests made on a defective Thyrite arrester unit at
several voltages and under different conditions of humidity, temperature, location, and
previous weather. The paper also suggests an explanation of these variations.
Discussion
Discussion
The general story of the origin and characteristics of lightning, and the protection of a
1947
9-101
Authors
This paper describes the effect of contamination on lightning arresters and General
Electric Company's solution to the problem insofar as their arresters are concerned.
4.7
1947
1944
G Field Testing

Paul Leemans
Guy Moulaert
Instrument
attributed to degradation of the coating on zinc-oxide blocks, due to corona discharges
in the air gap between the porcelain and the blocks. Measurement of in-service leakage
current may be considered to be an effective diagnostic method. This paper presents
experience with the application of a leakage current monitoring device and the results of
investigations conducted on suspect units. Requirements for installation of the
measuring device and surge arresters that will be tested by this method are discussed.
1994
9-3.1
Failure Modes of Metal Oxide Surge Arresters and Possible

John G. Anderson
Stephen R. Lambert
Methods of Detection
The paper discusses ZnO surge arrester (MOV) failure modes such as cracked blocks
resulting from physical damage or an excessive rate of energy input, collar failure, and
punctures due to high current. Various detection techniques are examined including
those using electrical, mechanical, and chemical approaches. Criteria for acceptable
technique application are presented including consideration of arrester location, whether
or not arresters are energized, and the test equipment required.
1992
9-4.1
Dielectric-Losses for Metal-Oxide Surge Arresters (A

D. J. Kopaczynski
Progress Report)
M. J. Rizzi
The primary purpose of this report is to give Doble Clients an up-to-date tabulation of
dielectric-loss (Watts-loss) data on metal-oxide arresters. Some important principles
1989
9-6.1
Cm
- 72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
Year
Section
1987
1987
9-201A
9-201B
Testing of Zinc Oxide Arresters

W. McDermid
This paper reviews Manitoba Hydro's experience with various test methods for zinc
oxide arresters, both for commissioning and routine maintenance purposes. Test
methods on which experience is reported include impulse, partial discharge, 60 Hz VII,
and 60 Hz watts loss.
1986
9-201

E. J. Marottoli.
Progress Report)
G. A. Heuston
The purpose of this report is to present a tabulation of the dielectric losses measured by
the Doble Client Group for metal-oxide arresters. The report also reviews the test
procedures and discusses test experience to date.
1983
9-301

arresters are addressed. In addition, this paper discusses field testing possibilities and
presents information on expected capacitance and watts-loss values as measured by
normal field testing equipment for Ohio Brass metal-oxide surge arresters.
Discussion
E. C. Sakshaug
Closure
R. G. Black
1982
9-201
1982
1982
9-201A
9-201B
1982
9-301
Authors
concerning analysis of results for arresters generally are reviewed along with field
experiences.
Field Test of Zinc-Oxide Arresters Leakage Current
J. Caron
Measurement
Aging of ZnO arresters may be closely monitored by precise measurement of leakage
current at voltage in the range of MCO V. For that purpose, Hydro-Quebec is now
developing two different test sets:
(1) A 150 kV transformer test set, to measure offline the leakage cui-rent of each
arrester section at MCOV. A prototype of that test set has been hlly tested and is now
used successfully for field testing.
(2) A portable meter, to measure culrent on live arresters by means of a clamp-on
transformer on the ground loop. This second meter is under preliminary design now,
but bench tests gave good results and a prototype will be built very soon.
The paper presents basic schematic of both meters, test results for
test set No. 1, and proposed routine tests for arrester maintenance.
Discussion
W. McDermid
Closure
J. Caron
Westinghouse
Electric
Corporation
recommendations are made for installation and field testing of the completely gapless
72A-1972-01 Rev. 6 7/04
Authors
R. G. Black
Metal-Oxide Surge Arresters
This paper presents the operating and design principles of metal-oxide surge arresters.
It will also include comments on the field testing and on insulation-coordination
utilizing arresters of this type.
Discussion
W. J. McNutt
W. M. McDer~nid
Field Impulse Tests on Station Class Arresters
The paper describes the construction of a test set suitable for performing impulse
sparkover tests on arresters installed in switchyards. The highest amester units which
can be tested are those rated 258-kV rills in a single porcelain. Typical test results are
also presented.
R. Gordon Black
Field Testing of Ohio Brass Station and Intermediate Class
Lightning Arresters
Present manufacture of Ohio Brass arresters is related to data contained in the 1966
Doble Lightning Arrester Field-Test Guide.
In order to relate field-test measurements through factory data, a discussion of lightning
arrester grading circuits in factory test methods is included.
D. D. Colker
Tests on Distribution-Class Lightning Arresters with GapGrading Resistors
Company.
A. R. Koerber
The construction, switched valve section, unit ratings, leakage-grading current, field
Lightning Arrester Contamination and Failure
W. L. Gronberg
This report covers the contamination, testing, and inspection of various types of
arresters.
R. G. A. Brearley
Comparison of Various test Methods as Applied to ASEA
XRSC-160 Arresters
This paper deals with the detection of deteriorated insulation in Swedish XRSC-160
arresters by the Doble test, Megger test, 60- cycle sparkover, and IUV tests. It is
pointed out in the paper that these data may be applicable to similar arresters produced
under license in other countries.
R. G. A. Brearley
Detection of Defective Arresters on a 345-kV System
test technique.
Discussion
D. M. Smith
Field Test Set for Lightning Arrester Performance Tests
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
M. H. Simmons
Year
Section
1980
9-301A
Year
Section
1963
9-10]
Locating Damaged Lightning Arresters With the Doble Type

