DEFINITION OF ENGINE

KM30803

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

INTRODUCTION TO ENGINE (ICE)

Definition of Engine
Definition of Heat Engine
External and Internal Combustion Engine
Basic Engine Component
Nomenclature
The Working Principle of Engine, four stroke/ two stroke

FUEL AIR CYCLE AND THEIR ANALYSIS

Fuel Air Cycles and their Significance
Composition of Cylinder Gases
Variable Specific Heat
MEASUREMENT AND TESTING IN ICE
Introduction
Indicated power
Brake power
Fuel consumption
Air consumption
Speed

KM30803

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

 An engine is a device that transforms one form of

energy into another form.
Efficiency of conversion plays an important role in
transformation of energy
Normally, most of the engines convert thermal
energy into mechanical energy/work and they are
called heat engines (transforms chemical energy of
fuel into thermal and utilizes thermal energy for
useful work).

KM30803

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

 CHEMICAL ENERGY IS CONVERTED INTO

THERMAL ENERGY BY COMBUSTION
THERMAL ENERGY IS
MECHANICAL ENERGY

KM30803

CONVERTED

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

INTO

PURPOSE
THE PRODUCTION OF MECHANICAL
POWER FROM THE CHEMICAL ENERGY
CONTAINED IN THE FUEL

KM30803

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL

ENGINE
Combustion is the act of burning. Internal means inside or enclosed.
Thus, in internal combustion engines, the burning of fuel takes place
inside the engine; that is, burning takes place within the same
cylinder that produces energy to turn the crankshaft.
In external combustion engines, such as steam engines, the burning
of fuel takes place outside the engine. Figure in next slides shows, in
the simplified form, an external and an internal combustion engine.
The external combustion engine contains a boiler that holds water.
Heat applied to the boiler causes the water to boil, which, in turn,
produces steam. The steam passes into the engine cylinder under
pressure and forces the piston to move downward.
KM30803

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

KM30803

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

EXTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINE
STEAM

KM30803

LOCOMOTIVE

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

KM30803

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

KM30803

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINE

KM30803

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

KM30803

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

KM30803

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

KM30803

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

KM30803

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

KM30803

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

KM30803

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

KM30803

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

KM30803

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

KM30803

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

KM30803

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

KM30803

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

KM30803

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

KM30803

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

KM30803

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

KM30803

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

KM30803

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

KM30803

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

KM30803

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

KM30803

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
1.Based on ignition type
a. SI
b. CI

2.Engine cycle
a. Four stroke cycle
b. Two stroke cycle

Three and six stoke cycles were

also tried earlier
KM30803

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

KM30803

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

4 Stroke SI
engine

KM30803

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

Four-Stroke Diesel Engine

A-Intake stroke
Intake valve open, exhaust
valve shut
Piston travels from TDC to BDC
Air drawn in

B-Compression stroke
Intake and exhaust valves shut
Piston travels from BDC to TDC
Temperature and pressure of
air increase
D-Exhaust stroke
Intake valve shut, exhaust
valve open
Piston moves from BDC to TDC
Combustion gases expelled

KM30803

C-Power stroke
Intake and exhaust valves shut
Fuel injected into cylinder and
ignites
Piston forced from TDC to BDC

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

4 Stroke CI
engine - Diesel

KM30803

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

KM30803

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

KM30803

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

Two Stroke Spark Ignition Engines

Stroke 1: Fuel-air mixture is introduced into the cylinder and is then

compressed, combustion initiated at the end of the stroke
Stroke 2: Combustion products expand doing work and then
exhausted
Power is delivered to the crankshaft on every revolution
Application
Small Engines Absence of valve mechanism makes cheaper,
compact and lighter engines
Large Engines That operates at a low RPM. Requires a power stroke
from every revolution for smooth operation.

KM30803

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

KM30803

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

2 Stroke SI
engine

KM30803

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

In two stroke engines the

crankcase is a pressurization
chamber to force fuel/oil/air
into the cylinder. Here, we mix
oil and gas to lubricate internal
parts.
In four stroke engines the
crankcase is separate from the
compression chamber. This
allows the use of heavy oil for
lubrication.

The engines do not use fuel

efficiently.
These engines produce a lot of
pollution.
Greater cooling & lubrication
requirements
Power output is only more than
30 % and not doubled

The engines do not last as long

due to poor lubrication.
Increased heating due to more
number of strokes limits the
maximum speed.

KM30803

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS