Oil Worksheet

Heavy Oil Programs
Click on Description to get to Program

To use programs:
Input data in white cells, answers in green cells.
Program
Description
Conversion Factors
API - Determines oil API, density and molecular weight at any temperature
Water Properties: Density and thermal properties of water
Thermal Properties: Heat capacity, thermal conductivity and diffusivity of

fluid saturated rocks/and liquids
Viscosity of Liquid Mixtures & Emulsions
PVT: Determine Bo, Bw,Bg, GOR, Pb,compressibility, dead/live oil viscosity at reservoir temperature
Steam Tables
Heat of Combustion
Heat Conduction: erfc function
Hot Water Injection: Temperature away from injector
10
Steam Zone Volume
11
Steam Conformance
12
Oil-Steam Ratio
13
Combustion Parameters
14
Single Phase Pressure Drop in Pipeline
15
Wellhead Steam Rates and Pressure Drops
16
Waterflood Voidage Replacement Ratio
17
Bottomhole Pressure Determination from Acoustic Shot
18
Recombination at Separator
19
Residual Oil Saturation After Steamflood
20
Reserves
21
SAGD
22
Horizontal Wells
23
Thermal Casings
24
Wellbore Heatlosses
25
Reservoir Properties
26
Optimum Working Interest
27
Optimum Number of Drilling Locations and PDV
28
Success-Fail Model
29
Original-Gas-In-Place
30
Refinery Calculations
30.1
Petroleum Fractions
31
Relative Permeability
32
Slurry Viscosity
33
DST
34
Volumetrics
35
Engineering Economics
36
Sask Royalties
37
Alta Royalties
38
Oil Prices
39
OPEC and World Production
40
Progressive Cavity Pumps and Pumps (IPR)
41
Steam Distribution Systems
42
Minimum Miscibility Pressure & VAPEX
43
EOR Parameters
44
EOR Royalties
45
Tracers - Radioactive
46
Heavy Fractions
47
Mining
48
Production Facilities
49
Catalyst
50
Canadian Dollar
51
References and Assignments
METRIC TO
IMPERIAL
CONVERSION
Input Here:
METRIC UNITS
Length
1
250
1
m
km
cm
10000
m2
m2
1000
m2
km2
4143.9
1
1
ha
ha
ha
7
60
1
1
13
1
1
1
14
1
1
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
e3 m3
litres
litres
litres
Mass
1
1
1
454
150
kg
Tonnes
Tonnes
gm
metic tonnes CO2
Pressure
8000
1
0.2
kPa
MPa
bar
Area
Volume
Oil Volume
Water Volume
Butane Volume
Propane Volume
Ethane Volume
Gas volume
Gas Volume
Liquid Volume
Liquid Volume
Liquid Volume
Gauge+101.3kPa=Absolute P
Pressure Gradient
kPa/m
Force
Newtons
Dynamic Viscosity
mPa-s
Kinematic Viscosity
m2/s
Temperature
13
deg C
5
1
1
deg C
K
K
1000
kg/m3
kg/m3
Specific Volume
m3/kg
Flow Rate
0.0008
1
1
546
m3/s
m3/s
kg/s
tonne/d
Permeability
1
1
m2
micro m2
Heat, Enthalpy
kJ
GJ
Specific Heat
kJ/kg-K
Volumetric heat Capacity
kJ/m3-K
Specific Enthalpy
kJ/kg
Heat Flow Rate
kW
Thermal Conductivity
1
1
kW/m-K
W/m-K
Density
Thermal Diffusivity
m2/s
Heat Transfer Coefficient
kW/m2-K
Horsepower
kW
Electricity
1 gigawatt hour = 3600 GJ
GOR
10
m3/m3
Concentration
mg/kg
Geothermal Gradient
deg C/m
Gas Constant R
82.053
cm3-atm/(g-mole deg K)
8.3143
J/(g-mole deg K)
Radioactive Amount
1.48E+10
Becquerels (Bq)
Radioactive Dose
gray (gy)
rem
IMPERIAL
TO METRIC
CONVERSION
Input Here:
IMPERIAL UNITS
Length
Area
ft
1
1
1
yd
mile
inches
ft2
yard2
acres
sections
1
1
1
sections
acres
ft2
6.00E+07
1
400
1
13
1
1
1
14
1
1
1
ft3
bbl
bbl
bbl
bbl
bbl
MCF
MCF
gallons (Imperial)
gallons (US)
bbl
fluid ounces (U.S)
Mass
1
1
1
16
3000
lb
Long tons
Short tons
oz
mcf CO2
Pressure
1334
145
1
psi
psi
psi
Volume
Oil Volume
Water Volume
Butane Volume
Propane Volume
Ethane Volume
Gas volume
Gas Volume
Liquid Volume
Liquid Volume
Liquid Volume
Liquid Volume
Gauge+14.7psi=Absolute Pr
Pressure Gradient
psi/ft
Force
15000
pound force
Dynamic Viscosity
cp
Kinematic Viscosity
centistokes
Temperature
200
deg F
500
1
1
deg R
deg R
deg F
62.4
lb/ft3
lb/gal(US)
Density
Specific Volume
ft3/lb
Flow Rate
1
1
1
1
bbl/d
ft3/d
lb/hr
lb/hr
Permeability
1
5
Darcy
Darcy
Heat, Enthalpy
Btu
Million Btu
Btu
Specific Heat
Btu/lb-deg F
Volumetric heat Capacity
Btu/ft3-deg F
Specific Enthalpy
Btu/lb
Heat Flow Rate
3.06E+06
Btu/hr
million BTU/hr
1
1
Btu/hr-ft-deg F
Btu/hr-ft-deg F
Thermal Diffusivity
ft2/hr
Heat Transfer Coefficient
Btu/hr-ft2-deg F
Horsepower
hp (electric)
GOR
50
scf/bbl
Concentration
ppm
Geothermal Gradient
deg F/ft
Radioactive Amount
20
curies
Radioactive Dose
rad
sieverts (Sv)
Prefix
Multiplier
Symbol
yotta
zetta
exa
peca
tera
giga
mega
kilo
hecto
deka
deci
centi
milli
micro
nano
pico
femto
atto
zepto
yocto
10^24
10^21
10^18
10^15
10^12
10^9
10^6
10^3
10^2
10
10^ -1
10^ -2
10^ -3
10^ -6
10^ -9
10^ -12
10^ -15
10^ -18
10^-21
10^-24
Y
Z
E
P
T
G
M
k
h
da
d
c
m
Greek Letter mu
n
p
f
a
z
y
1
1
1
Mcf
Bcf
Tcf
1
1
1
m3
m3
m3
m3
Energy Content Table

Natural gas
Methane
Methane
Methane
Natural Gas Liquids

Ethane
Propane
Butane
Crude Oil
Light Oil
Heavy Oil
Pentanes Plus
Bitumen
Synthetic Crude Oil
1
1
1
1
m3
m3
m3
m3
Solids
Coals Bituminous
Coals Subbituminous
Asphalt
Coke
1
1
1
1
tonne
tonne
m3
m3
Btu Content per mscf

Gas Price per MMBtu
1100
$6.00
Canadian Dollars
Gas Price per mscf
$6.60
Canadian Dollars per mscf
Gas Price Conversion
Concentration
1 percent by volume =
10,000 ppm
Example 1:
Current AEUB upper H2S limits which can
be flared are 50 mole/k-mol.
Recall that 10 mole/k-mol is 1%,
thus the H2S limit is 5% or 50,000 ppm.
Example 2:
Convert 30 ppm SO2 to gm/m3.
Recall that 1 ppm is equal
to 1 part per million by volume,
or 1 ml of SO2 for every million
ml of air. So 30 ppm of
SO2 is actually 1 cm3 SO2/ 1 m3 air.
To convert 1 cm3 SO2 gas to
grams, we need the density of
SO2 which can be found using
the ideal gas law:
Density = Molecular weight*pressure/R/Temperature
The molecular weight of SO2 is 64 g/mol.
At 25 deg C (298 K) and 1 atmosphere,
the density of SO2 is =
64g/mol*1 atm/(82.06 atm cm3/mol K)/(298 K) = .00262 g cm3.
Thus 30 ppm = 30 * .00262 = .0786 g/m3

or 78,600 micrograms/m3
Rules of Thumb:
1 litre water weighs 1 kg
Lift 1 book (1 kg) 10 cm and
you've done 1 Joule of work
Density of air at STP
is 1.3 kg/m3
Effective reservoir compressibilty
is 60% of pore compresibility
Cloud point = pour point
plus 7 deg C
Molar Mass:
1 kmol = 1000 mol
= 1000 g mol
= 2.2046 lbm mol
Example
Molar mass of methane =
16.04 kg/kmol
= 16.04 g/mol
= 16.04 g/ g mol
Molecular weight is measured
in Daltons =Da
Convert Decimal Degrees to
Degrees, Minutes, Seconds
1Da=1.65 e-24 g
Input degrees in decimal:

121.135
Answer: Degrees
121
Problem:
1. Convert:
12 MPa = ? Psi
200 hp=? kW
1000 GJ=?J
10 kPa/m=?psi/ft
20 e3 m3=?MMscf
1 bbl heavy oil has ? GJ energy content
2. Oil A has a viscosity of 10,000 cp at 15 deg C.

Oil B is 20 deg API and has a viscosity of 9500 cs at 15
deg C. Which oil is more viscous at 15 deg C?
Minutes
8
Table of Contents
Output
Comment
IMPERIAL UNITS
3.281
ft
1.094
155.343
0.394
yd
mile
inch
107639.000
ft2
1.196
yard2
0.247
acres
1 section = 640 acres
0.386
sections
1 ha=10,000 m2
15.995
2.471
107639.0
sections
acres
ft2
247.203
377.572
6.290
6.297
81.900
6.330
0.035
35.494
3.080
0.264
0.006
ft3
bbl
bbl
bbl
bbl
bbl
MCF
MCF
gallons (Imperial)
gallons (US)
bbl
1 ton of oil = 7.5 barrels

1 metric tonne=1000 kg
1 Megatonne=1e6 tonnes
2.205
0.984
1.102
16.000
2889.3
lb
Long tons
Short tons
oz
mscf CO2
1 Pa=1 kg/m-s2
1 atm=101.325 kPa
100 kPa=1 bar
101.325 kPa= 760 mm Hg
1160.304
145.038
2.90076
psi
psi
psi
1 litre = 0.001 m3
or 1000 litre =1 m3
1 litre=1000 cm3
1 Pa=1 Nt/m2
1 Pa=0.1 dynes/cm2
Gauge+101.3kPa=Absolute Pressure
1 torr = 0.1333 kPa
0.0442
psi/ft
1 deca newton=10 newtons

1 newton=1 kg/m/sec2
0.2248
pound force
1 Pa-s=1 kg/m-s
cp
centistoke=centipoise/density
1000000
centistokes
55.400
deg F
R=deg F + 460
K= deg C + 273
501.000
1.800
0.556
deg R
deg R
deg F
1 kg/m3=1000 g/cc
62.428
lb/ft3
0.0083
lb/gal(US)
16.0185
ft3/lb
434.752
3051190.0
7936.632
50155.107
bbl/d
ft3/d
lb/hr
lb/hr
1 Darcy=1000 md
1013253353869
1.013253354
Darcy
Darcy
1 GJ=10^9J
0.947777462
Btu
0.947777462
Million Btu
0.000948213
Btu
1.194
Btu/lb-deg F
0.014911308
Btu-ft3-deg F
0.429922614
Btu/lb
20472
Btu/hr
577.7875
0.57778
Btu/hr-ft-deg F
Btu/hr-ft-deg F
1 J = 10^7 erg
1 kW= 1 kJ/s
38750
ft2/hr
176.110287306
Btu/hr-ft2-degF
1 hp = 550 ft-lbf/s
1.341022
hp
1 terawatt hour= 3.6 PJ
1 GJ=0.28 megawatt hours
Power is watt, energy is kW-hr

1 megawatt=1,000 kW
1 ppm = 1 mg/L
1 Becquerel=1 disintegration/s
56.40309
scf/bbl
ppm
0.5488474204
deg F/ft
1.986
Btu/(lb-mole deg R)
0.4
curies (Ci)
100
rad
0.01
sieverts (Sv)
1 curie= 37 G Bq
1 gray=dose of 1 joule/kg
Output
Comment
METRIC UNITS
0.6096
0.914
1.609
2.54
m
km
cm
0.093
m2
0.836
m2
4046.856
m2
1 acre=43560 ft2
1 tonne=1000 kg
1 Pa=1 kg/m-s2
100 kPa=1 bar
1 Pa-s=1 kg/m-s
Gauge+14.7psi=Absolute Pressure
K= deg C + 273
2.590
km2
259.109
0.405
0.000009
ha
ha
ha
1699009.2
0.15891
63.592
0.15881
2.06349
0.15798
28.17399
0.02817399
63.64526
3.785412
158.91
2.957353E-005
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
1e3m3
litres
litres
litres
m3
0.453592
1.016047
0.9071847
454
155.75
kg
tonnes
Tonnes
gm
metric tonnes CO2
9197.61
1.00
0.07
kPa
MPa
bar
22.6206
kPa/m
66723.3
Newton
6672.3
daN
mPa-s
0.000001
m2/s
93.33
deg C
4.444
0.556
1.8
deg C
K
K
999.5544
kg/m3
119.839
kg/m3
1 Btu=252.16 cal
1 kW= 1 kJ/s
1 pCi=37mBq
0.062427818
m3/kg
0.00000184
0.000000328
0.000125998
0.010886229
m3/s
m3/s
kg/s
tonne/d
9.869233E-013
4.9346
m2
micro m2
1.055099998
kJ
3163.84609788
4.186799993
kJ/kg-K
67.063197944
kJ/m3-K
2.326
kJ/kg
896.83398
kW
0.2930711
MW
0.00173074
1.730762574
kW/m-K
W/m-K
0.000025806
m2/s
0.00567826
kW/m2-K
0.745699921
kW
8.86476255
m3/m3
mg/kg
1.822
deg C/m
7.40E+11
Becquerels
0.01
gray
0.01
rem
1.05
1.05
1.05
GJ or 0.995
PJ
EJ
18.36
25.53
28.62
GJ
GJ
GJ
38.51
GJ
MMBtu
40.9
35.17
42.8
39.4
GJ
GJ
GJ
GJ
25
18.5
44.5
28.8
GJ
GJ
GJ
GJ
Seconds
6
1 Pa=1 Nt/m2
1 Pa=0.1 dynes/cm2
Density of Oil
Table of Contents
Calculates oil density at standard conditions

specific heat and density at any temperature
and molecular weight using
Cragoe
Input:
Enter Specific Gravity of Oil at 15 deg C
Enter temperature of interest
0.95
65
dimensionless
deg C
API
Density at 15 deg C
or Density at 60 deg F
Oil molecular Weight
17.4
950
59.28
527
no units
kg/m3
lb/ft3
or
(Note: API is reported at 15 deg C)

0.95
g/cc
Oil density at temperature of interest

Specific Heat oil at temp of interest
910.9
1.99
kg/m3
kJ/kg-K
at
at
65
65
deg C
deg C
Temperature deg C
Density, kg/m3
Oil Density kg/m3
Output:
1000.0
950.0
900.0
850.0
800.0
750.0
700.0
0
6.5
13
19.5
26
32.5
39
45.5
52
58.5
65
71.5
78
84.5
91
97.5
104
110.5
117
123.5
130
195
50
Oil Density vs Temperature

962.4
956.4
950.5
944.6
938.8
933.1
927.4
921.8
916.3
910.9
905.5
900.1
894.9
889.7
884.5
879.4
874.4
869.4
864.5
100
150
859.7
Temperature deg C
814.0
200
Density of Cold Lake Crude

Input:
Temperature
50
deg C
0.9772
g/cm3
Output:
Density:
Problem
Can the API of a heavy crude ever be negative?
If so, what density range does this correspond to?
What is the API of water?
250
Heavy Oil Pool
deg API
Battrum
Burnt Lake
Cactus Lake
Celtic
Cold Lake
Cymric
Duri
Foster Creek
Frog Lake
Gujarat
Pike's Peak
Suffield
Venezuelan Orinoco
Wainwright
West Sak Alaska
18
12
13
12
10
12
22
10
10-14
12-17
12
12-16
8-10
20
10-22
Table of Contents
A.
Water Properties
Water Density
1020.00
Density kg/m3
Calculates water density and

specific heat, thermal
conductivity at any temperature
TDS corrections for standard conditions
Input:
Enter temperature of interest
31
deg C
998.11
4.23
0.6166
kg/m3
kJ/kg-K
W/m deg C
1000.00
980.00
960.00
940.00
Output:
Density of Water
Specific heat of Water
Thermal Conductivity of Water
920.00
900.00
Specific heat kJ/kg-K
3.1
6.2
9.3
12.4
15.5
18.6
21.7
24.8
27.9
31
46.5
62
93
124
4.34
4.32
4.30
4.28
4.26
4.24
4.22
4.20
Density kg/m3
Specific Heat
Thermal
kJ/kg-Kcond W/m deg C
Water Specific Heat

1006.43
1005.74
1004.99
1004.18
1003.31
1002.38
1001.40
1000.36
999.26
998.11
991.52
983.59
964.00
939.96
4.31
4.30
4.29
4.28
4.27
4.26
4.26
4.25
4.24
4.23
4.21
4.19
4.19
4.24
0.5752
0.5802
0.5852
0.5900
0.5948
0.5994
0.6038
0.6082
0.6125
0.6166
0.6356
0.6517
0.6752
0.6872
Therm al C onductivity W //m deg C
0
Temperature
20
40
60
80
Temperature deg C
100
120
140
Water Thermal Conductivity

0.7000
0.6800
0.6600
0.6400
0.6200
0.6000
4.18
0.5800
4.16
0.5600
0.5400
4.14
0.5200
4.12
0
20
40
60
80
Temperature deg C
100
120
140
0.5000
0
20
40
60
80
Temperature deg C
Input:
Total Dissolved Solids % in water
20
percent
(at 15 deg C and atmospheric Pressure)
Output:
Water Density
B.
1148.7
kg/m3
(at 15 deg C and atmospheric pressure)
Solubility of Methane in
Interstitial Water
McCain (1990)
Input:
Formation Temperature
Reservoir Pressure
Solids in Brine
33
8000
3
deg C
kPa
wt %
91.4
1160
Output
Methane Solubility in Fresh Water
Methane Solubility in Brine
C.
1.8044 m3/m3
1.5380 m3/m3
Water Hardness
Uses Langelier Saturation Index
Input:
Current pH
TDS
Calcium Concentration
Carbonate Concentration
Bicarbonate Concentration
Alkalinity
Temperature
7.5
320
150
17
0
34
80
no units
mg/L
mg/L (ppm)
mg/L (ppm)
mg/L (ppm)
mg/L (ppm)
deg C
Output:
Langelier Saturation Index
D.
0.2339 has tendency

to scale
Estimating TDS from Conductivity Meter

Input:
Conductivity
812
micro-siemans/cm
Output:
TDS
340.34
Problem:
For fixed water analysis, does the scaling tendency
increase or decrease as the temperature is raised?
mg/L as CaCO3
Hard water has calcium carbonate concentrations greater than 120 mg/L (ppm)
Enter alkalinity or carbonate and bicarbonate concentration (only one)
100
120
140
A Thermal Properties of Saturated Rocks

Calculates heat capacity, diffusivity
and thermal conductivity of fluid
filled rocks
Input:
Oil API
Rock porosity
Oil Saturation
Water Saturation
Reservoir temperature
Fraction of matrix that is quartz
Output:
Rock Density assumed
Oil Density at 15 deg C
Oil Specific Gravity at Reservoir Temp
Oil density at Reservoir Temp
Water Density at Reservoir Temp
Specific Heat of Oil
Specific Heat of Water
Specific Heat of rock assumed
Heat Capacity of Saturated Rock
Thermal Conductivity of Saturated Rock (Tikhomirov Eqn)
Thermal Diffusivity of Saturated Rock
or
Thermal Conductivity using Somerton's Correlation
at 50 deg C
and at reservoir temperature
Problem 1
For fixed fluid properties, how does thermal
conductivity of a fluid saturated rock vary with temperature?

(Plot thermal conductivity on y-axis, and vary x-axis temperature
from 10 to 300 deg C).
Problem 2
A Lloydminster rock contains oil of API gravity 20 degrees with oil
saturation of 0.7 and water saturation of 0.3. The porosity is
33%. Oil viscosity is 15,000 cp. The reservoir will
undergo a steamflood at 225 deg C. What is the :
a) heat capacity
b) thermal conductivity
c) thermal diffusivity
of this rock at steamflood temperature?
Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Diffusivity

of Common Materials at 25 deg C (298.2 K)
Material
Copper
Carbon Steel
Air
Water, saturated liquid
Water, saturated vapor
Iron
Cement
Thermal Conductivity of Liquids

1
Hydrocarbons
Input
Temperature
Specific Gravity
Output
Table of Contents
Heat Capacity
20
0.25
0.5
0.5
100
0.99
dimensionless
fraction
fraction
fraction
deg C
fraction
2643
933.99
0.87
867.7
958.94
2.23
4.20
0.96296
kg/m3
kg/m3
dimensionless
kg/m3
kg/m3
kJ/kg-K
kJ/kg-K
kJ/kg-K
2653.70
2.54
0.00096
0.95886
kJ/m3-K
W/m-K
1000 m2/s
mm2/s
1.55
Btu/hr-ft-F
2.53
W/m-K
Athabasca Bitumen
0.35
Thermal
Conductivity
W/m-K
Thermal
Diffusivity
10^ -4 m2/s
401
60.5
0.026
0.609
0.0186
79.1
1.82
1.17
0.145
0.202
0.0014
4.08
0.228
0.009
25
0.9
deg C
no units
0.128
W/m-deg C
cal/gm-deg C
Viscosity of Liquid Mixtures

A
Calculates the viscosity of a liquid mixture

of 2 liquids of different viscosity and concentration
using Cragoe's Method
Input:
Viscosity of liquid 1
Viscosity of liquid 2
Weight fraction of liquid 1 in mixture
1000000
0.25
0.95
cp
cp
fraction
Output:
Liquidity 1
Liquidity 2
Liquidity of mixture
139.88
482.05
156.99
Mixture Viscosity
96914.83
cp
100000
0.432
0.153
cs
cs
fraction
2.5916853
0.8226177
343.61
cs
Uses Miadonye et al CIM 99-121 Method for

more accurate results
Input:
Heavy oil/bitumen viscosity in centistokes
Diluent viscosity in centistokes
Diluent mass fraction
Output:
Viscosity interaction factor
Viscosity reduction parameter
Mixture Viscosity
Problem
Current pipeline specs on the Enbridge line is

a maximum viscosity limit of 350 centistokes.
What mass fraction of Strachen condensate
is needed to move Cold Lake crude at this viscosity
and at a pipeline temperature of 30 deg C?
Shu's Method (SPE 11280) June 1984

Input
Heavy Oil Viscosity at 24-28 deg C
Solvent Viscosity at 24-28 deg C
Specific Gravity Heavy Oil
Specific Gravity Solvent
Volume fraction heavy oil
550
0.01
0.96
0.8465
0.5
cp
cp
no units
no units
fraction
Output
Gamma
alpha
xa
xb
Mixture Viscosity
3.6344126
0.3329714
0.2497964
0.75
0.1528007 cp
Table of Contents
Diluent Viscosities @ 30 deg C

Diesel
Naptha
Toluene
Strachen Condensate
Rimbey Condensate
2.467
0.703
0.614
0.528
0.432
cs
cs
cs
cs
cs
157279
26988
2967
cs
cs
cs
Heavy Oil Viscosities @ 30 deg C

Syncrude Coker feed
Suncor coker feed
Lloyd cold production
Units of Viscosity
1) Dynamic Viscosity (Greek letter mu)
The SI unit of dynamic viscosity is
Pa-s which is also kg /(m-s).
Remember multiply by
density to get centipoise
1 poise = 0.1 kg / (m-s) = 1 g /(cm-s)

1 cp = 0.001 Pa-s = 1 mPa -s
2) Kinematic Viscosity
The SI unit of kinematic viscosity
denoted by the Greek letter nu,
is defined as the dynamic viscosity
divided by the density. It's units are
Pa-s/(kg/m3) = m2/s
Also, stokes are introduced:
1 stoke= 1 cm2/s = 0.0001 m2/s

Then
1 centistoke = 0.01 stoke
or
1 centistoke = 1 e-6 m2/s
PVT for Heavy/Extra Heavy Oil
Bitumen is defined as being an oil with viscosity greater than 10,000 cp (U

Heavy Oil has an API of 20 deg or less (UNITAR).
Recall Heavy Oil: 10 < API < 22.3

Extra Heavy Oil API <10
Reservoir Classification
Bitumen
PVT Variables
API
GOR m3/m3
Bo, m3/m3
Oil Viscosity, cp
Stock Tank Liquid Color
Heptanes+ Mole Percent
API less than 10

negligible
1
from 10,000 to several million
black
>30
A.
Bubble Point Pressure, Pb

Bubblepoint is that pressure where
gas first comes out of solution.
Uses Modified Standing's Correlation
Input:
Solution GOR
Gas Gravity
Reservoir Temperature
API of crude
Output:
Bubble Point Pressure
B.
Solution Gas-Oil Ratio, Rs

Heavy Oils
Uses Modified Vasquez-Beggs Correlation
Extra Heavy Oil uses Standing
Input:
Gas Gravity
API of crude
Separator Pressure
Separator Temperature
OutPut:
Corrected Gas Gravity
Solution GOR
C.
Oil Formation Volume Factor, Bo

(at or below bubble-point)
Uses Standing's Correlation
Input:
Gas-oil ratio
Gas Gravity
API of crude
Output:
Oil Formation Volume Factor, Bo
D.
Dead Oil Viscosity, mu o

Uses Modified Egbogah-Jack Correlation
(For Liaohe heavy oils, see M below)
Input:
API of crude
Output:
Dead Oil viscosity
or
E.
Live Oil Viscosity, mu o

Uses Modified Kartoatmodjo Eqns
(Run Program D above first to get
dead oil viscosity)
Input:
API of crude
GOR
Gas Gravity
Separator Pressure
Dead oil viscosity (from Part D above)
Output:
Live oil viscosity
F.
Water Viscosity, mu w
Water viscosity is a greater function of
temperature rather than pressure
and to a lesser degree on salinity
Input:
Output:
Water Viscosity at Reservoir Temperature
G.
Water Formation Volume Factor, Bw

Input:
Reservoir Pressure
Output:
Water Formation Volume Factor, Bw
H.
Gas Formation Volume Factor, Bg

Input:
Reservoir Pressure
Compressibility Factor, z
Output:
Gas Formation Volume Factor, Bg
I.
Gas Viscosity, mu g
Input:
Temperature
Gas density
Gas Composition:
Nitrogen
Carbon Dioxide
Hydrogen Sulphide
Methane
Ethane
Propane
i-Butane
n-Butane
i-Pentane
n-Pentane
Hexane
Heptane plus
Total mole fraction
Output:
Molecular Mass
Gas Viscosity
J.
Oil Compressiblity, Co
Uses the modified Vasquez-Beggs Correlation
Input:
Gas Gravity
Separator Pressure
Oil API
Solution GOR
Reservoir Pressure
Output:
Corrected Gas Gravity to Separator Conditions
Oil Compressibility
J. a
Oil Compressibility, Co
Uses Al-Marhoun Correlation, SPE 81432, 2003
Input:
Oil Gravity at bubble Point
Pressure of interest
Temperature of interest
Output:
Oil Compressibility
Oil Specific Heat

Input:
Oil Specific Gravity
Temperature
Output:
Oil Specific Heat
Water Specific Heat

Input:
Temperature
Output:
Water Specific Heat
Liaohe Dead Oil Viscosity

JCPT vol 46 no 4 pg 10 2007 (Zhang et al)
Input
Dead oil viscosity at 50 deg C

Desired Temperature
Output
Liaohe Dead Oil viscosity at desired temperature
Problem 1
Plot Cold Lake (API =10 deg) dead oil viscosity (cp) vs
Temperature (from 13 to 300 deg C). What is
Cold Lake oil viscosity at reservoir temperature
(of 13 deg C)?
Problem 2
Calculate the bubble point of a heavy oil with:
API=15 deg
Gas Gravity=0.7
GOR=5 m3/m3
Reservoir Temperature=15 deg C.
Problem 3
Calculate the oil formation volume factor of oil with:
API=10 deg
Gas Gravity=0.65
GOR=7 m3/m3
Reservoir Temperature=25 deg C
Problem 4
For a fixed reservoir temperature of 15 deg C, how
does the live oil viscosity (on y-axis) vary with API
(on x-axis, with 10 deg < API < 25 deg)?
Problem 5
Calculate the solution-gas oil ratio of a
typical Lloydminster crude whose properties are:
API=14 deg
Gas Gravity=0.65
Reservoir Temp=20 deg C
Discovery Pressure=4000 kPa (saturation pressure)
Separator Pressure= 110 kPa
Separator Temperature= 25 deg C.