J. R. Bracewell
MH Test Set
The author distinguishes between insulation leakage current and arrester grading current
tests and develops the arguments for tests at full rated voltage and at reduced voltage.
He suggests the establishment of a project for collection of statistical data, which could
lead to a dependable test to show the degree of contamination of porcelain surfaces.
1960
9-40]
Locating Damaged Lightning Arresters With the Doble Type J. R. Bracewell

MH Test Set
Mr. Bracewell reports that tests made on lightning arrester units in the field have proven
that abnormal watts loss indicates a faulty unit, which could result in a failure of the
complete arrester and other nearby equipment.
1960
9-30]
Field Testing of General Electric Lightning Arresters

W. H. Eason
1960
9-401

Edward Beck
The principal subject covered by this discussion is this company's views on the methods
of testing lightning arresters in the field. Tests for insulating quality and valve element
tests are covered in some detail.
1957
9-301
Lightning Arrester Testing (A Progress Report)

W. Bridegam
This report covers tests made on a number of different types of lightning arresters from
1952 through 1956. The tests made to date seem to indicate that the effort and time
spent in Doble testing of lightning arresters of all types is certainly justified.
1957
9-401
1956
9-301
1947
9-101
Authors
0. R. Compton
The need for a portable lightning arrester test set is discussed. The paper explains the
test set in detail with circuit diagrams and the method of use and also presents field test
results.
Discussion Following the presentation by M. H. Simmons, the discussion brought out
that the arresters tested were in stock because several lines had been uprated in voltage.
It was also brought out that it was not known how many, if any, had been returned to the
shop because of insufficient or improper dielectric qualities. It was further pointed out
that this test does not delilonstrate the ability of an arrester to dispel large values of
surge current.

This statement covers the field testing of General Electric
F. H. Judkins
Tests on Station-Type Thyrite Arresters as Affected by

C. G. Friddle
Previous Weather Conditions
This study covers the variations of tests made on a defective Thyrite arrester unit at
several voltages and under different conditions of humidity, temperature, location, and
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
em
-
Authors
Year
previous weather. The paper also suggests an explanation of these variations.

Discussion
1947
Section
Maintenance Testing of Lightning Arresters- A Summary

F. S. Oliver
The types of tests made on station and line-type lightning arresters are reviewed, with
particular attention to the experience of the Doble client group in making A.C. loss tests
and in correlating the test results with deterioration. A bibliograpl~yof 36 references is
included.
1947
9-201
Lightning Arrester Tests with the Doble Type M 2500-Volt

J. C. Parker
Test Set
W. D. Morgan
Presents graphically the results of tests 011 12 kV and 23 kV station-type arresters and 4
1tV line-type arresters. Theories as to the cause and effect of corrosion are discussed.
The results of investigations and the methods of reconditioning are included.
1946
9-101
Field Experience in the Testing of Thyrite Lightning

R. E. O'Leary
Arresters
This paper includes some typical test results obtained in the field. Test results are
correlated with physical examinations and conclusions are reached as to what types of
faults the test will and will not reveal
Discussion
1945
9-101
1945
F. S. Oliver
Current Capacitors
This paper discusses detection of problem with Thyrite Lightning Arrester using the
reassembled.
Utility Testing of Station Lightning Arresters
H. H. Marsh, Jr.
This report states the fundamental operating problem in connection with station
lightning arresters and outlines various test methods together with selected illustrative
results. No attempt has been made to designate any particular method or combination of
methods as a recommended guide for utility testing.
1942
9-101

H. J. Lingal
Paper discusses manufacturers information for various type of Westinghouse Lightning
Arresters. The positive and negative aspects of Doble power-factor tests on arresters are
also discussed.
1942
9-201
Tests on Lightning Arresters by the Doble Method

H. C. Marcroft
This report covers, service and Doble testing experience with both Thyrite and AutoValve type arresters.
1940
9-3
A Discussion of Auto-valve Arresters - Station Type

H. L. Cole
Paper discusses the information gained from factory and field test data relating to the
1940
9-3
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7104
Year
Section
1940
9-9
1939
9-4
Discussion of Lightning Arrester Testing

Those taking part in the discussion were Mr. Merriman of Northern States Power
Company, Mr. Rawls of Virginia Electric & Power Company, and Mr. Schlottere of
Philadelphia Electric Company.
1939
9-5
Testing Pellet Type Lightning Arresters

S. A. Coxhead
Our experience in testing line type lightning arresters has been on principally General
Electric 9-15 kV pellet types which had been in service for periods ranging from
approximately six to nine years. These arresters were installed on a 13.8 kV system
with the neutral grounded through a grounding transformer. Before we started testing,
several arresters exploded, impressing on us the necessity for testing them.
1938
8-19

E. H. Povey
possibilities that circuit breaker and transformer insulation present, it is interesting and
of some value.
The various types and makes of lightning arresters show considerable variation in
construction. To be able to discuss testing technique and test results it is essential to
have a general idea of the constructional details of the arresters under consideration.
1937
9-3
Authors
serviceability of Auto-Valve lightning arresters.

