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PHARMACOKINETICS I
Mita Restinia, M.Farm., Apt
Sesilia Andriani Keban, MSi., Apt
DEFINITION
Clinical Pharmacokinetics is the discipline
that applies pharmacokinetics concepts and
principles in humans in order to design
individualized dosage regimens that
optimize the therapeutic response of a
medication while minimizing the chance of
an adverse drug reaction
Why?
Individualize patient drug therapy
Monitor medications with a narrow
therapeutic index
Decrease the risk of adverse effects
while maximizing pharmacologic
response of medications
Drug
Distribution
Metabolism
Pharmaco
kinetics
Excretion
Drug
concentration in systemic
circulation
Drug
concentration at site of
action
Pharmaco
dynamics
Adverse
effect
Therapeutic
effect
Profile Pharmacokinetics:
drug concentrations in plasma over time
Plasma drug concentration
100
Cmax
AUC
Tmax
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
Time
2
concentration
IV
Oral
Rectal
10
20
30
minutes
60
120
180
Pharmacokinetic Principles
Steady State: the amount of drug administered is
equal to the amount of drug eliminated within one
dosing interval resulting in a plateau or constant
serum drug level
Drugs with short half-life reach steady state rapidly;
drugs with long half-life take days to weeks to
reach steady state
Half-life
Half-life = time
required for serum
plasma
concentrations to
decrease by one-half
(50%)
4-5 half-lives to
reach steady state
Linear Pharmacokinetics
120
100
concentration
Linear = rate of
elimination is
proportional to
amount of drug
present
Dosage increases
result in proportional
increase in plasma
drug levels
80
60
40
20
0
dose
Nonlinear = rate of
elimination is constant
regardless of amount of
drug present
Dosage increases
saturate binding sites
and result in nonproportional
increase/decrease in
drug levels
concentration
Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
dose
Cons(mg/L)
D
Vd
Cp
Whereas:
D = total ammount of drug in the
body
Cp = Concentration of drug in
plasma
Jam
Use of Vd :
Determination of loading dose (dosis muatan) = (LD)
Farmasi Klinik_2012
Loading Dose
Defined as a dose of medication, often larger than subsequent doses,
administered for the purpose of establishing a therapeutic level of the
medication
Full LD = Cp target x Vd
MTC
MEC
Question 1
If a patient A get IV drug X 500 mg. Vd drug
X in the body is 0.4 L/kg. Patients weight is
70 kg. What is Concentration drug in
plasma?
Answer:
Dose = 500 mg
VD = 0.4 L/kg x 70 kg = 28 L
Cp = ?
Cp = D/Vd
= 500 mg/28 l
= 17,857 mg/l
= 17,857 g/ml
Half-life is the time taken for the drug concentration to fall to half its
original value
The elimination rate constant (k) is the fraction of drug in the body
which is removed per unit time (hour or minute).
t1/2 = 0.693/k
0.693 Vd
T
CL
Approx t
Digoxin
40
Warfarin
30
Pethidin
3,5
Benzyl penisilin
0,5
k = Cl/Vd
Ability of organs of elimination (e.g. kidney, liver to clear drug from the bloodstream
Volume of fluid which is completely cleared of drug per unit time
Units are in L/hr or L/hr/kg
Determines maintenance dosage necessary to achieve a desired plasma concentration
CL = Vd X Kel
0.693
CL = Vd X -----------T1/2
Klirens, yang secara definitif diartikan sebagai kemampuan tubuh untuk membersihkan
darah dari obat per satuan waktu, dapat dibedakan menjadi 3 hal, yakni 1) klirens yang
berasal dari kerja hepar sebagai organ metabolisme utama, 2) klirens yang berasal dari
kerja ginjal sebagai organ ekskresi utama dan 3) klirens yang berasal dari organ-organ
lain.
CL(tubuh total) = CLhepar + Cginjal + CLlain-lain
(Tissue perfusion )
So,
0.693 Vd
CL
Maintenance Dose
MD = the amount of drug required to keep a desired mean
steady-state concentration in the tissues.
