Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Vol
XXI
OF !\PPLIEIl
HYIlROLOC;Y
No I 8: 2. 21111X. IW XX - 100
The rainfall Intensity Duration Frequency (lDF) relationship is one of the most commonly
used tools in water resources engineering for planning, designing or operation of water
resources projects. The establishment of such relationship was done in 1932. Since then,
many sets of relationships have been developed in different parts of the globe. In the present
paper rainfall dada of 14 raingauge stations of Punpun basin located in Bihar was taken for
regional rainfall frequency analysis based on L-moment approach facilitated to find the robust
distribution for these daily raingauge stations having data availability of 9-17 years. The
robust distribution was used to find the IDF relationship and curves for short duration rainfall
for Punpun basin. from the IDF curves parameters of empirical equations for the gauged
locations were determined and contour maps were generated. IDF curves for ungauged
locations were developed from the generated contour maps using GIS and finally a generalized
IDF curve incorporating return period and the duration of rainfall for particular station was
developed.
The intensity duration frequency (IDF) relationship of heavy storms is one of the most important hydrologic
tools utilized by water resource engineers for planning, designing and operation of water resources projects.
Local IDF equations are estimated on the basis of rainfall intensities abstracted from the rainfall depths of
different durations observed at rainfall gauging station. In some regions, there may exist a number of
raingauges operating sufficiently for long time to yield a reliable estimation of IDF relationships. But in
most of the regions, SRRG data are either non-existent or their sample sizes are too small. Daily precipitation
data is the most accessible and available source of rainfall information. Thus for regions where data at
short time interval are not available, it is necessary to derive IDF characteristics of short duration events
from the daily rainfall statistics. The establishment of such relationships was done as early as in 1932
(Bernard, 1932). Since then, many sets of relationships have been developed for several parts of the globe.
But, such maps with rainfall intensity contours were not developed for many developing countries.
Hershfield (1961) developed various rainfall contours maps to provide the design rain depths for various
return periods and durations. Bell (1969) proposed a generalized IDF formula using the one hour, 10 years
rainfall depths (P,IO) as an index. Chen (1983) further generalized the formulae for any location in the
United States using three base indices ofraindepthsP,IO'P2~1O,p,lOowhich describe the geographical variation
of rainfall. Koutsoyiannis et al. (1998) developed a mathematical relationship between the rainfall intensity
i, the duration d, and the return period T for IDF curves.
This paper proposes the approach of formulation and development of IDF curves using rainfall records of
Punpun basin using empirical equations best suited for the basin. Normally rainfall intensity duration
frequency relationship is derived from the network of daily rainfall records of the Punpun basin. Also the
parameters of the regional IDF formulas are generated for ungauged areas to estimate the rainfall intensity
lor various return period and duration using L-moment approach. The method proposed in this study has
heen applied to ungauged rainfall locations and verified on dummy station (arbitrarily
proposed!. Also an
effort has been made to develop generalized
IDF formula with daily rainfall depths and return period.
The following three steps have been developed
(i) Identification
of the best robust distribution
for the
['unpun basin using with L-moment approach, (ii) Development
ofIDF curves at 14 stations using empirical
functions, and (iii) Develop the generalized
IDF equation for a particular location.
"
p,I ..1
useful
special
= E
Particularly
as liner combinations
of Probability Weighted Moments (PWMs). They are robust
unbiased for small samples, making them suitable for rainfall frequency analysis,
of distribution
and parameter estimation. Greenwood
et al., (1979) defined PWMs
with cumulati ve distribution
function F(X) by equation (1).
X p
Y }{ 1 -
(X
F ( X s )}
(1)
cases
distrlhution
that has a quantile function
forp=/
and.l = 0, Eq.(l) gives
Ii,
0=
dX
{F (X
Y }] =
fX
weighted
moments
.Ior a
X(ll),
expressed
as liner combination
of PWMs,
are:
AI = fJo
A:. = 2fJI
fJo
A,
,,1.4
= 20/3,
- 30fJ:. + 12fJ1
fJo
1../\
is referred
to as
'4 (L-kurtosis).
the parameters
of the empirical
IDF equation
that is present
intensity-duration-
frequency
applications
relationship
used to describe
the rainfall
intensity
duration
1=---
d +b
1=-
dl'
a
dl' +b
1=
(d+h)"
d is the duration
(minutes);
paramctcrs
These empirical equations show rainfall duration for a given return period. All these functions arc widely
used in hydrological
applications.
