Professional Documents
Culture Documents
EN 1994 Part 2
Composite bridges
Jol RAOUL
Laurence DAVAINE
Ministry for Ecology, Sustainable development and Spatial Planning (Paris)
Technical Centre for Highways & Motorways
46, avenue Aristide Briand
BP 100
F - 92 225 Bagneux Cedex
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Contents : 7 parts
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Stra
Box-girder bridges
Stra
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN 1090 :
Execution
EN 1990 :
Basis of design
Combinations
Annex A2 :
application to
bridges
EN 1993 1-5 :
Stiffeners ; Plate buckling
EN 1993 1-8 :
Joints
EN 1993 1-9 :
Fatigue
EN 1993 1-1 :
General rules for steel
EN 1993 1-11 :
Cables
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Contents : 7 parts
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
FEd ,ULS
10
In this elastic global analysis, the following points should be taken into account :
effects of creep and shrinkage of concrete,
effective width of flanges for shear lag,
stages and sequence of construction,
effects of cracking of concrete,
temperature effects of heat of hydration of cement (only for construction stages).
EUROCODES
CLASS 1
sections which can form a plastic hinge
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop
with the rotation capacity required for a global plastic
analysis
BUILDINGS
CLASS 2
sections which can develop M pl,Rd
limited rotation capacity
CLASS 3
with
M el,Rd
COMPOSITE BRIDGES
CL. 1
CL.3/4
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
When performing the elastic global analysis, two aspects of the non-linear
behaviour are directly or indirectly considered.
Static structure
Cracking of concrete
1
M
Deformed structure
Yielding
M at mid-span with
increase of P
2
Mpl,Rd
Mel,Rd
Class 1
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EI1
EI1
EI2
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
10
As
L1
L2
EI1
Ac = 0
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Yielding
11
Class 1 or 2
Lmin
Class 3 or 4
Elastic linear analysis with an additional verification for the crosssections in sagging bending zone (M>0) :
MEd < 0.9 Mpl,Rd
or
Non linear analysis
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
12
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
13
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
bslab
beff ,slab
14
beff ,flange
b flange
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
15
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Application to a steel-concrete
composite twin girder bridge
16
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
17
P2
P1
C0
60 m
80 m
2.5 m
7m
C3
60 m
2.5 m
34 cm
b fs = 1000mm
IPE 600
Note:
b fi = 1200mm
2.8 m
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
18
bfs = 1000 mm
h = 2800 mm
bfi = 1200 mm
Longitudinal structural steel distribution of each main girder
18
C0
26
18
26
18
40 mm
55
80
120
80
55
40
55
80
120
80
55
40
35 m
10
18
10
28
10
18
10
35
60 m
P1
80 m
P2
60 m
C3
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
19
thickness t (mm)
t 16
16 < t 40
40 < t 63
63 < t 80
355
345
335
325
80 < t 100
315
295
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
20
n L = n 0 . (1 + L t )
Example : Twin-girder composite bridge
n0 =
Ea
E cm
t = ( t t 0 )
Permanent loads
1.1
Shrinkage
0.55
1.5
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
1.
21
4 x 12.5 m
B
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
6 x 12.5 m
3 x 12.5 m
2.
Construction timing
Steel structure
put in place
1st
t=0
Non-structural equipments
(pavement, safety barriers,)
put in place
End of slab
concreting
...
...
...
16th
t = 66
Pre-stressing
t = 80
assembling bridge
equipments
Note : 14 days are required in EN1994-2 before introducing pre-stressing by imposed deformations.
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
22
1st
16th
...
