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Chapter 8
Analog-to-Digital and
Digital to Analog
Conversion
Chapter 8
Chapter 8
Analog-to-Digital and
Digital-to-Analog
Conversion
Sampling and Quantization
Pages 390-391
Chapter 8
Chapter 8
Chapter 8
Chapter 8
DAC
Chapter 8
Uniform
sampling
rate
Continuous
amplitude
Chapter 8
Continuous
amplitude
Quantized
Quantized
amplitude
Chapter 8
Chapter 8
Analog-to-Digital and
Digital-to-Analog
Conversion
Sampling Baseband
Analog Signals
Pages 392-399
Chapter 8
Chapter 8
k =
Xs (f) = X(f) (t k TS )
k =
Xs (f) = X(f) fS
Xs (f) = fS
k =
(f k fS )
k =
X(f k fS )
Chapter 8
k =
(t kTS )
(f k f
k =
Xs (f) = fS
k =
X(f k fS )
k =
2 V, 20 initial
phase, 500 Hz
sinusoid
sampled at
5 k samples/sec
Chapter 8
Aliased samples
can be
reconstructed
for a 4500 Hz
and a 5500 Hz
sinusoid that
appears to be
a 500 Hz
sinusoid
S&M
Figure 8-4a,c,d
Chapter 8
Chapter 8
The aliasing of
the signal can
be predicted by
the magnitude
spectrum of the
original 500 Hz
sampled signal.
If the 4500 Hz
and 5500 Hz
signals are then
sampled at
S&M Figure 8-4a,b
5 k samples/sec
aliasing at occurs at | 4500 5000 | and (5500 5000) Hz
The sum of
three sinusoids
does not have
any aliased
frequencies
since the
sampling
frequency fS
is greater than
twice the
highest
frequency fmax
Chapter 8
fS > 2 fmax
S&M Figure 8-5
The frequency
2 fmax is called
the Nyquist
frequency.
Harry Nyquist,
S&M Figure 8-4a
who contributed
to the understanding of thermal noise
while at Bell Labs, is also remembered
in electrotechnology for his analysis of
sampled data signals.
Harry Nyquist
1889-1976
Chapter 8
Chapter 8
Chapter 8
For practical signals fS > 2 fmax using a guard band for LPFs
fS = 2 fmax
guard band
fS > 2 fmax
Chapter 8
Chapter 8
Analog-to-Digital and
Digital-to-Analog
Conversion
Sampling Baseband
Analog Signals
Pages 149-182
Chapter 8
MS Figure 4.1
Chapter 8
Chapter 8
Chapter 8
MS Figure 4.3
Chapter 8
0.125 msec
Chapter 8
The analog signal x(t) here is sampled and held rather than
impulse sampled:
0 t TS
h(t) = 0
otherwise
MS Eq. 4.3
PSDs-h = fS2
PSDs-h =
k =
k =
| X(f k fS ) | 2 sinc 2 ( 2 f TS )
MS Eq. 4.4
Chapter 8
MS Eq. 4.1
PSD = fS2
k =
| X(f k fS ) | 2
MS Eq. 4.2
PSDs-h =
k =
| X(f k fS ) | 2 sinc 2 ( 2 f TS )
MS Eq. 4.4
Chapter 8
MS Figure 4.5
No sinc2 term
PSD = fS2
k =
| X(f k fS ) | 2
MS Eq. 4.2
Chapter 8
MS Figure 4.6
sinc2 term
PSDs-h = fS2
PSDs-h =
k =
k =
| X(f k fS ) | 2 sinc 2 ( 2 f TS )
MS Eq. 4.4
Chapter 8
Analog-to-Digital and
Digital-to-Analog
Conversion
Sampling Bandpass
Analog Signals
Pages 399-400
Chapter 8
Chapter 8
LPF 10 kHz
10 kHz
f1 f2
fS = 20 ksamples/sec
fS = 7 ksamples/sec
Chapter 8
Analog-to-Digital and
Digital-to-Analog
Conversion
Sampling Bandpass
Analog Signals
Pages 180-181
Chapter 8
Chapter 8
MS Figure 4-32
MS Figure 4-33
Chapter 8
USB
MS Figure 4-33
Chapter 8
USB
Chapter 8
Analog-to-Digital and
Digital-to-Analog
Conversion
Quantizing Process:
Uniform Quantization
Pages 400-404
Chapter 8
Chapter 8
Chapter 8
Vmax
= 2n
2 Vmax Vmax
= n-1
n
2
2
MS Eq. 4.6
2
2
Vmax
Vmax
1
2
2
=
=
Eq =
q dq =
2
n
/ 2
12 3 2
3 22n
( )
( )
MS Eq. 4.7
Chapter 8
12 PS
PS
2n
3
2
=
2
2
Vmax
( )
MS Eq. 4.8
10 mV
MS Figure 4.7
Chapter 8
Analog-to-Digital and
Digital-to-Analog
Conversion
Quantizing Process:
Nonuniform Quantization
Pages 400-404
Chapter 8
Chapter 6
Uniform
quantization
(top) results in
a large amount
of error for
small sample
amplitude.