The least-square
method is applied to determine
the parameters
oj
empirical lDF equations that are used in this study. The values of parameters
were choosed on the basis of
minimum Root Mean
analysis and
Regionalization
The rainfall
Square
Error
of the Para~eter
lDF curves
are derived
(RMSE)
between
produced
by the frequency
were established.
We
need the IDF curves of Punpun basin for which SRRG data is required. But the network of ORG stations
for daily records is available
in higher density than SRRG records in the basin. Thus the regional lDF
formula parameters are generated for ungauged areas to estimate rainfall intensity for various return period
and duration. The method Iproposed in this study had reasonable and good agreement
to ungauged rainfall
locations, which was verified. After determining
the parameters
of IDF formula such a, b, and e for the
same return period using Arc View/GIS interpolation
and were generated contour maps of each parameter.
The generated map of the parameter
was then used for ungauged rainfall station. Now it is possible to
estimate the parameter set of any point in the basin for estimation
of IDF relations.
intensity
to Koutsoyannis
(mm/hr),
d is the duration
of the rainfall
(min)
relationship
between
period
Tis
the rainfall
to the annu~tllll'ljUency
ot'cxcl:l:dancl:
or simply
return period is a special case of the generalized
(/
I=---~
(d'
by
1=
(d +h)'
Ilknn (1969)
proposed
a generalized
tw'(\]) generalized
[OF relationships
geographical
variation of rainfalL
pi'
d
-,
(')
=.)
-4 ~(II
0-0
25
IDF formula
for high
using
PliO.
intensity
P21~O,md P I!)!)
I
short
duration
Bell developed
rainfall
which
the following
also
takes
care of
(5<d<120min)
-.)
~>IJ
pI
(2d"Td"l
00 years)
~I
and generalized
the above
expression
(equ.
to be the ratio of
d.f
(d) is a function
not depend
Bell (1969),
of only duration
as the ratio of
I,;
and
dand
to
1,;1 . Here
assumed
duration,
the function
t; (T) is a functi~n
I,;l'
of only
on the duration
does
T.
and Koutsoyiannis
1,;1
I,;
rainfall
to proposed
el a/. (1998)
the following
proposed
the function
of the return
period
I/l')
/'(1')=
Andf~
I:
. I
['
I: =c+Aln(1')
T
Idl '
II!
t, Cd) =
IT
_,_I
. -
I,~,
After combining
can be written
IT
_,_I
= __
(;,'
(d
equation
duration
a__
+ b)"
formula
of rainfall
intensity
and frequency
as
The Punpun
of rainfall
(d+br
latitude
on the right bank of the river Ganga and bounded by the Sone river system on its west and Kiul-HaroharFalgu river system in the east. On its northern side, it is the river Ganga and on its southern side, bounded
by Chotonagpur
shown
map of Punpun
in Fig, 1.
H
+
/~PI.
"/1';urthaMal<dam
/'.
/
G~lh
<
Tekan
"
is
1=---'--
(d' +h)'
l=---~
(d +h)'
llkllll (1969)
proposed
a generalized
IDF relationships
variation of rainfall.
UW:'J) generalized
gco:graphical
pi'
~I
(')
,J-4/(.
1125
0-0
,)
IDF formuta
for high
using PliO,
intensity
p,-I~I
short
and
duration
PIIIIII .
Bell developed
rainfall
which
the following
also takes
care
of
(5<d<120min)
~'II
pi
(2d"Td"1 00 years)
~I
JI
_,_I
and generalized
the above
expression
(equ,
=.l;(T).I~(d)
1,1,
,JI
J/
intensity
r return
to be the ratio of
of only duration
as the ratio of
I,~
and
to
J,~I , Here
d and assumed
duration.
the function
to be the ratio of
f I (T) is
a functi~n
!,~to 1,;1'
of only
on the duration
does
T.
and Koutsoyiann
J,~' to
I,~
rainfall
proposed
is el al. (1998)
the following
proposed
the function
of the return
period fiT)
f (T)
. I
= I~ = I~ = c + A In(T)
r'
r'
1/,
Id,
Andf~ (d) is the ratio of I~' and I~, which is the function of rainfall duration
f
.2
(d) = ~
IT
IT
ii'
_d_
T'
I d'
(d+b)'"
After combining equation (16), (17) and (18), the generalized formula of rainfall intensity and frequency
can be written as
I,'~ =
I'; (c+Aln(T))
d
(d+b)"
The Punpun basi n lies between latitude 24 11 to 2S"OO N and longitude 84" 1O to 85"20 E. It is located
on the right bank of the river Ganga and bounded by the Sone river system on its west and Kiul-HaroharFalgu river system in the east. On its northern side, it is the river Ganga and on its southern side, bounded
by Chotonagpur hills. The drainage map of Punpun river basin with the locations of rain gauge stations is
shown in Fig. 1.