...
t=0
t = 66
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 16
66
63
66 + 63 + ... + 3
= 35.25 days
16 phases
t = 110
t0 =
t = 80
+ 14 days
+ 30 days
t 0 = 49.25 days
t 0 = 79.25 days
1 = ( t = , t 0 )
2 = ( , t 0 )
3 = ( , t 0 )
nL ,1 = n0 (1 + 1.1.1 )
Time
(in days)
nL ,2 = n0 (1 + 1.5.2 )
nL ,3 = n0 (1 + 1.1.3 )
4 = ( , t 0 )
nL ,4 = n0 (1 + 0.55.4 )
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
23
EN1992-1-1, Annex B :
t t0
( t, t 0 ) = 0 .c ( t t 0 ) = 0 .
t
t
0
H
0.3
0
t +
RH
16.8
1
100
0 = RH . ( fcm ) . ( t 0 ) = 1 +
.1 . 2 .
.
0.2
0.10.3 h0
fcm 0.1 + t 0
RH = 80 % (relative humidity)
h0 = notional size of the concrete slab = 2Ac/u
where u is the part of the slab perimeter which is directly in contact with the atmosphere.
C35/45 : as fcm = 35+8 > 35 MPa, 1 = (35/fcm)0.7, 2 = (35/fcm)0.2
Short term loading
E
n0 = a = 6.16
E cm
Shrinkage
nL,4 = 15.23
Pre-stressing
nL,2 = 18.09
Bridge equipments
nL,3 = 14.15
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
24
Equivalent spans Le :
P2
P1
C0
60 m
in span
on support
0.85x60 = 51m
80 m
C3
60 m
0.7x80 = 56m
0.85x60 = 51m
i = 1.0
Le
1.0
bei
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
25
beff
b2
b1
b1=3.5 m
b2=2.5 m
Le (m)
be1
be2
beff (m)
Spans 1 and 3
51
3.2
2.2
6.0
Span 2
56
3.2
2.2
6.0
35
3.2
2.2
6.0
51
3.2
2.2
0.948
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
26
Permanent loads
Gmax , Gmin Self weight:
structural steel
concrete (by segments in a selected order)
non structural equipments (safety barriers, pavement,)
Variable loads
Tk
Thermal gradient
UDL, TS
EN1991 part 2
FLM3
EN1991 part 2
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
cs
hc
27
+ Ncs
Ncs = E c cs .bchc
zcs
e.n.a.
+
Free shrinkage strain applied
on concrete slab only (no
steel concrete interaction)
concrete = E c cs +
e.n.a.
+
-
steel =
1 N cs (N cs z cs ) .z
+
.
n A
I
N cs (N cs z cs ) .z
+
A
I
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
28
Miso
Miso
P1
P2
v (x)
L1
P3
L2
P2
v (P3 ) = 0
Mhyper
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
29
Concrete in tension
Cracked zone
Isostatic effects
neglected in cracked
zones for calculating
hyperstatic effects
M iso
M iso
M iso
M iso
SLS combinations
hyper
iso + hyper
ULS combinations
hyper
M hyper
M hyper
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
30
3- Difference +/- 10 C :
16 C
-5 C
2- Linear gradients :
+15 C
-18 C
4 C
-8 C
+/- 10 C
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
31
3.5 m
Bridge axis
0.5 m
Lane no. 1
Lane no. 2
3m
3m
9 kN/m
300 kN / axle
TS (Tandem
System)
2m
3m
Residual
area
2m
girder no. 2
girder no. 1
UDL (Uniform
Design Load)
Lane no. 3
Safety barrier
Safety barrier
1m
3.5 m
2.5 kN/m
200 kN / axle
100 kN / axle
Characteristic
values
of traffic loads
from LM1
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Combinations of actions
32
Frequent SLS
Gmax + Gmin + S + P + 0.75 TS + 0.4 UDL + 0.5 Tk
Gmax + Gmin + S + P + 0.6 Tk
Characteristic SLS
Gmax + Gmin + S + P + (TS+UDL) + 0.6 Tk
Gmax + Gmin + S + P + Qlk + 0.75 TS + 0.4 UDL + 0.6 Tk
Gmax + Gmin + S + P + Tk + 0.75 TS + 0.4 UDL
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
33
(MPa) : Stresses in the extreme fibre of the concrete slab, under Characteristic SLS combination