Testing Station Type Lightning Arresters with the Doble I
E. L. Schlottere
Tester
This paper will supplement the original discussion of the above subject as recorded in
the Minutes of the Fifth Annual Conference of Doble Clients held in 1938. The testing
of lightning arresters was continued during 1938 and it was found that the arbitrary
acceptance and rejection values established after analysis of the 1937 data were still
satisfactory. Several Auto-Valve arresters which had been recommended for removal
failed in service. Subsequent investigation indicated that moisture was the direct cause
of failure.
H. M. Wade
Testing Station Type Westinghouse Auto-Valve Lightning
Arresters with Doble Type I Tester
Because of several electrical and mechanical failures of 33 kV and 132 kV Auto-Valve
lightning arresters in recent months, the Doble Type 1 tester was used for testing our
station type arresters. As we had limited data on tests on arresters, it was necessary for
us to test all the arresters we have in order to establish some standards.
A
Lightning Arrester Testing A Discussion
J. H. Merriman
For the last three years we have been making periodic tests on lightning arresters. Many
of these arresters were old when the initial tests were made so we did not have base
values to work from. During the last two years, however we have installed about 80
new or factory rebuilt arresters on circuits having line to line voltages ranging from 13
to 110 kV.
Tests on Lightning Arresters, Wood Hot-Line Sticks and
E. W. Whitmer
1935
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7104
dm
Year
Section
1989
1989
9-8.lA
9-8.1B
Experience with the New Hughes Infrared Imaging System

P. W Brunson
This discussion offers a history of infrared imaging experience covering the past decade
followed by a technical discussion of the Hughes Probeye 7100.
Discussion
D. L. Johnson
1988
9-8.1
1988
9-8.1A
Analysis of Replies to the 1988 Technical Questionnaire on

Arresters and Coupling Capacitors
Doble Client
Committee on
Arresters,
Capacitors, and
Insulators
1988
9-2.1A

Arresters and Coupling Capacitors
Doble Client
Committee on
Arresters,
Capacitors and
Insulators
1986
9-101
1981 Doble Technical Questionnaire on Arresters, Capacitors, Doble Client

and Insulators
Committee on
Arresters,
Capacitors and
Insulators
1981
9-66
Authors
Wood Switch-Poles
A limited number of lightning arresters have been tested. Our experience does not
warrant any definite conclusion regarding these tests, althougb certain faults in enclosed
gap units have been indicated. These faults were caused by corrosion, which formed a
conducting path in parallel with a series of gaps.
4.8
H Infrared Scanning
D. E. Bates
Experience with the New Hughes Infrared Imaging System An Update
the
This paper is an update of our paper from last year and begins by briefly
equipment used. The remainder of the paper covers actual field experience and our
effort to develop diagnostic techniques concerning problems located by the infrared
scanning method of testing.
A. J. ROY
Discussion
General Discussion
4.9
I Life Expectancy
Life Expectancy of Arresters
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
Doble Client
Committee on
--
REFERENCE
Year
Section

W. D. Shead
Houston Lighting and Power experienced two failures of 138 l a , metal-oxide arresters
after being energized for less than one month. This paper will describe the failure and
the immediate investigation by the manufacturer and Houston Lighting and Power
which ultimately resulted in tightening of QAIQC checks.
Discussion
R. H. Gunning
Discussion
G. A. Heuston
1987
9-301
1987
1987
9-301A
9-301B
Tests on Distribution-Class Lightning Arresters with GapD. D. Colker

Grading Resistors
Company.
1966
9-101

A. R. Koerber
The construction, switched valve section, unit ratings, leakage-grading current, field
1966
9-301
W. L. Gronberg
1965
9-101
Distribution Lightning-Arrester Testing (A Progress Report) I,. M. Patridge

This report outlines a method of testing distribution lightning arresters in the stockroom
where the arrester units are stored.
1954
9-201

A. M. Opsahl
This discussion covers the design, operation, failure, and maintenance of Westinghouse
1958
9-501

W. J. Rudge
Thyrite Arresters
1954
9-401
1952
9-102
Authors
Arresters,
Capacitors, and
Insulators
This report summarizes manufacturers' responses to questions asked by the Conilnittee
relative to the life expectancy of arresters.
4.10
J Maintenance and Inspection

This report covers the contamination, testing, and inspection of
various types of arresters.
Experience with Effects of Switching Surges on Lightning

Arresters
R. M. Wilson
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7104
Authors
The failures of three 69-kV lightning arresters are believed to have been caused by
switching surges of relatively low current but long duration. The failures, investigations
made, and corrective steps taken as a result are described.
Discussion
power system against lightning were presented to the group in the form of a motion
picture entitled Lightning, prepared by the General Electric Coillpany.
4.1
Year
Section
1944
K Metal-Oxide
J. Caron
A. Dutil
G. Ouellet
A. Petit
shattered in Albanel substation. These sacrificial arresters have a nominal voltage of 550
kV. They are used to limit the overvoltage level on the 735 kV transmission system
during a system separation. Because this application is rather unusual, these arresters
have been designed and thoroughly tested to clearly demonstrate that they will not
shatter in the event of an internal short-circuit. Therefore, that event was carefully
application of sacrificial arresters is still acceptable from a safety standpoint
M. deNigris
C. Masetti
A. Bargigia
As surge arresters are among the most important protective devices in use in electrical
systems, it is fundamental that they perform their function with a very high degree of
reliability. Even though they are often considered to be relatively trouble-free
components, failures of both gas and metal-oxide types of surge arresters have been
reported. The present paper intends to illustrate the most recent laboratory and field
tests developed in Europe for such components. Particular attention will be given to the
contamination and simulated aging tests designed to verify the performance of the new
generation of metal-oxide surge arresters.
Discussion
J Caron
~ o s t ' ~ e c e Developments
nt
in Surge Arrester Testing