H
40
I""""~""
__ ""~~~~""
40
80 hilometers
iiii=aiiiii
It is a preliminary screening test of the data set by discordance measures (0). Hosking and Wallis (1997)
defined the discordance measure (D) forN sites of the group by equation (7) where ui
is a vector containing the sample L-moment ratios t2, t,. and t~ values (of each site) for i sites, analogous to
their regional valves termed as t1, t, and t~.T denotes transpose of a vector of matrix.
D,
=-
N(u; - u)A
_I
(ui
1I1
u)
where,
= N-
Lu
;=1
The site 'i' is declared to be discordant, if Di is grater than the critical value of the discordance statistics Di,
given in a tabular form by Hosking and Wallis (1997).
If the variability of the cloud of points on a plot of L-CV versus L-skewness and/or L-skewness versus Lkurtosis is large, the possibi Iity that they do not belong to a single population. This can be tested by means
of the L-moment heterogeneity tests. The L-moment test for heterogeneity fits a four-parameter Kappa
distribution to the regional data set, which generates a series of 500 equivalent regions data by numerical
simulation and compares the variability of the L-statistics of the actual region to those of the simulated
series. Three heterogeneity statistics can be employed to test variability of three different L-statistics: HI
for L-CV, H1 for the combination of L-CV and L-skewness and H, for the combination of L-skewness and
L-kurtosis. The HI statistics has much better discrimination power than H1 and H, statistics (Hosking and
Wallis1997).The general form of H-statistics is given by equation (9).
H = (Vobs
fJ.v)/
av
where Ilv and 0v are mean and standard deviation of the simulated values of V. V obs is the observed dispersion,
calculated from the regional data and is based on a corresponding V-statistics in terms of L-moment ratio
t, defined by equations (10 and 11).
tR
= LI1,t(i)
1=1
/Ll1i
i=l
to l.SS. all ()I" \\hlch arc less than the LTitll'al f) \:t1ucs (II" ~.'nJ I!loskilli' :llld \\';dlisJl)Ij/]
hl,tcro('cneitv measures IH), computed using the data of 14 rain (,augc sitcs (If I'unpun hasin was 1"(1I111l11,
thall 1,0. S IIlCC II< I . the regIon may he treatcd as honHlgencous.
O.O')
..
(
\\ Ii
S\.
\\ ,I
Mean
annual
ma ximum
rainfall
(mm)
L-CY
(t2)
L-CS
(1:\ )
L-CK
(t.l)
1'01
Sample
S17
(Years)
crl
Dlscoldall
mcas 11](','
(/),
Tli
\ ;\
Chatapur
98.79
0.2671
0.0489
0,0902
13
o SO
dl'
Tekari
74,16
0,3381
0.2656
0.2802
13
u:~;
dl;
Punpun
89.10
0.2423
0.0158
0.1602
12
0.'1'1
4
.5
Aurangahad
114.49
0.1966
0.1735
0.1817
17
() / \
raluah
101.36
02183
0.28.5
0.3.546
',11
Ibrthargall.l
10424
02~27
0.2995
0.1902
16
Karpi
87.73
0.3166
0.0477
0.0240
13
f)
Nahinagar
82.83
0.2707
0.3815
0.2436
13
Of,
Inunganj
107.03
0.2990
0.3031
0,2228
12
Ole:
I 10
I. I!
I. ' ,
10
KUltha
79.97
03675
0.2842
0.1128
12
11
Sherghali
117.35
0.2626
0.3499
0,0984
15
12
Obra
88.92
0.1991
0.1121
0.2937
13
13
GJh
100.88
0,2892
0.2284
0.1620
13
14
Makdampur
113.32
0.2152
0.1496
0,1920
14
'd
.
(WI
() 1(,
Selection of best~flt distribution: Generally goodness of fit measure is used to evaluall' tlJ(' ',lIll.d"llI\ "I
data of a particular site to be consistent with the fitted probability distribution
fUIlCliol1 II, ,',11111'1111<1
Wallis 1997 found that L-moment ratio diagram and Z-statistic are the two criteria which 1,111I'" lilt! \ III'
bcst-fit distribution
suitable for a region. L-moment ratio diagram compare salllj'!<' ,".1111111. "I II"
dimensionless
L-moment ratios. The Z-statistic is defined by equation (26).
b. and
S4
(27, 28).