Non-uniform
quantization
(bottom)
reduces the
error for small
sample
amplitudes.
Uniform quantization
Nonuniform quantization
Chapter 8
Chapter 6
Vin
ln 1+
The -Law
Vmax
Vin
compressor Vout =
Vmax 0
1
ln (1+)
Vmax
is used in
telephony
with
MS Eq. 4.9
= 255. At the receiver
an expander has the
inverse non-linear
transfer function and
results in companding
(COMpressing and
exPANDING).
Chapter 8
Analog-to-Digital and
Digital-to-Analog
Conversion
Companding
Pages 157-159
Chapter 8
Chapter 8
MS Figure 4.13
Chapter 8
MS Figure 4.14
Chapter 8
Analog-to-Digital and
Digital-to-Analog
Conversion
Pulse Code Modulation
Pages 171-175
Chapter 8
Chapter 8
MS Figure 4.21
Chapter 8
MS Figure 4.22
Chapter 8
3-bit counter
3-bit DAC
MS Figure 4.22
Chapter 8
8-bit DAC
MS Figure 4.24
Chapter 8
8-bit DAC
MS Figure 4.24
MS Figure 4.25
MS Figure 4.21
Chapter 8
Chapter 8
MS Figure 4.25
MS Figure 4.21
MS Figure 4.25
MS Figure 4.21
Chapter 8
MS Figure 4.25
MS Figure 4.21
Chapter 8
Chapter 8
startup
MS Figure 4.25
Chapter 8
Analog-to-Digital and
Digital-to-Analog
Conversion
Differential Pulse Code
Modulation
Pages 407-411
Chapter 8
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
Chapter 8
Analog-to-Digital and
Digital-to-Analog
Conversion
Differential Pulse Code
Modulation
Pages 175-180
Chapter 8
Chapter 6
MS Figure 4.26
Chapter 6
input
MS Figure 4.27
Chapter 6
MS Figure 4.28
Chapter 6
4-bit shift
register
MS Figure 4.29
4-bit DAC
Chapter 6
reconstructed
signal
MS Figure 4.30
MS Figure 4.31
MS Figure 4.31
Chapter 8
MS Figure 4.31
MS Figure 4.31
Chapter 8
Chapter 8
startup
Chapter 8
MS Figure 4.25
startup
Output of the 4-bit first order DPCM system MS Figure 4.31
startup
Chapter 8
Analog-to-Digital and
Digital-to-Analog
Conversion
Delta Modulation
Pages 411-415
Chapter 8
Chapter 6
DM transmitter
DM receiver
Chapter 6
4 1s
4 0s
Chapter 8
Analog-to-Digital and
Digital-to-Analog
Conversion
Delta Modulation
Pages 72-75
Chapter 8
Chapter 6
f = 2 Hz
A=1V
DM transmitter
MS Figure 2.61
DM receiver
Chapter 6
sinusoidal
input signal
MS Figure 2.63
Chapter 6
= 20 mV
= 20 mV
MS Figure 2.64
TS = 0.5 msec
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
End of Chapter 8
Analog-to-Digital and
Digital-to-Analog
Conversion
Chapter 8