R. Ximenes
E. L. S. deMelo
Maintenance
J. N. Figueiredo
Paper discusses the function, characteristics, and advantages of using zinc oxide
current detectors.
Discussion
J. Caron
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
W. D. Shead
1989
9.-4.lA
1989
9-3.1
Year
Section
1987
1987
9-301A
9-301B

Westinghouse
Electric
Corporation
recommendations are made for installation and field-testing of the completely gapless
1982
9-301
Metal-Oxide Surge Arresters

R. G. Black
This paper presents the operating and design principles of metal-oxide surge arresters.
It will also include comments on the field-testing and on insulation-coordination
utilizing arresters of this type.
Discussion
W, J. McNutt
1980
9-301
1980
9-301A
Authors
Houston Lighting and Power experienced two failures of 138 kV metal-oxide arresters
after being energized for less than one month. This paper will describe the failure and
the immediate investigation by the manufacturer and Houston Lighting and Power,
which ultimately resulted in tightening of QAIQC checks.
R. H. Gunning
Discussion
Discussion
G. A. Heuston
4.12
L Replacement

Arresters, Capacitors, and Insulators
Doble Client
Committee on
Arresters,
Capacitors, and
Insulators
1992
9-2.1A

Arresters, Capacitors, and Insulators
Doble Client
Committee on
Arresters,
Capacitors, and
Insulators
1990
9-2.1 A
1975
9-101
Doble Client
Committee on
Arresters,
Capacitors, and
Insulators
The aim of this report is to call attention to the fact that 40 "C is the maximum ambient
temperature specified in the current IEEEIANSI Standard for Surge Arresters.
Ambient Temperature Standard for Arresters
Year
Section
1989
9-3.1
1989
9-3.1A

D. J. Kopaczynski
Progress Report)
M. J. Rizzi
concerning analysis of results for arresters generally are reviewed along with field
experiences.
1989
9-6.1

J. Caron
Measurement
current at voltage in the range of MCOV. For that purpose, Hydro-Quebec is now
developing two different test sets.
(I) A 150 kV transformer test set, to measure offline the leakage current of each arrester
section at MCOV. A prototype of that test set has been fully tested and is now used
successfully for field testing.
(2) A portable meter, to measure current on live arresters by means of a clamp-on
transformer on the ground loop. This second meter is under preliminary design now,
but bench tests gave good results, and a prototype will be built very soon.
The paper presents basic schematic of both meters, test results for
test set No. 1, and proposed routine tests for arrester maintenance.
Discussion
W. McDermid
Closure
J. Caron
1987
9-201
1987
1987
9-201A
9-201B
1983
9-301
Authors
Therefore, units exposed to temperatures above this level are operating under
nonstandard service conditions. It has been verified that many arresters, primarily those
installed above the radiators of transformers or in the airflow from the radiators, very
likely will operate in ambient in excess of 40 "C during at least a portion of their
lifetime. Excessive temperatures tend to accelerate the aging of arrester moisture seals,
and it has been suggested that excessive temperatures also can affect the grading circuit
adversely.
4.14
N Test Data

R. Ximenes
E. L. S. deMelo
Maintenance
J. N. Figueiredo
This paper discusses the function, characteristics, and advantages of using zinc oxide
current detectors.
Discussion
J. Caron

E. J. Marottoli
Progress Report)
G. A. Heuston
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
Year
Section
A Review of Maintenance Testing of Lightning Arresters
A . Rickley
S. H. Osborn, Jr.
As a11 aid to the test engineer in establishing field-testing criteria, the results of tests on
approximately 13,000 line- and station-type lightning anester units are tabulated. The
test procedure
effect and selection of test voltage are discussed, and the recon~n~ended
for lightning arresters is outlined.
1954
9-301
Dielectric Losses for Surge Arresters (A Progress Report)
D. J. Kopaczpnslti
E. J. Marottoli
The tabulated data presented in this paper supplements the data published in the 1970
Doble Client Conference Minutes and in the Doble Arrester Field-Test Guide. A brief
sumnlary of dielectric-loss data for newer arrester types is presented.
1948
9-101
Dielectric Losses for Lightning Arresters (A Progress Report)
D. J. Kopaczynski
G. W. Armstrong,
Jr.
This paper reviews test procedures and updates of data tabulations published in 1949,
1950, 1954, 1957, 1959, 1962, and 1964 Conference Papers.
1970
9-301
Detection of Defective Arresters on a 345-kV System

R. G. A. Brearley
test technique.
1964
9-101
Dielectric-Loss Values for Lightning Arresters (A Progress

G. W. Armstrong,
Report)
Jr .
This author presents a summary of 2759 lightning-arrester field tests on units, which
were not included in the tabulation published in the latest Lightning-Arrester Field-Test
Guide.
1962
9- 10 1

J. R. Bracewell
MH Test Set
It is reported that tests made on lightning arrester units in the field have proven that
abnormal watts loss indicates a faulty unit, which could result in a failure of the
1960
9-301

W. H. Eason
1960
9-401
Authors

Report)G. W. Armstrong, Jr., E. J. Marottoli
This report is an up-to-date tabulation of lightning arrester test results, which includes
data for both new and older types of arresters.
7214-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
Year
Section
Dielectric-Loss Versus Temperature Characteristics of

A. L. Rickley
Lightning-Arrester Units
Plots of dielectric-loss versus temperature for lightning arrester units of various makes,
models, and voltage ratings are shown and discussed.
1959
9-101