when considering concrete resistance in every cross-section
8
6
4
2
x (m)
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
x = 49.7 m
L1 = 60 m
x = 72.5 m
Cracked
zone on
P1
17 %.L1
EI1
x = 121.6 m
Cracked
zone on P2
L2 = 80 m
15.6 %.L2
EI2
x = 150.6 m
L3 = 60 m
23 %.L2
EI1
EI2
17.7 %.L3
EI1
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
34
80
60
56.07
50.16
37.06
40
50.84
41.33
37.59
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
-20
-40
-60
-80
-77.66
-80.69
-100
-107.25
ELS
caractristique
Characteristic
SLS
Fundamental
ULS
ELU
fondamental
-120
x (m)
-103.54
180
200
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
35
10
ELS
caractristique
Characteristic
SLS
ELU
fondamental
Fundamental
ULS
7.47
5.54
5.49
4.38
3.24
7.39
3.09
2
1.09
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
-2
-3.09
-2.92
-5.54
-5.49
-7.46
-7.41
-4
-6
-8
-3.26
-4.40
-10
x (m)
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Contents : 7 parts
36
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
37
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
38
fck/C
0.85 fck/C
compression
(+)
(+)
p.n.a
e.n.a
()
tension
fy/M0
Elastic resistance
(for classes 1 to 4)
()
fy/M0
Plastic resistance
(for classes 1 and 2)
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
39
fsk/S
tension
fsk/S
()
0.85 fck/C
p.n.a
()
fy/M0
e.n.a
(+)
(+)
compression
fy/M0
Elastic resistance
(for classes 1 to 4)
fy/M0
Plastic resistance
(for classes 1 and 2)
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
40
Use of the final ULS stress distribution to look for the effective cross-section
If web and flange are Class 4 elements, the flange gross area is first reduced. The corresponding first
effective cross-section is used to re-calculate the stress distribution which is then used for reducing the
web gross area.
Mc,Ed
Ma,Ed
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
41
fy
M0 3
f yw h w t w
M1 3
= 2 Ed 1
VRd
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
42
VEd VRd,c
=>
k =1+
l =
A st
bhc
200
hc
k1 = 0.12
10
Lower fibre
Upper fibre
sigma_cp,0
8
Stresses in the slab at ULS (MPa)
N
= Ed
bhc
0.15
= 0.12
C
6
4
2
0
-2
20
40
60
80
100
-4
-6
-8
-10
x (m)
120
140
160
180
200
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
43
60 m
80 m
Section
60 m
Section
Concrete in tension
Concrete in compression
M<0
M>0
VULS = 7.47 MN
VULS = 1.04 MN
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
44
2.5 m
3.5 m
-171.2 MPa
-149.2 MPa
-275.8 MPa
1000 x 120 mm
2560 x 26 mm
1200 x 120 mm
261.3 MPa
434.8 MPa =
295 MPa =
fsk
re inf .
S
fy
M0
steel,sup
steel,inf
fy
M0
= 295 MPa
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
45
First cross-bracing
in central span
P1
a = 8000 mm
VEd = 7.47 MN
hw = 2560 mm
VEd = 6.00 MN
tw = 26 mm
fyw
cr 3
= 1.33 1.08
1.37
= 0.675
0.7 + w
f
Vbw,Rd = w yw hw t w = 8.14 MN
M1 3
w =
h
k = 5.34 + 4 w = 5.75
a
hw 31
tw
Shear buckling to be considered:
can be neglected.
fywhw t w
M1 3
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
VEd
0.5
VRd
46
2
M
1 + 1 f ,Rd 23 1 1.0
Mpl,Rd
at a distance hw/2 from internal support P1.
Mpl,Rd = 135.6 MN.m : design plastic resistance to bending of the effective composite section.