Problem 6
What is the specific heat of Cold Lake crude (API=10)
and its connate water at reservoir temperature
of 13 deg C?
Table of Contents
viscosity greater than 10,000 cp (UNITAR).
(World Petroleum Congress)
of Hydrocarbons
Heavy Oil
Low Shrinkage Oil
High Shrinkage Oil
10 < API < 20

negl < GOR < 20
1.01 < Bo < 1.1
100 < mu < 10000
black
>20
20 < API < low 30's

20 < GOR < 90
1.1 < Bo < 1.5
2 < mu < 100
colored
13-20
low 30's < API < low 50's

90 < GOR < 350 to 1000
1.5 < Bo < 2.5 to 3.5
.25 < mu < 2 to 3
colored
13-20
16.8
0.65
31.3
13.3
m3/m3
fraction
deg C
dimensionless
5332
kPa
3100
0.7
20
20
115
15
kPaa
fraction
dimensionless
deg C
kPaa
deg C
0.66
8.48
fraction
m3/m3
26
0.757
17
33
m3/m3
fraction
dimensionless
deg C
1.064
m3/m3
23
60
dimensionless
deg C
24
25
cp
centistokes
SPE 23556
23
25
0.65
150
25
24
dimensionless
m3/m3
dimensionless
kPa
deg C
cp
12
cp
20
deg C
1.35
cp
3000
20
kPa
deg C
0.998
m3/m3
3000
20
0.9
kPa
deg C
fraction
0.0309
m3/m3
30
0.173
deg C
g/cc
0.017
0.0328
0.0066
0.8924
0.0396
0.0051
0.0012
0.0013
0.0006
0.0004
0.0006
0.0024
1
mole fraction
mole fraction
mole fraction
mole fraction
mole fraction
mole fraction
mole fraction
mole fraction
mole fraction
mole fraction
mole fraction
mole fraction
18.387
0.020
cp
0.7
150
25
12
10
fraction
kPa
deg C
dimensionless
m3/m3
MW
28.013
44.01
34.08
16.043
30.07
44.097
58.124
58.124
72.151
72.151
86.178
100.205
15
3000
deg C
kPa
0.6724
-4.9732E-06
fraction
kPa -1
0.97
1300
1300
100
fraction
psia
psia
deg F
4.43667428518797E-006
psi-1
0.99
25
dimensionless
Deg C
1.7915
kJ/kg-deg K
25
deg C
4.3954
kJ/kg-deg K
1059
100
74.22
cp
Retrograde Condensate Gas
Wet Gas
middle 50's < API < 70

350 to 1000 < GOR < 2600
not applicable
condensate liquid about 0.25
light red/green/orange
<12.5
> 60
2600 < GOR < 17700
not applicable
condensate liquid about 0.25
colorless
<4
Recall that centistokes

is cp/density
112.7188022105
5.4917152184
1.3016569563
Dry Gas
no liquids at surface or drop out in reservoir

not applicable
not applicable
not applicable
no liquid
<0.7
y
Gamcor
F1
F2
0.7687478692
12.1366057448
11.524323261
11.344132875
Steam Tables
Generates Steam Tables for Saturated
Steam
Input:
Saturation Pressure
Steam Quality
10
0.8
MPa
fraction
310.8
1406.5
2730.4
1323.9
0.00132
0.02114
0.017176874
758.32
47.30
0.020
deg C
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
m3/kg
m3/kg
m3/kg
kg/m3
kg/m3
cp
135
deg C
330
kPa
Output:
Saturation Temperature, Ts
Liquid Enthalpy, hw
Vapor Enthalpy, hv
Latent Heat of Vaporization, Lv
Specific Volume of liquid, vw
Specific Volume of vapor, vv
Specific Volume of Wet Steam, vs
Water Density, Rhow
Vapor Density, Rhov
Steam viscosity, Mus
If Saturation Pressure is required:

Input:
Saturation Temperature:
Output:
Saturation Pressure
S aturation Tem perature deg C
Saturation Pressure
MPa
Ts
deg C
hw
kJ/kg
15.0
14.0
13.0
12.0
11.0
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
342.2
336.6
330.7
324.5
317.9
310.8
303.1
294.7
285.5
275.2
263.6
250.0
233.4
212.0
179.8
1530.0
1503.0
1474.6
1444.6
1412.6
1378.3
1341.5
1301.4
1257.4
1208.5
1153.1
1088.7
1011.0
910.8
762.0
Saturated Steam
400.0
350.0
Vapor
300.0
250.0
Liquid
200.0
150.0
100.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
Saturation Pressure MPa
Problem: How much heat (in Joules per gram of water) is required to
12.0
14.0
change the state of liquid water at

100 deg C to gas at 100 deg C without
a change in temperature?
Table of Contents
(valid up to 20 Mpa)
hv
kJ/kg
Lv
kJ/kg
vw
m3/kg
vv
m3/kg
vs
m3/kg
Rhow
kg/m3
Rhov
kg/m3
2868.8
2866.3
2863.6
2860.7
2857.5
2854.1
2850.3
2846.0
2841.2
2835.6
2829.1
2821.1
2810.9
2796.5
2772.0
1023.8
1068.1
1115.9
1167.7
1223.8
1284.8
1351.1
1423.4
1501.9
1586.5
1676.3
1767.2
1847.7
1880.7
1715.6
0.00136
0.00136
0.00135
0.00134
0.00133
0.00132
0.00131
0.00130
0.00128
0.00127
0.00125
0.00124
0.00121
0.00119
0.00115
0.01433
0.01531
0.01644
0.01775
0.01930
0.02114
0.02339
0.02618
0.02976
0.03450
0.04109
0.05090
0.06706
0.09893
0.19228
0.011738
0.012521
0.013421
0.014468
0.015702
0.017177
0.018973
0.021207
0.024066
0.027855
0.033125
0.040964
0.053892
0.079378
0.154054
732.89
737.34
742.07
747.10
752.50
758.32
764.64
771.56
779.22
787.81
797.64
809.18
823.27
841.71
869.61
69.78
65.31
60.83
56.34
51.83
47.30
42.76
38.19
33.60
28.98
24.34
19.65
14.91
10.11
5.20
eam
quid
8.0
10.0
ssure MPa
s required to
12.0
14.0
16.0
Mus
cp
0.0209
0.0207
0.0205
0.0203
0.0200
0.0198
0.0195
0.0192
0.0189
0.0185
0.0181
0.0176
0.0171
0.0163
0.0152
Heats of Combustion
Use Maxwell's Correlation at 15 deg C
Input:
API of crude oil
Sulphur Content
10
2
Output:
Gross Heat of Combustion (without S correction)
Net Heat of Combustion (without S correction)
Maxwell wt % S fit
Corrected Gross Heat of Combustion
42577
40281
1.8063
42503
Maxwell's Tables work for:
API
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
The corrected heat of combustion (net or gross) is obtained from

the above answer listed in output & subtracting off a quantity
(.01*above heat of combustion - 40.5)* difference in sulphur
wt % from above table.
Example:
An 20 API oil with 1.2% wt % sulphur would have a
corrected gross heat of combustion of:
43883-(.01*43883-40.5)*(1.2-1)=43803 kJ/kg
API vs Wt % S
3.5
3
f(x) = - 2.22222222222217E-005x^3 + 0.0024047619x^2 - 0.1371825397x + 2.9583333333
API vs Wt % S
3.5
Wt % S
3
f(x) = - 2.22222222222217E-005x^3 + 0.0024047619x^2 - 0.1371825397x + 2.9583333333
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
10
15
API
20
25
30
Problem:
For Cold Lake Crude, does the heat of combustion increase or decrease with
increasing Sulphur content (use S from 0.5 to 2 wt %)?
35
Table of Contents
x + 2.9583333333
dimensionless
wt %
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
Wt % Sulphur
Calc'd Wt%
2.95
2.35
1.8
1.35
1
0.7
0.4
2.9583
2.3298
1.8063
1.3728
1.0143
0.7158
0.4623
x + 2.9583333333
30
35
Heat Conduction Complementary Error Function

Numerical Approximation to Erfc(x) which
often appears as a solution to heat conduction problems
Input:
Variable
Output:
Erfc(x)
Error Function
Complementary Error Function

1
0.9
Erfc(x)
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.5
1.5
Variable
2.5
Table of Contents
dimensionless
0.157307
0.842693
dimensionless
dimensionless
2.5
Variable
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
erfc(x)
1
0.887963
0.777245
0.670949
0.571194
0.479375
0.396362
0.322633
0.258344
0.203365
0.157307
0.119546
0.089267
0.065527
0.047323
0.033659
0.02361
0.016357
0.011211
0.007615
0.005134
0.003442
0.002297
0.001529
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3
0.001017
0.000676
0.00045
0.0003
0.0002
0.000134
9.0E-005
Hot Fluid Injection

Calculates the temperature at any distance and
at any time for hot fluid (water or gas) injection for
linear or radial flow using Lauwrier's model
Use
and
Program 3
to determine thermal properties of formation
Program 2
for water properties
Input:
Water Injection Temperature
Thermal Conductivity of over/underburdens
Heat capacity of adjacent formations
Heat capacity of formation
Formation thickness
Injected water density
Injected water specific heat
Water Injection Rate
Linear or radial distance from injection well
Injection Time
37
550
2.07
2012
2010
6
1000
4.18
100
15
100
T em p e r a tu r e d e g C
Output:
Distance
m
1.5
Dimensionless distance
Dimensionless time
Lauwrier Variable
Complementary Error Function
0.2018217875
0.9896404544
0.1136906944
0.8726453281
After injecting hot water for

the reservoir temperature at a distance of
from the injection well is
100
15
485
Dimensionless Distance
Laurwrier
0.0020182179
0.0010154128
R e s e r vo ir T em p e r a tu r e d
3
4.5
6
7.5
9
10.5
12
13.5
15
16.5
18
19.5
21
22.5
30
45
60
75
90
105
150
0.0080728715
0.0181639609
0.032291486
0.0504554469
0.0726558435
0.0988926759
0.129165944
0.1634756478
0.2018217875
Reservoir
Temperature
0.2442043628
0.2906233739
600
0.3410788208
0.3955707034
0.4540990218
500
0.8072871498
1.8163960871
400
3.2291485993
5.0455446864
7.2655843485
300
9.8892675854
20.1821787457
200
0.0040741587
0.0092143438
0.01650148
0.0260316973
0.0379366982
0.0523910085
0.0696224051
0.0899269215
0.1136906944
with0.1414224038
Hot Water
0.1738027528
0.2117625364
0.2566110798
0.3102587459
0.9452381138
0
0
0
0
0
0
Injecti
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Distance From Injector, m
Problem
Hot water at 200 deg C is injected at 100 m3/d in

a 5 m formation which is originally at 15 deg C.
The formation and overburden heat capacity
is 2012 kJ/m3-K. The overburden thermal
conductivity is 2.1 W/m-K.
After 1 year of injection, whar is the temperature
profile up to 30 m from the injector?
Table of Contents
deg C
deg C
W/m-K
kJ/m3-K
kJ/m3-K
m
kg/m3
kJ/kg-K
m3/d
m
days
days,
m
deg C
Compl
Error Function
0.9988691146
Temp
deg C
549
ot
0.9954607559
0.9897273821
0.9815882745
0.9709271922
0.957588828
0.94137376
0.9220314358
0.8992504883
Water0.8726453281
Injection
0.8417374022
0.8059286332
0.7644631482
0.7163711869
0.6603857228
0.1814569011
1
1
1
1
1
1
80
100
120
m Injector, m
548
545
541
535
528
520
510
498
485
469
450
429
404
376
130
37
37
37
37
37
37
140
160
Steam Zone Volume

Calculates steam zone volume and
cumulative heat loss using the
Marx-Langenheim Equation
for a steam injection project
Use Program 3. To determine
thermal properties of the formation
Input:
Thermal Conductivity of overburden

Heat Capacity of overburden
Heat capacity of formation
Reservoir temperature
Injected steam quality
Steam injection rate
Steam pressure
Gross pay
Length of injection
2
2000
2010
20
0.7
250
12
10
400
Output:
Injected Latent heat
Injected steam temperature
Sensible heat
Dimensionless time
Square Root Dimensionless time
Marx-Langenheim Variable
1167.7
324.5
1444.6
1.369
1.170
0.7039
Heat Injection Rate

Cumulative Heat Loss as percent of heat injected
378
48.57%
Steam Zone Volume

Cylindrical Steam Zone Radius
10981
18.7
Marx-Langenheim Assumptions:
1) constant injection rate
2) no pressure drop in steam zone
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
no gravity effects
homogeneous sands and over/underburdens
temperature at steam front (inside) is steam temperature
temperature at reservoir side of steam front is reservoir temperature
no hot water flow ahead of steam front
Problem
Calculate the steamed zone radius
around a Cold Lake well that has just finished
steaming for the first cycle.
Typical injection rates are 250 m3/d of 66% quality
steam at 12 MPa for 1 month. Net pay is 45 m with
reservoir temperature of 13 deg C.
Table of Contents
W/m-K
kJ/m3-K
kJ/m3-K
deg C
fraction
m3/d
MPa
m
days
kJ/kg
deg C
kJ/kg
kW
m3
m
1 kW=1 kJ/s
Estimates Vertical Conformance of

a Steamflood using van Lookeren's Method
Input:
Steam Injection Pressure
Steam Injection Rate
Steam Quality
Effective Permeability to Steam
Net Pay
Oil API
8
200
0.75
1
60
12
Output:
Steam Injection Temperature
Steam Viscosity
Oil Density at Steam Conditions
Specific Volume water
Specific Volume vapor
Steam density
Steam mass flow rate
294.7
0.019
781.1
0.00130
0.02618
50.09
0.1160
Vertical Conformance Factor

Average thickness swept by steam zone
0.6378
19.13
Problem:
What is the average thickness swept by the steam zone at Pikes Peak
where the reservoir thickness is 30 m, the steam quality is 60%, the
injection rate is 175 m3/d at an injection pressure of 8 MPa
The oil API is 18 degrees. Assume an effective permeability to
steam of 800 md. Assume a single pattern.
Table of Contents
MPa
m3/d
fraction
Darcies
m
dimensionless
deg C
cp
kg/m3
kg/m3
kg/s
dimensionless
m
Predicts Oil-Steam Ratio (or Steam-Oil Ratio)

using Chu's correlation for Steamflood
Input:
Reservoir Depth
Permeability
Reservoir Dip
Net pay
Initial Oil Saturation
Porosity
Oil Viscosity
450
3000
4.5
20
0.7
0.34
5000
Output
Steam-Oil Ratio
Oil-Steam Ratio
within correlation limit

Problem:
What would be the predicted OSR for the pattern steam flood
described in the previous problem on worksheet 11?
Recall the reservoir dip is 4.5 degrees, reservoir depth is 500 m, oil saturation
is 80% with median porosity 34% and viscosity 5000 cp.
1.57
0.64
Table of Contents
m
mD
degrees
m
fraction
fraction
cp
m3/m3
m3/m3
In-Situ Combustion Parameters
Table of Contents
Calculates the basic combustion parameters

required to design an
in-situ combustion project
Input:
Laboratory Data
Volume or mole fraction produced CO2
Volume or mole fraction produced CO
Volume or mole fraction produced O2
Volume of gas produced
Volume of sand burned
Oil Saturation
Reservoir Porosity
Air injection Rate
Formation thickness
Length of air injection
0.094
0.003
0.03
4800
10
0.5
0.25
56600
7
2190
fraction
fraction
fraction
m3
m3
fraction
fraction
m3/d
m
days
31.33
4.41
2.09
0.87
0.87
14.84
32.28
530.85
5807.62
0.13
11947.42
0.00016
103.04
2.42
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
fraction
dimensionless
Percent
kg/m3
m3/m3
m3/m3
fraction
kJ/kg
m3/m3
m
m3/d
Output:
Carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide ratio, m
Hydrogen to carbon ratio in fuel, n
R factor
Mole fraction produced Nitrogen
Oxygen utilization efficiency, Y
Excess Air
Fuel content, Mass of Coke deposited per unit rock volume
Air Requirement to burn thru 1 m3 rock
Air-Oil Ratio, (vol of air to displace 1 m3 of oil)
Oil Saturation fraction consumed as fuel
Heat of Combustion of the fuel
Volume of water formed by combustion per m3 gas produced
Radial distance of firefront from injection well
Velocity of combustion front
"m" and "n" represent the stochiometric coefficients

that represent the coke or fuel being deposited
just ahead of the flame front. Excess air, related to Y,
is usually injected. (Y is a fraction).
Problem
A laboratory combustion tube run on a heavy
oil sand produced the following combustion gases:
CO2=14%
N2=83%
CO=1%
O2=2%
The field contains the same porosity (30%) and oil saturation
(70%) as the lab model. The lab model burned through
8500 m3 sand and produced about 1.7 e6 m3 gas.
The field average pay is 20 m and proposed air
injection rate is 0.3 e6 m3/d.
Calculate:
m,n,R,Y, excess air,fuel content,air requirement,
water formed by combustion, oil consumed as
fuel, air-oil ratio. What is the radial distance of the
combustion front 2 years after combustion is
initiated and what is the front velocity at that time?
Table of Contents
Single Phase Pressure Drop

In a Smooth Pipeline
Current Pipeline
Construction Costs
In 2001, Alberta
pipeline construction
costs are about
$45,000 - $50,000
per inch/mile.
Calculates pressure drop for a single

phase fluid in laminar or turbulent flow
Input:
Fluid Viscosity
Fluid Density
Pipe Inside Diameter
Flow Rate
Pipe Length
1
1000
50.88
1000
66
cp
kg/m3
mm
m3/d
m
Fluid Velocity
Reynold's Number
Laminar Friction Factor
Turbulent Friction Factor
5.69
289634.07
0.0002
0.0145
m/s
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
Flow in this section of the pipeline is

Pressure Drop over Pipe Length
turbulent
305.52
kPa
Output:
Problem 1
What is the pressure drop from the wellhead of a
cold production producer of a 17 degree API oil
to the tank which is 50 m away? The line ID is 3 inches.
When the well was put on test for
12 hours,it produced 7.5 m3 oil with zero
watercut at a separator pressure of 140 kPa
and separator temperature of 33 degrees C. The
producing GOR was 126 scf/bbl. The gas gravity
was 0.70 and the reservoir temperature is 27 deg C.
Problem 2
Make an estimate of the cost of the Thicksilver Pipeline, which
transports heavy oil from Cold Lake to Hardisty, a distance of 250 km.
The blended bitumen line is 36 inches, while the parallel
diluent return line is 12 inches.
Wellhead Steam flow rate

Determines the steam flow rate thru a choke
using the Thornhill-Craver equation
Input:
Choke diameter
Upstream Pressure
Length of choke
Steam quality
0.5
5000
12
0.8
in
kPa
in
fraction
263.6
0.00125
0.04109
0.033124673
1.664
144
deg C
m3/kg
m3/kg
m3/kg
kg/s
m3/d
0.8
5000
10000
10
300
fraction
kPa
m
cm
m3/d
263.6
deg C
Output:
Saturation Temperature
specific volume of liquid
specific volume of gas
specific volume of wet steam
Mass flow rate of steam
or daily steam flow rate (CWE)
Frictional Pressure Drop

for Wet Steam
Input:
Steam Quality
Upstream Pressure
Length of pipe
Inside diameter of pipe
Steam injection rate
Output:
Saturation Temperature
specific volume of liquid

specific volume of steam vapor
specific volume of wet steam
Frictional Pressure drop
Problem:
What choke setting should be used to deliver
steam at 250 m3/d at Cold Lake wellhead where
the choke length is 1 foot, upstream pressure
10 MPa and steam quality is 75%?
0.001
0.041
0.033
0.0039459
m3/kg
m3/kg
m3/kg
kPa
Table of Contents
Waterflooding
Calculates Voidage Replacement Ratio
On a Pattern Basis - monthly and cumulative
The example is for an inverted nine-spot.
Input:
Reservoir Pressure
Oil Formation Volume Factor
Gas Formation Volume Factor
Water Formation Volume Factor
Solution Gas Ratio
3000
1.02
0.03
1.01
13
Pattern 1
Well UID
Injector
Producer
Producer
Producer
Producer
Producer
Producer
Producer
Producer
07-01-45-21-W3M
01-01-45-21-W3M
02-01-45-21-W3M
03-01-45-21-W3M
06-01-45-21-W3M
08-01-45-21-W3M
09-01-45-21-W3M
10-01-45-21-W3M
11-01-45-21-W3M
Water needed to get VRR = 1 (monthly basis)

Water needed to get VRR = 1 (cumulative basis)
Waterflooding
The best time to start waterflooding is at
bubblepoint pressure. The gas is at a maximum
in the residual oil and the oil viscosity is
very favorable. If the bubblepoint pressure
is low, it is wise to start earlier while there
is still a drive in the reservoir.
Higher recoveries will be obtained in
water wet rocks. Use the permeability trends
for effective flooding: if there is good permeability
Pattern
Allocation factor
(Tract Factor)
1
0.25
0.5
0.25
0.5
0.5
0.25
0.5
0.25
in the east-west direction, go to a line flood

in the east-west row. Patterns such as an
inverted nine spot or staggered line drive give
high sweep efficiencies. Keep injection pressure
below 16.9 kPa/m (.75 psi/ft) depth to avoid fracturing
out of the formation. Check for Stiles type of
continuity between injectors and producers and
open up all pay. Determine heterogenity of
reservoir using modelling or Dykstra-Parsons
and Lorenz Coefficients analysis of core.
It is best to keep the produced water and
formation water injection lines separate.
Problem
A waterflood is being carried out in a reservoir
with the following properties:
API = 20 deg
Reservoir Temperature=20 deg C
Gas Gravity=0.65
Reservoir Pressure=5000 kPa
z=0.9
GOR=10 m3/m3
The reservoir consists of 21 producing wells
and 4 injectors. Calculate the tract factors, draw
out a sketch of the wells and finally calculate the
required monthly water injection rates
to obtain a monthly VRR=1.
The monthly production volumes are:
Well UID
Producer
Producer
Producer
Producer
Injector
Producer
Injector
Producer
Producer
Producer
Producer
Producer
01-01--54-22-W3M
02-01--54-22-W3M
03-01--54-22-W3M
04-01--54-22-W3M
05-01--54-22-W3M
06-01--54-22-W3M
07-01--54-22-W3M
08-01--54-22-W3M
09-01--54-22-W3M
10-01--54-22-W3M
11-01--54-22-W3M
12-01--54-22-W3M
Injector
Producer
Injector
Producer
Producer
Producer
Producer
Producer
Producer
Producer
Producer
Producer
Producer
13-01--54-22-W3M
14-01--54-22-W3M
15-01--54-22-W3M
16-01--54-22-W3M
01-02--54-22-W3M
08-02--54-22-W3M
09-02--54-22-W3M
16-02--54-22-W3M
01-11--54-22-W3M
01-12--54-22-W3M
02-12--54-22-W3M
03-12--54-22-W3M
04-12--54-22-W3M
Table of Contents
kPa
m3/m3
m3/m3
m3/m3
m3/m3
Mon. Water
Inj m3
Cum Water
Inj m3
2050
13000
2034
14170
m3
m3
Mon. Oil
Prod m3
Cum Oil
Prod m3
Mon. Gas
Prod e3 m3
Cum Gas
Prod e3 m3
50
25
10
3
4
75
60
100
59
1250
450
560
789
250
200
894
14
10
5
0
0
0
0
0
400
500
30
0
1
3
0
0
or
or
16
-1170
m3/mon
m3
excess
under
Pattern
Allocation factor
(Tract Factor)
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
Mon. Water
Inj m3
Cum Water
Inj m3
Mon. Oil
Prod m3
Cum Oil
Prod m3
Mon. Gas
Prod e3 m3
90
30
50
10
1
0
3
0
30
35
70
50
40
32
2
1
1
1
1
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
20
10
15
13
9
16
17
15
12
5
14
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
Mon Water
Prod m3
Cum Water
Prod m3
800
1030
456
130
450
890
230
890
1000
1300
890
460
489
980
592
983
Monthly
VRR
Cum VRR
1.0079
0.9174
Cum Gas
Prod e3 m3
Mon Water
Prod m3
40
40
10
23
30
45
100
50
50
40
Cum Water
Prod m3
Monthly
VRR
30
10
20
25
20
20
20
40
25
5
22
Bottom Hole Pressure Calculation

Acoustical Well Sounder
Input:
Well Name:
KB Elevation
CF Elevation:
MPP Depth from CF:
Tubing Depth from CF:
No. Jts. In well:
Avg. Jt. Length:
Pool Datum mSS:
Well Datum:
PBTD
Heavy Oil Well 08-07

566.42 m
563.00 m
472.00 mCF
470.00 mCF
48
9.79 m
-38.50 mSS
524.50 mCF
506.00 mCF
Output:
PRODUCING BOTTOM HOLE
PRESSURES
Joints to fluid
Gas col.length,m
Casing pressure,kPag
Press.at fl.level,kPag
Fluid col. pressure to Bot. Tubing,kPag
Press. at tbg bottom,kPag
MPP pressure, kPag
Datum pressure, kPag
20
196
0
0
2626
2626
2646
3148
Pool Datum is usually defined as

the midpoint of the perforations (MPP) of the
first well drilled in the pool.
Remember that foam formed in the casing
annulus can give misleading bottomhole pressures.
To Determine Gas Gradient:

Input:
Gas Specific Gravity
Reservoir Pressure
Compressibility value, z
0.566
4275
0.9229
23
Output:
Gas Gradient
or
Problem 1. An well produces a 18 deg API oil.