A. L. Rickley
Report)
S. H. Osborn, Jr.
The results of approximately 2300 tests on lightning arresters are listed in four tables.
1957
9-101
J. W. Kalb
Field Testing of Ohio Brass Lightning Arresters
The various types of tests made on Thorex lightning arresters are discussed, and the
results of tests on a number of units of different voltage ratings are tabulated.
1954
9-501
Acceptance Testing of Distribution-Type Lightning Arresters E. R. Coop

Sixty-cycle withstand, breakdown, and leakage-current tests on distribution-type
lightning arresters are described. The results of tests on 561 units are tabulated. A
circuit diagram and photographs of the test equipment are included.
1951
9-101
1949
9-101
Authors
Discussion Following his presentation, Mr. Coop pointed out that the tests described
were not attempts to simulate surge tests, but rather inexpensive (estimated cost at less
than 25 cents per arrester) acceptance tests that so far have been applied only to valvetype arresters.
H. A. Walsh
Values of Watts Loss for Various Types of Lightning
Arresters
A. L. Rickley
Watts-loss values obtained for tests on approximately 4,400 units are tabulated
according to style or type numbers and voltage ratings and presented as an aid to test
engineers in establishing average values.
Values of Watts Loss for Various Types of Lightning
H. A. Walsh
Arresters
M. D. Costello
Watts-loss values obtained for style or type numbers as an aid to test engineers in
establishing normal watts-loss values tabulates approximately 3600 lightning-arrester
units during 1948.
Discussion
picture entitled Lightning, prepared by the General Electric Company,
Tests on Lightning Arresters, Wood Hot-Line Sticks and
E. W. Whitmer
Wood Switch-Poles
A limited number of lightning arresters have been tested. Our experience does not
warrant any definite conclusion regarding these tests, although certain faults in enclosed
gap units have been indicated. These faults were caused by corrosion, which formed a
conducting path in parallel with a series of gaps.
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
1944
1935
REFERENCE
BOOK ON SURGE
ARRESTERS
Year
Section

J. R. Bracewell
MH Test Set
1960
9-301

W. H. Easoiz
He suggests the establishment of a project for collection of statistical data which could
1960
9-401

H. H. Marsh, Jr.
This report states the hndanlental operating problem in connection with station
1942
9-101
Review of Arrester Test Program

W. M. McDermid
The results of a six-year program of field tests on station and intermediate class arresters
are summarized. Follow-up investigation of selected units is reported.
1983
9-201

J. R. Bracewell
MH Test Set
1960
9-401

J. R. Bracewell
MH Test Set
1960
9-301

W. H. Eason
1960
9-401
4.15
4.16
106
Authors
0 Test Intervals
P Test Programs
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
em
Authors
Year
Section
1959
9-501

W. H. Eason
reports of damage to trans former-mounted arresters due to vibration, switching arresters
tests.
Distribution Lightning-Arrester Testing (A Progress Report) L. M. Patridge

This paper provides a method of testing distribution lightning arresters in the stockroom
where the arrester units are stored.
J. W. Kalb
Field Testing of Ohio Brass Lightning Arresters
The various types of tests made on Thorex lightning allesters are discussed, and the
results of tests on a number of units of different voltage ratings are tabulated
J. Oliver Lang
Ten Years Experience in Testing Distribution Lightning
Arresters
Selection of the test method, test procedures and rejection values, costs of tests, and
results of tests are among the important points discussed in this paper. A sample testdata sheet is shown.
Acceptance Testing of Distribution-Type Lightning Arresters E. R. Coop

Sixty-cycle withstand, breakdown, and leakage-current tests on distribution-type
lightning arresters are described. The results of tests on 561 units are tabulated. A circuit
diagram and photographs of the test equipment are included.
Discussion. Following his presentation, Mr. Coop pointed out that the tests described
were not attempts to simulate surge tests, but rather inexpensive (estimated cost at less
than 25 cents per arrester) acceptance tests that so far have been applied only to valvetype arresters.
H. H. Marsh, Jr.
This report states the fundamental operating problem in connection with station
H. A. Cornelius
Establishing a Base Line for New Line Type Lightning
Arresters
Defects, which may cause failure, appear in all kinds of equipment. Since this is
expected in bushings, oil switches, instruments, and power transformers, power factor
and other tests are made as a preventive measure to avoid the service interruptions,
which accompany equipment failures. That the lightning protection equipment is also
likely to develop defects is not so generally appreciated.
J. H. Merriman
For the last three years we have been making periodic tests on lightning arresters. Many
of these arresters were old when the initial tests were made so we did not have base
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
Year
Section
1939
9-5
1938
8-3
1994
9-3.1
M. deNigris
C. Masetti
A. Bargigia
systems, it is fundamental that they perform their hnction with a very high degree of
reported. This paper intends to illustrate the most recent laboratory and field tests
developed in Europe for such components. Particular attention will be given to the
contamination and simulated aging tests designed to verify the performance of the new
generation of metal-oxide surge arresters.
Discussion
J. Caron
1989
9-4. 1A
1987
9-201
Authors
values to work from. During the last two years, however, we have installed about 80
new or factory rebuilt arresters on circuits having line to line voltages ranging from 13
to 110 kV.
Discussion of Lightning Arrester Testing. Those taking part in the discussion were Mr.
Merriman of Northern States Power Company, Mr. Rawls of Virginia Electric & Power
Company, and Mr. Schlottere of Philadelphia Electric Company.
Testing Station Type Lightning Arresters with the Doble 1
E. L. Schlottere
Tester
Testing lightning arresters wit11 the Doble I tester presents an entirely new field for the
application of this equipment. As very little infornlation is available on the subject, it
becomes necessary first to accumulate considerable field test data on the various types
of assesters under consideration. The second step is proper analysis of the data obtained.
With this thought in mind, in 1937, the Philadelphia Electric Company made numerous
tests on Oxide Film, Auto-valve and Thyrite arresters. It is, therefore, the putpose of
this paper briefly to summarize the experience of this company.
4.17
Q Testing and Test Schedules