3 =
VEd
= 0.89
Vbw,Rd
1 =
M
MEd
= 0.73 f ,Rd = 0.86
Mpl,Rd
Mpl,Rd
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
2.5 m
47
3.5 m
p.n.a.
0.85
9.2 MPa
1000 x 40 mm
2720 x 18 mm
202.0 MPa
fck
C
fyf
fyw
M0
M0
-
-305.2 MPa
1200 x 40 mm
h
31
h
k , so the shear buckling has to be considered:
k = 5.34 + 4 w = 5.80 and w
t
a
w
fywhw t w
M1 3
= 10.64 MN
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Contents : 7 parts
48
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
49
a 1.0.fyk
s 0.8.fsk
M<0
(concrete in compression)
a 1.0.fyk
(reinforcement in tension)
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
1.
2.
3.
50
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Background and Applications
51
Attack to concrete
Class
XO
XC1 to XC4
XD1 to XD3
XS1 to XS3
XF1 to XF4
Freeze/thaw attack
XA1 to XA3
Chemical attack
XM
Mechanical abrasion
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
52
waterproofing layer
a concrete makeup (maximum E/C
ratio, minimum cement content)
according to EN206
XC4, XF1
XC4
XC4, XF1
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
The stress level s,0 in the reinforcement is calculated for the quasi-permanent SLS
combination of actions (in case of reinforced concrete slab).
The tension stiffening effect s should be taken into account.
53
Minimum reinforcement
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
54
fct,eff
c
hc
z0
e.n.a.
calculated with n0
change in the
location of the
neutral axis
before
cracking
after
cracking
k sk. k c fct,eff A ct = s A s
kc =
1
+ 0.3 1.0
hc
1+
2z0
ks = 0.9
reduction of the normal force in the concrete slab due to initial cracking
and local slip of the shear connection
k = 0.8
fct,eff = fctm
and
s = fsk
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
55
The elastic neutral axis is located in the steel web for every section of the
bridge, so Act is the slab section : Act = 6 x 0.34 = 2.04 m
hc = 0.34 m
z0 = 0.52 m
+ 0.3;1.0 = 1.0
k c = min
h
1 + c
2z0
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
56
Ast is put in place through n high bonded bars of diameter per meter.
Diameter
(Table 7.1)
or
Spacing s = 1/n
(Table 7.2)
= *
fct,eff
2.9 MPa
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
57
The stress level s due to direct loading at quasi-permanent SLS combinations of actions can be
calculated :
s,0 = 106 Mpa (maximum tension) at quasi-permanent SLS in the top layer
100
50
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
-50
-100
x (m)
-150
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
58
s = 0.4
fctm
s st
st =
AI
= 1.31
A aIa
s = 0.92%
(Reinforcement ratio)
fctm
= 106.2 MPa
s st
s = 0.4
*max = 22.3 mm
or
s max = 235 mm
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
The stress level s due to indirect loading (for instance, concrete shrinkage) can not
be calculated in the reinforcement.
In the sections where the concrete slab is in tension for characteristic SLS
combinations of actions, s is estimated using :
s = k skk c fct,eff
A ct
2.04
= 0.9 0.8 1.0 3.2
= 250.4 MPa
As
0.92% 2.04
The reinforcement layers are designed using high bonded bars with = 16 mm.
= fct,eff/fct,0 = 2.9/3.2 = 14.5 mm
The interpolation in Table 7.1 from EN 1994-2 gives : s,max = 255 Mpa
We verify :
s = 250.4 Mpa < s,max = 255 Mpa
59
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Contents : 7 parts
60
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Steel-concrete connection
61
Objective :
Transmit the longitudinal shear force vL,Ed per unit length of the steel-concrete
interface
Performed by the use of shear connectors (only studs in EN1994) and transverse
reinforcement
Full interaction required for bridges
Elastic resistance design of the shear connectors at SLS and at ULS
Plastic resistance design of the shear connectors at ULS in Class 1 or
2 cross sections where Mel,Rd MEd Mpl,Rd
Shear connectors locally added due to concentrated longitudinal shear
force (for instance, shrinkage and thermal action at both bridge deck
ends or cable anchorage)
ULS design of transverse reinforcement to prevent longitudinal shear
failure or splitting in the concrete slab
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
62
1.5d
0.4d
h 3d
d 2
= 0.8f u .