The measured KB is 779 m, with the casing
flange 3 m below that. The perf top is 970 mKB
with the perf bottom at 972 mKB. The pool datum is
minus 179.5 mss. There are 98 joints of tubing downhole.
The reservoir temperature is 33 deg C. The gas gravity
is 0.69. The Plugback tubing depth is 963.5 mCF.
The tubing depth is 963 mCF.
In Jan, the casing pressure was 100 kPa with 14 joints
to fluid. The well was producing a 50% watercut.
Next Jan, the casing pressure was 50 kPa with 20
joints to fluid and a 75% watercut.
How much had the pressure dropped in 1 year?
(You'll need Prog 1 & 2).
0.0142
0.3217
on
Table of Contents
Shot Jan 19/99
Shut-in since Nov 1985

Gas Density
Oil Density:
Oil Gradient:
Water Density:
Water Gradient:
Current W/C %
Emulsion Grad:
Joints to Fluid
Casing Pressure
29-Jun-15
0.772
0.978
9.578 kPa/m
1.061
10.392 kPa/m
55.00%
10.026 kPa/m
20
0.0 kPa
SHUT-IN BOTTOM HOLE

PRESSURES
20
196
0
0
2626
2626
2645
3179
no units
kPa
no units
deg C
psi/ft
kPa/m
Separator Recombination Analysis

Taken from EUB Gas Well Testing Manual
Input:
Sample taken Oct 3/98
SEPARATOR CONDITIONS
SEPARATOR PRODUCTS
LIQUID FLOW RATE CALCULATIONS*
MOLAL RECOMBINA
HP SEP, Pga
1448
HP GAS
51.44
LIQUID:
STOCK TANK
(STOCK TANK
MOLAR MASS OF LIQUID, ML =
LIQUID FLOW RATE (mol/d) =
GAS EQUIVALENT OF LIQUID =
(10^3m^3/d(st))
COMP
i
Mi
g/mol
Tci
K
Pci
kPa
N2
CO2
H2S
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
C6
**C7+
28.013
44.01
34.076
16.042
30.07
44.097
58.124
58.124
72.151
72.151
86.178
123
126.27
304.22
373.55
190.59
305.43
369.83
408.15
425.19
460.44
469.66
507.44
568.84
3 399.1
7 384.3
9 004.6
4 604.3
4 880.1
4 249.2
3 648.0
3 796.9
3 381.2
3 368.8
3 012.3
2 486.2
TOTAL
LIQUID
MOLE
FRACTION
0.000 1
0.003 4
0.000 0
0.071 0
0.040 2
0.052 4
0.020 6
0.044 5
0.034 8
0.040 3
0.090 2
0.602 5
1.000 0
kPa, T
10^3m^3/d(st)
m^3/d
96.1
FLOW RATE(m^3/d) x (pL / ML) x 1000 =
LIQUID FLOW RATE (mol/d) x 23.645 e-
GAS RATE
10^3m^3/d(st)
0.000 0
0.000 9
0.000 0
0.019 1
0.010 8
0.014 1
0.005 5
0.012 0
0.009 4
0.010 8
0.024 3
0.162 2
0.269 2
RECOMBINED GAS PROPERTIES: FLOW RATE =

Tc =
* THE LIQUID FLOW RATE (m^3/d) AND LIQUID DENSITY ARE TO BE MEASURED AT THE SAME CONDITIONS
** PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF OCTANES ARE USED FOR THE C7+ FRACTION
Plant Yield Analysis
Volume of Raw Gas Production (103m3)
Surface Loss for Gathering (%)
Gathering Surface Loss (103m3)
Gathered Volume (103m3)
Non-Hydrocarbon Losses (103m3)
Non-Hydrocarbon Losses (%)
Plant Yield Losses (103m3)
Plant Yield Losses (%)
Plant Fuel (%)
Plant Fuel and Other Losses (103m3)
Total Losses (103m3)
51.71
3.0%
1.55
50.16
1.13
2.2%
0.79
1.5%
3.0%
1.55
5.02
Total Losses (%)

Product
Molar Mass of Component (g/mol)
Density of Component (kg/m3)
Volume of Production (m3/d)
Yield (m3/103m3)
Yield (bbl/mmcf)
Plant Efficiency (%)
Net Production (m3/d)
Net Yield (m3/103m3)
Net Yield (bbl/mmcf)
Cumulative Net Ci+ Production (m3/d)
Cumulative Net Ci+ Yield (m3/103m3)
Cumulative Net Ci+ Yield (bbl/mmcf)
Volume of Ci Sales as Gas (103m3/d)
Heating Value, Ideal Gas Ci (MJ/m3)
Heating Value, Liquid Ci (MJ/m3)
Sales Gas Heating Value (MJ)
Cum. Sales Gas Ci+ Heating Value (MJ)
Liquid Sold Heating Value (MJ)
Cum. Sales Liquid Ci+ Heating Value (MJ)
9.7%
C7+
123.00
799.60
3.13
0.06
11.07
100.0%
3.13
0.06
11.07
3.13
0.06
11.07
0.00
225.00
33500
0
0
104972
104972
Table of Contents
MOLAL RECOMBINATION CALCULATIONS

24
C
LP SEP, Pga
kPa, T
LP GAS
10^3m^3/d(st)
HP
1.5
m^3/d
LP
m^3/d
, HP
x
, or LP
LIQUID)
g/mol, DENSITY OF LIQUID, pL =
729.4
kg/m^3
OW RATE(m^3/d) x (pL / ML) x 1000 =
11385.01560874 mol/d
QUID FLOW RATE (mol/d) x 23.645 e-6 =
0.269 2
10^3m^3/d(st)
HP GAS
MOLE
FRACTION
0.002 0
0.020 6
0.000 0
0.819 4
0.093 3
0.036 3
0.005 8
0.008 5
0.002 7
0.002 4
0.002 5
0.006 5
1.000 0
GAS RATE
10^3m^3/d(st)
0.10
1.06
0.00
42.15
4.80
1.87
0.30
0.44
0.14
0.12
0.13
0.33
51.44
51.709
219.381
x 10^3m^3/d(st),
K, Pc =
LP GAS
MOLE
FRACTION
0.000 0
G=
4627.260
GAS RATE
10^3m^3/d(st)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Jun 29, 2015

C
TOTAL
GAS RATE
10^3m^3/d(st)
0.10
1.06
0.00
42.17
4.81
1.88
0.30
0.45
0.15
0.13
0.15
0.50
51.71
0.002 0
0.020 5
0.000 0
0.815 5
0.093 0
0.036 4
0.005 9
0.008 7
0.002 9
0.002 6
0.003 0
0.009 6
1.000 0
0.056
0.903
0.000
13.082
2.797
1.604
0.342
0.505
0.207
0.187
0.255
1.181
21.119
21.119
/ 28.964 =
0.729
xi
RECOMBINED GAS PROPERTIES

ximi
xiTci
xiPci
0.251
6.240
0.000
155.427
28.412
13.456
2.399
3.694
1.320
1.220
1.500
5.462
219.381
6.765
151.455
0.000
3754.824
453.964
154.602
21.439
32.985
9.694
8.750
8.906
23.874
4627.260
kPa
BASE CONDITIONS = 101.325 kPa AND 15 DEG. C
Plant Yield Analysis

Heat Value of Gas Sales w/o Non H-C (MJ/m3)
Heat Value of Gas Sales w/ Non H-C (MJ/m3)
Sales Gas Volume w/o Non H-C (103m3/d)
Sales Gas Volume w/ Non H-C (103m3/d)
44.30
43.26
46.79
47.92
C6
86.18
663.80
0.81
0.02
2.88
50.5%
0.41
0.01
1.45
3.54
0.07
12.52
0.07
177.56
32091
12643
12643
13195
118168
nC5
72.15
631.00
0.63
0.01
2.23
46.9%
0.30
0.01
1.04
3.84
0.08
13.57
0.07
149.65
30709
10051
22694
9064
127231
iC5
72.15
624.40
0.70
0.01
2.48
43.5%
0.31
0.01
1.08
4.15
0.08
14.64
0.08
149.32
30333
11779
34473
9263
136494
nC4
58.12
584.20
1.83
0.04
6.48
17.5%
0.32
0.01
1.13
4.47
0.09
15.78
0.35
121.78
28718
42465
76938
9215
145709
iC4
58.12
563.20
1.29
0.03
4.55
10.2%
0.13
0.00
0.46
4.60
0.09
16.24
0.26
121.43
27621
31179
108116
3625
149333
C3
44.10
507.80
6.70
0.13
23.68
0.4%
0.03
0.00
0.09
4.62
0.09
16.34
1.76
93.97
25394
165683
273799
681
150014
C2
30.07
357.80
16.58
0.33
58.59
0.0%
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.62
0.09
16.34
4.53
66.03
18458
298854
572653
0
150014
C1
16.04
300.00
92.50
1.84
326.82
0.0%
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.62
0.09
16.34
39.68
37.69
0
1495579
2068232
0
150014
Residual Oil Saturation

Calculates Residual Oil Saturation
After Steamflood Using
Bursell's Laboratory Data
Input:
Oil Visocosity at Reservoir Conditions
Steamflood Temperature
18000
204
cp
deg C
0.082
fraction
Output:
after steamflood

Sor
0.300
Deg C
0.247
0.227
0.206
0.185
0.165
0.144
0.124
0.103
0.082
0.062
0.041
0.020
0.250
Sor
0.200
0.150
0.100
0.050
40.8
61.2
81.6
102
122.4
142.8
163.2
183.6
204
224.4
244.8
265.2
0.000
0
Problem
50
100
150
200
Steamflood Temp deg C
250
300
What will be the anticipated residual oil

saturation of the steamflood described in
Problem 2 of Program 3?
Table of Contents
250
300
A.
Reserves
Table of Contents
Calculates Exponential, Hyberbolic and Harmonic Declines

Input:
Initial Rate
Economic Limit
Hyberbolic Exponent
20
2
0.6
m3/d
m3/d
dimensionless
Comment 1
(Between 0 and 1)
The economic limit is defined

as the cost per day/revenue per unit.
Example: Suppose the operating
Enter Part A or Part B

Part A
Net Pay
Porosity
Area
Water Saturation
Recovery Factor
Part B
cost per month (September) is $1200

and the oil price is $20 per bbl.
Then the economic limit would be
equal to:
($1200/30days)/($20 per bbl)
or 2.00 barrels per day.
m
fraction
Ha
m3/m3
fraction
fraction
Reserves
10000
m3
10000
4
5
5
m3
years
years
years
Output:
Reserves
Well Life (Exponential)
Well Life (Hyperbolic)
Well Life (Harmonic)
Decline Curves
Oil Rate m3/d
25.00
20.00
15.00
Exponenti
al
Hyperboli
c
10.00
5.00
0.00
0
3
Time in Years
Exponential Decline Parameters

Comment 1:
per day
per year
per year
years
Oil Rate m3/d
Cumulative oil m3
Annual Oil m3
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.50
20
10.37
5.37
2.79
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
0
5351
8125
9563
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
0
5351
2774
1438
437
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
For all 3 types of decline, the

nominal decline rate Dn is
related to the effective decline
rate, De, by: (De, Dn in fractions)
Dn = -ln (1-De).
Thus a 20% decline per year (=De)
becomes
Dn = 22.3% or .223 nominal rate.
Comment 2:
To calculate gas volumes, use the
predicted oil rates and multiply
them by the current producing GOR.
Exponential Decline Oil Rate

Cumulative Oil m3
Exponential Decline-Cumulative Oil
Oil Rate m3/d
25
20
12000
10000
Rate vs Cum (Exponential decline)
Exponential Decline Oil Rate

25
100
Oil Rate m3/d
0.00180
0.65700
48.16%
3.50
Time Years
Natural Log Oil Rate m3/d
Nominal Decline Fraction

Nominal Decline Fraction
Percent Decline Per Year
Life of Well
8000
20
15
15
6000
10
10
10
4000
5
2000
0
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
Time In years
2.50
3.00
3.50
0
0.00
4.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
Time in Years
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
Hyberbolic Decline
Nominal Decline
Nominal Decline
Life of Well
0.00301
1.09845
4.52
per day
per year
years
Time in Years
Oil Rate m3/d
Cumulative oil m3
Annual Oil m3
0
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
4.52
4.52
4.52
4.52
4.52
4.52
4.52
4.52
4.52
4.52
4.52
4.52
4.52
4.52
4.52
4.52
4.52
4.52
4.52
4.52
4.52
20.00
8.60
4.93
3.25
2.33
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
0
4759
7129
8586
9588
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
0
4759
2370
1457
1002
412
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cumulative Oil m3
Hyberbolic Decline Oil Rate
Oil Rate m3/d
25.00
20.00
Hyperbolic Decline Cumulative Oil

12000
10000
8000
15.00
6000
10.00
4000
5.00
2000
0.00
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Time in Years
3.5
4.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
Time in Years
3.5
4.5
Harmonic decline
Nominal Decline
Nominal Decline
Life of Well
0.00461
1.68089
5.35
per day
per year
years
Time in Years
Oil Rate m3/d
Cumulative Oil m3
Annual Oil m3
0
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
5.35
5.35
5.35
5.35
5.35
5.35
5.35
5.35
5.35
5.35
5.35
5.35
5.35
5.35
5.35
5.35
5.35
5.35
5.35
5.35
20.00
7.46
4.59
3.31
2.59
2.13
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
0
4283
6397
7812
8878
9733
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
0
4283
2114
1416
1066
855
267
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cumulative Oil m3
Harmonic Decline Oil Rate
Oil Rate m3/d
25.00
20.00
Harmonic Decline Cumulative Oil

12000
10000
8000
15.00
6000
10.00
4000
5.00
0.00
2000
0
0
Time in Years
Problem:
A vertical well is drilled on 40 acre spacing with 8 m net pay.
Measured gas gravity is 0.65 with separator GOR of 9 m3/m3. The
crude API is 18 degrees. Reservoir temperature and porosity is
25 deg C and 33%. Water saturation is 35%. The well
comes on at 10 m3/d and the economic limit is 3 bbl/d. Assuming
a primary production recovery factor of 10%, what is the well life if the
decline is:
a) exponential
b) hyperbolic (assume constant = 0.6)
c) harmonic?
What are the reserves? Produce a graph of cumulative
oil versus producing years assuming the decline is exponential.
Probabilistic Reserve Estimation

Warren 1961 Method
Input
Netpay, m
Porosity, fraction
Oil Saturation, fraction
Area, Hectares
Minimum
4.2
0.12
0.78
50
1.02
Output:
Mean OOIP
Variance OOIP
Del Squared
Standard Deviation
Fiftieth Percentile of OOIP, R50
Eightyfourth Percentile of OOIP, R84.1
6.640E+07 m3
6.59275006E+015
0.402
0.634
5.430E+07 m3
1.024E+08 m3
Most Likely
12
0.15
0.8
520
1.022
Maximum
17
0.17
0.82
1000
1.023
Mean, m1(x)
11.051
0.147
0.800
523.390
1.022
Variance
m2(x)
137.6
0.0217
0.6402
359400.9
1.0
3
Time in Years
1
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
Time in Years
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
0
0
2000
4000
6000
Cum Oil m3
8000
10000
12000
SAGD
Calculates oil production
from SAGD well pair
using Butler's theory
Input:
Net Pay
Porosity
Initial Oil Saturation
Steam Injection Pressure
Oil Gravity
Reservoir Permeability
Horizontal Producer Length
Output:
Steam Temperature
Oil Density at steam temperature
Oil Viscosity at reservoir conditions
Oil Viscosity at steam temperature
or
Rock Density assumed
Oil Density at 15 deg C
Oil Specific Gravity at Reservoir Temp
Oil density at Reservoir Temp
Water Density at Reservoir Temp
Specific Heat of Oil
Specific Heat of Water
Specific Heat of rock assumed
Heat Capacity of Saturated Rock
Thermal Conductivity of Saturated Rock (Tikhomirov Eqn)
Thermal Diffusivity of Saturated Rock
Formation Thermal Diffusivity
Oil Production Rate from SAGD well
Problem 1:
Calculate the predicted SAGD oil production rates
from Foster Creek.
Table of Contents
10
0.2
0.7
15
1.7
15
1
500
m
fraction
fraction
deg C
MPa
deg API
darcies
m
204.0
821.5
3725
7.6
9.2
2643
965.87
0.97
1.0
1003.45
1.77
4.27
0.96296
deg C
kg/m3
cp
cp
centistokes
kg/m3
kg/m3
dimensionless
kg/m3
kg/m3
kJ/kg-K
kJ/kg-K
kJ/kg-K
2293.68
3.18
0.00138
0.1196352
0.056
kJ/m3-K
W/m-K
1000 m2/s
m2/d
fraction
46.26
m3/d
Horizontal Well Calculations
Horizontal Well Production Rates

Uses Joshi theory
Drainage Area Calculated Using
Vertical Well Drainage Area
Input:
Vertical well Spacing
Horizontal well Length
Net Pay
Hole diameter
Reservoir Pressure
Wellbore Pressure
Reservoir Vertical Permeabilty (can leave blank)
Reservoir Horizontal Permeability
Oil viscosity
Skin Factor
20
500
8
127
7.5
6
300
1000
150
1.05
0
Output:
Horizontal Well Drainage Area
Drainage radius
Geometric "a" factor
Assumed Vertical Permeability
Beta factor
Den1
34.9
211.9
961.9
300.0
1.8
0.6
Den2
Steady State Oil Production Rate
0.1
56.7
Horizontal Well Length m
Oil Rate m3/d
100
250
400
500
600
1000
1500
16.9
31.7
46.4
56.7
67.4
112.8
172.2
Horizontal Well Production
Oil Rate m3/d
200.0
180.0
160.0
140.0
120.0
100.0
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
120.0
100.0
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Horizontal Well Length m
Pressure Drop In Horizontal Wells
Laminar Pressure Drop Toe-to Heel
1200
Input:
Oil Viscosity
Oil Formation Volume factor
Oil Rate
Horizontal length
Well Diameter
10000
1.05
50
1200
228
Output:
Pressure Drop kPa
Pressure Drop from Toe-to-Heel
Pressure Drop Toe-to-Heel

70.00
60.00
55.04
5.50
1400
1600
Pressure Drop kPa
Pressure Drop Toe-to-Heel

11.01
16.51
22.01
27.52
33.02
38.53
44.03
49.53
55.04
60.54
66.04
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
0
10
20
30
Oil Rate m3/d
40
50
Uses Islam CIM 99-117 Correlations
Input:
Oil Viscosity
Horizontal Length
Gas Liquid Ratio
Water Cut
1000
500
200
0.2
Output:
A.
Horizontal Well Open Hole Completion

Void Fraction
Pressure Drop kPa/m
60
70
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
B.
C.
31
37
50
62
74
86
97
107
117
Horizontal Well With Perforations

Void Fraction
Pressure Drop kPa/m
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
27
37
57
76
93
110
125
139
152
Horizontal Well with Perforations also Producing Water

Void Fraction
Pressure Drop kPa/m
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
16
22
32
41
49
Pressure Drop kPa/m
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
56
61
66
69
Horizonal Well Open Hole Pressure Drop

140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Void Fraction
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Pressure Drop kPa/m
Horizontal Well With Perfs Pressure Drop

160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Pressure Drop kPa/m
Void Fraction
Horizontal Perf'd Well Producing Water Pressure Drop

80
70
60
0.7
0.8
0.9
Pressure Drop kPa/m
Horizontal Perf'd Well Producing Water Pressure Drop

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Void Fraction
Problem:
A horizontal well with 7" casing is being drilled in Lloydminster
where the 21 deg API oil is at a reservoir temperature
of 27 deg C. Net pay is 20 m. Initial reservoir pressure
is 3900 kPa. The well can be drawn down to 200 kPa.
The horizontal permeability is 1500 md. Vertical wells
here are drilled on 20 acre spacing. What length of
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
horizontal well must be drilled if the desired steadystate production rate is 60 m3/d? Use Bo of 1.05 m3/m3,
and live oil viscosity of 5000 cp.
C.
Horizontal Well Placement

Calculates breakthru time & optimum placement of horizontal
well if gas and water cresting can occur using
the correlelations developed by Wagenhofer and Hatzignatiou
SPE 35714, 1996
Input:
Horizontal length
Horzontal drainage area
Oil flow rate
Oil Reservoir Thickness
Reservoir porosity
Gas cap thickness
Aquifer thickness
Reservoir horizontal permeability
Reservoir vertical permeability
Oil viscosity
Oil formation volume factor
Oil-water end point mobility ratio
Gas-oil end point mobility ratio
Oil hydrostatic gradient
Water hydrostatic gradient
Gas hydrostatic gradient
Connate Water Saturation
Output:
900
40
30
10
0.3
12
30
1500
1500
500
1.05
54.99
400
10.3
9.5
0.667
0.27
0.475
Dimensionless horizontal length

Dimensionless flow rate
Dimensionless gas cap size
Dimensionless aquifer size
Dimensionless breakthrough time
Dimensionless vertical distance from WOC
0.0555702479
0.137050263
0.36
0.9
0.0041031069
Breakthrough time
Optimum placement above WOC contact
16
4.2
Table of Contents
acres
m
m
mm
MPa
MPa
md
md
cp
m3/m3
no units
acres
m
ft
md
dimensionless
m3/d
Drainage Area acres

15.0
22.4
29.9
34.9
39.8
59.7
84.6
Drainage radius m
"a" factor
den1
138.9
170.0
196.2
211.9
226.5
277.3
330.0
470.6
637.4
826.0
961.9
1104.0
1710.3
2504.8
1.7
1.0
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.3
0.2
den2
0.7
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
1200
1400
1600
cp
m3/m3
m3/d
m
mm
kPa
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
60
70
cp
m
scf/bbl
fraction
0.8
0.9
.7
0.8
0.9
.7
0.8
0.9
m
acres
m3/d
m
fraction
m
m
md
md
cp
m3/m3
no units
no units
kPa/m
kPa/m
kPa/m
fraction
fraction
Mow=(muoil/kro at Swc)/(muwater/krw at 1-Sor)

Mgo=(muoil/kro at Swc)/(mu gas/krg at 1-Sor)
days
m
Thermal Casings
Calculates Yield Strength of Casing
J55,N80 (L80), P105, P110
Input:
Casing Type
Casing Temperature
Length of casing
n80
200
13
500
Output:
Casing Temperature
Casing Yield Strength
or
Thermal Stress in Casing
Thermal Stretch in Casing
392
83602
576.6
471.24
1.178
Temperature deg C
Yield Strength psi
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
240
300
400
500
82507
81942
81614
81496
81558
81773
82113
82549
83055
83602
84706
85970
85163
77682
Yield Strength psi
Yield Strength psi

88000
86000
84000
82000
Yield Strength psi
Yield Strength psi

88000
86000
84000
82000
80000
78000
76000
74000
72000
0
100
200
300
Temp deg C
ength psi
Table of Contents
deg C
deg C
m
deg F
psi
MPa
MPa
m
ength psi
300
emp deg C
400
500
600
Wellbore heat Losses
Table of Contents
Calculates wellbore heat losses

using Ramey's equation
Input:
Tubing size
Ground Thermal conductivity
Steam injection Pressure
Formation depth
Casing size
Geothermal Gradient
Injection Time
50.8
2.4
6.89
609.75
178
21
0.038
200
mm
W/m-deg K
MPa
m
mm
deg C
deg C/m
days
Steam Injection Temperature

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
or
F factor
Geothermal Gradient
544.4806
165.5533
33.28013
4.297996
0.020856
deg F
Btu/ft2-deg F
kW/m2-K
Btu/ft-d-deg F
dimensionless
deg F/ft
Heat Loss Rate

or
5.66E+07
5.97E+07
Btu/d
kJ/d
Output:
Problem: What are the heat losses after steaming at Cold Lake for 30 days after 1 cycle?
fter 1 cycle?
RESERVOIR PROPERTIES
A.
Porosity Calculation
Uses modified Gluyas-Cade
Correlation
for Uncemented Sandstones
Input:
Reservoir Depth
Output:
Porosity
B.
Absolute
and
Saturating
fluid is
Input:
Liquid flow rate
Thickness
Viscosity
Inlet Pressure
Outlet Pressure
Cross-sectional area
Re
Rw
Core Length
5
3
1
1.5
1
10
22
8
100
Output:
Absolute Permeability
Absolute Permeability
2 Saturating
100.0
0.5
fluid is
Input:
Gas Viscosity
Cross-sectional Area
Length of Core
Outlet Pressure
0.0183
1.36
1.3
1
Flowrate cc/sec
Pressure, atm
4.05
17.9
34.56
61.79
1.13
1.5
1.86
2.33
Output:
Corrected Permeability
to gas
0.4431
f(x) = 0.0723813601x + 0.4431035307

Klinkenberg Effect
0.6000
0.5000
0.4000
0.3000
0.2000
0.1000
0.0000
0.5500
0.6000
0.6500
0.7000
0.7500
0.8000
Inverse Average Pressure, atm-1
0.850
0.0000
0.5500
C.
0.6000
0.6500
Mean Grain Size
0.7000
0.7500
0.8000
Inverse Average Pressure, atm-1
for Cold Lake Sand
Input:
Bitumen Saturation
7.6
Output:
Mean Grain size
or
D.
0.1250
3.000
Weight and Volume Percent

Input:
Oil API
Weight oil in sample
Weight water in sample
Weight mineral matter
10
15
2
83
Output:
Oil Density
Oil Saturation
Water Saturation
Oil Saturation
Water Saturation
Oil Saturation
Water Saturation
E.
Rock Compressiblity for

Hall's correlation is not
recommended for these type
of reservoirs as the actual pore volume
compressibilities may be higher
by an order of magnitude.
Using Newman's Sandstone Correlation

Input:
1
15.00%
2.00%
31.04%
4.14%
88.24%
11.76%
Unconsolidated Sandstones
0.850
Average Porosity
0.24
Output
Formation Compressibility
or
6.75E-06
9.80E-07
Using Yales (SPE 26647) Sandstone Correl.