Paul Leemans
Guy Moulaer
Instrument
attributed to degradation of the coating on zinc-oxide blocks, because of corona
discharges in the air gap between the porcelain and the blocks. Measurement of inservice leakage current may be considered to be an effective diagnostic method. This
paper presents experience with the application of a leakage current monitoring device
and the results of investigations conducted on suspect units. Requirements for
installation of the measuring device and surge arresters that will be tested by this
method are discussed.
"Most Recent Developments in Surge Arrester Testing
J. Caron
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
em
Year
Section
1987
1987
9-201A
9-201B
A Review of Maintenance Testing of Lightning Arresters
S. H. Osborn, Jr.
A. L, Rickley
As an aid to the test engineer in establishing field-testing criteria, the results of tests on
approxiinately 13,000 line- and station-type lightning arrester units are tabulated. The
effect and selection of test voltage are discussed, and the recommended test procedure
for lightning arresters is outlined.
1954
9-30

S. A. Coxhead
Our experience in testing line type lightning arresters has been principally on General
Electric 9-15 kV pellet types which had been in service for periods ranging from
approximately six to nine years. These arresters were installed on a 13.8 kV system
1938
8-19

E. H. Povey
of some value. The various types and makes of lightning arresters show considerable
variation in construction. To be able to discuss testing technique and test results it is
essential to have a general idea of the constructional details of the arresters under
consideration.
1937
9-3
1994
9-3.1
Authors
Measurement
developing two different test sets. (1) A 150 kV transformer test set, to measure offline
the leakage current of each arrester section at MCOV. A prototype of that test set has
been hlly tested and is now used successfully for field testing. (2) A portable meter, to
measure current on live arresters by means of a clamp-on transformer on the ground
loop. This second meter is under preliminary design now, but tests gave good results
and a prototype will be built very soon. The paper presents basic schematic of both
meters, test results for test set No. 1, and proposed routine tests for arrester snaintenailce
benchmarking.
Discussion
W. McDermid
J. Caron
Closure
4.1 8
R Tests And Test Equipment

Paul Leemans
Guy Moulaert
Instrument
attributed to degradation of the coating on zinc-oxide blocks, because of corona
discharges in the air gap between the porcelain and the blocks. Measurement of inservice leakage current may be considered to be an effective diagnostic method. This
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
Year
Section

John G. Anderson
Stephen R.
Lambert
ones using electrical, mecl~anical,and chemical approaches. Criteria for acceptable
1992
9-4.1
M. deNigris
C. Masetti
A. Bargigia
systems, it is fundamental that they perform their function with a very high degree of
reported. This paper intends to illustrate the most recent laboratory and field tests
developed in Europe for such components. Particular attention will be given to the
contamination and simulated aging tests designed to verify the performance of the newgeneration of metal-oxide surge arresters.
J. Caron
Discussion
1989
9-4.1
1989
9-4.1A

D. J. Kopaczynski
Progress Report)
M. J. Rizzi
concerning analysis of results for arresters are reviewed along with field experiences.
1989
9-6.1

W. McDermid
This report reviews Manitoba Hydro's experience with various test methods for zinc
methods on which experience is reported include impulse, partial discharge, 60 Hz V/I,
1986
9-201
E. J. Marottoli
Progress Report)
G. A. Heuston
1983
9-301
Authors
paper presents experience with the application of a leakage current monitoring device
and the results of investigations conducted on suspect units. Requirements for
installation of the measuring device and surge arresters that wil be tested by this method
are discussed.
Most Recent Developments in Surge Arrester Testing
DIELECTRIC LOSS
72A- 1972-0 1 Rev. B 7/04
Authors
Year
Section
1982
9-201
1982
1982
9-201A
9-201B
1978
A. A. Carlomagno
Defective Seal in a 588-kV Lightning Arrester Detected by
Doble Testing
This report covers the reason for removal of the arrester, a summary of the field and
factory tests, a review of the internal examination of two units, and resulting
conclusions.
1971
9-601
Dielectric Losses for Lightning Arresters

D. J. Kopaczynski
G. W. Armstrong, Jr.
(A Progress Report)
This report reviews test procedures and updates data tabulations published in 1949,
1950, 1954, 1957, 1959, 1962, and 1964 Conference Papers.
1970
9-301

R. G. A. Brearley
XRSC-160 Arresters
arresters by the Doble test, Megger test, 60- cycle sparkover, and RIV tests. It is
1965
9-201
Lightning Arrester Tests with the Doble Type M 2500-Volt

J. C. Parker
Test Set
W. D. Morgan
Presents graphically the results of tests on 12 kV and 23 kV station-type arresters and 4
kV line-type arresters. Theories as to the cause and effect of corrosion are discussed.
The results of investigations and the methods of reconditioning are included.
Discussion
1946
9-101

arresters are addressed. Field testing possibilities are discussed, and information on
expected capacitance and watts loss values as measured by normal field testing
equipment for Ohio Brass metal-oxide surge arresters are presented.
Discussion
E. C. Sakshaug
Closure
R. G. Black
Dielectric Losses for Surge Arresters A Progress Report)
D. J. Kopaczynski
E. J. Marottoli
The tabulated data presented in this paper supplements the data published in the 1970
Doble Client Conference Minutes and in the Doble Arrester Field-Test Guide. A brief
summary of dielectric-loss data for newer arrester types is presented.
F. S. Oliver
Current Capacitors
This paper discusses detection of problems with the Thyrite Lightning Arrester using the
reassembled.
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
H. J. Lingal
Year
Section
Tests on Lightning Arresters by the Doble Method

