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PHONEMES (44)
CONSONANT
S (24)
VOICED
VOWEL
UNVOICED
SIMPLE
VOWEL
(12)
SHOR
T
DIPHTHON
G (8)
TRIPTHON
G
LONG
Lax
Front
(unrounded)
SUPRASEGME
/i:/
NTAL
FEATURES
/i/
Tense
Mid
Central
(unrounded)
/e/
Lax
INTONATION
Tense
Low
Lax
EXLPANATION:
1. /i/: high front unrounded tense vowel.
Back
(rounded)
/u:/
/u/
/3:/
STRES
//
S
//
/ :/
WORD
STRESS
//
SENTENC
/a:/
E
STRESS /o/
Stops
(m tc)
Fricatives
(m xt)
Affricative
(m tc xt)
Bilabia
l (m
mi)
Labiodenta
l (m mi
rng)
Interdenta
l (rng)
Alveola
r (m
rng)
Alveorpalata
l (vm ngc
cng)
Palata
l (ngc
cng)
Velar
(ngc
mm
)
Vcl
s
/p/
/t/
/k/
Vd
/b/
/d/
/g/
Vcl
s
/f/
//
/s/
//
Vd
/v/
//
/z/
//
Vcl
s
/t/
Vd
/d/
Nassals (m
mi)
/m/
h*
depen
d on
the
contex
t
/n/
Lateral (m
bin)
Vd
Semi-vowel/
gliding/
approximan
/w/
t (bn
nguyn m)
EXPLANATION:
Glottal
(m
tc
thanh
hu)
//
/l/
/r/
/j/
VOWELS
DIPTHONGS
FRONT BACK
i:
e
u
:
a:
u:
:
Lips can be
ei
i
ai
u
e
au
Closing
Centring
Closing
LOW
HIGH
TONGUE
Spread
Neutral
Rounded
STRESS
5. ADDING SUFFIXES:
majorette
Taiwan
taiwanese
Evacuee
evacuee
Picture
picturesque
STEM
EER
DERRIVED
WORDS
ESE
ETTE
ESQUE
b) Suffixes that cause stress to shift: cc tip v ng lm cho du nhn chuyn i/ hon i v tr
Photograph
photography
Climate
climatic
Legal
legality
Injure
injurious
Advantage
advantageous
Perfect
perfection
Photo
photography
Tranquil
tranquility
Proverb
proverbial
Reflex
reflexive
NOTE: the suffixes that the stress will fall on the syllable right before it.
EOUS
GRAPHY
IAL
STEM
IC
ION
IOUS
DERRIVED
WORDS
TY IVE
attainment
Refuse
refusal
Comfortable
Childlike
powerless
wonderful
widen
Devilish
hurriedly
development
beautify
amazing
Happiness
clockwise
refusal
poisonous
honesty
MENT
NESS
OUS
FY
ABLE
AGE
AL
EN
FUL
ING
ISH
LIKE
WISE
Y
Content words
concept
Include:
Noun
Main verb
Adverbs adjectives
Question words ( ex: why, when,
what)
- Demonstratives (this, that, these,
those)
Are usually stressed
Function words
Are words that have little or no
meanings in themselves, but which
express grammatical relationships
Article
Preposition
Auxiliaries
Pronouns
Conjunction
Relative pronouns
The best time to study is early in the morning or late in the evening.
Our friends called us yesterday and asked if we'd like to visit them next month.
Assimilation : is when a speech sound changes, and becomes more like another sound which follows it or
precedes it. Assimilation is only found in the most rapid and casual speech; generally speaking, the tendency is
again for regressive assimilation and the change in manner is most likely to be toward an easier consonantone which makes less obstruction ( s tc nghn) to the airflow. Thus it is possible to find cases where a final
plosive becomes a fricative or nasal.
Regressive assimilation (ng ha m thoi b - m sau nh hng ln m trc): it occurs when the
following sound influences the precede sound because the following sound is too dominant.
Ex. possible
a bilabial sound )
Progressive assimilation (ng ha m tnh tin - m trc nh hng ln m sau ) : its occurs when the
preceding sound influences the following sound because the preceding sound is too dominant.
o Ex. Boys /z/ as /i/ : voiced
Cats /s/ as /t/ : voiceless
Coalescent Assimilation (ng ha m kt hp) occurs when two sounds are combined to form a new
or a different sound.
o Ex. /d/ + /j/ = // Would you /wuu/
Some rules for assimilation.
a. /t/ assimilates to /p/
/p/
/d/ assimilates to /b/
before bilabial sound
/b/
/n/ assimilates to /m/
/m/
Ex: that pen / t pen/
/ppen/
Hes rather fat boy.( /t/ assimilates to /p/)
Hes very good boy.(/d/ assimilate to /b/)
There are ten men in the class.
b. /t/ assimilates to /k/
before velar sound : /k/, /g/
/d/ assimilates to /g/
Ex: that cat / k kt/; good concert / gug kogso:t/
c. /n/ assimilates to // before velar sound /k/, /g/
Ex: Ive been going out too much lately.
d. /s/ assimilates to // before //
Ex: this ship /iip/
e. /z/ assimilates to // before //
Ex: cheese shop / tip/
f. /t/ + /j/= /t/
Ex: last year / la:st/+/jir/ = /lastir/
/d/ + /j/ = //
Ex: Would you /wuu/.
8. PRESENT SHORTLY ABOUT INTRUSION AND SOME ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES FOR
THE INTRUSION IN ASPECTS OF CONNECTED SPEECH.
Intrusion: when two vowel sounds meet, an extra consonant is added at the end of word and links it to another
word starting with vowel sound.
Ex Chine and Japan. /tain(r)n pn/
2. Rising intonation :
Used for : + Yes/No Question
Ex Do you like chicken?
+ Tag Questions used for tag questions showing less certainty.
Ex youre Vietnamese, arent you?
3. Rising, rising and finally falling : Used for lists of items.
Ex I need a pen, a ruler, and a pencil.
4. Falling-Rising intonation
: v yes, v no
The falling-rise used in a lot in English and has rather special function. In present context it
could be described as limited agreement or response with reservation.
Ex: A: John is a good student.
B: v yes.
Bs reply would be taken to mean that he would not completely agree with what A said
and A would probably expect B to go on explain why he was reluctant to agree.
5. Rising falling
~yes, ~no
This is used to convey rather strong feelings approval, disapproval or surprise. It is not usually
considered to be an important tone for foreign learners to acquire, though it is useful to practice
learning to distinguish it from other tone.
A: I think Ho Chi Minh city is very beautiful.
A: Isnt he handsome?
B: ~Yes.
B: ~No
A check question is where we make sure that the information we have is correct, and the voice usually
goes up at the end.
Ex:
A: Whats your name?
B: Judy
B: Thirty
A: Julie?
A: Thirteen?
B: No, Judy
B: No, I am thirty
B: Beijing.
B: I am a businessman
A: Is that in China?
A: Youre a businessman?
B: Yes, I am.