Input:
Depth
Initial Reservoir Pressure
Current reservoir Pressure
700
10000
8000
Output:
F.
1.88E-06
1.30E-05
Average Permeabilty for Layered Beds

Layered Bed:
Input:
Bed 1
Bed 2
Bed 3
Bed 4
Bed 5
Bed 6
Bed 7
Bed 8
Bed 9
Bed 10
Thickness, m
1
5
2
5
2
2.4
3
1
1
1
Output:
Average Thickness Weighted Perm
Reservoir Temperature for Alberta
663.46
and Venezuela
Enter Reservoir Depth in m
450
Calculated Bottomhole Temperature
18.2
Calculated Bottomhole Temperature
50
Average Geothermal Gradient Alberta
0.0366 deg C/m
Pore Throat Radius

Uses Winland Correlation
SPE 69457
(Corresponds to 35% mercury saturation)
Input:
Porosity
Permeability to air (Uncorrected)
25
2000
Output
Pore Throat Radius
29.19

Input:
Reservoir Depth
Reservoir Depth (Saskachewan only)
Output:
450
-75
Alberta Cretaceous
Venezuela
Western Siberia
Offshore Nigeria
Saskatchewan
2747
5266
4699
5860
5253
Edgewater Drive Recovery

for Viscous Oils
(less than 500 cp)
from Van Meurs-van der Poel (1958)

Input:
Connate Water Saturation
Residual Oil Saturation to Water
Live Oil Viscosity
Water Viscosity
Economic Watercut Limit
0.38
0.33
350
1.5
0.99
Output:
Moveable Oil Saturation
Oil Recovery
Problem 1
Calculate the oil recovery for the
Suffield heavy oil edgwater waterflood where
connate water saturation is 32%, the
residual oil saturation is 32%, the live oil
viscosity is 470 cp, the injected water is
at 33 deg C and the economic watercut
cutoff is 95%. (Need program 5)
0.29
50.2%
Table of Contents
Effective
472
35.11
High grade Athabasca Tar Sands have

porosity in the range of 30-35%, which
is higher than sandstone reservoirs
(which is 5-25%) due to lack of cement
in the pore space.
Thus, the name sands instead of sandst
Permeability
Elemental Analysis
liquid.
cc/sec
cm
cp
atm
atm
cm2
cm
cm
cm
darcies
darcies
gas.
Carbon, mean wt %
Hydrogen, mean wt%
Sulphur, mean wt%
Nitrogen, mean wt %
Oxygen, mean wt %
Vanadium, ppm
Nickel, ppm
Iron, ppm
Linear flow
Radial flow
cp
cm2
cm
atm
Inverse Avg. Pressure, atm-1
Permeability, darcy
0.9390
0.8000
0.6993
0.6006
0.5117
0.5010
0.4916
0.4881
darcies
erg Effect
0.8000
ge Pressure, atm-1
0.8500
0.9000
0.9500
1.0000
0.8000
ge Pressure, atm-1
0.8500
0.9000
0.9500
1.0000
Mineralology
wt %
Quartz
Feldspar
Mica and Clays
mm
Krumbein phi scale
g
g
g
g/cm3
weight percent
weight percent
volume percent
volume percent
percent
percent
For Alberta medium grade

oil sands, use
3.5 - 14.0 e-6 kPa-1 for
rock compressibility
The highest grade oil sands in Athabasc

have oil saturations of 18 wt % or 36 vol
Typical feed to Suncor is about 12 wt %.
There is also always irreducible water
present of about 2 wt %.
Any feed over 10 wt % is
rich, while less than 6 wt % is
considered lean.
Bulk Density
Cold Lake Tar Sands
fraction
psi -1
kPa -1
m
kPa
kPa
kPa -1 for
kPa -1 for
Unconsolidated
Consolidated
Permeability, md
100
200
300
400
1000
750
1200
1700
1275
1450
md
m
deg C in
Alberta
rock
rock
deg C in
or 0.0201 deg F/ft
percent
md
microns
m
m subsea
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
fraction
fraction
cp
cp
fraction
Venezuela
fraction
percent
habasca Tar Sands have

e range of 30-35%, which
sandstone reservoirs
%) due to lack of cement
me sands instead of sandstones.
Cold Lake
Produced Oil
Athabasca
83.09
10.64
4.41
0.35
0.35
166
60
10
82.71
10.29
4.68
0.43
1.35
248
77
181
Athabasca Oil Sands

95%
2 to 3%
2 to 3%
rade oil sands in Athabasca

ations of 18 wt % or 36 vol %.
o Suncor is about 12 wt %.
always irreducible water
considered
s than 6 wt % is
2.633
g/cm3

Uses Cozzolino's Risk
Aversion Formula to
Calculate Optimum
Working Interest
(SPE 6359, 1978)
Variable Risk Tolerance
is calculated below (Pt B)
A. Optiumum Working Interest
Chance
NPV (Millions)
Cost (Millions)
Expected Val (Millions) @ 100%
Risk Tolerance (Millions)
Working Interest
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Selected WI
EV at Selected WI
RAV at Selected WI
Apparent Risk Tolerance
20.00%
90
10
10
20
rav-coz
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
(5.571)
(4.593)
(3.628)
(2.688)
(1.785)
(0.943)
(0.203)
0.377
0.703
0.639
50.00%
5
(0.94340)
$61.6576
16.22%

EV at optimum WI
RAV at optimum WI
$
$
1.62186
0.73380
Risk Adjusted Value
Working Interest
$2.000
$1.000
$0%
$(1.000)
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Risk Adjusted Value
Working Interest
$2.000
$1.000
$0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
$(1.000)
$(2.000)
$(3.000)
$(4.000)
$(5.000)
$(6.000)
% Working Interest
B. Variable Risk Tolerance
Chance
NPV (Millions)
Cost (Millions)
Expected Val (mm) @ 100%
Risk Adjusted Value
Risk Tolerance (MM)

$10
$20
$30
$40
$50
$60
$70
$80
$90
$100
$110
20.00%
90
10
10
rav-coz
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
(7.769)
(5.571)
(3.572)
(1.887)
(0.507)
0.620
1.547
2.317
2.965
3.516
3.989

$8.000
$6.000
$4.000
$2.000
90%
100%
Risk Adjusted Value

$8.000
$6.000
$4.000
$2.000
$$0
$20
$40
$60
$(2.000)
$(4.000)
$(6.000)
$(8.000)
$(10.000)
Risk Tolerance MM $
$80
$100
$120
rav-coz
ravtanh
Table of Contents
rav-tanh
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
70%
80%
(3.136)
(2.579)
(1.983)
(1.350)
(0.685)
(0.007)
0.639
1.146
1.313
0.909
-
90%
100%
70%
80%
90%
100%
rav-coz
ravtanh
rav-tanh
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
(3.431)
(3.136)
(1.697)
(0.013)
1.598
3.009
4.189
5.153
5.933
6.563
7.074
$100
$120
rav-coz
ravtanh
Optimum Number
of Drilling Locations and
Present Day Value
Uses Nind's Formula (1981)
Input:
Average Initial Production per well
Development Costs per well
Lifting Costs per well
Oil Value
Discount Rate
Specific Volume oil recoverability
Net sand thickness
77
$0.72
$0.09
$10.50
10.00%
400
20
Output:
Recoverable Oil
Optimum Number of Wells
Present Day Value (Less other dev. Costs)
8000
2.8
$225.55
Table of Contents
bbl/d
Millions
Millions
$/bbl
per year
bbls/acrefoot
feet
bbls/acre
Millions
Success/Fail Model
SEISMIC EXAMPLE
OIL DISCOVERY
90.00%
10.00% SUCCESS
10.00%
20.00%
90.00% FAIL
80.00%
BRIGHT SPOT
33.33%
27.00% SUCCESS
66.67%
1.37%
73.00% FAIL
98.63%
Table of Contents
BAYESIAN UPDATING
BRIGHT SPOT
GIVEN
OIL DISCOVERY
BRIGHT
SPOT
9.00%
SUCCESS
1.00%
27.00%
18.00%
73.00%
FAIL
SUCCESS
72.00%
FAIL
OIL DISCOVERY
GIVEN
BRIGHT SPOT
OIL
DISCOVERY
9.00%
SUCCESS
18.00%
10.00%
1.00%
90.00%
FAIL
SUCCESS
72.00%
FAIL
SUCCESS
FAIL
SUCCESS
FAIL
A.
ORIGINAL-GAS-IN-PLACE
Calculates OGIP using
Material Balance and
Standing Correlation for z
Input:
Gas Gravity
Abandonment Pressure
Depth
Output:
Estimated Abandonment Pressure
Input Date,Pressure History, Cum Gas Produced:

Date
5-Mar-90
1-Apr-91
11-Nov-91
3-May-92
9-Jun-93
13-Dec-93
5-Apr-94
21-Dec-94
15-Jul-95
23-Dec-95
6-Jun-96
31-Dec-96
27-Feb-97
30-Nov-97
6-Jun-98
15-Dec-98
14-Mar-99
25-Jun-99
19-Dec-99
4-Mar-00
Bottomhole Pressure, kPa

(input)
2800
2750
2666
2500
2430
2300
2220
2105
2100
2000
1900
1800
1755
1700
1688
1550
1478
1450
1350
1307
Pseudocritical Pressure
Pseudcritical Temperature
Reservoir Pressure
Pseudoreduced Pressure
Pseudoreduced Temperature
P/Z at abandonment
OGIP=
Reserves=
Remaining Reserves=
f(x) = - 74.8366099292x + 3343.7474246661
OGIP
3500.00
P/Z kPa
3000.00
2500.00
2000.00
1500.00
1000.00
500.00
0.00
10
15
Cum Gas Produced e3 m
500.00
0.00
P/Z vs Cumulative Gas Plots

A.
If P/Z Curve Bends Upwards:

1
2
3
4
5
B.
If P/Z Curve Bends Downwards:

1
2
3
4
5
B.
subsidence or compaction occurring

water influx
oil zone beneath
leakage into fault or behind casing channelling
bad data
bad data
competitive drainage
retrograde condensation
overpressured reservoir
leakage out of reservoir
Z Factor Calculation
Input
Component
CO2
N2
H2S
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
C5
C6
C7+
Total
Mole Fraction
0.02
0.01
0
0.85
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.02
0
0
0
0
1
Res. Pressure
Res Temp
20689
82
Output:
10
15
Cum Gas Produced e3 m
Pseudocritical Pressure
Pseudocritical Temperature
Pseudoreduced Pressure
Pseudoreduced Temperature
Apparent Molecular Weight
Z Factor
Gas Density
Table of Contents
0.7
3000
70
150
500
no units
kPa
deg C
kPa
m
680
kPa
P/Z kPa
Cum Gas Produc

(input)
5
7
8
9
11
13
14
15
16
17
18
20
21
22
22.5
23
24
25
26
26.5
2930.40
2875.56
2783.63
2602.78
2526.84
2386.29
2300.13
2176.69
2171.33
2064.42
1957.87
1851.70
1804.04
1745.90
1733.23
1587.87
1512.31
1482.98
1378.43
1333.59
3343.747
-74.83661
669.125
389.375
435.114
618
0.6503
1.5872
187.2499
44.681
42.179
15.679
661
psi
deg R
psi
deg R
kPa
e3 m3
e3 m3
e3 m3
or
1.586
1.497
0.556
BCF
BCF
BCF
OGIP
10
15
Cum Gas Produced e3 m3
20
25
30
10
15
Cum Gas Produced e3 m3
20
25
0.4978588477
1.9643712372
0.0614278471
1.0000274569
kPa
deg C
30
A
B
C
D
672.16
384.92
4.46
1.66
20.18
0.8424
167.73
kg/m3
Refining
A
Cetane Number and Smoke Point

for Athabasca Oilsands
Uses Yui (Oil and Gas Journal Nov 20,2000)
correlation
Input:
Aniline Point
Density at 15 deg C
Density at 20 deg C
Monoaromatics determined by SFC
Total aromatics determined by SFC
Simulated Distillation at 10%
Boiling Range t90-t10
Boiling Range t70-t30
67.8
0.8329
0.8292
15.2
22.4
196
229.1
261.2
295.6
328
132
66.5
deg C
g/ml
g/ml
wt %
wt %
deg C
deg C
deg C
deg C
deg C
deg C
deg C
49.84
50.32
14.57
mm
Output:
Cetane Number (Correlation 1)
Cetane Number (Correlation 2)
Smoke Point
Normal Boiling Point
Normal
BP deg K
Carbon Number
Methane
Ethane
Propane
n-Butane
i-Butane
1
2
3
4
4
111.67
184.53
231.09
272.66
261.43
Boiling Point deg K
n-Pentane
i-Pentane
neo-Pentane
Hexane
Heptane
n-Octane
i-octane
n-Nonane
Decane
n-Undecane
n-dodecane
n-Tridecane
n-Tetradecane
n-Pentadecane
n-Hexadecane
n-Heptadecane
n-Octadecane
Eicosane
Docosane
Tetracosane
Hexacosane
Octacosane
Triacontane
Dotriacontane
Tetratriacontane
Hexatriacontane
Octatriacontane
Tetracontane
Dotetracontane
tetratetracontane
5
5
5
6
7
8
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
309.23
300.9
282.5
341.9
371.59
398.7
372.24
423.8
447
468.9
489.27
508.444
526.5
543.6
559.77
575.16
589.72
617
642
664
685
704
722
739
754
769
782
795
807
818

900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
10
15
20
25
Carbon Number
30
400
300
200
100
0
0
10
15
20
25
Carbon Number
B. Vacuum Distillation Corrections

Converts Distillation Boiling
Points to Normal Boiling Points
Uses Maxwell-Bonnett Eqn
Input:
Measured Boiling Point
Specific Gravity at 15 deg C
Measured Pressure in Distillation Apparatus
600
0.942
50
deg K
kPa
Output:
Watson Characterization Factor
Type of fraction
A Factor
Measured BP
Normal Boiling Point at Kw=12
F Value
10.89
paraffinic
0.0017
621.00
859.47
1.00
732.0
deg F
deg F
deg K
A. Ethane
Temp deg K
Te
273
283
293
303
313
323
333
343
353
363
373
383
393
403
413
265.0464610067
273.9581381308
282.8322435256
291.6690142955
300.4686855541
309.2314904449
317.9576601621
326.6474239705
335.3010092261
343.9186413958
352.5005440767
361.0469390156
369.5580461283
378.0340835181
386.4752674949
ln Pn
3.2846829947
3.7780893125
4.2324697648
4.6519052431
5.0399963433
5.3999288576
5.7345290328
6.0463103968
6.3375136016
6.6101404576
6.8659831117
7.1066491515
7.333583275
7.5480860569
7.7513302481
30
Vapour Pressure kPa
423 394.8818125931
433 403.2539315899
7.9443749747
8.128178141
Vapor Pressure of Ethane

2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
250
300
350
Temperature deg K
B. Propane
Temp deg K
Te
273
283
293
303
313
323
333
343
353
363
373
383
393
403
413
423
400.2127871088
414.0393419332
427.83252917
441.5924694625
455.319282873
469.0130888866
482.6740064143
496.3021537967
509.8976488073
523.4606086558
536.9911499918
550.4893889078
563.9554409426
577.3894210847
590.7914437757
604.161622913
ln Pn
8.0623378804
8.3537607275
8.6260426519
8.882056192
9.1242902734
9.3549068288
9.5757879922
9.7885756243
9.9947045601
10.1954306925
10.3918547892
10.584942764
10.7755429943
10.964401162
11.1521730145
11.3394353689
433 617.5000718538
Athabasca
S wt %
N wt %
O wt %
Ni ppm*100
V ppm*100
11.5266956302
Bachaquero
5.14
0.56
1.17
1.5
2.9
3.39
1
8.8
Composition of Residue Fee
Wt % or ppm
12
10
0
Athabasca
Bachaquero
Cerro Negro
Cold Lake
Gach Saran
Heavy Arabian
Hondo
Table of Contents
SFC=Supercritical
Fluid Chromatography
Normal
BP R
130.2041
177.533
221.2759
261.6734
261.6734
SGn
201.006
332.154
415.962
490.788
470.574
-0.010842
0.391253
0.512688
0.584694
0.567625
2.8279402
6.2423763
6.3345676
5.0399612
5.5177507
-0.000563139
-0.000224993
-0.000125186
-6.5895E-005
-0.000079986
SG
0.30000
0.35600
0.50800
0.58400
0.58400
298.9565
298.9565
298.9565
333.3466
365.0555
394.2854
394.2854
421.2289
446.069
468.9791
490.123
509.6549
527.7194
544.4515
559.9766
574.4105
587.8594
612.179
633.593
652.6054
669.5666
684.6734
697.969
709.343
718.5314
725.1166
728.5274
728.039
722.773
711.6974
556.614
541.62
508.5
615.42
668.862
717.66
670.032
762.84
804.6
844.02
880.686
915.1992
947.7
978.48
1007.586
1035.288
1061.496
1110.6
1155.6
1195.2
1233
1267.2
1299.6
1330.2
1357.2
1384.2
1407.6
1431
1452.6
1472.4
0.631172
0.621647
0.598467
0.66372
0.687945
0.706637
0.688428
0.721607
0.733796
0.744079
0.752727
0.760165
0.766619
0.772294
0.777308
0.781792
0.785797
0.792748
0.79856
0.803291
0.807511
0.811107
0.814339
0.817249
0.819712
0.822085
0.824074
0.826005
0.827739
0.82929
2.8270735
3.4195427
4.5433877
0
-3.265059
-6.8251289
-3.3439525
-10.613775
-14.536784
-18.611183
-22.724547
-26.881368
-31.048462
-35.220867
-39.368545
-43.498699
-47.570002
-55.627087
-63.502003
-70.820548
-78.145817
-85.05908
-91.858797
-98.504377
-104.54853
-110.76181
-116.28346
-121.93214
-127.25906
-132.23716
-0.000027313
-3.5252E-005
-5.4500E-005
0
2.05742E-005
0.000036647
2.09873E-005
4.96806E-005
6.04243E-005
6.95961E-005
7.73996E-005
8.41854E-005
9.01364E-005
9.54211E-005
0.0001001345
0.0001043874
0.0001082191
0.000114946
0.0001206511
0.0001253523
0.0001295914
0.0001332382
0.0001365427
0.0001395405
0.0001420937
0.0001445671
0.0001466501
0.0001486804
0.0001505104
0.0001521527
ormal Boiling Point
25
Carbon Number
30
35
40
45
50
0.63100
0.63100
0.63100
0.66400
0.68800
0.70700
0.70700
0.72200
0.73400
0.74400
0.75300
0.76000
0.76700
0.77200
0.77700
0.78200
0.78600
0.78600
0.78600
0.78600
0.78600
0.78600
0.78600
0.78600
0.78600
0.78600
0.78600
0.78600
0.78600
0.78600
25
Carbon Number
30
35
40
ln P kPa
2.975166
3.454424
3.896522
4.305243
4.683945
5.035616
5.362917
5.668226
5.95367
6.221154
6.472391
6.70892
6.932127
7.143264
7.343461
45
Vap P kPa
19.592871
31.640047
49.230907
74.087205
108.19611
153.79434
213.34647
289.52057
385.16424
503.28382
647.02907
819.68496
1024.6716
1265.5527
1546.053
50
7.533739 1870.0843
7.715025 2241.7794
Vapor Pressure of Ethane
350
Temperature deg K
400
450
Ln P kPa
8.053272
8.343266
8.614306
8.869237
9.110523
9.340304
9.560448
9.772582
9.978128
10.17833
10.37429
10.56696
10.75719
10.94571
11.13317
11.32015
Vap P kPa
3144.0667
4201.7885
5509.9253
7109.8557
9050.0233
11387.873
14192.202
17546.005
21549.943
26326.596
32025.69
38830.589
46966.376
56709.967
68402.807
82466.872
500
aran
11.50716 99424.903
Cerro Negro
Cold Lake
4.5
5.1
0.45
0.97
2
4.9
2
10.4
Gach Sara Heavy Arabi Hondo

2.6
4.23
0.41
0.26
0
0
0.4
0.3
1.1
0.9
4.42
0.7
0
0.9
2.8
Lloydminster
4.69
0.53
0.99
1.4
1.9
Composition of Residue Feedstock
S wt %
N wt %
O wt %
Ni ppm*100
V ppm*100
Heavy Arabian
Hondo
Lloydminster
Maya
Peace River
Tia Juana
Zuata
(SG/SGn)^.5
Err:502
0.953885777
0.995417086
0.999406154
1.014321178
0.999864081
1.007494372
1.026820913
1.000211184
1.000039844
1.000256962
1.013398634
1.000272609
1.000138992
0.999947193
1.000181437
0.999891642
1.00024818
0.999809408
0.999801782
1.000133265
1.000129131
0.995734682
0.992104479
0.989178818
0.986590676
0.984401197
0.982446001
0.980695258
0.979220746
0.977806487
0.976625735
0.975483618
0.974461288
0.973549324
na
Maya
4.42
0.52
0.8
4.1
Peace RiveTia Juana Zuata

7.02
3.17
4.17
0.63
1.09
1.3
1
1.6
4.1
7.6
8.2
S wt %
N wt %
O wt %
Ni ppm*100
V ppm*100
Zuata
Petroleum Fractions
A

Input
Specific Gravity
550
0.809
deg C
no units
14.09
no units
550
0.899
deg C
no units
823
552.05
deg K
kg/kmol
550
0.802
deg C
no units
0.943
14.211
no units
Output
Watson K Factor
Molecular Weight of Fraction

(Uses Riazi(1986) and Lee-Kesler Correlations
Input:
Specific Gravity
Output:
Normal Boiling point
Molecular Weight
Pseudo-Critical Temperature,
Pseudo-Critical Pressure,
Acentric Factor
Input:
Specific Gravity
Output
Reduced Boiling Point Temperature
Pseudo Critical temperature

Pseudo-Critical Pressure
or Pseudo-Critical Pressure
Acentric Factor
582.99
15.4006
1540.06
1.728117
deg K
bars
kPa
no units
Table of Contents
Group
Watson K Factor
Paraffins
Naphthenes
Aromatics
13
12
10
and Capillary Pressure
Creates Relative Permeability Data and Capillary Pressure from initial water and residual oil saturation
Uses Corey's Correlation
Input:
Initial Water Saturation
0.3
0.25
Output:
Sw
Kro
Krw
0.3
0.36
0.42
0.48
0.54
0.6
0.66
0.72
0.78
0.84
0.9
0.96
1.02
1.08
1.14
1.2
1
0.6992
0.4605
0.2789
0.1488
0.0642
0.0179
0.0011
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0
0.0037
0.0149
0.0334
0.0594
0.0929
0.1338
0.1821
0.2378
0.3010
0.3716
0.4496
0.5350
0.6279
0.7282
0.8360
Pc
kPa
7.67
5.43
4.43
3.84
3.43
3.13
2.90
2.71
2.56
2.43
2.31
2.22
2.13
2.05
1.98
Relative Permeabilty Curve

1
Kro, Krw
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
Kro, Krw
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Water Saturation
Kro
B.
Numerical Simulator Correlations
0.7
Krw
(Corey-type)
Input:
Exponent for water flow
Residual Oil to waterflood saturation Sorw
Rel Perm of water at residual oil saturation
2
0.37
0.3
Recommend default 2
Recommend default 0.37
Exponent for oil flow rel perm

Connate water saturation Swc
Rel Perm of oil at connate water saturation
Capillary Pressure at connate water
Exponent of cap pressure for oil-water
1.5
0.2
0.4
150
0.71
Recommend default 2
kPa
Exponent for gas flow rel perm

Residual gas saturation to oilflood
Rel Perm of gas at connate water saturation
Capillary Pressure at critical liquid saturation
Exponent of cap pressure for gas-oil
0.6
0.05
0.95
250
0.51
Recommend default 2
kPa
Exponent for oil-gas equation

Residual oil saturation to gas flood
1.2
0.23
Recommend default 2
Output:
0.8
Total critical liquid saturation
0.43
Sw
0.2
0.24
0.28
0.32
0.36
0.4
0.44
0.48
0.52
0.56
0.6
0.64
0.68
0.72
0.76
0.8
0.84
0.88
0.92
0.96
krw
0.0000
0.0026
0.0104
0.0234
0.0415
0.0649
0.0935
0.1272
0.1661
0.2103
0.2596
0.3141
0.3738
0.4387
0.5088
0.5841
0.6646
0.7502
0.8411
0.9372
kro
0.4000
0.3455
0.2937
0.2448
0.1990
0.1565
0.1175
0.0824
0.0518
0.0263
0.0074
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Pc, kPa
96.52948
90.06442
83.40377
76.5181
69.36903
61.90477
54.05208
45.70063
36.66791
26.60216
14.57651
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Relative Perm Oil/Water