\ ;1
l() II,
()
1'0
T:
ell
where N",,, is the number of simulated regional data sets generated using Kappa distribution in a similar
way as for the heterogeneity
statistics, the subscript m denotes the mil' simulated region. The distribution
for which Zl)ISI value is very close to zero will be declared the best fit distribution. However, a reasonable
criterion is I Zl)IS I I :s: 1.64.
The Zl)lsr statistic for the various distributions is ~iven Table 2. It is observed that the I Zl)lsr I statistic
value are lower than 1.64 for the four distributions namely GLO. GEY. CiNO, and PE-lII. Further, for GLO
distribution
I Zl)IST I value (0.29) is found to be very close to zero. Thus, based on the L-moment ratio
diagram as well as I ZOIST I statistic criteria, the GLO distribution is identified as the robust distribution
for Pun pun basin. The values of the regional parameters for the distributions, which have I ZDIST I statistic
value less than 1.64 are given in Table 3,
Table 2:
ZDlST
distributions
Distributio
S\..
n
GLO
:2
GEV
,
.' GNO
4
PE 111
illS!
statistic
0.29
-0.7
-0.97
-1.51
S =0.911
S =0.772
S =0.902
/l =1.000
u. =0.2':+3
ex =0.356
a =0.429
0=0.488
for Punpun
=-0.210
K =-0.061
K =-0.434
y = 1.269
K
quantile
The values of regional parameters of the GLO distribution for Punpun basin were found to be S=0.911,
a =0.243, and K=-0.210 and substituting these values in the equation 29.
f(x)
= -0.246 + 1.157(_1_)-UlI0
T-I
The GLO probability model is used to calculate the rainfall intensity at different durations and return
periods to forms the historicallDF
curves for each station. Using the GLO distribution function, maximum
rain t~tli intensity for considered durations and 2,5, 10,20,50, J 00,200 years return periods, have determined.
The results are shown in figure2.
The relationship between the maximum rainfall intensities and the
duration for ever return periods are determined by fitting empirical functions.
The IDF curves for 14 stations were constructs by using equations (7) to (10): Talbot, Bernard,.Kimijima
and Shennan. Least-square method is applied to determine the parameter for empirical IOF equations used
to present intensity-duration
relationships. The value of parameter in the rainfalll OF equations were chosen
on the minimum of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between the lOr: relationships
produced by the
fi'equency analysis and the simulated by the lDF equations. The RMSE (mc,1I1SljLWre error) was defined as
2..: 2..:
III
II
j~lk
where
III
l,~ - I,~*
)"
--I
11
rainfall intensity derived by GLO distribution fori hour duration, k year return period at the i station, and
l,~* is the rainfall intensity estimated by Equation for j hour duration, k year return period at the i station
IIU"."""
>.
z
]
.5
----._~_._._--~---~---------------;
ItlllU
I
l__
__ J
Fig. 2. Maximum rainfall intensity for different time intervals and return periods obtained from the GLO
distribution at Tekari station
I~~----14
------1
12
~
g
....
~
.."
10
""
g
;j
I
'1
Ii
;:;
2
0
0
50
250
~~~~~;;~;=-B;'~;;"d~~
Comparison among the four empirical methods (Equ.7 to 10) for 1DP formula wcrc madc and found that
KimiJima equation (Equ.9) minimum Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) as shown in the figure 3 and fitted
wcll. Thus for all the rain gauge stations of Punpun basin, the parameters of the KimiJima equation were
determined for 100 year return period (table 4) that has Root Mean Square Error (RIvlSE) ranging 5.636 to
8.000 mm/hr and its wrrelation coefficient R is approximated 0.98. The results are that the Kimijima
equation is acceptable and fit to the 1DF relationship in Punpun basin. The RMSE with Kimijima equation
are less than 8.000 mm/hr.
i)
j
gauge locations
Coefficient
RMSE
Chatapur
20796.68
20.00
0.989
0.992
6.224
Tekmi
15881.21
26.00
0.959
0.981
6.024
Punpun
17082.00
20.00
0.949
0.986
6.399
Aurangabad
24719.30
20.00
0.989
0.992
6.224
Fatuah
19433.00
20.00
0.949
0.988
6.960
Haliharganj
19403.00
18.00
0.949
0.986
7.279
Karpi
16868,00
20.00
0.950
0.986
6.261
Nabinagar
16851.25
24.00
0.950
0.981
6.706
Immganj
22401.00
23.00
0.965
0.986
7.674
10
Kurtha
15466.30
20.00
0.952
0.986
5.636
11
Sherghati
26458.59
22.00
0.996
0.991
6.588
12
Obra
17182.00
24.00
0.988
0.977
8.000
13
COh
19809.62
20.00
0.956
0.986
6.930
14
Makdampur
24804.25
22.00
0.994
0.989
6.856
After determining the parameter of a, band e of IDF formula for the same return period interpolation
techniques were applied to generate contour maps using GIS Arc- View.