H. C. Marcroft
This report covers service and Doble testing experience with both Thyrite and autovalve type arresters.
1940
9-3
A Discussion of Auto-Valve Arresters - Station Type

H. L.Cole
Paper discusses the information gained from factory and field test data relating to the
serviceability of Auto- Valve lightning al~esters.
1940
9-4
Testing Station Type Lightning Arresters with the Doble ' I '
E. L. Schlottere
Tester
Testing lightning arresters with the Doble I tester presents an entirely new field for the
application of this equipment. As very little information is available on the subject, it
becomes necessary first to accumulate considerable field test data on the various types
of arresters under consideration. The second step is that of proper analysis of the data
obtained. With this thought in mind, in 1937, the Philadelphia Electric Company made
numerous tests on Oxide Film, Auto-valve and Thyrite arresters. It is, therefore, the
purpose of this paper briefly to summarize the experience of this company.
E. H. Povey
of some value. The various types and makes of lightning arresters show considerable
variation in construction. To be able to discuss testing technique and test results, it is
essential to have a general idea of the constructional details of the arresters under
consideration.
1938
8-3
1937
9-3

W. McDernlid
oxide arresters, both for comrnissioniilg and routine maintenance purposes. Test
methods on which experience is reported include impulse, partial discharge, 60 Hz VII,
1986
9-201
Field Impulse Tests on Station Class Arresters

W. M. McDermid
The paper describes the construction of a test set suitable for performing impulse
sparkover tests on arresters installed in switchyards. The highest arrester units, which
can be tested, are those rated 258-kV RMS in a single porcelain. Typical test results are
also presented.
1973
9-201
Authors
Paper discusses manufacturer's information for various types of Westinghouse

Lightning Arresters. The positive and negative aspects of Doble power-factor tests on
arresters are also discussed.
IMPULSE
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
Authors
INSULATION RESISTANCE
R. G. A. Brearley
XRSC-160 Arresters
This paper deals with the detection of deteriorated insulation in -Swedish XRSC-160
pointed out in the paper that these data may be applicable to siiiiilar at-resters produced
L. M. Donahue
3 kV Arrester Testing
Early in 1942 we were faced with the problem of having a large number of distribution
lightning arresters returned to the general stockroom to be redistributed for use. The
reason for this redistribution is the change of some of the distribution system from delta
operation to wye operation. This paper discusses the problem of testing and inspecting
these units so that defective and obsolete units will not find their way back into service.
SPARKOVER
R. E. Edwards
Experience with Field Testing of Lightning Arresters
This report covers the testing of lightning arresters in the field using a portable test set.
The test set applies a series of unidirectional pulses up to the sparkover level. A large
number of arresters have subsequently been tested on the laboratory surge generator to
verify field results.
A Discussion of the R. E. Edwards Paper
Experience with Field Testing of Lightning Arresters
On the D. A. Gillies Discussion
A Discussion of the R. E. Edwards Paper Experience with Field
Testing of Lightning Arresters
D. A. Gillies
R. E. Edwards
W. M. McDermid
R. G. A. Brearley
XRSC-160 Arresters
TYPES OF TESTS
John G. Anderson
Stephen R. Lambert
those using electrical, mechanical, and chemical approaches. Criteria for acceptable
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
Year
Section
Authors
Year
Section
Design and Experience with Portable Test Equipment for

A. G. Richenbacher
Determining 60 Hz VoltJAmp Characteristics of Gapless
Oxide Arresters
The test circuit, which we discussed at the 1986 and 1988 Conferences for use under
shop conditions, has been redesigned specifically for field use. Measurement changes
are discussed together with dimensions of the test equipment and its electrical
characteristics. Recent field experience is summarized.
1990
9-3.1

J. Caron
Measurement
developing two different test sets. (1) A 150 kV transformer test set, to measure offline
the leakage current of each arrester section at MCOV. A prototype of that test set has
been h l l y tested and is now used successfully for field testing. (2) A portable meter, to
measure current on live arresters by means of a clamp-on transformer on the ground
loop. This second meter is under preliminary design now, but bench tests gave good
results, and a prototype will be built very soon. The paper presents basic schematic of
both meters, test results for test set No. 1,and proposed routine tests for arrester
maintenance.
W. McDennid
Discussion
J. Caron
Closure
1987
9-201
1987
1987
9-201A
9-201B

W. McDermid
methods on which experience is reported include impulse, partial discharge, 60 Hz V/I,
1986
9-201
In-Service Tests of EHV Lightning Arresters

E. H. Hunter
The paper describes testing of EHV (345-kV system) lightning arresters using the
magnitude and waveform of the arrester grading current. An oscilloscope samples the
grading current, and a Polaroid camera permanently records the trace for measurement
and provides for future comparison tests.
1981
9-101
1965
9-10]
1963
9-101
1963
9-101


This report covers the contamination, testing, and inspection of
various types of arresters.
W. I,.Gronberg
M. H. Simmons
0. R. Compton
The need for a portable lightning arrester test set is discussed. The test set is explained
in detail with circuit diagrams, and the method of use and field test results are presented.
Discussion: Following the presentation by M. H. Simmons, the discussion brought put
that the arresters tested were in stock because several lines had been uprated in voltage.
Field Test Set for Lightning Arrester Performance Tests
114
7214-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
REFERENCE
Authors
Year
Section
1960
9-401
1959
9-601