1.0000
0.9000
0.8000
0.7000
0.6000
0.5000
0.4000
0.3000
0.2000
0.1000
0.0000
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Water Saturation
krw
kro
Capillary Pressure-oil-water
Pc, kPa
120
100
80
0.8
0.9
1.1
Capillary Pressure-oil-water
Pc, kPa
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Sw
Pc, kPa
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.1
Table Of Contents
ial water and residual oil saturation
ilty Curve
0.6
aturation
0.7
Krw
Recommend default 2
Recommend default 2
Recommend default 2
Recommend default 2
0.8
0.9
Sg
0.05
0.075
0.1
0.125
0.15
0.175
0.2
0.225
0.25
0.275
0.3
0.325
0.35
0.375
0.4
0.425
0.45
0.475
0.5
0.525
0.55
0.575
krg
0
0.123439
0.187098
0.238629
0.283587
0.324215
0.361694
0.396743
0.429838
0.461314
0.491418
0.520339
0.548226
0.575197
0.60135
0.626766
0.651513
0.675648
0.699221
0.722276
0.74485
0.766977
krog
0.268705
0.253278
0.238007
0.222897
0.207956
0.193191
0.178613
0.164231
0.150055
0.1361
0.122379
0.108911
0.095715
0.082816
0.070244
0.058038
0.046248
0.034941
0.024221
0.014254
0.005387
#VALUE!
Pc, kPa
0
39.10663
#VALUE!
68.48291
79.41582
89.36334
98.7695
107.9326
117.0844
126.4302
136.1728
146.5342
157.7779
170.239
184.3707
200.8227
220.5851
245.28
277.8198
324.1553
399.1711
557.6269
Relative Permeability Oil/Gas

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.9
1.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Gas Saturation
krg
krog
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.9
1.1
0.7
Porosity
0.749
0.602
0.548
0.503
0.478
0.47
0.47
0.46
0.478
0.47
0.47
0.684
0.637
0.596
0.558
0.526
0.496
0.476
0.466
0.456
0.451
0.446
0.441
0.451
0.446
0.441
Cold
Production
Based On
J. Yuan, J. Weaver, B. Barr
Oil Viscosity cp
1.18E+04
1.15E+04
7.00E+03
1.14E+04
1.11E+04
1.12E+04
1.12E+04
1.07E+04
1.11E+04
1.12E+04
1.12E+04
1.13E+04
1.12E+04
1.10E+04
1.09E+04
1.08E+04
1.08E+04
1.07E+04
1.08E+04
1.09E+04
1.08E+04
1.11E+04
1.11E+04
1.12E+04
1.12E+04
1.12E+04
Slurry Viscosity cp
3.70E+04
1.31E+05
2.42E+05
1.72E+06
4.06E+06
1.41E+06
6.92E+06
6.71E+06
3.47E+06
5.60E+06
2.58E+06
7.80E+04
9.30E+04
1.72E+05
3.31E+05
6.25E+05
2.27E+06
3.25E+06
3.67E+06
8.99E+06
2.08E+07
1.94E+07
4.00E+07
9.75E+06
1.48E+07
2.36E+07
Relative Slurry Viscosity to O
Relative Viscosity
10000
1000
100
Relativ
1000
100
10
1
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
Porosity
Sand/Oil Slurries
JCPT Vol 38 No 13, 1999
Relative Slurry Viscosity to Oil

3.1355932203
11.3913043478
34.5714285714
150.8771929825
365.7657657658
125.8928571429
617.8571428571
627.1028037383
312.6126126126
500
230.3571428571
6.9026548673
8.3035714286
15.6363636364
30.3669724771
57.8703703704
210.1851851852
303.738317757
339.8148148148
824.7706422018
1925.9259259259
1747.7477477478
3603.6036036036
870.5357142857
1321.4285714286
2107.1428571429
Relative Slurry Viscosity to Oil
Table Of Contents
Paper 97-121
0.5
0.55
Porosity
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
GAS WELL
DST
Table of Contents
Analyzes Gas Well DST
INPUT:
Well Name
Test Number
Zone Name
Interval , m
Date Done
Tester
Type of Test
10-03-19-08-w1
DST #1
Bow Island
768.3-777.4m
Jan 24-1977
Lynes
Inflatable Straddle
First Shutin extrap kpag Press

Sec shutin extrap press kPag
Last shutin slope kpa^2xe6
Gas Flow rate prior to 2nd shutin m3/d
End of 2nd flow pressure, kpag
Gas Saturation
Compressibility kpa-1
Net pay, m
Z factor
Total flow time min
Hole radius mm
Bottomhole Temp ,deg C
Porosity, fraction
Drainage area, sec
Gas viscosity cp
6691.3
6711
1603613
21947
6687.8
0.7
0.00010
1
0.955
90
200.025
29.7
0.25
1
0.0115
OUTPUT:
Initial Reservoir Pressure kpag
Reservoir Press end-of test kpag
Transmissibility md m/mPa/s
Capacity md x m
Permeability md
Apparent skin
Pressure Drop due to skin kpag
Damage Ratio
AOF e3 m3/d ( Mscf/d)
AOF with damage removed e3 m3/d (Mscf/d)
Stabilized AOF with Damage e3 m3/d (Mscf/d)
Drainage Radius, m
Stabilized AOF No Damage e3 m3/d (Mscf/d)
Radius of Investigation , m
Percent Depletion
6691.3
6711.0
5898.9
67.8
67.8
-5.5
-603.6
0.01
21769.30
131.47
329.75
908.4
91.98
69.81
-0.29%
4666
11704
Mscf/d
Mscf/d
3265
Mscf/d
Volumetrics
Table of Contents
Calculates OOIP or OGIP From Planimetering

Net Pay Maps Using Trapezoidal Rule
Input:
OOIP:
OGIP:
Average Water Saturation fraction

Average Porosity fraction
Oil Formation Volume Factor m3/m3
0.3
0.28
1.13
Contour Interval
Peak Reading Above Highest Contour, m
2
0
Contours
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Planimeter Reading
130
110
83
70
44
37
16
11
Reference Section
Average Gas Saturation

Gas Formation Volume Factor
Average Porosity, fraction
1
1
1
Planimeter Reading
130
110
83
70
44
37
16
11
Planimeter Reading
130
110
83
70
44
37
16
11
Average Planimeter Reading

130
110
83
70
44
37
16
11
0
0
0
0
0
Planimeter Reading
656
Planimeter Reading
656
Planimeter Reading
656
Average Planimeter Reading

656
2755.91
589.57
3.71
acre-feet
e3 m3
MMbbl
(SI)
(Imperial)
OGIP, e6 m3
fraction
m3/m3
Output:
Rock Volume
OOIP
or
Engineering Economics
A.
Present Value
Input:
Annual Interest Rate
Future Sum
Time Period
12.00
$5,000.00
5
Output:
Present Value
Present Value
B.
$2,837.13
$2,791.97
Net Present Value, PIR, DPI

Input:
Capital Outlay
Capital Overhead
Annual Revenue
Annual Operating Expense
Desired Rate of Return
Time Period
$100,000
$5,000
$50,000
$10,000
15
5
Output:
Net Present Value, NPV
Profit to Investment Ratio (PIR)
Discounted Profitability Index (DPI)
Discounted Return on Investment (DROI)
C.
$34,086
0.341
1.341
0.325
Rate of Return
Input:
Capital Outlay
Annual Revenue
Annual Operating Expense
Desired Rate of Return
Time Period
$270,000.00
$400,000.00
$157,000.00
15
2
Output:
$181,837
$125,047
$101,250
$79,920
$60,710
$43,333
-$33,471
Rate of Return, ROR
50
ROR
$200,000
NPV
$150,000
$100,000
$50,000
$0
0
-$50,000
D.
Percent Escalation
10
20
30
40
Percent
Input:
Initial Price
Annual Escalation Percent
Time in Years
or Time in months
$15.00
5
4
Output:
Forecast Price
E.
$18.23
Working Interest
Definitions
Intangible Capital
Tangible Capital
Simple Example
What is the revenue from a 60% working
interest well with ORRI of 12.5% & crown
royalties of 25% for the following
production and price forecast?
Year
Annual Oil Production m3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
500
450
400
370
300
260
250
245
230
220
Product Price
$/m3
120
125
125
130
130
135
140
140
140
140
Table of Contents
percent
years
compounded annually
compounded semi-annually
per year
percent
years
also called Return on Investment (ROI)
per year
percent
years
20
at
at
at
at
at
at
at
5
15
20
25
30
35
65
percent interest
percent interest
percent interest
percent interest
percent interest
percent interest
percent interest
percent
ROR
30
40
Percent
50
60
70
Percent
years
months
Capital that cannot be removed from lease. Eg.

Exploration expenses,
workovers, perforating etc
No salvage value.
Capital that can be removed
from lease: tanks, separators,
compressors etc. This capital
depreciates over time.
Working Interest Percent
Gross
Revenue
ORRI
Crown
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
$60,000
$56,250
$50,000
$48,100
$39,000
$35,100
$35,000
$34,300
$32,200
$30,800
$7,500
$7,031
$6,250
$6,013
$4,875
$4,388
$4,375
$4,288
$4,025
$3,850
$15,000
$14,063
$12,500
$12,025
$9,750
$8,775
$8,750
$8,575
$8,050
$7,700
WI Revenue
$22,500
$21,094
$18,750
$18,038
$14,625
$13,163
$13,125
$12,863
$12,075
$11,550
Saskatchewan Royalties
Calculates Heavy Oil Royalty

Payments on Crown
and Freehold Land
The minimum heavy oil base price

is $100 /m3 for third tier oil and
$50 /m3 for new oil. When the monthly
heavy oil price is less or equal to
the base price, then the base royalty
rate of 10 % applies to all heavy oil.
For vertical non-deep heavy oil wells

drilled on or after Feb 9,1998, 4000 m3
of oil qualifies for incentive volume
and is subject to a crown royalty of
the lesser of:
a) 2.5% or
b) third tier crown royalty rate
Input:
Date
SEM
Heavy Oil Price
$/m3
SEM Calculated
Heavy Oil
Third Tier
K
Jan-00
Feb-00
Mar-00
Apr-00
May-00
Jun-00
Jul-00
Aug-00
Sep-00
Oct-00
Nov-00
Dec-00
166
194
195
154
189
209
192
205
211
140
124
67
20.75
22.45
22.50
19.84
22.18
23.17
22.34
22.99
23.26
18.57
16.77
3.40
Jan-01
Feb-01
Mar-01
Apr-01
May-01
Jun-01
Jul-01
Aug-01
Sep-01
Oct-01
Nov-01
Dec-01
94
99
93
101
112
111
136
Example Problem
Producing Month
Input
Well UWI
Input
Date Drilled
Input
On Production Date
01-13-44-22W3M
02-13-44-22W3M
03-13-44-22W3M
04-13-44-22W3M
05-13-44-22W3M
06-13-44-22W3M
07-13-44-22W3M
08-13-44-22W3M
09-13-44-22W3M
10-13-44-22W3M
11-13-44-22W3M
12-13-44-22W3M
13-13-44-22W3M
14-13-44-22W3M
15-13-44-22W3M
16-13-44-22W3M
1-Feb-95
30-Aug-86
15-Jul-00
22-Oct-99
2-Feb-79
2-Feb-80
23-Jul-99
6-Oct-99
15-Mar-90
15-Mar-90
30-Apr-90
30-Apr-90
31-May-90
31-May-90
7-Jun-95
25-Feb-98
15-Feb-95
17-Sep-87
25-Jul-00
27-Oct-99
7-Feb-79
7-Feb-80
28-Jul-99
11-Oct-99
20-Mar-90
20-Mar-90
5-May-90
5-May-90
5-Jun-90
5-Jun-90
12-Jun-95
2-Mar-98
Problem 1
For the same monthly oil production
rate of 750 m3/mo for a third tier well,
what is the royalty rate (Jul-00) if
a) the well was on crown land
b) the well was on freehold?
Problem 2
11.76
12.80
11.53
13.19
15.09
14.93
18.16
Plot monthly oil production rate on the

x-axis versus the crown royalty rate
on the y axis for a new heavy oil well
on production in July-2000.
Table of Contents
Heavy oil is produced from below

the Viking formation. Southwest
oil is oil produced after Feb 8/98
from the SW part of Saskatchewan.
Recall that royalties are payments

made on production from oil
and gas at the wellhead. Royalty
owners do not share in the capital
or operating costs.
Sasketchewan's heavy
oil is classified as either:
a) third tier (drilled after 01-Jan-94)
b) new (drilled before 01-Jan-94)
There is no "old" category.
SEM Calculated
Heavy Oil
Third Tier
X
SEM Calculated
Heavy Oil
New
K
SEM Calculated
Heavy Oil
New
X
479
518
519
458
512
535
516
531
537
429
387
78
26.63
27.47
27.50
26.17
27.34
27.83
27.42
27.74
27.88
25.54
24.64
17.95
615
634
635
604
631
642
633
640
643
589
569
414
271
295
266
304
348
345
419
22.13
22.65
22.02
22.85
23.79
23.72
25.33
511
523
508
527
549
547
585
Jul-00
Base Price=
192.00
Input
Oil Production
m3/month
Input
Cum Oil Produced, m3
Prior to:
Jul-00
Input
Land
500
500
1000
145
30
523
456
308
695
860
489
350
800
825
500
183
5000
4000
623
3900
23850
24850
5610
1009
23000
15987
25089
33000
32000
14008
26895
2300
Crown
Crown
Crown
Crown
Crown
Crown
Crown
Crown
Freehold
Freehold
Freehold
Freehold
Freehold
Freehold
Freehold
Freehold
(From Above Table)
Classification
Saskatchewan
Resource Credit
Production
Tax Factor
Crown
Royalty Rate
Percent
Third Tier
New
Third Tier
Third Tier
New
New
Third Tier
Third Tier
New
New
New
New
New
New
Third Tier
Third Tier
1.0
1.0
2.5
2.5
1.0
1.0
2.5
2.5
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
12.5
12.5
0
0
12.5
12.5
0
0
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
20.31
25.16
19.33
16.29
5.33
25.21
18.71
18.17
Freehold
Royalty Rate
Percent
6.51
6.69
6.13
5.61
6.63
6.65
1.31
-0.47
Does Well
Qualify for
Incentive
Volume?
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Allowed
Incentive
Volume
m3 on
Jul-00
Crown
Royalty
Incentive
Volume
m3
20.31
25.16
1000
100
5.33
25.21
18.71
308
Table Of Contents
Alberta Royalties
In Alberta there are 3 types of oil:
a) new oil (discovered on or after April 1, 1974)
b) third tier oil (discovered on or after Oct 1, 1992)
c) old oil (discovered before April 1974)
Heavy Oil in Alberta is classified as having a

density less than 25.7 API.
Month
Jan-00
Feb-00
Mar-00
Apr-00
May-00
Jun-00
Jul-00
Aug-00
Sep-00
Oct-00
Nov-00
Dec-00
Jan-01
Feb-01
Mar-01
Apr-01
May-01
Jun-01
Jul-01
Aug-01
Sep-01
Oct-01
Nov-01
Dec-01
Jan-02
PAR
PRICE
165.97
177.56
188.85
210.58
233.43
184.72
202.35
236.96
232.54
218.02
254.13
206.4
180.92
159.94
130.68
160.7
149.54
151.01
152.75
154.58
168.91
SELECT PRICE
OLD
26.58
26.93
26.93
26.93
26.93
26.93
26.93
26.93
26.93
26.93
26.93
26.93
27.77
27.84
27.84
27.84
27.84
27.84
27.84
27.84
27.84
NEW
57.12
57.87
57.87
57.87
57.87
57.87
57.87
57.87
57.87
57.87
57.87
57.87
59.68
59.83
59.83
59.83
59.83
59.83
59.83
59.83
59.83
THIRD TIER
121.56
123.15
123.15
123.15
123.15
123.15
123.15
123.15
123.15
123.15
123.15
123.15
127.01
127.32
127.32
127.32
127.32
127.32
127.32
127.32
127.32
Feb-02
Mar-02
Apr-02
May-02
Jun-02
Heavy Oil
ROYALTY FACTORS
OLD
2.976720
2.946956
2.915792
2.866594
2.826029
2.926675
2.883793
2.820549
2.827440
2.852321
2.796325
2.875132
2.953314
3.000000
3.000000
3.000000
3.000000
3.000000
3.000000
3.000000
2.993372
NEW
2.670426
2.768697
2.695224
2.691301
2.659262
2.701611
2.713000
2.646267
2.662621
2.722697
2.589728
2.779237
2.984494
3.000000
3.000000
3.000000
3.000000
3.000000
3.000000
3.000000
3.000000
THIRD TIER
3.000000
3.000000
3.000000
3.000000
3.000000
3.000000
3.000000
3.000000
3.000000
3.000000
2.910330
3.000000
3.000000
3.000000
3.000000
3.000000
3.000000
3.000000
3.000000
3.000000
3.000000
R MULTIPLIERS
OLD
3.500000
3.500000
3.500000
3.500000
3.500000
3.500000
3.500000
3.500000
3.500000
3.500000
3.500000
3.500000
3.500000
3.477804
3.360882
3.480274
3.441487
3.446924
3.453224
3.459697
3.500000
NEW
2.751376
2.866329
2.869317
2.951698
3.000000
2.855237
2.937110
3.000000
3.000000
3.000000
3.000000
3.000000
3.000000
2.877767
2.626492
2.883074
2.799719
2.811403
2.824943
2.838854
2.892634
THIRD TIER
1.802735
1.919295
2.043685
2.245560
2.417299
1.999946
2.174203
2.440876
2.411241
2.305431
2.500000
2.210029
1.893931
1.611854
1.077135
1.623149
1.445767
1.470631
1.499444
1.529046
1.738677
Oil and
Oil Price (Cdn$/bbl)
Date
Dec-99
Jan-00
Feb-00
Mar-00
Apr-00
May-00
Jun-00
Jul-00
Aug-00
Sep-00
Oct-00
Nov-00
Dec-00
Jan-01
Feb-01
Mar-01
Apr-01
May-01
Jun-01
Jul-01
Aug-01
Sep-01
Oct-01
Nov-01
Dec-01
Jan-02
Feb-02
Mar-02
Apr-02
May-02
Jun-02
Jul-02
Aug-02
Sep-02
Oct-02
Nov-02
Dec-02
Jan-03
Feb-03
Mar-03
Apr-03
May-03
Jun-03
Jul-03
Aug-03
Sep-03
Oct-03
Nov-03
Dec-03
Jan-04
Feb-04
Mar-04
Apr-04
May-04
Jun-04
Jul-04
Aug-04
Sep-04
Oct-04
Nov-04
Dec-04
Jan-05
Feb-05
Mar-05
Apr-05
May-05
Jun-05
Jul-05
Aug-05
Sep-05
Oct-05
Nov-05
Dec-05
Jan-06
Feb-06
Mar-06
Apr-06
May-06
Jun-06
Jul-06
Aug-06
Sep-06
Oct-06
Nov-06
Dec-06
Jan-07
Feb-07
Mar-07
Apr-07
May-07
Jun-07
WTI (US$/bbl)
26.09
27.01
29.30
29.89
25.54
28.81
31.53
29.72
31.14
33.87
32.93
34.26
28.40
29.26
29.64
27.27
27.62
28.68
27.58
26.47
27.55
29.65
22.21
19.67
19.33
19.67
20.74
24.42
26.27
27.02
25.52
26.95
28.38
29.67
28.85
26.27
29.42
32.94
35.87
33.55
28.25
28.14
30.72
30.76
31.59
28.29
30.33
31.1
32.11
34.24
34.74
36.51
Gas Prices
Exchange Rate
1.4733
1.4489
1.4511
1.4606
1.4684
1.4955
1.4768
1.4779
1.4825
1.4862
1.5124
1.5422
1.5224
1.5032
1.5218
1.5585
1.5574
1.5415
1.5300
1.5300
1.5400
1.5710
Table of Contents
LLB@Hardisty
vs WTI (US$/bbl)
-6.18
-5.67
-5.04
-5.64
-5.74
-5.66
-6.05
-6.45
-6.50
-8.02
-32.93
-34.26
-28.40
-29.26
-29.64
-27.27
-27.62
-28.68
-27.58
-26.47
-27.55
-29.65
Heavy/Light Differential
(Cdn $/bbl)
8.30
6.83
5.51
6.27
5.58
5.64
6.00
6.81
6.86
9.18
18.40
21.77
21.43
18.45
17.79
15.07
15.53
16.12
16.00
11.19
5.71
16.50
0.00
0.00
Koch Posting
LLB @ Hardisty (Cdn$/bbl)
29.24
30.92
35.11
35.41
29.04
34.58
37.55
34.30
36.40
38.42
Bow River
at Hardisty
(Cdn$/bbl)
30
32.04
36.34
37.09
30.74
36.59
39.76
36.33
38.76
41.34
31.93
31.12
21.82
25.58
26.72
26.20
26.51
26.91
26.20
29.28
Edmonton Light
at Edmonton(Cdn$/bbl)
38.30
38.87
41.85
43.36
36.32
42.23
45.76
43.14
45.62
50.52
50.33
52.89
43.25
44.03
44.51
41.27
42.04
43.03
42.20
40.47
26.53
43.03
69.44
70.84
70.95
74.41
73.04
63.8
58.89
59.08
61.96
54.51
59.28
60.44
63.98
63.45
Edmonton Light vs Bow River @ Hardisty

60
50
40
30
20
10
Nov-01
Dec-01
Jul-01
Oct-01
Jun-01
Aug-01
Sep-01
Apr-01
May-01
Jan-01
Mar-01
Nov-00
Date
Feb-01
Dec-00
Jul-00
Oct-00
Jun-00
Aug-00
Sep-00
Apr-00
Mar-00
May-00
Feb-00
Jan-00
Dec-99
Oil Price (US$/bbl)
Bow River at Hardisty
WTI (US$/bbl)
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Jan-00
Jul-00
Jan-01
Jul-01
Jan-02
Jul-02
Jan-03
Jul-03
Jan-04
Jul-04
Dec-04
Jun-05
Oct-99
Apr-00
Oct-00
Apr-01
Oct-01
Apr-02
Oct-02
Apr-03
Oct-03
Apr-04
Oct-04
Mar-05
Gas Price (Us$/MMBtu)
Date
AECO Daily Price

14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
Jan-00
Mar-00 May-00
Jul-00
Sep-00 Nov-00
Jan-01
Mar-01 May-01
Jul-01
Sep-01 Nov-01
Dec-99 Feb-00
Apr-00
Jun-00
Aug-00
Oct-00 Dec-00 Feb-01 Apr-01
Jun-01
Aug-01
Oct-01
Date
NYMEX Natural
Gas (US$/MMBtu)
2.17
2.34
2.58
2.56
2.93
3.11
4.24
4.54
3.75
AECO Spot Gas

(Cdn$/GJ)
3.15
2.98
2.89
3.13
3.59
3.84
4.61
5.24
4.65
4.51
6.46
7.20
11.81
10.48
7.84
7.33
7.33
5.58
4.44
3.35
OPEC & World Oil
Production
World oil production 2005 is

83 million b/d
C rude Oil P roduction million bbl/d
OPEC was formed in 1960 when

"7 Sisters"- Exxon, Mobil, BP, Shell etc
cut royalties to producing countries.
OPEC headquarters are in Vienna.
OPEC
Saudi Arabia
Iran
Venezuela
Iraq
UAR
Nigeria
Kuwait
Indonesia
9
Libya
Algeria
8
4
3
2.5
2.5
2.5
2
1.6
1.5
1
OPEC Total
Non-OPEC
7 Total
OPEC Crude Oil Produc
28.6
37.3
Non-OPEC
Former Soviet Union

North Sea
5 (UK & Norway)
US
China
Mexico 4
Canada
Oman 3
Egypt
Brazil
2
Columbia
Argentina
Angola 1
Malaysia
Syria
0
Australia
Saudi
India
Arabia
Yemen
Iran
7
6.9
6.8
3.5
3
2
1
1
1
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.6
0.5
Venezuela
0.5
0.5
Iraq
UAR
Nig
Country
1
0
Saudi
Arabia
Iran
Venezuela
Iraq
UAR
Nig
Country
Total
37.3
World Crude Oil Production
C r u d e O il P r o d u c t io n M il l io n s b b l / d
57%
Non-OPEC 37 million bbl/d
Non-OPEC Crude Oil Prod

8
C r u d e O il P r o
Non-OPEC Crude Oil Prod

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Country
Kuwait
Venezuela
Iraq
Former Soviet Union
US
Mexico
China
Saudi Arabia
Brazil
Indonesia
Neutral Zone
Iran
Canada
Others
29%
24%
7%
6%
5%
5%
4%
4%
2%
2%
1%
1%
1%
9%
Heavy Oil / Bitumen Reser
Canada
Iran
Neutral Zone
Indonesia
Brazil
Saudi Arabia
Others
Iran
Neutral Zone
Indonesia
Brazil
Others
Saudi Arabia
China
Iraq
Mexico
US
Former Soviet Union
Vene
Table of Contents
OPEC Crude Oil Production
Iraq
UAR
Nigeria
Country
Kuwait
Indonesia
Libya
Algeria
Iraq
UAR
Nigeria
Kuwait
Indonesia
Libya
Algeria
Country
World Crude Oil Production
OPEC 29 million bbl/d
43%
on-OPEC Crude Oil Production
OPEC Total
Non-OPEC Total
on-OPEC Crude Oil Production
Country
avy Oil / Bitumen Reserves
Canada
Iran
eutral Zone
donesia
Brazil
Arabia
Others
Kuwait
Iran
eutral Zone
donesia
Brazil
Others
Arabia
na
Iraq
co
S
Soviet Union
Kuwait
Venezuela
Algeria
Algeria
EC Total
-OPEC Total
Progressing Cavity Pumps