The parameter contour maps and the IDF relation has been generalized for further use to estimate intensity
duration of rainfall in ungauged locations with various return periods. The results has been applied ungauged
location and found satisfactory. The results has been verified assuming Rafiganj as an ungauged station
The paramcters contours map for Kimijima equation as shown in figure 4.
The rainfall intensity duration frequency at Rafiganj (ungauged) can determine. Parameters set: a= 20000.00,
b= 21.55, 12=0.963. The 1DF curve at Rafiganj can be follow equation for 100 years return period:
a
1=---
d" +b
20000.000
dO 963 + 21.550
+
~
~
E
",
100
.~
I(i)
10
10
10000
Fig. 4 parameter contours of Kimijima equation with 100 years return period and IDF curves at
ungauged point. i) contour map of a ii) contour map of b iii) contour map of e and iv) Rainfall IDF
curves at Rafiganj (ungauged location) using parameters contour maps
The function~
I;t
station is used to illustrate hoe to define the generalized IDF formula. For this example: r=lOO year as the
I,; / I,;
'100
The ratio show little variation with duration, and are a function of period.
The table 5: Average
relationship
'-
/1 /11'
d
1(1))
d
same
I,
(T)
values of
Id
Id
I,/
Id /
'J
= 0.181l
and
0.995.
The intensity-duration ratios are calculated for each available data. The calculations are made in order to
obtain the average value of the ratios each consideration durations. The ratios 60-minute rainfall intensity
and duration (I;
/1;/060 ) for same return period T. the ratio j2 was fitted by Sherman equation:
The parameter a 62.810, b= 16.000 and e=O.956 with con'elation coefficient value r=0.992. Combing equation
(32), (33) the generalized Intensity Duration Frequency formula at Tekari station, with rainfall intensity in
60 minute and 100 years is 206.981 mm/hr, gives
Id
= 206.981(0.1697
+0.18111nT)
62.810
Cd + 16.00)
0956
..
i
I
The rainfall intensity can calculate from (35) equation for any duration (d) and return periods (T) at Tekari
station.
The study has been made conducted to the formulation and construction of IDF curves using data from
recording station by using empirical equations, four empirical functions used to represent intensity-DurationFrequency relationship for Punpun basin. Using the L-moment to find out the best robust distribution
(GLO) for rainfall quantiles at various return periods and 3 parameters functions (Kimijima) has been used
to rainfall intensity quartiles.
The regionalization of the parameters of rainfall intensity duration frequency equation was generated for
ungauged area to estimate rainfall intensity for various return period and rainfall duration. The parameters
contours maps were made to estimate ungauged rainfall with return periods. More specifically, this research
is to generalize IDF formula using some base rainfall depth and base return period. In fact, IDF curves give
the rainfall intensity at a point. Storm characteristics are important for larger catchments. Intensity-DurationArea-Frequency curve (IDAF) is studied for the evaluation for design storms using a scaling approach.
1. o{Hydraulic
311-327.
Chen, C. L., 1983. Rainfall intensity duration-frequency
formulas, 1. o{ Hydraulic
Engineering, ASCE,
109(12),1603-1621.
Wi
Chow, V. T., Madiment, D. R. & Mays. L. W., 1988. Applied Hydrology, McGraw-Hill,
New York.
Greenwood, 1. A., Landwehr, J. M., Matalas, N. C. and Wallis, J. R., 1979 Probability weighted moments:
Definition and relation to parameter of several distributions expressible in inverse form. Water Resource,l
Research. 15(5), 1049-1054
Hershfield, D.M., 1961. Rainfall Frequencies Atlas of the United States for Durations from 30 Minutes to
24 Hours and Return Periods from I to 100 Years. Technical Paper No. 40. Washington, D.C., U.S.Weather
Bureau
Hosking, J. R. M. and J. R. Wallis., 1997 Regional/i'Nlllency
I
I~.~.;..'..