PRk
Concrete crushing :
16 d 25mm
(1)
if
h
4
d
, then
else
h
= 0.2 + 1
d
=1
PRd =
PRk
V
k s .PRd
V = 1.25
k s = 0.75
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
63
SLS and ULS elastic design using the shear flow vL,Ed at the steel-concrete
interface, which is calculated with an uncracked behaviour of the cross sections.
2.5 m
vL , Ed ( x ) = VEd ( x).
Ac zc + As zs
I
zc
3.5 m
zs
e.n.a.
Uncracked
mechanical properties
SLS
ULS
vL , Ed SLS ( x )
Ni
.{k s PRd }
li
( 0 x li )
vL , Ed
ULS
N i*
( x ) 1.1 .PRd
li
li
v
0
ULS
L , Ed
( x ) dx Ni* .PRd
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
L1 = 29 m
64
L2 = 41 m
L3 = 41 m
L4 = 29 m
1.4
1.2
v L ,Ed SLS
1
0.8
in MPa/m
0.6
Studs with :
d = 22 mm
0.4
h = 150 mm
0.2
in S235
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
65
v L ,Ed ULS
in MPa/m
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
Shear flow at ULS (MPa/m)
0.2
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
66
e (mm)
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
spacing at SLS (mm)
100
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
x (m)
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
67
P1
P2
Elasto-plastic zone
MEd
Mpl,Rd
Elastic
design
Elasto-plastic
design
NA
NB
n=
N B or N*B N A
PRk V
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
68
H
J
+ Mc,Ed
Ma,Ed
0
G
Nel,B
NB*
NB Npl,B
N pl,B
NB (N)
0.85.f ck
=
.b eff .h c
C
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Ma,Ed
69
Mc,Ed
MEd
c(2)
as(1)
as(2)
+ k .
ai(1)
Step 1 : stress diagram
for load cases applied
to the structure before
concreting Section B
as fyk
=
ai(2)
fyk
ai
fcd=fck/c
=>
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Concreting
phases
16
15
70
14
13
12
11
10
M_Ed+
Section B
(Class 1)
40
M_EdM_pl,Rd+
M_pl,Rd -
30
20
M (MN.m)
50
10
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
x (m)
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
Ma,Ed(B) = 2.7 MN.m -----> MEd(B) = 22.3 MN.m < Mpl,Rd (B) = 25.7 MN.m
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
71
c
as(2)
88.2 MPa
ai(2)
-63.0 MPa
fy = -345 MPa
151.7 MPa
-360.3 MPa
Mc,Ed(B)
k is defined by k =
fy ( 63.0 )
ai(2)
11.9 MPa
= 0.95 1.0
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
72
k * ULS stresses
beff = 5.6 m
0.95*11.9 MPa
26.9 cm
3.6 cm
0.95*3.0 MPa
0.85
0.65 m
fck
= 19.8 MPa
C
Npl = 0.85
fck
.A c,eff = 30.3 MPa
C
Nel = 11.4 MN
MB (MN.m)
Mpl,Rd = 25.7
MEd = 22.3
Mel,Rd = 21.3
MaEd = 2.7
0
Nel = 11.4
NB* = 15.7
NB = 25.8
NB (MN)
Npl = 30.3
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
73
Section B
(max = -360.3 Mpa)
400
300
200
100
fy = -345 MPa
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
-100
3.3 m
-200
2.8 m
-300
-400
Section A
Section C
fy
beff = 5.6 m
26.9 cm
3.6 cm
0.65 m
Section A
Section C
11.8 MPa
11.3 MPa
3.1 MPa
2.9 MPa
Nel(A) = 12.1 MN
Nel(C) = 11.5 MN
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
74
e = 678 mm
3300 mm
Section A
Simplified
interaction
diagram
2800 mm
Section B
(25.8-12.1)/(4x0.1095) = 28
rows
spacing = 3300/28 = 118 mm
Section C
(25.8-11.5)/(4x0.1095) = 33 rows
spacing = 2800/33 = 84 mm
(which is even lower than 5d=110 mm !)
