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CLOUD COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
CSC 098
FOUNDATION
COMPUTING I
NAME
: MUHAMMAD AMIR BIN KHALID
MATRIC NO : 2015891326

ABSTRACT
DEFINITION:
I.

II.

Cloud computing is a better way to run your

business. Instead of running your apps yourself, they
run on a shared data center.
The underlying concept of cloud computing dates
back to 1960, when John McCarthy opined that
"computation may someday
be organized as a public
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III.

IV.

V.

VI.

utility"; indeed it shares characteristics with service

bureaus that date back to the 1960s.
The actual term "cloud" borrows from telephony in
that telecommunications companies, who until the
1990s primarily offered dedicated point-to-point data
circuits, began offering VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK
(VPN) services with comparable quality of service
but at a much lower cost.
The cloud symbol was used to denote the
demarcation point between that which was the
responsibility of the provider from that of the user.
Cloud computing extends this boundary to cover
servers as well as the network infrastructure. Cost is
claimed to be greatly reduced and capital
expenditure is converted to operational expenditure.
Device and location independence enable users to
access systems using a web browser regardless of
their location or what device they are using.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I. Characteristics - The characteristics of cloud computing include ondemand self service, broad network access, resource pooling,
rapid elasticity and measured service. On-demand self service
means that customers (usually organizations) can request and
manage their own computing resources. Broad network access
allows services to be offered over the Internet or private networks.
Pooled resources means that customers draw from a pool of
computing resources, usually in remote data centres. Services can
be scaled larger or smaller; and use of a service is measured and
customers are billed accordingly.
II. Service models - The cloud computing service models are Software
as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS) and
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). In a Software as a Service
model, a pre-made application, along with any required software,
operating system, hardware, and network are provided. In PaaS,
an operating system, hardware, and network are provided, and
the customer installs or develops its own software and
applications. The IaaS model provides just the hardware and
network; the customer installs or develops its own operating
systems, software and applications.
III. Deployment of cloud services - Cloud services are typically made
available via a private cloud, community cloud, public cloud or
hybrid cloud. Generally speaking, services provided by a public
cloud are offered over the Internet and are owned and operated
by a cloud provider. Some examples include services aimed at the
general public, such as online photo storage services, e-mail
services, or social networking sites. However, services for
enterprises can also be offered in a public cloud. In a private
cloud, the cloud infrastructure is operated solely for a specific
organization, and is managed by3 the organization or a third party.
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In a community cloud, the service is shared by several

organizations and made available only to those groups. The
infrastructure may be owned and operated by the organizations or
by a cloud service provider.

INTRODUCTION

Why cloud services are popular

1. Cloud services are popular because they can reduce the cost and
complexity of owning and operating computers and networks.
2. Cloud users do not have to invest in information technology
infrastructure, purchase hardware, or buy software licences, the
benefits are low up-front costs, rapid return on investment, rapid
deployment, customization, flexible use, and solutions that can
make use of new innovations.
3. Cloud providers that have specialized in a particular area (such as
e-mail) can bring advanced services that a single company might
not be able to afford or develop.
4. Some other benefits to users include scalability, reliability, and
efficiency. Scalability means that cloud computing offers unlimited
processing and storage capacity.
5. The cloud is reliable in that it enables access to applications and
documents anywhere in the world via the Internet.
6. It allows organizations to free up resources to focus on innovation
and product development.
7. Personal information may be better protected in the cloud.
Specifically, cloud computing may improve efforts to build privacy
protection into technology from the start and the use of better
security mechanisms.
8. Cloud computing will enable more flexible IT acquisition and
improvements, which may permit adjustments to procedures
based on the sensitivity of the data. Widespread use of the cloud
may also encourage open standards for cloud computing that will
establish baseline data security features common across different
services and providers.
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9. It may also allow for better audit trails. In addition, information in

the cloud is not as easily lost (when compared to the paper
documents or hard drives, for example)

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CONTENT - HISTORY

he origin of the term cloud

computing is unclear. The
expression cloud is commonly used
in science to describe a large
agglomeration of objects that visually appear
from a distance as a cloud and describes any
set of things whose details are not inspected
further in a given context. Another explanation
is that the old programs to draw network
schematics surrounded the icons for servers
with a circle, and a cluster of servers in a
network diagram had several overlapping
circles, which resembled a cloud. In analogy
to above usage the word cloud was used as a
metaphor for the Internet and a standardized
cloud-like shape was used to denote a
network on telephony schematics and later to
depict the Internet in computer network
diagrams. With this simplification, the
implication is that the specifics of how the end
points of a network are connected are not
relevant for the purposes of understanding the
diagram. The cloud symbol was used to
represent the Internet as early as 1994 in
which servers were then shown connected to,
but external to, the cloud. References to cloud
computing in its modern sense appeared as
early as 1996, with the earliest known mention
in a Compaq internal document. The
popularization of the term can be traced to

2006 when Amazon.com introduced the

Elastic Compute Cloud.