W. H. Eason
tests.
1959
9-501

Edward Beck
1959
9-701

Edward Beck
The principal subject covered by this discussion is this company's views on the methods
of testing lightning arresters in the field. Tests for insulating quality and valve element
tests are covered in some detail.
1957
9-301

J. H. Merriman
For the last three years, we have been making periodic tests on lightning arresters.
Many of these arresters were old when the initial tests were made, so we did not have
base values to work from. During the last two years, however, we have installed about
80 new or factory rebuilt arresters on circuits having line to line voltages ranging from
13 to 110 kV.
1939
9-4
Discussion of Lightning Arrester Testing

Those taking part in the discussion were Mr. Merriman of Northern States Power
Company, Mr. Rawls of Virginia Electric & Power Company, and Mr. Schlottere of
Philadelphia Electric Company.
1939
9-5
It was also brought out that it was not known how many, if any, had been returned to the
shop because of insufficient or improper dielectric qualities. It was hrther pointed out
that this test does not demonstrate the ability of an arrester to dispel large values of
surge current.
Locating Damaged Lightning Arresters With the Doble Type J. R. Bracewell
MH Test Set
He suggests the establishment of a project for collection of statistical data that could
Routine Tests During the Manufacture of Thorex Arresters
This discussion covers the various factory tests used by this
manufacturer.
A. G. Yost
W. J. Rudge
Thyrite Arresters
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7104
REFERENCE
BOOK ON SURGE
ARRESTERS
Year
Section
E. L. Schlottere
Testing Station Type Lightning Arresters with the Doble ' I '
Tester
Testing lightning arresters with the Doble I tester presents an entirely new field for the
application of this equipment. As very little information is available on the subject, it
first becomes necessary to accumulate considerable field test data on the various types
of arresters under consideration. The second step is that of proper analysis of the data
obtained. With this thought in mind, in 1937, the Philadelphia Electric Conipany made
numerous tests on Oxide Film, Auto-Valve, and Thyrite arresters. It is, therefore, the
purpose of this paper briefly to suin~narizethe experience of this coinpany.
1938
8-3

S. A. Coxhead
Our experience in testing line type lightning an-esters has been principally on General
Electric 9-15 kV pellet types, which had been in service for periods ranging from
approxinlately six to nine years. These arresters were installed on a 13.8 kV system
1938
8-19
Safety in Handling Faulty Lightning Arresters

J. Bracewell
This report covers the importance of a well planned safety program, the hazards
involved in damaged arresters which from outside appearance seem to be in perfect
condition, and the possibility of an arrester in this condition causing a long interruption
of service.
1958
9-101
Lightning Arrester Testing

E. A. Walker
The Problem:
A lightning arrester is a device to divert surges from apparatus connected to a power
fine. In performing this function, however, the arrester should not add any new hazards
to the safe operation of the equipment. There are, therefore, two questions to ask about
any arrester: (1) Does it protect the equipment? (2) Does it present a hazard to safe
operation'? Any test that will give data to help answer these questions is valuable.
1938
8-15
4.19
Authors
- Safety
72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04
6m

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Reference Book on Surge

Iloble Engineering Company

Telephone: (6 17) 926-4900

72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7104

All Rights Reserved

72A-1972-01 Rev. I3 7104b

Tests and Significance. Identification Data

Surge Arrester* .....................................................................................................

Ohio Brass ............................................................................................................ 10

Dielectric-Loss Testing of Arresters

Tabulations of Dielectric-Loss Test Data for Arresters

72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04

DIELECTRIC LOSS .............................................................................................

4.19 s .safety ....................

72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04

Tests and Significance, Identification Data

Station Class Valve Arresters*

lntermediate Class Valve Arresters*

Station and lntermediate arresters

72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04

Damaged (shipping, installation, etc.), defective, or contaminated units.

Field Tests and Significance

Indication of the external

AC test set necessary, (Dielectric loss test set can

Dielectric loss and power factor test set necessary.

* This test is rarely applied to Distribution arresters.

72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04

Table 1-2: (Continued) Arrester Field Test Significance

Suitable test equipment not generally available in

72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04

72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04

72A-1972-01 Rev B 7/04

72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7104

McGraw-Edison Power Systems Division (Formerly Line Material)

72A-I972-01 Rev. B 7/04

72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04

72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04

72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04

Figure 1-1: GE Thyrite Station-Class Arresters Forms A Through E

MATERIAL IN END FITTINGS

HOUSING DESIGNED FOR

72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04

Figure 1-2: GE Thyrite Station-Class Arresters-Forms F And G

MODEL NUMBER SERIES

72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04

NOV. 1941 to MAY 1945

JUNE 1945 to JAN. 1954

Figure 1-3: GE Thyrite Station-Class Arresters-Forms H

9LAlHBlack Lettered NamePlates and Cartons

9LAl HRed Lettered NamePlates and Cartons

Feb, 1954 to Feb. 1958

Mar. 1958 to Mar. 1966

Mar. 1958 to Mar. 1966

Material in End Fittings

Voltage Ratings of Stacking Units

Housing Designed For

72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04

ALURITE GAP UM1T

9L 11LAA and 9L 11MAA Alugard I1

MODEL NUMBER SERIES

72A-1972-01 Rev. B 7/04

Vibration and Shock