Definitions:
PCP's consist of 2 components:
1) metallic rotor
2) elastomer stator
When the rotor turns, the fluid moves
along pump axis inside the cavities between
the rotor and stator. The flow rate depends
on the rotor diameter, length of stator
pitch and pump eccentricity. The
eccentricity is the distance between the
centre-line of the rotor and the centreline of the stator.
The geometry of PCP's is defined by
the number of lobes of the rotor, then the
number of lobes of the stator. A 1-2 pump
would be a PCP with a single helical rotor
and a double helical stator.
(PCP's)
A.
B.
C.
Pump Displacement
Eccentricity of rotor/stator
Number of rotations per minute
Rotor Diameter
Stator Pitch, Ps
Leak rate per minute
5
150
40
40
0.01
mm
rpm
mm
mm
ml/min
Actual Pump Flow Rate

or
4800000
6.91
ml/min
m3/d
Tubing inside diameter

Rod String Diameter
Pumping Rate
Viscosity at Perforations
Viscosity at Surface
Length of tubing
Rotating Speed
Drive String Diameter
7.2
5.1
10
5000
4990
450
150
5.1
cm
cm
m3/d
cp
cp
m
rpm
cm
Pressure Drop due to Friction

Resistant Torque
13.91
35.14
kPa
daN-m
Input:
Reservoir Pressure
Bottomhole Flowing Pressure
Measured Oil Rate
1825
3620
1980
108
psia
psia
psia
b/d
Output
Productivity Index J
Oil Rate at Bubble Point
Maximum Oil Rate
0.0659
118.2
178.3
b/d/psi
b/d/psi
b/d
Pressure Drop Along Tubing/Resistant Torque
IPR Curve
Calculate IPR Curve
Oil Rate b/d
Pwf, psi
F lo w in g B o tto m h o le P re s s u re p s i
0.0
23.8
47.7
71.5
95.4
119.2
140.5
157.0
168.8
175.9
178.3
3620
3258
2896
2534
2172
1810
1448
1086
724
362
0
IPR
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0 120.0
Oil Rate b/d
140.0
Sucker Rod Pump

Input
Pump Speed, strokes per min
Plunger Area
Effective Plunger Stroke
Volumetric Efficiency
5
50
12
0.7
s/m
in2
in
fraction
Output
Pump Rate
311.64
b/d
160.0
180.0
200.0
Table of Contents
140.0
160.0
180.0
200.0
Steam Distribution System

Calculates number of expansion
loops, line size, pressure drop
and quality change from generator
to wellhead.
Input:
Distance between generator and wells
Loop height
Thermal expansion factor
Assumed pipe diameter
Generator Output Pressure
Wellhead Pressure
Steam flow rate
Insulation Thickness
Ambient temperature
Answer "yes" to which present:
Long elbows
Mitre-weld elbows
792.6
6.09
1.08E-05
220
14000
13560
200
50
10
yes
Output:
Thermal expansion factor
Distance between expansion loops
Output generator steam temperature
Number of Loops Required
Actual Distance between loops
Length of pipe needed
Equivalent length constant
Equivalent length pipe
B&W friction factor
Average Pressure beteen generator and wellhead
Pressure Correction Factor
Pressure Drop for 7000 kPa steam
3.527
39.83
336.6
20
39.6
1036.2
0.0816
1395.2
0.0112
13780
0.339684
928
Table of Contents
m
m
mm/mm per deg K
mm
kPa
kPa
m3/d
mm
deg C
mm/m
m
deg C
m
m
m
kPa
kPa/1000m
Minimum Miscibility Pressure

A.
and VAPEX
MMP
Based on Glaso's Correlations
JPT Dec 1985
Input:
Specific gravity of C7+ in Stock tank oil
Methane Content in injection Gas
Molecular Weight C2 to C6 in Injection Gas
33.6
0.87
58
44
Output:
34
44
54
Corrected MW of C7+ in Stock Tank Oil
264
MMP for MW(C2-C6) of 34

13857
9472
7483
Interpolation
B.
Intercept =
Slope =
24293.0392297206
-318.6849787521
Interpolated MMP for MW (C2-C6) of

44
is
10271
Nitrogen Minimum Miscibility Pressure

Based on Lawrence-Sebastian Correlation
SPE 24134
Input:
Mol Fraction Methane in Oil
Mol Fraction C2 to C6 including CO2
Molecular Weight C7+ in oil
33.6
0.2393
0.0231
482.96
Output:
Nitrogen MMP
61880
Problem:
How does the Nitrogen MMP vary with
molecular weight C7+ in the oil? If the
concentration of the intermediates or
methane in the oil increase, does the
MMP increase or decrease?
C.
CO2 Minimum Miscibility Pressure

1) Based on Cronquist DOE 1978
Input:
Molecular Weight C5+ of oil
Mole Percent N2 and Methane in oil
32.2
267
10.4
Output:
CO2 MMP
12690
2) Alston Correlation (SPEJ April 1985, pg 268)

Input:
Molecular Weight C5+
Volatile Oil fraction (C1+N2)
Intermediate fraction (C2,C3,C4,CO2,H2S)
32
280
27.38
7.47
Output:
CO2 MMP
12043
3) Based on Yellig-Metcalfe JPT Jan 1980

Input:
32
10700
Output:
CO2 MMP
10700
4) Based on PRI
Input:
32.2
Output:
MMP
7562
5) Based on Yuan (2004), SPE 89359

Input:
Molecular weight C7+ fraction
Mole percent of C2-C6
Mole percent CO2 in injection gas (C1<40%)
93.3
148.9
14.11
60
Output
MMP for pure CO2
MMP for impure CO2
D.
17333
25598
VAPEX Calculations
For binary mixtures, liquid & gas compositions
if given mole fractions
Input:
Operating Pressure
Convergence Pressure at reservoir temperature
Mole fraction component A
Mole fraction component B
K value component A at res. Temp
K value component B at res. Temp
33
8500
1500
0.7
0.3
1.8
0.46
Output:
Total System that is vapor
0.921
Fraction Component A in Liquid Phase

Fraction Component B in Liquid Phase
Component A in Vapor Phase
Component B in Vapor Phase
0.403
0.597
0.725
0.275
Dewpoint Calculations
For Binary System
Fill in 2 Pressure/K values from GPSA handbook

Input:
Pressure in kPa
8500
5000
1000
K for Component A
1.8
3.4
15
Output:
Dewpoint Pressure
Bubblepoint Pressure
7465
9919
Recall that the dew point is the pressure at a given temperature at which an all vapor system begins to condense
while the bubble point is that pressure at a given temperature where an all liquid system begins to vaporize.
Vapor Pressure Curves for Pure Components
GPSA Fig 16-21,16-22
Temperature deg C
Vapor Pressure Methane

kPa
1000
3000
11000
Vapor Pressure kPa
-125
-100
-50
0
25
50
75
100
Vapor Pressure
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
Methane
Ethane
Vapor Pressu
Vapor Pressure
12000
10000
8000
Methane
Ethane
6000
4000
2000
0
-150
-100
-50
0
Temperature deg C
Input
Enter Temperature
Vapor Pressure Methane
Vapor Pressure Ethane
Vapor Pressure Propane
Vapor Pressure Butane
20
above critical point, single phase
4091
981
Multicomponent System
Find the dewpoint of a gas:
Assume
Convergence Press=2000 psi
Component
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5+
Mole Fraction
0.003
0.9163
0.0572
0.0163
0.0029
0.0031
0.0012
Total
As can be seen, the above gas dewpoint is

close to -40 deg F.
50
Assume
Component
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5+
Mole Fraction
0.1205
0.8687
0.01
0.0003
0.0003
0
0.0002
Total
As can be seen, the above gas dewpoint is

close to -40 deg F.
Assume
Component
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5+
Mole Fraction
0.069
0.916
0.012
0.0011
0.0014
0.0002
0.0003
Total
Assume
Component
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
Mole Fraction
0.0844
0.9038
0.0095
0.0006
0.0009
E.
nC4
iC5+
0.0001
0.0007
Total
Total
Reduction in Viscosity
Due to VAPEX
Uses Puttagunta Method JCPT vol 36 Jan 1997 pg 50

Puttagunta Constants:
C
b
S
Bo
d
CH4
CO2
C2H6
-3.002
5.081181246
3.5704134273
0.0322678939
-0.0017686162
Input:
Viscosity Measurement @ 101 kPa & 30 deg C
120
Table of Contents
Notes:
deg C
no units
mol %
kg/kmol
For CO2 injection:

Use MW (C2-C6) = 44 kg/kmol
& Methane Content = 58%
kg/kmol
kPa
kPa
kPa
MMP for CO2 Flood by Glaso is:

kPa
deg C
no units
no units
kg/kmol
9481
kPa
kPa
deg C
kg/kmol
percent
kPa
deg C
g/g-mol
mol %
mol %
kPa
deg C
kPa
kPa
deg C
kPa
deg C
no units
percent
percent
kPa
kPa
-0.0119208662
deg C
kPa
psia
fraction
fraction
no units
no units
fraction
GPSA Fig 18-2

(check Res. Temp and binary mixture)
Use correct Convergence Press for bin mixture
(GPSA)
(GPSA)
fraction
fraction
fraction
fraction
K Compt B
0.46
0.44
1.3
Za/Ka + Zb/Kb
1.041
0.888
0.277
ZaKa+ZbKb
1.398
2.512
10.89
Sum
kPa at
kPa at
33
33
deg C
deg C
ll vapor system begins to condense,

uid system begins to vaporize.
Sum
Vapor Pressure
Ethane, kPa
8
52
550
2400
4300
7000
Vapor Pressure Propane

kPa
0.22
2.6
65
470
950
1775
3000
4500
ressure
Ethane
Propane
Vap Press n-Butane

kPa
0.8
10
100
240
500
910
1650
ressure
Ethane
Propane
Butane
0
erature deg C
50
deg C
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
100
150
Critical Temp Methane = -83 deg C

Critical Temp Ethane = 32 deg C
Critical Temp Propane = 97 deg C
Operating Press
1000 psi
K=0 deg F
4
2.3
0.46
0.17
0.081
0.06
0.025
Y/K
0.001
0.398
0.124
0.096
0.036
0.052
0.048
K=-20 deg F
4
2.25
0.45
0.15
0.07
0.048
0.018
Y/K
0.001
0.407
0.127
0.109
0.041
0.065
0.067
(GPSA)
0.755
(GPSA)
0.816
Operating Press
1000 psi
K=0 deg F
4
2.3
0.46
0.17
0.081
0.06
0.025
Y/K
0.030
0.378
0.022
0.002
0.004
0.000
0.008
K=-20 deg F
4
2.25
0.45
0.15
0.07
0.048
0.018
Y/K
0.030
0.386
0.022
0.002
0.004
0.000
0.011
(GPSA)
0.443
(GPSA)
0.456
Operating Press
800 psi
K=-20 deg F
2.8
1.5
0.56
0.24
0.1
0.075
0.05
Y/K
0.025
0.611
0.021
0.005
0.014
0.003
0.006
K=-40 deg F
2.7
1.6
0.48
0.14
0.08
0.06
0.035
Y/K
0.026
0.573
0.025
0.008
0.018
0.003
0.009
(GPSA)
0.684
(GPSA)
0.660
Operating Press
800 psi
K=0 deg F
1.1
1.2
0.9
0.8
0.4
Y/K
0.077
0.753
0.011
0.001
0.002
K=-20 deg F
1.3
1.1
0.9
0.5
0.2
Y/K
0.065
0.822
0.011
0.001
0.005
cp
0.3
0.15
0.000
0.005
0.25
0.1
0.000
0.007
(GPSA)
0.848
(GPSA)
0.910
Pressure kPa
Dewpoint Determination
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
f(x) = 21302.6111700543x^2 - 18265.9148901985x + 4427.9440824595
Pressure kPa
Dewpoint Determination
10000
8000
f(x) = 21302.6111700543x^2 - 18265.9148901985x + 4427.9440824595
6000
4000
2000
0
0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 1.000 1.100
Za/Ka+Zb/Kb
Za/Ka +Zb/Kb P
x
y
1.041
8500
0.888
5000
0.277
1000
2.206 14500.000
Det
A
B
C
x2
x3
x4
xy
x2y
1.083811758 1.12832
1.1746 8849.034 9212.40
0.788012239 0.69952
0.6210 4438.503 3940.06
0.076970677 0.02135
0.0059 277.4359
76.97
1.949
1.849
1.802 13565.0 13229.4
0.0051078
21302.611
-18265.915
4427.9441
ZaKa+ZbKb
P
x
y
x2
x3
x4
xy
x2y
1.398
8500
1.954404
2.7
3.8 11883.0 16612.4
2.512
5000
6.310144
15.9
39.8 12560.0 31550.7
10.890
1000
118.5921
1291.5 14064.1 10890.0 118592.1
14.800 14500.000
126.857
1310.1 14107.7 35333.0 166755.3
Det
A
B
C
7848.1366
280.69852
-4239.3624
13878.03
K=-40 deg F
3.9
2.1
0.325
0.12
0.042
0.035
0.012
Y/K
0.001
0.436
0.176
0.136
0.069
0.089
0.100
(GPSA)
1.007
K=-40 deg F
3.9
2.1
0.325
0.12
0.042
0.035
0.012
Y/K
0.031
0.414
0.031
0.003
0.007
0.000
0.017
(GPSA)
0.502
K=-60 deg F
2
1.3
0.35
0.15
0.07
0.05
0.035
Y/K
0.035
0.705
0.034
0.007
0.020
0.004
0.009
K=-80 deg F
2
1.3
0.33
0.1
0.04
0.04
0.035
Y/K
0.035
0.705
0.036
0.011
0.035
0.005
0.009
(GPSA)
0.813
(GPSA)
0.835
K=-40 deg F
1.7
1.2
0.8
0.3
0.25
Y/K
0.050
0.753
0.012
0.002
0.004
K=-60 deg F
1.2
1.1
0.65
0.25
0.1
Y/K
0.070
0.822
0.015
0.002
0.009
0.3
0.1
0.000
0.007
0.15
0.15
0.001
0.005
(GPSA)
0.828
(GPSA)
0.923
EOR Parameters
A.

for Gas Injection EOR
Based on Lange Correlation
SPE Reservoir Engineering April 1998
Input:
Critical Pressure of Injectant Gas
Density of Injected Gas
Critical Density of Injected Gas
Oil Average Molecular Weight
4604
300
162.074
300
50
kPa
kg/m3
kg/m3
kg/kmol
deg C
1.8510063304
9.29
5.8620840732
0.094
no unit
(cal/cm3)^0.5
(cal/cm3)^0.5
fraction
Output:
Reduced Density of Injectant
Crude Oil Solubility Parameter
Gas Solubility Parameter
Miscible Residual Oil Saturation
B.
Critical Temperature, Critical

Pressure and Acentric Factor for
Heavy Undefined Fractions
Based on SPE 64996 by Stamataki
and Magoulas
Input:
Molecular Weight
Specific Gravity at 15 deg C
595
1.075
Output:
Critical Temperature
Critical Pressure
Acentric factor
1086.30
203.61
1.84
deg K
kPa
no units
Table of Contents
Physical
Constants
Compound
Critical
Pressure, kPaa
Critical
Density, kg/m3
Methane
Ethane
Propane
CO2
Nitrogen
4604
4880
4249
7382
3399
162.074
203.252
217.391
467.289
310.559
Heavy Oil
Molecular Weight
Specific gravity
at 15 deg C
Athabasca
Cold Lake
Peace River
Wabasca
Cold Lake
595
533
527.5
446.5
568
1.075
1.024
1.05
1.007
Bitumen Properties
EOR Royalty Calculations

Working Interest
Crown interest
T factor
100.00 percent
100.00 percent
0.75 fraction
Overhead Allowance
15 percent
Gas Processing Cost

Transportation cost
Fuel Gas Consumed
$10.00 $/e3 m3
$20,000.00
125 e3 m3
Capital Costs
Unamortized Balance Jan 1
Capital addition
Total Capital
Amortization
$1,000,000.00
$250,000.00
$1,250,000.00
30 percent
Effective Royalty Rate
20 percent
Price & Royalty Rate Assumptions
Gas
Propane
Butane
Pentane
Crude oil
Reference Price Royalty Rate,%

per GJ/m3
$2.00
25
$75.00
30
$90.00
30
$120.00
35
$120.00
25
Injection and Production Volumes

Product
Gas (GJ)
Gas (e3 m3)
Propane m3
Butane m3
Pentane m3
Oil m3
Net Breakthrough Volume e3 m3
Injection
Production
100000
2500
5000
3000
1000
70000
1750
4000
2500
1500
40000
2000
Injected Proprietary
70000
1750
4000
2500
1000
Table of Contents
Injected Purchased
30000
750
1000
500
0
A.
Radionuclide Half-Life
Measurements
Radionuclide
Half Life
Tritiated Water
12.25 yr
1.829 hr
Na
950.9 d
Na
14.95 hr
Co
272.1 d
Co
70.77 d
Fe
44.5 d
Co
1925.1 d
Kr
3934.4 d
Sr
64.85 d
13.2 hr
59.5 d
Xe
36.3 d
8.0 d
Xe
5.2 d
Cs
753.8 d
Cs
30.2 yr
Cs
137.7 d
18
22
24
57
58
59
60
85
85
123
125
127
131
133
134
137
139
Table of Contents
Characterization Of Heavy Undefined Fractions
Based on SPE 64996

by Stamataki & Magoulas
Houston Conf 2001
Bitumen
Input:
Molecular Weight
Specific Gravity
595 no units
1.07 no units
Output:
Acentric factor
Critical Temperature
Critical Pressure
1.843 no units
1082.53 deg K
746.50 kPa
Athabasca
Cold Lake
Peace River
Wabasca
Table of Contents
Properties of Bitumens
Molecular Weight
Specific
Gravity @ 15 deg C
595
533
527.5
446.5
1.075
1.024
1.05
1.007
Mining
Table of Contents
A. Ore Grade Bitumen Recovery

Based on Shell's Muskeg River
Input:
Ore Grade
10 wt %
Output:
Bitumen Recovery
88.51 % OOIP
A.
Crude Oil Treating

Determines the Amount of Gas
Needed to Run Treater
Assumes Freewater has been knocked
out, and the water remaining is less
than 10% of the oil
Input:
Vessel Inlet Temperature
Vessel Outlet Temperature
Specific Gravity Oil
Oil Inlet Rate
27
31
0.96
8000
deg C
deg C
fraction
m3/d
Output:
Heat Input Required
Natural Gas Required
3.15E+06 Btu/hr
3.17 MCF/hr
or
or
924
2.14
Table of Contents
kW
e3 m3/d
Example: Minimum Catalyst for Metals Removal

What is the minimum catalyst consumption, based on metals removal, for a plant treating 50,000 bbl/day of raw bitumen?
Feed rate
50000 bbl/d
Density
14.6 API
or
968.5147 kg/m3
Feed rate
7699692 kg/d
Assume that the volume of metal sulfides can be approximated as V 2S3
Vanadium In
170
V out
23
Removal
147
(Ignore change in mass of oil through primary conversion stage)
Removal rate
1131.855
Mass V sulfide
2198.384
Density of V2S3
4700
Volume of V2S3
0.467741
ppm
ppm
ppm
kg/d V
kg/d
kg/m3 from CRC Handbook of Physics and Chemistry
m3/d
Assume that pores of spent catalyst are full of V sulfide (gives minimum catalyst needed)
Pore volume of catalyst
Minimum catalyst required
0.4
0.4
0.0004
1169
mL/g
L/kg
m3/kg catalyst
kg/d
80% pores filled

1462 kg/d
60% pores filled
1949 kg/d
(The last estimate is probably most reasonable)
Minimum requirement
1169 kg/d of fresh catalyst
bl/day of raw bitumen?
hysics and Chemistry
US Value
Can Value
0.9883376
1.0118
0.9925558
1.0075
0.9936407
1.0064
0.9923588
1.0077
0.991375
1.0087
0.9791442
1.0213
0.9791442
1.0213
0.9871668
1.013
0.9871668
1.013
0.995322
1.0047
0.9961152
1.0039
1.0007005
0.9993
0.9941346
1.0059
0.995322
1.0047
1.0015023
0.9985
1.0043186
0.9957
1.0112246
0.9889
1.020929
0.9795
1.0162602
0.984
1.0179153
0.9824
1.017294
0.983
1.0176046
0.9827
1.0127608
0.9874
1.0032103
0.9968
1.0007005
0.9993
1.0044194
0.9956
1.0033109
0.9967
0.9993005
1.0007
0.9992006
1.0008
1.0016026
0.9984
1.0005003
0.9995
0.9961152
1.0039
0.9917683
1.0083
0.9989012
1.0011
1.0009008
0.9991
1.0006004
0.9994
1.0085729
0.9915
1.0239607
0.9766
1.0288066
0.972
1.0334849
0.9676
1.039177
0.9623
1.0347682
0.9664
1.0242753
0.9763
1.0205123
0.9799
1.0137875
0.9864
1.017294
0.983
1.0127608
0.9874
Canadian Dollar Value Comp