Maintenance Dose = CL x CpSSav
CpSSav is the target average steady state drug concentration
The units of CL are in L/hr or L/hr/kg
Maintenance dose will be in mg/hr so for total daily dose will
need multiplying by 24
MD = CL x Cp / F
(Cp = Concentration; F = bioavailibility)
MD = CL x Css x dosing interval
T
C0=(IV dose)/Vd
T = 0,693/k
Slope = -k/2,303
Vd
Co=Dose/Vd
Plasma concentration
K (jam-1)
Slope=k/2,303
CL
CL=k Vd
Cl=(0,693/T) Vd
Time (min)
Ct = C0 e-kt
or
Ab = Dose. e-kt
Dose = CL x AUC
Css F ( D / ) / Cl
Question 2
What maintenance dose is required for drug A if :
Target average SS concentration is 15 mg/L
Vd = 0.15 L/kg
Patient weights is 70 kg
T1/2 = 5 h
Answer
Maintenance Dose = Vd x Ke x CpSSav
Target average SS concentration is 15 mg/L
Vd = 0.15 L/kg x 70 kg = 10.5 L
T1/2 = 5 h
Kel = 0.693/5 h = 0.139 /h
Maintenance Dose
Per day
Case Study 1
Seorang pasien (wanita umur 55 th, BB = 60 kg) yang
dirawat di bangsal penyakit dalam mendapatkan injeksi
antibiotik. Dokter berencana akan mengganti pemberian
antibiotik tersebut secara peroral.
Berapa dosis perwaktu yang harus diberikan oleh dokter
jika diketahui Vd = 0.5 L/kg, Cl = 0.1 L/kg.jam. Css antibiotik
tersebut adalah 20 mg/L dan bioavailabilitas obat tersebut
0,9.
Answer 1
Diket : Vd = 0,5 L/kg
Cl = 0,10 L/Kg.jam x 60 kg = 6 L/jam
Css = 10 mg/L
F
= 0,9
D
=?
D = Css x Cl
F
= 10 mg/L x 6 L/jam
0,9
= 66,67 mg/jam
= 1600 mg/24 jam
Case Study 2
Dokter Internis memberikan suatu obat analgetik kepada
pasien (laki-laki, BB = 70 kg) dengan dosis 500 mg setiap 8
jam secara iv. Diketahui range terapetik obat analgetik
tersebut adalah 10-20 g/ml dan Vd = 0,12 L/Kg,
t1/2 = 1, 5 jam
Bagaimana pendapat anda sebagai apoteker mengenai
regimen dosis tersebut?
Apakah dosis telah sesuai dengan yang diharapkan?
Answer 2
Diket : D
= 500 mg/ 8 jam
Vd = 0,12 L/kg
t1/2 = 1,5 jam
Bb = 70 kg
Css = 16,11 g/mL
CASE STUDY 1
Suatu antibiotik diketahui mempunyai waktu paruh 2 jam dan
volum distribusi 200 ml/kg berat badan. Konsentrasi efektif
minimum dan konsentrasi toksik minimum dari antibiotik
tersebut masing-masing sebesar 2 g/ml dan 16 g/ml.
Dokter menginginkan antibiotik tersebut diberikan dengan
dosis 250 mg setiap 8 jam melalui pemberian injeksi
intravena bolus.
Berikan pendapat anda mengenai aturan dosis yang
diberikan jika obat tersebut akan diberikan kepada seorang
pasien yaitu Tuan X yang berusia 28 tahun dengan berat
badan 80 kg (Nilai F adalah 1)!
Apakah anda akan merekomendasikan rancangan dosis
yang baru untuk pasien tersebut? Jika ya berikan rancangan
dosis yang baru beserta alasannya!
Jawaban
Diketahui:
Dosis (D) = 250 mg
Vd = 200 ml/kg BB = 200 ml/kg x 80 kg = 16000 ml = 16 l
Rentang konsentrasi yg diinginkan = 2 g/ml-----<16 g/ml
T1/2 = 2 hr Kel = 0.693/2 jam = 0.347 jam-1
= 8 hr
Cav = F x S xD
Vd x Kel x
Cav =
1 x 250 mg
16 L x 0.347 jam-1 x 8 jam
= 5.64 mg/L = 5.64 g/mL
Jawaban :
Tidak perlu ada penyesuaian aturan dosis karena
rancangan dosis yang diberikan (250 mg setiap 8 jam)
sudah memberikan konsentrasi obat yang berada
dalam interval konsentrasi terapetik yang diinginkan
CASE STUDY 2
Seorang pasien asma (usia 55 tahun, berat badan 78 kg)
menerima infus intravena aminofilin dengan kecepatan infus
36 mg/jam. Diketahui konsentrasi rata-rata (Cav) sebesar 12
g/ml dan klirens sebesar 3 l/jam.
Bagaimana aturan dosisnya jika pemberian aminofilin diubah
menjadi teofilin yang diberikan secara oral? (S = 0.85 dan F
= 0.9)
Jika teofilin yang tersedia di pasaran adalah tablet teofilin
500 mg, bagaimana anda merancang aturan dosisnya?
Jawaban
a. Cav =
FxSxD
Vd x Kel x
D = Cav x Kel x Vd
SxF
= 12 g/mL x 3 L/jam
0.85 x 0.9
D = 47.06mg/jam