The underlying concept of cloud computing

dates to the 1950s, when largescale mainframe computers were seen as the
future of computing, and became available in
academia and corporations, accessible via
thin clients/terminal computers, often referred
to as "dumb terminals", because they were
used for better communications but had no
internal processing capacities. To make more
efficient use of costly mainframes, a practice
evolved that allowed multiple users to share
both the physical access to the computer from
multiple terminals as well as the CPU time.
This eliminated periods of inactivity on the
mainframe and allowed for a greater return on
the investment. The practice of sharing CPU
time on a mainframe became known in the
industry as time-sharing.[18] During the mid
70s, time-sharing was popularly known as
RJE (Remote Job Entry); this nomenclature
was mostly associated with large vendors
such as IBM and DEC. IBM developed the VM
Operating System to provide time-sharing
services.

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n the 1990s, telecommunications

companies, who previously offered
primarily dedicated point-to-point data
circuits, began offering virtual private
network (VPN) services with comparable
quality of service, but at a lower cost. By
switching traffic as they saw fit to balance
server use, they could use overall network
bandwidth more effectively. They began to
use the cloud symbol to denote the
demarcation point between what the provider
was responsible for and what users were
responsible for. Cloud computing extends this
boundary to cover all servers as well as the
network infrastructure. As computers became
more prevalent, scientists and technologists
explored ways to make large-scale computing
power available to more users through timesharing. They experimented with algorithms to
optimize the infrastructure, platform, and
applications to prioritize CPUs and increase
efficiency for end users.

ince 2000 cloud computing has

come into existence. In early
2008, NASA's OpenNebula,
enhanced in the RESERVOIR
European Commission-funded project,
became the first open-source software for
deploying private and hybrid clouds, and for
the federation of clouds. In the same year,
efforts were focused on providing quality of
serviceguarantees (as required by real-time
interactive applications) to cloud-based
infrastructures, in the framework of the
IRMOS European Commission-funded
project, resulting in a real-time cloud
environment. By mid-2008, Gartner saw an
opportunity for cloud computing "to shape
the relationship among consumers of IT
services, those who use IT services and

those who sell them and observed that

"organizations are switching from companyowned hardware and software assets to
per-use service-based models" so that the
"projected shift to computing ... will result in
dramatic growth in IT products in some
areas and significant reductions in other
areas."[24] Microsoft Azure became available
in late 2008. In July 2010, Rackspace
Hosting and NASA jointly launched an
open-source cloud-software initiative known
as OpenStack. The OpenStack project
intended to help organizations offer cloudcomputing services running on standard
hardware. The early code came from
NASA's Nebula platform as well as
from Rackspace's Cloud Files platform.[
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On March 1, 2011, IBM announced the IBM
SmartCloud framework to support Smarter
Planet. Among the various components of
the Smarter Computing foundation, cloud
computing is a critical piece.
On June 7, 2012, Oracle announced
the Oracle Cloud. While aspects of the
Oracle Cloud are still in development, this
cloud offering is posed to be the first to
provide users with access to an integrated
set of IT solutions, including the Applications
(SaaS1), Platform (PaaS2), and
Infrastructure (IaaS3) layers.

1 Software licensing and delivery

model in which software is licensed on
a subscription basis and is
centrallyhosted.
2 A category of cloud computing
services that provides a platform
allowing customers to develop run and
manage Web application without the
complexity of building and maintaining
the infrastructure typically associated
with developing and launching the
app.
3 In the most basic cloud-service
model & according to the IETF
(Internet Engineering Task Force),
providers of IaaS offer computers
physical or (more often) virtual
machines and other resources.

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Conclusion
Cloud computing offers benefits for organizations
and individuals. There are also privacy and security
concerns. If you are considering a cloud service, you
should think about how your personal information,
and that of your customers, can best be protected.
Carefully review the terms of service or contracts,
and challenge the provider to meet your needs.

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APPENDIX
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#Infrastructure
_as_a_service_.28IaaS.29
http://www.salesforce.com/cloudcomputing/
https://www.priv.gc.ca/resource/fs-fi/02_05_d_51_cc_e.pdf

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