(15.7-11.5)/(4x0.1095) = 10 rows
spacing = 2800/10 = 280 mm
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
75
25 mm eD
d 2.5.t f
h 3d
head 1.5d
tf
hhead 0.4d
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
76
5.d e min
in other cases
eD 9t f
235
fy
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
77
Truss model for transverse reinforcement which supplements the shear strength of
the concrete on potential surface of failure (a-a for instance)
a
b1
beff
b1
At
beff
hc
1m
io
n
mp
re
ss
co
ss
io n
pr
e
co
m
Transverse
reinforcement
tension
Ab
Ab+At
v L ,Ed
v aa = v L ,Ed ULS .
b1
beff
cracks
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
78
tension in reinforcement :
(or 38.6 f 45 )
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Contents : 7 parts
79
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
80
Safe life
No requirement for regular in-service
inspection for fatigue damage
High consequence
Mf = 1.0
Mf = 1.15
Mf = 1.15
Mf = 1.35
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
81
In a given structural detail of the bridge which is subjected to repeated fluctuations of stresses
due to traffic loads, a fatigue crack could initiate and propagate. The detail fails when the
damage D in it reaches 1.0 :
Log (stress range)
weld
N = C.m
Longitudinal
stiffener on a web
crack
Log N (cycles)
damage
ni
= di
Ni
D=
ni
Ni
NC = ND=5.106
2.106
NL=100.106
ni
Ni
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
82
axle = 120 kN
2.106 FLM3 lorries are assumed to cross the bridge per year and per slow lane defined
in the project
every crossing induces a stress range p = |max,f - min,f | in a given structural detail
the equivalent stress range E in this detail is obtained as follows :
E = .p
where :
is the damage equivalence factor
is the damage equivalent impact factor
(= 1.0 as the dynamic effect is already
included in the characteristic value of the
axle load)
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
83
=1 2 3 4 < max
which represents the following parameters :
1 : influence of the loaded lengths, defined in function of the bridges
spans (< 80 m) and the shape of the influence line for the internal forces
and moments
2 : influence of the traffic volume
3 : life time of the bridge ( 3=1 for 100 years)
4 : influence of the number of loaded lanes
max : influence of the constant amplitude fatigue limit D at 5.106 cycles
v = v ,1 . v ,2 . v ,3 . v ,4
s = fat . s,1 . s,2 . s,3 . s,4
For concrete in compression (in EN1992-2 and only defined for railway bridges):
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
84
v ,1 = 1.55
hypothesis for the traffic volume in the example (based for instance on the
existing traffic description in EN 1991 part 2):
Nobs = 0.5.106 lorries per slow lane and per year with the following distribution
Q1 = 200 kN
Q2 = 310 kN
Q3 = 490 kN
Q 4 = 390 kN
Q5 = 450 kN
40%
10%
30%
15%
5%
15
Qml
v ,2
bridge life time = 100 years, so
only 1 slow lane on the bridge, so
niQi5
=
n
i
= 407 kN
Q Nobs
= ml
480 0.5.106
(1 8)
407
= 0.848
480
v ,3 = 1.0
v ,4 = 1.0
v = 1.314
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
85
Fatigue loads
FLM3
Bending moment in the section where the structural steel detail is located :