1.2
US Dollar
Date
Jan-71
Feb-71
Mar-71
Apr-71
May-71
Jun-71
Jul-71
Aug-71
Sep-71
Oct-71
Nov-71
Dec-71
Jan-72
Feb-72
Mar-72
Apr-72
May-72
Jun-72
Jul-72
Aug-72
Sep-72
Oct-72
Nov-72
Dec-72
Jan-73
Feb-73
Mar-73
Apr-73
May-73
Jun-73
Jul-73
Aug-73
Sep-73
Oct-73
Nov-73
Dec-73
Jan-74
Feb-74
Mar-74
Apr-74
May-74
Jun-74
Jul-74
Aug-74
Sep-74
Oct-74
Nov-74
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Jan-71
Jan-76
Jan-81
Jan-86
Jan-91
Date
Dec-74
Jan-75
Feb-75
Mar-75
Apr-75
May-75
Jun-75
Jul-75
Aug-75
Sep-75
Oct-75
Nov-75
Dec-75
Jan-76
Feb-76
Mar-76
Apr-76
May-76
Jun-76
Jul-76
Aug-76
Sep-76
Oct-76
Nov-76
Dec-76
Jan-77
Feb-77
Mar-77
Apr-77
May-77
Jun-77
Jul-77
Aug-77
Sep-77
Oct-77
Nov-77
Dec-77
Jan-78
Feb-78
Mar-78
Apr-78
May-78
Jun-78
Jul-78
Aug-78
Sep-78
Oct-78
Nov-78
1.0119409
1.0052272
0.9996002
0.9995002
0.9891197
0.9721952
0.974279
0.9700262
0.9658103
0.974374
0.9755146
0.9862906
0.9862906
0.993542
1.0065425
1.0143017
1.0166734
1.0202
1.0271159
1.0285949
1.0148163
1.0255358
1.0280662
1.0143017
0.9820289
0.989805
0.9728573
0.9512033
0.9510223
0.9536525
0.9454477
0.9423294
0.9302326
0.931706
0.9100009
0.9014694
0.9113278
0.9081003
0.8984726
0.8882572
0.8758868
0.8939746
0.8914245
0.8892051
0.8768853
0.8573388
0.8454515
0.8524422
0.9882
0.9948
1.0004
1.0005
1.011
1.0286
1.0264
1.0309
1.0354
1.0263
1.0251
1.0139
1.0139
1.0065
0.9935
0.9859
0.9836
0.9802
0.9736
0.9722
0.9854
0.9751
0.9727
0.9859
1.0183
1.0103
1.0279
1.0513
1.0515
1.0486
1.0577
1.0612
1.075
1.0733
1.0989
1.1093
1.0973
1.1012
1.113
1.1258
1.1417
1.1186
1.1218
1.1246
1.1404
1.1664
1.1828
1.1731
Dec-78
Jan-79
Feb-79
Mar-79
Apr-79
May-79
Jun-79
Jul-79
Aug-79
Sep-79
Oct-79
Nov-79
Dec-79
Jan-80
Feb-80
Mar-80
Apr-80
May-80
Jun-80
Jul-80
Aug-80
Sep-80
Oct-80
Nov-80
Dec-80
Jan-81
Feb-81
Mar-81
Apr-81
May-81
Jun-81
Jul-81
Aug-81
Sep-81
Oct-81
Nov-81
Dec-81
Jan-82
Feb-82
Mar-82
Apr-82
May-82
Jun-82
Jul-82
Aug-82
Sep-82
Oct-82
Nov-82
0.8476013
0.8404068
0.8364001
0.8518613
0.8722959
0.8653513
0.8529512
0.8591803
0.8542628
0.8581481
0.8507742
0.8476731
0.8547009
0.8591065
0.8654262
0.8524422
0.8430992
0.8517162
0.8683571
0.8678296
0.8626639
0.8585902
0.8553588
0.842886
0.8355615
0.8397011
0.8344459
0.8393487
0.8396306
0.8326395
0.8304958
0.8259684
0.8175278
0.8327781
0.8313243
0.8423181
0.8438106
0.8385041
0.8237232
0.8193363
0.8161933
0.8106355
0.7839448
0.7874016
0.8030838
0.8098477
0.812942
0.8155276
1.1798
1.1899
1.1956
1.1739
1.1464
1.1556
1.1724
1.1639
1.1706
1.1653
1.1754
1.1797
1.17
1.164
1.1555
1.1731
1.1861
1.1741
1.1516
1.1523
1.1592
1.1647
1.1691
1.1864
1.1968
1.1909
1.1984
1.1914
1.191
1.201
1.2041
1.2107
1.2232
1.2008
1.2029
1.1872
1.1851
1.1926
1.214
1.2205
1.2252
1.2336
1.2756
1.27
1.2452
1.2348
1.2301
1.2262
Dec-82
Jan-83
Feb-83
Mar-83
Apr-83
May-83
Jun-83
Jul-83
Aug-83
Sep-83
Oct-83
Nov-83
Dec-83
Jan-84
Feb-84
Mar-84
Apr-84
May-84
Jun-84
Jul-84
Aug-84
Sep-84
Oct-84
Nov-84
Dec-84
Jan-85
Feb-85
Mar-85
Apr-85
May-85
Jun-85
Jul-85
Aug-85
Sep-85
Oct-85
Nov-85
Dec-85
Jan-86
Feb-86
Mar-86
Apr-86
May-86
Jun-86
Jul-86
Aug-86
Sep-86
Oct-86
Nov-86
0.8074283
0.8138683
0.8145312
0.8154611
0.811359
0.8135373
0.8114907
0.8114907
0.8105041
0.8112932
0.8116883
0.8086035
0.8019889
0.8010253
0.8012821
0.7875876
0.7814942
0.7725587
0.7668712
0.7554011
0.7671653
0.7607455
0.7581501
0.7594168
0.7575184
0.755287
0.7381708
0.7225434
0.7321716
0.7269555
0.731208
0.7393169
0.7366483
0.7297672
0.7316895
0.7264802
0.716589
0.7107321
0.7120986
0.7138268
0.720513
0.7269027
0.7194762
0.7242178
0.7202017
0.7208246
0.7202017
0.7213446
1.2385
1.2287
1.2277
1.2263
1.2325
1.2292
1.2323
1.2323
1.2338
1.2326
1.232
1.2367
1.2469
1.2484
1.248
1.2697
1.2796
1.2944
1.304
1.3238
1.3035
1.3145
1.319
1.3168
1.3201
1.324
1.3547
1.384
1.3658
1.3756
1.3676
1.3526
1.3575
1.3703
1.3667
1.3765
1.3955
1.407
1.4043
1.4009
1.3879
1.3757
1.3899
1.3808
1.3885
1.3873
1.3885
1.3863
Dec-86
Jan-87
Feb-87
Mar-87
Apr-87
May-87
Jun-87
Jul-87
Aug-87
Sep-87
Oct-87
Nov-87
Dec-87
Jan-88
Feb-88
Mar-88
Apr-88
May-88
Jun-88
Jul-88
Aug-88
Sep-88
Oct-88
Nov-88
Dec-88
Jan-89
Feb-89
Mar-89
Apr-89
May-89
Jun-89
Jul-89
Aug-89
Sep-89
Oct-89
Nov-89
Dec-89
Jan-90
Feb-90
Mar-90
Apr-90
May-90
Jun-90
Jul-90
Aug-90
Sep-90
Oct-90
Nov-90
0.7245852
0.7349699
0.7496252
0.7579203
0.7580352
0.7456566
0.7469934
0.7540341
0.7543754
0.760225
0.7635336
0.7594744
0.7648184
0.7779074
0.7885192
0.8005123
0.80952
0.8082114
0.8212878
0.8281573
0.8171938
0.8151952
0.8295313
0.8206138
0.8359806
0.8394191
0.8409722
0.8365401
0.8411844
0.8385744
0.8343067
0.8409722
0.8504848
0.8454515
0.8511363
0.8549201
0.8611039
0.8532423
0.835771
0.8474576
0.8590327
0.8512812
0.8525149
0.8643042
0.873515
0.8633342
0.862069
0.8594757
1.3801
1.3606
1.334
1.3194
1.3192
1.3411
1.3387
1.3262
1.3256
1.3154
1.3097
1.3167
1.3075
1.2855
1.2682
1.2492
1.2353
1.2373
1.2176
1.2075
1.2237
1.2267
1.2055
1.2186
1.1962
1.1913
1.1891
1.1954
1.1888
1.1925
1.1986
1.1891
1.1758
1.1828
1.1749
1.1697
1.1613
1.172
1.1965
1.18
1.1641
1.1747
1.173
1.157
1.1448
1.1583
1.16
1.1635
Dec-90
Jan-91
Feb-91
Mar-91
Apr-91
May-91
Jun-91
Jul-91
Aug-91
Sep-91
Oct-91
Nov-91
Dec-91
Jan-92
Feb-92
Mar-92
Apr-92
May-92
Jun-92
Jul-92
Aug-92
Sep-92
Oct-92
Nov-92
Dec-92
Jan-93
Feb-93
Mar-93
Apr-93
May-93
Jun-93
Jul-93
Aug-93
Sep-93
Oct-93
Nov-93
Dec-93
Jan-94
Feb-94
Mar-94
Apr-94
May-94
Jun-94
Jul-94
Aug-94
Sep-94
Oct-94
Nov-94
0.8618461
0.8650519
0.8658758
0.8641549
0.8669267
0.8696408
0.8742023
0.8700948
0.8732099
0.8795075
0.8866034
0.8847992
0.8720677
0.8642295
0.845666
0.8383635
0.8421762
0.8339588
0.8361204
0.8386448
0.8398421
0.8179959
0.8030194
0.7890169
0.7858546
0.7825338
0.7935248
0.8018603
0.7923302
0.7875256
0.781922
0.7800312
0.764526
0.7567159
0.7539772
0.7590709
0.7514277
0.7591285
0.7449344
0.7329229
0.7230658
0.7242178
0.7227522
0.723275
0.7255315
0.7385524
0.7405762
0.7327618
1.1603
1.156
1.1549
1.1572
1.1535
1.1499
1.1439
1.1493
1.1452
1.137
1.1279
1.1302
1.1467
1.1571
1.1825
1.1928
1.1874
1.1991
1.196
1.1924
1.1907
1.2225
1.2453
1.2674
1.2725
1.2779
1.2602
1.2471
1.2621
1.2698
1.2789
1.282
1.308
1.3215
1.3263
1.3174
1.3308
1.3173
1.3424
1.3644
1.383
1.3808
1.3836
1.3826
1.3783
1.354
1.3503
1.3647
Dec-94
Jan-95
Feb-95
Mar-95
Apr-95
May-95
Jun-95
Jul-95
Aug-95
Sep-95
Oct-95
Nov-95
Dec-95
Jan-96
Feb-96
Mar-96
Apr-96
May-96
Jun-96
Jul-96
Aug-96
Sep-96
Oct-96
Nov-96
Dec-96
Jan-97
Feb-97
Mar-97
Apr-97
May-97
Jun-97
Jul-97
Aug-97
Sep-97
Oct-97
Nov-97
Dec-97
Jan-98
Feb-98
Mar-98
Apr-98
May-98
Jun-98
Jul-98
Aug-98
Sep-98
Oct-98
Nov-98
0.7197869
0.7076139
0.7140307
0.7103786
0.7266386
0.7348078
0.7259528
0.7346459
0.7378985
0.7402472
0.7430525
0.7388799
0.7303002
0.7315824
0.727167
0.7322789
0.7357269
0.7303002
0.7321716
0.7300869
0.7287567
0.7302468
0.740302
0.7473283
0.7341066
0.7410701
0.7376807
0.7285974
0.7172572
0.7244277
0.7223868
0.7259528
0.7191658
0.7208766
0.7210325
0.7078143
0.7007217
0.6940107
0.697642
0.7059156
0.6993985
0.6919458
0.682361
0.6725402
0.6516356
0.6571166
0.6471654
0.649182
1.3893
1.4132
1.4005
1.4077
1.3762
1.3609
1.3775
1.3612
1.3552
1.3509
1.3458
1.3534
1.3693
1.3669
1.3752
1.3656
1.3592
1.3693
1.3658
1.3697
1.3722
1.3694
1.3508
1.3381
1.3622
1.3494
1.3556
1.3725
1.3942
1.3804
1.3843
1.3775
1.3905
1.3872
1.3869
1.4128
1.4271
1.4409
1.4334
1.4166
1.4298
1.4452
1.4655
1.4869
1.5346
1.5218
1.5452
1.5404
Dec-98
Jan-99
Feb-99
Mar-99
Apr-99
May-99
Jun-99
Jul-99
Aug-99
Sep-99
Oct-99
Nov-99
Dec-99
Jan-00
Feb-00
Mar-00
Apr-00
May-00
Jun-00
Jul-00
Aug-00
Sep-00
Oct-00
Nov-00
Dec-00
Jan-01
Feb-01
Mar-01
Apr-01
May-01
Jun-01
Jul-01
Aug-01
Sep-01
Oct-01
Nov-01
Dec-01
Jan-02
Feb-02
Mar-02
Apr-02
May-02
Jun-02
Jul-02
Aug-02
Sep-02
Oct-02
Nov-02
0.6479622
0.6581545
0.6676905
0.6589352
0.6719978
0.6844159
0.6805036
0.6715917
0.6697027
0.6770022
0.6767731
0.6814774
0.6792555
0.6903217
0.6890849
0.6845564
0.6807815
0.6685833
0.6770481
0.6766816
0.6743998
0.6727664
0.661157
0.6482562
0.6570734
0.6652475
0.6572029
0.6415603
0.6419309
0.6488872
0.6559528
0.6532532
0.6493928
0.6377958
0.6362537
0.6280618
0.6333924
0.6251172
0.6264094
0.6298419
0.6323111
0.6450781
0.6528267
0.6469979
0.6371862
0.6344775
0.6337136
0.6363347
1.5433
1.5194
1.4977
1.5176
1.4881
1.4611
1.4695
1.489
1.4932
1.4771
1.4776
1.4674
1.4722
1.4486
1.4512
1.4608
1.4689
1.4957
1.477
1.4778
1.4828
1.4864
1.5125
1.5426
1.5219
1.5032
1.5216
1.5587
1.5578
1.5411
1.5245
1.5308
1.5399
1.5679
1.5717
1.5922
1.5788
1.5997
1.5964
1.5877
1.5815
1.5502
1.5318
1.5456
1.5694
1.5761
1.578
1.5715
Dec-02
Jan-03
Feb-03
Mar-03
Apr-03
May-03
Jun-03
Jul-03
Aug-03
Sep-03
Oct-03
Nov-03
Dec-03
Jan-04
Feb-04
0.6413545
0.6487609
0.6613319
0.6774609
0.685777
0.7401925
0.7393715
0.7235366
0.7161785
0.7334605
0.7565441
0.7618467
0.7617307
0.7716049
0.7524454
Mar-04
Apr-04
May-04
Jun-04
Jul-04
Aug-04
Sep-04
Oct-04
Nov-04
Dec-04
Jan-05
Feb-05
Mar-05
Apr-05
May-05
0.752672
0.7451565
0.7252158
0.7364855
0.7561437
0.7617887
0.7763372
1.5592
1.5414
1.5121
1.4761
1.4582
1.351
1.3525
1.3821
1.3963
1.3634
1.3218
1.3126
1.3128
1.296
1.329
1.3286
1.342
1.3789
1.3578
1.3225
1.3127
1.2881
ar Value Compared to US $
Jan-86
Jan-91 Jan-96
Date
Jan-01
Jan-06
Jan-11
References:
Books
Author
Abou-Kassem J, S Farouq-Ali, M Islam
Ahmed T
Boberg,T.C
Butler, R.M
Butler, R.M
CHOA
Cholet,H
Cholet,H
CIM
CIM
Dake L
Hong, K.C
Lake, L.W.
Latil M
Meyer, R.F.
Meyer, R.F.
Nickle Carl
Prats, M
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
Weiss, M
Websites
www.acr-alberta.com/
http://www3.gov.ab.ca/env/index.html
www.arc.ab.ca
www.resdev.gov.ab.ca
aset.worldgate.com
www.api.org
www.apegga.org
www.petroleumplace.com
http://www.landman.ca/index2.html
www.capp.ca
www.choa.ab.ca
www.cnrl.com/
www.conrad.ab.ca/yildirim/
www.cspg.org
www.petsoc.org
www.dailyoilbulletin.com/
www.fe.doe.gov/
http://www.ercb.ca/portal/server.pt?
www.gastechnology.org
www.globeinvestor.com
www.hartenergy.com
www.hydrocarbononline.com
www.ifp.fr/
www.neb.gc.ca
www.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca
www.ornl.gov
www.oilandgasonline.com
www.ogj.pennnet.com/home.cfm
www.opec.org
www.pdvsa.com
www.ptac.org
www.ptrc.ca
http://www.gov.sk.ca/enermine/
www.src.sk.ca
http://www.sec.gov/
www.speca.org
www.spe.org
www.suncor.com
www.syncrude.com
www.landman.ca
www.unfccc.int/2860.php
www.worldoil.com/
http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/info_glance/petroleum.html
Relevant Software
Software
@Risk
Accumap
Canadian PEEP 2000
Cashpot
Decline
Decpro
Earth Vision
Eclipse
Exodus
GCOMP
Geofluids
GeoScout
HYSIS
Imex and Gem
Landmark-Earthcube
OilWat
PANsystems
PC Pump
Portfolio
PRIZE
ResAssist
STARS
Therm
Value Navigator
Well Flo
Well Test
Wellview
Winprop
Relevant Products
Product
BOP's and wellheads
Buckets, Draglines, Shovels
Cogeneration Plant
Coiled Tubing
Compressors
Downhole Gauges
Downhole Oil-Water Separator
Oil - Water Separation
Pipeline Materials
Progressive Cavity Pumps
Progressive Cavity Pumps
Processing Equipment
Shovels, Trucks, Cats
Steam Generators
Sucker Rod Pumps
Trucks, Shovels, Loaders, Excavators
Tubular Goods
Wellheads
Further Courses & Education
Site
www.asp.adelaide.edu.au
programs.bcit.ca/
www.mines.edu
www.tudelft.nl
www.pet.hw.ac.uk
www.ic.ac.uk
www.ite.tu-clausthal.de/index.html
www.keyanoc.ab.ca
www.kfupm.edu.sa/
www.msu.ru
www.eng.lsu.edu
www.engr.mun.ca
wildcat.pete.metu.edu.tr/
www.mtech.edu/petroleum
www.nait.ab.ca
www.nmt.edu/
www.ntnu.no
www.engr.psu.edu
www.sait.ca/
ekofisk.stanford.edu
www.his.no
aggieengineer.tamu.edu
www.coe.ttu.edu
www.fkkksa.utm.my/
www.uaf.edu
www.civil.ualberta.ca
www.bath.ac.uk/chem-eng/undergrad/
www.eng.ucalgary.ca/Chemical/
www.agl.uh.edu
www.ku.edu
www.unileoben.ac.at/
www.kfgi.uni-miskolc.hu/
www.coe.ou.edu
www.pitt.edu
www.uregina.ca/engg/
www.utexas.edu
www.ipt.ntnu.no/english/
www.utulsa.edu
www.science.uwaterloo.ca/earth/
wwweng.uwyo.edu/petroleum/
www.uaeu.ac.ae
www.wvu.edu
Problem Sets
Problem Set #1
Problem Set #2
Table of Contents
Books, Websites, Relevant Software & Products,
Title
AOSTRA a 15 Year Portfolio of Achievement
Petroleum Reservoir Simulations: A Basic Approach
Reservoir Engineering Handbook
Thermal Methods of Oil Recovery
Thermal Recovery of Oil and Bitumen
Horizontal Wells for the Recovery of Oil, Gas and Bitumen
Canadian Heavy Oil Association Reservoir Handbook
Progressing Cavity Pumps
Well Production Practical Handbook
Determination of Oil and Gas Reserves
Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology
Practice of Reservoir Engineering
Steamflood Reservoir Management
Enhanced Oil Recovery
Enhanced Oil Recovery
Seventh UNITAR Conference on Heavy Crude and Tar Sands, China
Exploration for Heavy Crude Oil and Natural Bitumen
Nickle's Daily Oil Bulletin
Thermal Recovery
International Heavy Oil Symposium Calgary June 19-21, 1995
Thermal Recovery, Bakersfield
Reservoir Evaluation and Engineering
International Thermal Operations & Heavy Oil Calgary Nov 2002
Heavy Oil Symposium Margarita Islands Venezuela
Journal of Petroleum Technology
Heavy Oil and Bitumen Recovery
Title
Alberta Chamber of Resources
Alberta Environment
Alberta Research Council
Alberta Resource Development
Alberta Society of Engineering Technologists
American Petroleum Institute
APEGGA
Calgary Oil and Gas Companies
Canadian Association of Petroleum Landmen
Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers

Canadian Heavy oil Association
Canadian Natural Resources
Canadian Oilsands Network for Research and Development
Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists
CIM
Nickle's Daily Oil Bulletin
Department of Energy
ERCB
Gas technology Institute
Globe and Mail
Hart Energy
Hydrocarbon Processing
Institut Francais du Petrole
National Energy Board
Natural Resources Canada
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Oil and Gas Industry News
Oil and Gas Journal Online
OPEC
Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A.
Petroleum Technology Alliance Canada
Petroleum Technology Research Centre
Saskatchewan Energy and Mines
Saskatchewan Research Council
US Security and exchange Commission
Society of Petroleum Engineers
Society of Petroleum Engineers
Suncor
Syncrude Canada
Petroleum Land Issues
United nations Kyoto Protocol
World Oil
World Energy Information
Vendor
Palisade
IHS Energy
Geoquest-Schlumberger
Fekete
Petrosoft
Dynamic Graphics
Petrostudies
PHH Petroleum Consultants Ltd
Rakhit Petroleum Consulting

geoLogic
Hyprotech
Computer Modelling Group
Landmark Graphics
IHS Energy
Edinburgh Petroleum Services
CFER
Alberta Research Council
Epic Consulting Services Ltd
Smedvig Technologies
Energy Navigator
Neotech
Fekete
Pelleton
Vendor
Cooper Cameron
P&H Mining
Foster Wheeler
BJ Services Company Canada
Propak
Promore
Weatherford
Corlac
Prudential Steel
Weatherford
Baker Hughes
Natco Canada
Caterpillar
Babcock and Wilcox
Lufkin Industries
Hitachi Construction Machinery Canada Limited
Fedmet (Russel Metals)
Stream-Flo
Location
Australian School of Petroleum
British Columbia Institute of Technology
Colorado School of Mines

Delft University of Technology
Heriot Watt University - Edinburgh
Imperial College London
Institut fuer Erdoel und Erdgas - Clausthal, Germany
Keyano College
King Fahd University Saudi Arabia
Lomonsov Moscow State University
Louisana State University-Baton Rouge
Memorial University of Newfoundland
Middle East Technical University- Ankara
Montana Tech
NAIT
New Mexico Tech
Norwegian University of Science and technology
Penn State University-University Park
SAIT
Stanford University
Stavanger University
Texas A & M University-College Station
Texas Tech University- Lubbock
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
University of Alaska- Fairbanks
University of Alberta
University Of Bath
University of Calgary
University of Houston
University of Kansas
Universitat Leoben, Austria
University of Miskolc, Hungary
University of Oklahoma
University of Pittsburgh
University of Regina
University of Texas-Austin
University of Trondheim, Norway
University of Tulsa
University of Waterloo
University of Wyoming
United Arab Emirates University
West Virginia University
Worksheet Numbers
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7,14, 16, 17, 20, 22,24,25, 42
6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15,19, 21, plus steam generator problem
Examples of Previous Presentations
Statistical Analysis of PCP Failures

Developing a Thermal Simulator
Heavy Oil Development in Albania
Success of Mircobial Enhanced Recovery
Workovers in the Heavy Oil Industry
Results of the Surmont Decision on SAGD Projects
Reverse Osmosis vs Evaporation
Kyoto Protocol and Heavy Oil Development
SAGD Drilling Wastes
Monitoring CSS wells
Vapex vs SAP
4D seismic mapping for Steam Chamber Growth
Shell's Oil Shale Project
Example of Heavy Oil Upgrading
Fuel Cells-Current Status
Steam Generator Operating Conditions
Further Courses & Education
Publisher
Year
Gulf Publishing
Gulf Publishing
John Wiley
GravDran
CIM
CHOA
Technip,Paris
Technip
CIM
Petroleum Society
Elsevier
Pennwell
Prentice Hall
Gulf Publishing
UNITAR
AAPG, Tulsa Oklahoma
Nickle's Energy Group
SPE Monographs
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
CD
2006
2000
1988
1998
1994
1991
1998
2000
1994
monthly issue
1994
1994
1989
1980
1998
1987
Daily Issue
1986
1995
1999
monthly issue
2002
2001
monthly issue
2006
Description
Oil Sands Royalties
EIA, land, water, air issues
Research in Oil Sands and Heavy Oil
Royalty Factors, oil sands leases etc
Publications, Salary Survey
Oil News, Tech Repository
Publications, Salary Survey
Careers, Business Developments
Land Issues
Subcommittees, Industry Rep.

Heavy Oil Meetings & Seminars
Project Horizon
Industry Oilsands Research
Seminars, Conferences in Geology
Heavy Oil Meetings & Seminars
Daily Oil News, New Well Locations
US Adminstrative Dept for Oil & Gas
Regulations, Applications & Decisions
Pipelines, CO2, gas supplies
Financial Oil and Gas News
Oil and Gas Developments
Refining and Upgrading
Oil and Gas research
Federal Regulatory Agency
Oil sands processing
R+D in heavy oil
Exploration News
Research Articles. Oil and Gas News
Policies, World Demand
Venezuelan Oil Development
Industry Research
Heavy Oil Research Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan Regulations
Heavy & Conventional Oil Research
Handles US Reserves
Canadian Division
Worldwide Division
Stewart Oil Shales, Project Millenium
Mildred Lake, Aurora Mines
Land Issues
Environmental Issues
Monthly oil news
Description
MonteCarlo Simulations for Reserves
Production, Log/Core Data for W. Canada
US, Western Canadian Full Cycle Economics
Simplified Economic Analysis
Reserve Calculations
Reserve Calculations
3D Seismic Modelling
Thermal Reservoir Simulation
Thermal, ASP Reservoir Models
EOR ASP Simulations
Oil, gas & water chemistry analysis

Well information System
EOR Calculations
Black Oil and Compositional Modeling
3d Seismic Modelling
Oil Material Balance
Well Testing Analysis
Optimize Progressive Cavity Pumps
Reserve Tracking
EOR Screening
Streamflow Waterfloods
Reserves
Well Flow Modelling
Horizontal/Vertical Well Test Analysis
Drilling+Completions+schematics
Equation of State
Description
Wellhead Equipment
Mining Equipment
Build and Operate Steam Cogen Unit
Drilling, Fracturing
Facility Construction
High Temperature Gauges
Separates oil,water,sand downhole
Skuds
Pipe, Welding
Surface, Electric drive PCPs
Centrilift ESPCP, DHOWS
Separators, Heaters, Treaters, Amine Units
Oil Sands Mining Equipment
Power and Steam Generation
Beam Pumps and various pumping units
Mining Equipment
Tubing, Casing
Wellheads and Christmas Trees
Details
South Australia, Degree Petroleum Eng.
Diploma in Petroleum Engineering
Degree in Petroleum Engineering

Geoscience
Petroleum Engineering Degree
Diplom in Petroleum Technology
Mining and Heavy Construction
Geology, research
Engineering
Diploma in Petroleum Engineering
Petroleum
BAPET Program
SUPRI, Heavy Oil Programs
Drilling, reservoir, Production technology
Degree & Beyond in Petroleum Engineering
Degree in Petroleum/Mining Engineering
Mining and Petroleum Engineering
Postgraduate EOR studies
Oil and Gas Degree
Petroleum and geophysics
CO2 Research
CO2 gelling, Petroleum engineering
Petroleum Systems Engineering
PMRI, Degree Program
Petroleum
Drilling, Natural Gas Engineering
51. Cold_Pumping
C-FER'S PC PUMP
Step #1
Equation (5.1)
Design Pumping Rate

Qact = Required Fluid Rate (m3/day)
20
55
N = Volumetric Pumping Efficiency (%)

Qdesign = Design Pumping Rate (m3/day)
input variable
input variable
36.4
calculation
Step #2
Equation (5.2)
Required Pump Displacement

N = Pump Rotational Speed (RPM)
Qdesign = Design Pumping Rate (m3/day)
120
input variable
36.4
carried forward
Vmin = Required Pump Displacement (m3/day/RPM)
0.303
calculation
Step #2a
Viscosities of Liquid mixture
Cragoes method
Water cut (frac)
Oil cut (frac)
Water density (kg/m3)
Oil density (kg/m3)
U1= viscosity of water (cp)
0.10
0.90
1000.00
974.00
input variable
input variable
input variable
input variable
input variable
Page 359
51. Cold_Pumping
U2= viscosity of oil (cp)
6000
L1 = liquidity
-186.13532
L2 = liquidity
-405.10986
Lm = liquidity
-383.2124
Um= viscosity of mixture = (cp)
3932.217
input variable
Step #3
Equation (5.9)
Flow Regime
Q = Fluid Rate (m3/day)
P = Fluid Density (kg/m3)
U = Fluid viscosity (cp)
Dt = Tubing inside diameter (mm)
20
carried forward
975
input variable
3932.217 carried forward
76
input variable
Dr = Rod outside diameter (mm)
25.4
input variable
REannular = Reynolds Number
0.71
calculation
Note: RE < 2100, flow is laminar

RE > 2100, flow is turbulent
Step #4
Flow losses
Rod
Body
830
7.6
0.1016
109
20
Equation (5.10 & 5.11)

Well Depth (m)
Sucker Rod length (m)
Sucker Rod coupling length (m)
Number of Sucker rods
Page 360
input variable
input variable
input variable
Rod
calculation
Coupler
carried forward
20
51. Cold_Pumping
L = Flow Length equivalent (m)

P = Fluid Density (kg/m3)
(rod body or coupler only)
Dr = Rod, coupling, Centralizer, Rod Guide outside diameter (mm)

Ploss (laminar) = (kPa)
Ploss (turbulent) = (kPa)
Equation (5.1)
Equation (5.11)
Pump Lift Requirements

Equation (5.6)
GAS HEAD
Pgas Density (kg/m3)
H = Vertical Column Heigth (m)
0.7
650
input value
input value
Pgas column (kPa)
4.46
calculation
Equation (5.6a)
FLUID HEAD in ANNULUS
Pliquid Density (kg/m3)
975
100
carried forward
input value
Equation (5.6b)
FLUID HEAD in TUBING
Pliquid Density (kg/m3)
956.48
975
830
calculation
carried forward
carried forward
11.10
3932.22
975
76
carried forward
76
25.4
carried forward
50.8
calculation
calculation
182.5
0.5
2601.0
6.7
Step #5
Pliquid column (kPa)
818.90
3932.22
975
calculation
carried forward
carried forward
Page 361
51. Cold_Pumping
Pliquid Tubing column (kPa)
7938.74
calculation
Equation (5.4)
PUMP INTAKE PRESSURE
PCHP = Casing Head Pressure (kPa)
250
input value
Pgas column (kPa)
4.46
carried forward
Pliquid Annulus column (kPa)
956.5
carried forward
Ptail Pressure loss auxilary components (kPa)

Pintake = Pump intake Pressure (kPa)
Equation (5.5)
PUMP DISCHARGE PRESSURE
PTHP = Tubing Head Pressure (kPa)
input value
1210.9
calculation
2500
input value
Pliquid Tubing column (kPa)
7938.74
carried forward
Plosses Rod Body (kPa)
2600.98
carried forward
Note: if then statement to choose laminar or turbulent flow
Plosses Coupler or Centalizer(kPa)
182.52
carried forward
Note: if then statement to choose laminar or turbulent flow
Pdischarge = Pump discharge Pressure (kPa)
13222.2
calculation
Equation (5.3)
1210.9
carried forward
13222.2
carried forward
Plift = Net Lift Required (kPa)
12011.31
calculation
Step #6
Sand handling (if you can obtain pump dimensions)
Page 362
51. Cold_Pumping
Equation (5.7)
Swept Rotor Angle
P = Stator Pitch Length (mm)
e = Pump Eccentricity (mm)
D = Nominal Rotor Diameter (mm)
75
13
50
input value
input value
input value
Thetaswept = Swept Rotor angle (o)
13.2
calculation
Equation (2.1)
Pump Displacement
75
13
50
V = Pump Displacement (m3/day/RPM)
0.28
carried forward
carried forward
carried forward
calculation
Equation (5.8)
Cavity Flow Velocity
20
0.2808
75
13
50
carried forward
carried forward
carried forward
carried forward
carried forward
Vcavflowt = Pump Cavity Flow Velocity (m/s)
0.391
calculation
Equation (6.1)
Sand Settling Velocity
Dp = Sand Particle Size (mm)
0.25
input value
Ps = Sand Density (kg/m3)
2620
input value
Pf = Fluid Density (kg/m3)

U = Fluid Viscosity (cp)
975
3932
carried forward
carried forward
Page 363
51. Cold_Pumping
Vsettling = (m/s)
0.00001
Equation (6.2)
Fluid Transport Velocity
Dr = Rod outside diameter (mm)
Vtransport = (m/s)
20
carried forward
76
carried forward
25.4
carried forward
0.05746
Step #7
Area Uplift Forces
Equation (5.14)
Number of rods
Delta pressure across rods ( pick from turbulent or laminar flow)
Pdelta c = Pressure Difference across Coupling, Centralizer (kPa)
109
2600.98
carried forward
input value
Note: if then statement to choose laminar or turbulent
23.82
calculation
Dc = Coupler or Centralizer Outside Diameter (mm)
50.8
carried forward
Dr = Rod Body Outside Diameter (mm)
25.4
carried forward
Farea = Area Uplift Force (N) per coupling

Farea = Area Uplift Force (N) per rod string
36.20
3953.8
calculation
calculation
Equation (5.15)
(coupler only)
3
Q = Fluid Rate (m /day)
11.10
20
3932.22
50.8
76
carried forward
carried forward
carried forward
carried forward
carried forward
Fsurface =Surface Uplift Force (N)
-198.08
calculation
Surface Uplift Forces For Coupling
Page 364
51. Cold_Pumping
Surface Uplift Forces For Rod Body

Equation (5.15a)
(rod body only)
3
Q = Fluid Rate (m /day)
818.90
20
3932.2173836
25.4
76
Fsurface =Surface Uplift Force (N)

Total Uplift Forces are (N)
-3398.58
-3596.66
carried forward
carried forward
carried forward
carried forward
carried forward
calculation
calculation
Step #8
Resistive Rod String Torque
Equation (5.13)
L = Length (m)
N = Rotational Speed (RPM)
818.90
3932.2173836
25.4
76
120
Tresistive = Resistive Torque (N*M)
carried forward
carried forward
carried forward
carried forward
carried forward
20.56
calculation
275.92
ft*lbs
Hydraulic Pump Torque

Equation (2.4)
Plift = Differential Pump Pressure (kPa)
Thydraulic = Hydraulic Pump Torque (N*M)
0.281
carried forward
12011.31
carried forward
374.38
calculation
Rod String Torque

Equation (5.19)
Page 365
15.15
ft*lbs
51. Cold_Pumping
Thydraulic = Hydraulic Pump Torque (N*M)

Tfriction = Pump Friction Torque (N*M)
374.38
119
carried forward
input value
Tresistive = Resistive Torque (N*M)
20.56
carried forward
Trodstring = Rod String Torque (N*M)
513.94
calculation
3.98
input value
Step #9
Total Rod Weight
Equation (5.18)
W r = Rod String Weight (kg/m)
Lv = Rod Vertical Length (m)
Lweight = Rod String Weight (N)
818.90
carried forward
31973.13
calculation
13222.2
carried forward
1210.9
50
13
carried forward
carried forward
carried forward
25.4
carried forward
Pump Pressure Load

Equation (5.17)
Drod = Rod String Diameter (mm)
Lpump = Pump Pressure Load (N)
85231.49
calculation
Equation (5.16)
Lpump = Pump Pressure Load (N)
85231.49
carried forward
Lweight = Rod String Weight (N)
31973.13
carried forward
Rod String Axial Load
Page 366
378.77
ft*lbs
51. Cold_Pumping
Total Uplift Forces are (N)

Lrod string = Rod String Axial Load (N)
3596.66
carried forward
113607.97
calculation
Equation (5.20)
Lrod string = Rod String Axial Load (N)
113607.97
carried forward
Trodstring = Rod String Torque (N*M)
513.94
carried forward
Drod = Rod String Diameter (mm)
25.4
carried forward
Step #9 cont.
Combined Stress
Oe = Effective Stress (MPa)
356.10
calculation
Step #10
Rod String/Tubing Contact Loading
Standard
Rod
Equation (5.22 & 5.25)

W r = Rod String Weight (kg/m)
Lcs = Coupling Spacing (m)
Theta = Hole Angle (o)
Fgrav = Gracity Induced Contact Load (N)
Continuous
Rod
4.4
input value
7.6
40
input value
input value
40
210.86
calculation
25.22
Standard
Rod
Equation (5.23 & 5.26)

Lrodstring = Rod String Tension (N)
113607.97
Lcs = Coupling Spacing (m)
7.6
Cwellbore = Wellbore Curvature (o/30m)
Page 367
Continuous
Rod
carried forward 113607.97
carried forward
input value
51. Cold_Pumping
Fcurv = Curvature Induced Contact Load (N)
4018.70
calculation
528.78
Equation (5.21 & 5.24)

Fcontact = Net contact Loads (N)
4229.57
calculation
554.00
Llb = Coupling/Rod Guide Load Bearing Length (mm)
4229.57
101.6
carried forward
input value
Fcontact(dist) = Distributed Contact Load (Standard Rods) (N/m)
41629.61
Step #10 cont.

Equation (5.27)
Fcontact = Net contact Loads (Standard Rods) (N)
Load Ratio = standard rod/continuous rod
75.1
Step #11
Power Transmission
Wellhead Drive Units
Equation (5.28)
Cr = Thrust Bearing Dynamic Load Rating (N)
Lpolishrod = Polish Rod Axial Load (N)
L10(mrevs) = L10 Life (million revolutions)
Equation (5.29)
Cr = Thrust Bearing Dynamic Load Rating (N)
Lpolishrod = Polish Rod Axial Load (N)
N = Polish Rod Rotational Speed (RPM)
408000
113607.97
70.93
input value
carried forward
calculation
408000
carried forward
113607.97
120
carried forward
carried forward
Page 368
51. Cold_Pumping
L10(years) = L10 Life (years)
1.1
calculation
Step #12
Prime Movers
Equation (5.30)
Tpolishrod = Polish Rod Torque (N*m)
Npt = Power Transmission System Efficiency (%)
513.94
120
carried forward
carried forward
97
input value
6.66
calculation
60
6
input value
input value
1200
calculation
70
480
input value
input value
58.20
calculation
pf = Motor Power Factor
58195
0.85
carried forward
input value
Pact = Active Motor Power (W)
49466
calculation
Equation (5.34)
Pact = Active Motor Power (kW)
49.5
Ppmo = Required Prime Mover Power Output (kW)

Equation (5.31)
f = Supply Frequency (Hz)
p = Number of Poles
ns = Synchronous Speed (RPM)
Equation (5.32)
Iline = Line Current (A)
V = Line-to-Line Voltage (V)
Papp = Apparent Motor Power (kW)
Equation (5.33)
Papp = Apparent Motor Power (W)
carried forward
Page 369
8.92
hp
78.0
hp
51. Cold_Pumping
Nmotor = Nominal Motor Efficiency (%)
92
input value
Ppmo = Electric Motor Useful Power Output (kW)
46
calculation
70
480
carried forward
carried forward
92
0.85
carried forward
carried forward
97
120
input value
carried forward
3503
calculation
61.0
hp
Step #13
Equation (5.35)
Iline = Line Current (A)
V = Line-to-Line Voltage (V)
Nmotor = Nominal Motor Efficiency (%)
pf = Motor Power Factor
Npt = Power Transmission System Efficiency (%)
Tpolishrod = Polish Rod Torque (N*m)
Page 370
2582.00
ft*lbs
51. Cold_Pumping
Page 371
51. Cold_Pumping
Page 372
51. Cold_Pumping
Page 373
51. Cold_Pumping
se laminar or turbulent flow
se laminar or turbulent flow
Page 374
51. Cold_Pumping
Page 375
51. Cold_Pumping
tement to choose laminar or turbulent flow
Page 376
51. Cold_Pumping
Page 377
51. Cold_Pumping
Page 378
51. Cold_Pumping
Page 379
51. Cold_Pumping
Page 380
51. Cold_Pumping
Page 381
51. Cold_Pumping
Page 382
Combustion Screening (in Oilfield Units)

Screening for Plover
Inputs
Ar = Air re
350
AFR = air to
175
(cubic m/kg x 35.31/2.2)
h = reservoi
25
phi = poros
0.3
Tres = rese
70
A = Area of
10
P = percent
0.55
Um = minimum flux
(mscfd/ft
0.039
(m/d x .00328)
API oil (AP
10
Soi = initia
0.7
Pres = Initi
200
Input based on experience - light oil 150 - heavy oil up to 450 JPT Paper 97 - 100
based on 11 cubic meters per kg (literature values range from 10.5 - 11.0)
Recommended by Moore and Mehta plus Ramey and Gates

Per JPT Paper 97-100
Estimated
Kres = abso
2000
Bo = Form
1.02
Calculated
a = distanc
467
Inverted 5 spot pattern
.707 x (A x 43,560) 1/2
rm = maximu
330
a x .707
ar = actual
245
P0.5 x rm
iam = minimum air1512
injection rate (mscfd)
2 x pi x Um x ar x h
iamax = max
2190
Per JPY Paper 97-100
4.77 x Um x a x h
Fr = fuel re
2.0
Ar/AFR
Sof = satur
0.11
Fr/(phi*141.5/(131.5+API))/62.5
Som = mobil
0.59
Soi - Sof
Piw = Stabi
259
Nelson and McNeil 1961
Piw2 = Pw2 + (ia x visair x Tres) x (ln (a2/rw x vi x t1) - 1.238)
t1 = time to
110
Nelson and McNeil 1961 @ 0.5 ft/day burn rate
ia/(2 x pi x h x Ar x min vel ^2)
Air to Oil R
14.8
Total Oil R
202490
Nelson & McNeil 1961 (includes 40% in unburned volume)
Percentage
0.72
Production Time in moMonthly VoTotal Volu Radius bur Oil moved Total Air In HC Pore volOil displac bopd
mmcf
1
32398
32398
20
1007
11
0.32
389
47
2
64795
97193
35
3022
34
0.97
1166
93
3
97193
194385
50
6044
68
1.93
2333
140
4
129590
323975
64
10073
113
3.22
3888
186
5
129590
453566
76
14103
159
4.51
5443
186
6
129590
583156
86
18132
204
5.79
6998
186
7
129590
712746
95
22161
249
7.08
8553
186
8
129590
842336
104
26191
295
8.37
10108
186
9
129590
971926
111
30220
340
9.65
11663
186
10
129590 1101516
118
34249
386
10.94
13218
186
11
129590 1231107
125
38279
431
12.23
14773
186
12
129590 1360697
132
42308
476
13.52
16328
186
13
129590 1490287
138
46338
522
14.80
17883
186
14
129590 1619877
144
50367
567
16.09
19438
186
15
129590 1749467
149
54396
612
17.38
20994
186
16
129590 1879057
155
58426
658
18.66
22549
186
17
129590 2008648
160
62455
703
19.95
24104
186
18
129590 2138238
165
66484
748
21.24
25659
186
19
129590 2267828
170
70514
794
22.53
27214
186
20
129590 2397418
175
74543
839
23.81
28769
186
21
129590 2527008
179
78572
884
25.10
30324
186
22
129590 2656598
184
82602
930
26.39
31879
186
23
129590 2786189
188
86631
975
27.67
33434
186
24
129590 2915779
193
90660
1021
28.96
34989
186
25
129590 3045369
197
94690
1066
30.25
36544
186
26
129590 3174959
201
98719
1111
31.54
38099
186
27
129590 3304549
205
102748
1157
32.82
39654
186
28
129590 3434140
209
106778
1202
34.11
41209
186
29
129590 3563730
213
110807
1247
35.40
42765
186
30
129590 3693320
217
114836
1293
36.68
44320
186
31
129590 3822910
221
118866
1338
37.97
45875
186
32
129590 3952500
224
122895
1383
39.26
47430
186
33
129590 4082090
228
126925
1429
40.55
48985
186
34
129590 4211681
232
130954
1474
41.83
50540
186
35
129590 4341271
235
134983
1519
43.12
52095
186
36
129590 4470861
239
139013
1565
44.41
53650
186
37
129590 4600451
242
143042
1610
45.69
55205
186
38
129590 4730041
245
147071
1656
46.98
56760
141
39
129590 4859631
249
0
0
0.00
0
0
40
129590 4989222
252
0
0
0.00
0
0
41
129590 5118812
255
0
0
0.00
0
0
42
129590 5248402
259
0
0
0.00
0
0
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
5377992
5507582
5637172
5766763
5896353
6025943
6155533
6285123
6414713
6544304
6673894
6803484
6933074
7062664
7192254
7321845
7451435
7581025
7710615
7840205
7969795
8099386
8228976
8358566
8488156
8617746
8747336
8876927
9006517
9136107
9265697
9395287
9524878
9654468
9784058
9913648
10043238
10172828
10302419
10432009
10561599
10691189
10820779
10950369
11079960
11209550
11339140
11468730
11598320
11727910
262
265
268
271
274
277
280
283
286
289
292
294
297
300
303
305
308
311
313
316
319
321
324
326
329
331
334
336
339
341
344
346
348
351
353
355
358
360
362
365
367
369
371
373
376
378
380
382
384
387
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
129590
11857501
11987091
12116681
12246271
12375861
12505451
12635042
12764632
12894222
13023812
13153402
13282992
13412583
13542173
13671763
13801353
13930943
14060533
14190124
14319714
14449304
14578894
14708484
14838074
14967665
15097255
15226845
15356435
389
391
393
395
397
399
401
403
405
407
409
411
413
415
417
419
421
423
425
427
429
431
433
435
437
439
440
442
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Paper 97 - 100
cum oil
1396
4188
8377
13961
19545
25130
30714
36299
41883
47468
53052
58636
64221
69805
75390
80974
86559
92143
97727
103312
108896
114481
120065
125650
131234
136818
142403
147987
153572
159156
164741
170325
175909
181494
187078
192663
198247
202490
0
0
0
0
Rec Factor
0
1
2
3
5
6
8
9
10
12
13
14
16
17
19
20
21
23
24
25
27
28
29
31
32
34
35
36
38
39
40
42
43
45
46
47
49
50
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
DEEP CUT IN EFFECT "Y" OR "N" N
29-Jun-15
PLANT LIQUID EXTRACTION EFFICIENCY
SHALLOW CUT
ETHANE
PROPANE
BUTANE
PENTANES PLUS
SULPHUR RECOVERY EFF
COMPONENT
N2
He
H2S
CO2
METHANE
ETHANE
PROPANE
BUTANE
PENTANES+
TOTAL
MOLE
%
CONVERSION
CONSTANT
BBLS/MMCF/MF%
0.00
1.00
1.00
2.00
85.00
2.00
4.00
2.00
3.00
DEEP CUT
0%
50%
75%
96%
88%
PLANT
EXTRACT EFF
EFFICIENCY %
0%
75%
97%
99%
99%
LIQUID
LIQUID
YIELD
YIELD
BBLS/MMCM3/E3M3
88.00%
6.34
6.55
7.63
9.6
0.00%
50.00%
75.00%
96.00%
100.00
0.00
13.10
11.45
27.65
0.000
0.074
0.065
0.156
52.19
0.294
87.3
REPORTED FUEL AND FLARE (IF ZERO IT WILL BE 1/3 OF PROCESS IN T

TOTAL SHRINKAGE
HEATING VALUE OF SALES GAS
SULPHUR YIELD
SHRINKAGE PROGRAM
BASED ON INLET AND PRODUCT VOLUMES
SALES GAS E3M3
COMPONENT
0 NOT APPLICABLE
LIQUID
CONVERSION
PRODUCTCONSTANT
VOLUME GAS TO LIQ
M3
E3M3/M3
EQUIVALENT
GAS
E3M3
PROCESS YIELD
SHRINKAGE
%
M3/E3M3
METHANE
ETHANE
PROPANE
BUTANE
PENTANES+
STAB COND
TOTAL
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-------------0.00
0.2813
0.2723
0.23335
0.2057
0.1463
0.00 #VALUE!
0.00 #VALUE!
0.00 #VALUE!
0.00 #VALUE!
0.00 #VALUE!
------------------------- -------------0.00 #VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
ACID GAS CONTENT
REPORTED FUEL AND FLARE (IF ZERO IT WILL BE 1/3 OF PROCESS IN T

TOTAL SHRINKAGE (1/3 OF PROCESS IS FUEL GAS ALLOWANCE)
RAW GAS CRITICAL PROPERTY DET

PROCESS
SHRINKAGE
0.00
0.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.00
1.50
2.88
FRACTION
OF RAW SALES GAHTG
REMAININ COMP'N VALUE
N2
He
H2S
CO2
METHANE
ETHANE
PROPANE
BUTANE
PENTANES
7.38%
5.00%
12.38%
#DIV/0! BTU/FT3
#DIV/0! MJ/M3
0.33 LT/MMCF
0.00
1.00
0.00
2.00
85.00
2.00
2.00
0.50
0.12
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
92.62
#DIV/0!
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1009.7
1768.8
2517.5
3257.4
4005.0
SALES
GAS HV
HV x MF
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
COMPONE COMP
MOLE
FRACTION
N2
0.0000
He
0.0100
H2S
0.0100
CO2
0.0200
METHANE 0.8500
ETHANE
0.0200
PROPANE 0.0400
BUTANE
0.0200
PENTANES 0.0300
HEXANE
0.0000
HEPTANE
OCTANE
RESERVOIR TEMP
CORRECTED PC
CORRECTED TC
RES PRES
YIELD
BBLS/MMCF
0.0000
0.0000
1.0000
kPa
17225
20670
24115
27560
31005
34450
37895
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
----------------------#VALUE!
0.00
3.02%
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
S CRITICAL PROPERTY DETERMINATION

COMP
MW
CRITICAL CONSTANTS
PC
TC
MF x MW MF x PC MF x TC
PSI
DEG R
FRACTION
28.02
4.003
34.08
44.01
16.04
30.07
44.09
58.12
72.15
86.17
492.2
33.2
1306.5
1070.2
673.1
708.3
671.4
539.6
486.65
440.1
227
9.5
672.4
547.5
343.2
549.9
666
750.15
837.9
914.2
0.00
0.04
0.34
0.88
13.63
0.60
1.76
1.16
2.16
0.00
0.00
0.33
13.07
21.40
572.14
14.17
26.86
10.79
14.60
0.00
0.00
0.10
6.72
10.95
291.72
11.00
26.64
15.00
25.14
0.00
100.2
114.2
395.9
362.2
972.4
1024.9
0.00
0.00
20.59
0.00
0.00
673.35
0.00
0.00
387.27
557
SG =
0.711
Pc-N2x1.7+CO2x4.4+H2Sx6
688 PSIA
4741.35
Tc-N2x2.5+CO2x0.8+H2Sx1.3
390 DEG R
216.7594
CALC "Z"
psi
CALC Pr CALC Tr
2500.0 #VALUE! #VALUE!
3000.0
3500.0
4000.0
4500.0
5000.0
5500.0
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
FROM CH
0.76
0.75
0.77
0.80
0.83
0.87
0.91
"P/Z"
CUM PROD
3311
4000
4545
5000
5422
5747
6044
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
Sheet
Value
0 12Mpa=1740 psi, 200 hp=149.1KW, 1000 GJ=1e12 J, 10kPa/m=0.442 psi/ft,

20 e3m3=0.7098 MMscf
Oil B, OIl B SG=0.934, visc B=10171 cp
1 Yes, for densities greater than 1.076 g/cc. API water =10
2 Higher temp, more tendency to scale
3 Heat capacity 2621 kJ/m3-K

Thermal Cond 1.91 W/m-K
Thermal Diff 0.72919 mm2/s
Graph k vs T, nonlinear decreasing with incr Temp
4 Enbridge specs
Cold Lake dead oil viscosity at 30 deg C is 6632 cp
Strachen condensate viscosity is 0.528 cs
Thus need 0.1035 mole fraction condensate
5 a) Cold lake Crude,

At 13 deg C, viscosity is 103,284 cp, graph mu vs T decr
5b Pb = 1598 kPa
5c Bo = 1.016 m3/m3
5d API vs live oil visc graph
5e GOR = 14.62 m3/m3
5f Cold Lake specific heat 1.7356 kJ/kg-deg K
6 2260 joules/gm water

7 Increasing S decr H
14a Pressure drop

Density = 0.9528 g/cc
Dead oil viscosity = 1760 cp
Live oil viscosity = 455 cp
Prod GOR = 22.34 m3/m3
Press drop = 4.77 kPa
14b Thicksilver Line

Min cost = 335 million
Max cost 373 million
16 Waterflood Diagram
Bo = 1.018
Bg = 0.0185
Bw = 0.998
Rs=10 m3/m3
13-1 229.55 m3/mo
15-1 321.45 m3/mon
5-1 281.3 m3/mo
7-1 560.25 m3/mo
17 BHP
18 API = 0.9465 g/cc
Den water = 0.9973 g/cc
Year 1 Datum Pressure = 4356 kPa
Year 2 Datum Pressure 3759 kPa
Delta P = 597 kPa
20 Reserves
40 acres = 16.187 Ha
3 b/d = 0.4767 m3/d
Bo=1.02
Reserves = 27,232 m3
Exp well Life 24 years
Hyperb well life 37 years
Harm well life 49 years
Diagram
22 Horizontal well
7" casing = 177.8 mm
Length = 3460 m
24 Tubing 89 mm, P=12 Mpa, D=450 m, C=178 mm, Tr=13 deg C

T=30 D, Heatloss=7x10^7 Btu/d
42 MMP
C7 mol weight increase MMP N2
Methane incr decre MMP N2
Pset2
9 water density at 200 deg C is 866.7 kg/m3
Water specific hear = 4.56 kJ/kg-K
Temp 30 m away is 148 deg C
10 k = 2.59 W/mK
Hob =Hf = 2532 kJ/m3K
radius=3m
11 thick=20m
12 pikes peak visc =5000 cp

OSR 1.61 m3/m3
13 combust m 14
n 1.5
R 1.34
Y .91
excess air 9.96%
fuel cont 17 kg/m3
air requr 210 m3/m3
water comb .000085
oil consumed .06
air-oil 1095 m3/m3
dist at 2 yr 129 m
vel 11 m3/d
12
15 choke .442 in
19 resid oil 0.056
steam distrb
alp 3.48 mm/m
L 968 m
L' 1139 m
D 150 mm
del p 2000 kPa
av p 14,000 kPa
del p* 4181 kPa/1000 m or 185 kPa per 1000 m at 7000 kPa
Fp 0.42
Fq 1.7
Q loss 0.06
Qwh 79.9%
21 h=32 m, phi=0.35, So=.7,Tr=12degC,Inj Press=2.8MPa
Oil Grav=10, perm=7.5D,Length=750m
Result SAGD q= 190m3/d
25 visc wat=0.9 implies Orecov=34.5%
10

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Heavy Oil Programs

Click on Description to get to Program

Water Properties: Density and thermal properties of water

Thermal Properties: Heat capacity, thermal conductivity and diffusivity of

Viscosity of Liquid Mixtures & Emulsions

Heat Conduction: erfc function

Hot Water Injection: Temperature away from injector

Steam Zone Volume

Single Phase Pressure Drop in Pipeline

Wellhead Steam Rates and Pressure Drops

Waterflood Voidage Replacement Ratio

Bottomhole Pressure Determination from Acoustic Shot

Residual Oil Saturation After Steamflood

Optimum Working Interest

Optimum Number of Drilling Locations and PDV

OPEC and World Production

Progressive Cavity Pumps and Pumps (IPR)

Steam Distribution Systems

Minimum Miscibility Pressure & VAPEX

References and Assignments

Volumetric heat Capacity

Heat Flow Rate

Heat Transfer Coefficient

1 gigawatt hour = 3600 GJ

Volumetric heat Capacity

Heat Flow Rate

Heat Transfer Coefficient

Energy Content Table

Natural Gas Liquids

Btu Content per mscf

Gas Price per mscf

Canadian Dollars per mscf

Gas Price Conversion

Thus 30 ppm = 30 * .00262 = .0786 g/m3

Molar mass of methane =

Molecular weight is measured

Convert Decimal Degrees to

Degrees, Minutes, Seconds

Input degrees in decimal:

2. Oil A has a viscosity of 10,000 cp at 15 deg C.

1 section = 640 acres

1 ton of oil = 7.5 barrels

1 deca newton=10 newtons

1 terawatt hour= 3.6 PJ

1 GJ=0.28 megawatt hours

Power is watt, energy is kW-hr

Calculates oil density at standard conditions

(Note: API is reported at 15 deg C)

Oil density at temperature of interest

Oil Density kg/m3

Oil Density vs Temperature

Density of Cold Lake Crude

Heavy Oil Pool

Calculates water density and

Specific heat kJ/kg-K

Water Specific Heat

Therm al C onductivity W //m deg C

Water Thermal Conductivity

(at 15 deg C and atmospheric Pressure)

(at 15 deg C and atmospheric pressure)

0.2339 has tendency

Estimating TDS from Conductivity Meter

Enter alkalinity or carbonate and bicarbonate concentration (only one)