Case
1
n0
c,Ed,max,f > 0
va
va
v1
v1
v1
v1
v1
=
+
+
+
+
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
p
a,Ed
c,Ed
FLM3,max
a,Ed
c,Ed
FLM3,min
FLM3
c,Ed,min,f > 0
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Case
2
c,Ed,max,f < 0
c,Ed,min,f < 0
Case
3
c,Ed,max,f > 0
c,Ed,min,f < 0
p = MFLM3
v2
I2
v
v
v
v
p = Mc,Ed 1 2 + MFLM3,max 1 + MFLM3,min 2
I1
I2
I1 I2
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Stress range p for the upper face of the upper steel flange
Sequence of
concreting
16
86
15
14
13
12
11
10
25
30
20
15
10
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
x (m)
120
140
160
180
200
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
87
Case
1
c,Ed,max,f > 0
c,Ed,min,f > 0
Case
2
c,Ed,max,f < 0
c,Ed,min,f < 0
M + MFLM3,max
v
s,p = Mc,Ed + MFLM3,min 2 + s,f 1 c,Ed
I2
Mc,Ed + MFLM3,min
Case
3
c,Ed,max,f > 0
c,Ed,min,f < 0
s,p = MFLM3
v1
I1
v1
v
Mc,Ed + MFLM3,min 2 + s,f
I1
I2
s,f = 0.2
st =
AI
A aIa
fctm
st s
!
s =
A s,eff
A c,eff
Fatigue : 0.2
SLS verifications : 0.4
.100
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
88
Tension
stiffening
effect
s,p,2
s,f
s,p,3
Bending
moment in the
composite
section
s,p,1
case 2
Slope v1/I1
case 3
case 1
Mc,Ed + MFLM3,max
Mc,Ed + MFLM3,min
Stresses in the reinforcement (>0 in compression)
Fatigue verifications
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
89
Ff E
c
Mf
Ff E
3
c
Mf
Ff E Ff E
+
1.0
C Mf C Mf
In the reinforcement :
F,fat E
Rsk
S,fat
S,fat = 1.15
log Rsk
k1 = 5
fsk
k1
k2 = 9
k2
N* = 1.106
logN
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
90
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
91
R (log)
R (log)
m=8
c=
90 MPa
NR (log)
Nc =
2.106 cycles
( R )
1.
m=5
Nc =
2.106 cycles
NR = ( C ) NC
m
Ff E
2.
c=
80 MPa
m=3
c
Mf ,s
Ff = 1.0
Mf ,s = 1.0
c
Ff E
Mf
c
Ff E
Mf ,s
Ff E
+ Ff E 1.3
C Mf C Mf ,s
NR (log)
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Background and Applications
Contents : 7 parts
92
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
93
LT =
ult
cr
( )
LT = f LT
with
ult =
1.
2.
fy
a
and
LT ult
1.0 ?
M1
cr =
cr
a
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
94
1100
Transverse bracing frames every 7.5 m in end spans and every 8.0 m in
central span
IPE 600
1100
600
2800
Lateral restraints are provided on each vertical support (piles) and in crosssections where cross bracing frames are provided:
7000
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
+
Dead loads (construction phases,
cracked elastic analysis,
shrinkage)
95
TS = 409.3 kN/axle
udl = 26.7 kN/m
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
96
I = constant = Imax
t f bf 3 120.12003
I=
=
12
12
c = Cd/a
L = 80 m
EN 1993-2, 6.3.4.1:
General method
I and NEd are variable
discrete elastic lateral
support, with rigidity Cd
a = 7,5 m
a=8m
a = 7,5 m
uy
(I)
x
(II)
(III)
Lcr = 20 m
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
97
400
300
fyf 295
= 1.18
=
249
f
ult,k = min
200
100
op =
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
-100
ult,k
1.18
=
8.9
cr,op
= 0.37 0.2
-200
-300
-400
op = 0.875 1.0
op
ult,k 1.036
=
= 0.94 > 1.0
1.1
M1
NO !
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
98